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Marcianò D, Kappel L, Ullah SF, Srivastava V. From glycans to green biotechnology: exploring cell wall dynamics and phytobiota impact in plant glycopathology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-19. [PMID: 39004515 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2370341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Filamentous plant pathogens, including fungi and oomycetes, pose significant threats to cultivated crops, impacting agricultural productivity, quality and sustainability. Traditionally, disease control heavily relied on fungicides, but concerns about their negative impacts motivated stakeholders and government agencies to seek alternative solutions. Biocontrol agents (BCAs) have been developed as promising alternatives to minimize fungicide use. However, BCAs often exhibit inconsistent performances, undermining their efficacy as plant protection alternatives. The eukaryotic cell wall of plants and filamentous pathogens contributes significantly to their interaction with the environment and competitors. This highly adaptable and modular carbohydrate armor serves as the primary interface for communication, and the intricate interplay within this compartment is often mediated by carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) responsible for cell wall degradation and remodeling. These processes play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of plant diseases and contribute significantly to establishing both beneficial and detrimental microbiota. This review explores the interplay between cell wall dynamics and glycan interactions in the phytobiome scenario, providing holistic insights for efficiently exploiting microbial traits potentially involved in plant disease mitigation. Within this framework, the incorporation of glycobiology-related functional traits into the resident phytobiome can significantly enhance the plant's resilience to biotic stresses. Therefore, in the rational engineering of future beneficial consortia, it is imperative to recognize and leverage the understanding of cell wall interactions and the role of the glycome as an essential tool for the effective management of plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrio Marcianò
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lisa Kappel
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sadia Fida Ullah
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
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Tomah AA, Khattak AA, Aldarraji MH, Al-Maidi AAH, Mohany M, Al-Rejaie SS, Ogunyemi SO. Sclerotia degradation by Trichoderma-mycoparasitic; an effective and sustainable trend in the drop lettuce disease control caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:286. [PMID: 38829426 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Controlling the hazard of sclerotia produced by the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is very complex, and it is urgent to adopt an effective method that is harmonious environmentally to control the disease. Among the six isolates isolated from the rhizosphere of lettuce, the isolate HZA84 demonstrated a high activity in its antagonism towards Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in vitro, and produces siderophore. By amplification of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α), and RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2) genes, the isolate HZA84 was identified as Trichoderma asperellum, which was confirmed by analysis of phylogenetic tree. The Scanning electron microscope monitoring detected that the isolate HZA84 spread over the sclerotial surface, thus, damaging, decomposing, and distorting the globular cells of the outer cortex of the sclerotia. The Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis disclosed the overexpression of two genes (chit33 and chit37) encoding the endochitinase in addition to one gene (prb1) encoding the proteinase during 4 and 8 days of the parasitism behavior of isolate HZA84 on the sclerotia surface. These enzymes aligned together in the sclerotia destruction by hyperparasitism. On the other hand, the pots trial revealed that spraying of isolate HZA84 reduced the drop disease symptoms of lettuce. The disease severity was decreased by 19.33 and the biocontrol efficiency was increased by 80.67% within the fourth week of inoculation. These findings magnify the unique role of Trichoderma in disrupting the development of plant diseases in sustainable ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Athafah Tomah
- Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Misan, AL-Amarah, 62001, Iraq.
| | - Arif Ali Khattak
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | | | | | - Mohamed Mohany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 55760, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim S Al-Rejaie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 55760, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Solabomi Olaitan Ogunyemi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Abd El-Rahman AA, El-Shafei SMA, Shehab GMG, Mansour L, Abuelsaad ASA, Gad RA. Assessment of Biochemical and Neuroactivities of Cultural Filtrate from Trichoderma harzianum in Adjusting Electrolytes and Neurotransmitters in Hippocampus of Epileptic Rats. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1815. [PMID: 37763219 PMCID: PMC10533195 DOI: 10.3390/life13091815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a serious chronic neurological disorder, which is accompanied by recurrent seizures. Repeated seizures cause physical injuries and neuronal dysfunction and may be a risk of cancer and vascular diseases. However, many antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have side effects of mood alteration or neurocognitive function, a reduction in neuron excitation, and the inhibition of normal activity. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of secondary metabolites of Trichoderma harzianum cultural filtrate (ThCF) when adjusting different electrolytes and neurotransmitters in the hippocampus of epileptic rats. METHODS Cytotoxicity of ThCF against LS-174T cancer cells was assessed using a sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Quantitative estimation for some neurotransmitters, electrolytes in sera or homogenate of hippocampi tissues, and mRNA gene expression for ion or voltage gates was assessed by quantitative Real-Time PCR. RESULTS Treatment with ThCF reduces the proliferative percentage of LS-174T cells in a concentration-dependent manner. ThCF administration improves hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and hypocalcemia in the sera of the epilepticus model. ThCF rebalances the elevated levels of many neurotransmitters and reduces the release of GABA and acetylcholine-esterase. Also, treatments with ThCF ameliorate the downregulation of mRNA gene expression for some gate receptors in hippocampal homogenate tissues and recorded a highly significant elevation in the expression of SCN1A, CACNA1S, and NMDA. CONCLUSION Secondary metabolites of Trichoderma (ThCF) have cytotoxic activity against LS-174T (colorectal cancer cell line) and anxiolytic-like activity through a GABAergic mechanism of action and an increase in GABA as inhibitory amino acid in the selected brain regions and reduced levels of NMDA and DOPA. The present data suggested that ThCF may inhibit intracellular calcium accumulation by triggering the NAADP-mediated Ca2+ signaling pathway. Therefore, the present results suggested further studies on the molecular pathway for each metabolite of ThCF, e.g., 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6-PP), harzianic acid (HA), and hydrophobin, as an alternative drug to mitigate the side effects of AEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atef A. Abd El-Rahman
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, El-Minya 61519, Egypt;
| | - Sally M. A. El-Shafei
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, El-Minya 61519, Egypt;
| | - Gaber M. G. Shehab
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Lamjed Mansour
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdelaziz S. A. Abuelsaad
- Immunology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt;
| | - Rania A. Gad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, NAHDA University (NUB), Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt;
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Wang Y, Zhu X, Wang J, Shen C, Wang W. Identification of Mycoparasitism-Related Genes against the Phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea via Transcriptome Analysis of Trichoderma harzianum T4. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030324. [PMID: 36983492 PMCID: PMC10055783 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum is a well-known biological control agent (BCA) that is effective against a variety of plant pathogens. In previous studies, we found that T. harzianum T4 could effectively control the gray mold in tomatoes caused by Botrytis cinerea. However, the research on its biocontrol mechanism is not comprehensive, particularly regarding the mechanism of mycoparasitism. In this study, in order to further investigate the mycoparasitism mechanism of T. harzianum T4, transcriptomic sequencing and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of T. harzianum T4 at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h of growth in the cell wall of B. cinerea (BCCW) or a sucrose medium. A total of 2871 DEGs and 2148 novel genes were detected using transcriptome sequencing. Through GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, we identified genes associated with mycoparasitism at specific time periods, such as encoding kinases, signal transduction proteins, carbohydrate active enzymes, hydrolytic enzymes, transporters, antioxidant enzymes, secondary metabolite synthesis, resistance proteins, detoxification genes and genes associated with extended hyphal longevity. To validate the transcriptome data, RT-qCPR was performed on the transcriptome samples. The RT-qPCR results show that the expression trend of the genes was consistent with the RNA-Seq data. In order to validate the screened genes associated with mycoparasitism, we performed a dual-culture antagonism test on T. harzianum and B. cinerea. The results of the dual-culture RT-qPCR showed that 15 of the 24 genes were upregulated during and after contact between T. harzianum T4 and B. cinerea (the same as BCCW), which further confirmed that these genes were involved in the mycoparasitism of T. harzianum T4. In conclusion, the transcriptome data provided in this study will not only improve the annotation information of gene models in T. harzianum T4 genome, but also provide important transcriptome information regarding the process of mycoparasitism at specific time periods, which can help us to further understand the mechanism of mycoparasitism, thus providing a potential molecular target for T. harzianum T4 as a biological control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaochong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Rahman M, Borah SM, Borah PK, Bora P, Sarmah BK, Lal MK, Tiwari RK, Kumar R. Deciphering the antimicrobial activity of multifaceted rhizospheric biocontrol agents of solanaceous crops viz., Trichoderma harzianum MC2, and Trichoderma harzianum NBG. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1141506. [PMID: 36938007 PMCID: PMC10020943 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1141506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Solanaceae family is generally known to be the third most economically important plant taxon, but also harbors a host of plant pathogens. Diseases like wilt and fruit rot of solanaceous crops cause huge yield losses in the field as well as in storage. In the present study, eight isolates of Trichoderma spp. were obtained from rhizospheric micro-flora of three solanaceous crops: tomato, brinjal, and chili plants, and were subsequently screened for pre-eminent biocontrol activity against three fungal (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersicum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Rhizoctonia solani) and one bacterial (Ralstonia solanacearum) pathogen. Morphological, ITS, and tef1α marker-based molecular identification revealed eight isolates were different strains of Trichoderma. Seven isolates were distinguished as T. harzianum while one was identified as T. asperellum. In vitro antagonistic and biochemical assays indicated significant biocontrol activity governed by all eight isolates. Two fungal isolates, T. harzianum MC2 and T. harzianum NBG were further evaluated to decipher their best biological control activity. Preliminary insights into the secondary metabolic profile of both isolates were retrieved by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Further, a field experiment was conducted with the isolates T. harzianum MC2 and T. harzianum NBG which successfully resulted in suppression of bacterial wilt disease in tomato. Which possibly confer biocontrol properties to the identified isolates. The efficacy of these two strains in suppressing bacterial wilt and promoting plant growth in the tomato crop was also tested in the field. The disease incidence was significantly reduced by 47.50% and yield incremented by 54.49% in plants treated in combination with both the bioagents. The results of scanning electron microscopy were also in consensus with the in planta results. The results altogether prove that T. harzianum MC2 and T. harzianum NBG are promising microbes for their prospective use in agricultural biopesticide formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehjebin Rahman
- Department of Plant Pathology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Sapna Mayuri Borah
- Department of Plant Pathology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Pradip Kr. Borah
- Department of Plant Pathology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Popy Bora
- Department of Plant Pathology, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Bidyut Kumar Sarmah
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, India
| | - Milan Kumar Lal
- Department of Plant Protection; Department of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry & Postharvest Technology, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Plant Protection; Department of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry & Postharvest Technology, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Plant Protection; Department of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry & Postharvest Technology, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India
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Abbas A, Mubeen M, Zheng H, Sohail MA, Shakeel Q, Solanki MK, Iftikhar Y, Sharma S, Kashyap BK, Hussain S, del Carmen Zuñiga Romano M, Moya-Elizondo EA, Zhou L. Trichoderma spp. Genes Involved in the Biocontrol Activity Against Rhizoctonia solani. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:884469. [PMID: 35694310 PMCID: PMC9174946 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.884469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is a pathogen that causes considerable harm to plants worldwide. In the absence of hosts, R. solani survives in the soil by forming sclerotia, and management methods, such as cultivar breeding, crop rotations, and fungicide sprays, are insufficient and/or inefficient in controlling R. solani. One of the most challenging problems facing agriculture in the twenty-first century besides with the impact of global warming. Environmentally friendly techniques of crop production and improved agricultural practices are essential for long-term food security. Trichoderma spp. could serve as an excellent example of a model fungus to enhance crop productivity in a sustainable way. Among biocontrol mechanisms, mycoparasitism, competition, and antibiosis are the fundamental mechanisms by which Trichoderma spp. defend against R. solani, thereby preventing or obstructing its proliferation. Additionally, Trichoderma spp. induce a mixed induced systemic resistance (ISR) or systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants against R. solani, known as Trichoderma-ISR. Stimulation of every biocontrol mechanism involves Trichoderma spp. genes responsible for encoding secondary metabolites, siderophores, signaling molecules, enzymes for cell wall degradation, and plant growth regulators. Rhizoctonia solani biological control through genes of Trichoderma spp. is summarized in this paper. It also gives information on the Trichoderma-ISR in plants against R. solani. Nonetheless, fast-paced current research on Trichoderma spp. is required to properly utilize their true potential against diseases caused by R. solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqleem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mustansar Mubeen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Hongxia Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Aamir Sohail
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qaiser Shakeel
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Manoj Kumar Solanki
- Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Yasir Iftikhar
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Yasir Iftikhar,
| | - Sagar Sharma
- Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Brijendra Kumar Kashyap
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India
| | - Sarfaraz Hussain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Lei Zhou,
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8
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Kim SH, Vujanovic V. Early transcriptomic response of the mycoparasite Sphaerodes mycoparasitica to the mycotoxigenic Fusarium graminearum 3-ADON, the cause of Fusarium head blight. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 8:127. [PMID: 34993050 PMCID: PMC8683091 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00479-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoparasites are an assemblage of biotrophic and necrotrophic fungi that occur on plant pathogenic fungal hosts. Biotrophic mycoparasites are often overlooked in transcriptomic-based biocontrol studies. Sphaerodes mycoparasitica (S.m.) is a specific biotrophic mycoparasite of plant pathogenic Fusarium graminearum (F.g.), a devastating Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease in small-grain cereals. To understand the biotrophic mycoparasitism comprehensively, we performed Illumina RNA-Seq transcriptomic study on the fungus–fungus interaction in vitro. The aim is to identify the transcript-level mechanism related to the biotrophic S.m. mycoparasitism, particularly its ability to effectively control the F.g. 3-ADON chemotype. A shift in the transcriptomic profile of the mycoparasite was triggered in response to its interaction with F.g. during recognition (1.5 days) and colonization (3.5 days) steps. RNA-Seq analysis revealed ~ 30% of annotated transcripts with "function unknown". Further, 14 differentially expressed genes functionally linked to the biotrophic mycoparasitism were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The gene expression patterns of the filamentous haemagglutinin/adhesin/attachment factor as well as cell wall-degrading glucanases and chitinases were upregulated by host interaction. Besides, mycoparasitism-associated antioxidant resistance genes encoding ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter(s) and glutathione synthetase(s) were upregulated. However, the thioredoxin reductase was downregulated which infers that this antioxidant gene can be used as a resistance marker to assess S.m. antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activities. The interactive transcriptome of S. mycoparasitica provides new insights into specific mycoparasitism and will contribute to future research in controlling FHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Hwa Kim
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Vladimir Vujanovic
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
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Hydrolytic Enzymes from PGPR Against Plant Fungal Pathogens. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04805-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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10
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Huilgol SN, Nandeesha KL, Banu H. Fungal Biocontrol Agents: An Eco-friendly Option for the Management of Plant Diseases to Attain Sustainable Agriculture in India. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8877-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ponnusamy A, Ajis AH, Tan YS, Chai LC. Dynamics of fungal and bacterial microbiome associated with green-mould contaminated sawdust substrate of Pleurotus pulmonarius (grey oyster mushroom). J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2131-2143. [PMID: 34637602 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Green-mould contamination is identified as one of the challenges faced by mushroom cultivation industry globally which believed to be caused by Trichoderma spp. METHODS AND RESULTS To explore the dynamics of microbial population in mushroom substrate during commercial mushroom cultivation and how microbiota might play a role in green-mould contamination, we applied both culturing and targeted metagenomics approaches to identify microbiota in noncomposted sawdust substrates at different cultivation stages. The microbiological analysis showed that the green-mould contaminated substrates harboured higher total mesophilic bacteria count. The green-moulds isolated from the contaminated mushroom substrates were identified as Trichoderma pleurotum (n = 15; 93.8%) and Graphium penicillioides (n = 1; 6.3%). To our surprise, the targeted metagenomic analysis revealed that Graphium comprised 56.3% while Trichoderma consisted of only 36.1% of the total fungi population, suggesting that green-mould contamination might not be caused by Trichoderma alone, but also Graphium that grows very slowly in the laboratory. CONCLUSION It is worthwhile to note that G. penicillioides was also isolated in the early stages of mushroom cultivation, but not T. pleurotum. The results indicated that the structure and composition of the bacterial population in the mushroom substrate varied and the bacterial population shifted along the cultivation process. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY This study revealed a possibility of G. penicillioides as an overlooked fungi causing green-mould contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameertha Ponnusamy
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ana Hazirah Ajis
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Mushroom Research Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Shin Tan
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Mushroom Research Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lay Ching Chai
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Sánchez-Montesinos B, Santos M, Moreno-Gavíra A, Marín-Rodulfo T, Gea FJ, Diánez F. Biological Control of Fungal Diseases by Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum and Its Compatibility with Fungicides. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:598. [PMID: 34436137 PMCID: PMC8397002 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Our purpose was to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum as a biological control agent against diseases from fungal phytopathogens. Twelve isolates of T. aggressivum f. europaeum were obtained from several substrates used for Agaricus bisporus cultivation from farms in Castilla-La Mancha (Spain). Growth rates of the 12 isolates were determined, and their antagonistic activity was analysed in vitro against Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium solani f. cucurbitae, Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Mycosphaerella melonis, and all isolates had high growth rates. T. aggressivum f. europaeum showed high antagonistic activity for different phytopathogens, greater than 80%, except for P. aphanidermatum at approximately 65%. The most effective isolate, T. aggressivum f. europaeum TAET1, inhibited B. cinerea, S. sclerotiorum, and M. melonis growth by 100% in detached leaves assay and inhibited germination of S. sclerotiorum sclerotia. Disease incidence and severity in plant assays for pathosystems ranged from 22% for F. solani to 80% for M. melonis. This isolate reduced the incidence of Podosphaera xanthii in zucchini leaves by 66.78%. The high compatibility by this isolate with fungicides could allow its use in combination with different pest management strategies. Based on the results, T. aggressivum f. europaeum TAET1 should be considered for studies in commercial greenhouses as a biological control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Sánchez-Montesinos
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (B.S.-M.); (A.M.-G.); (T.M.-R.)
| | - Mila Santos
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (B.S.-M.); (A.M.-G.); (T.M.-R.)
| | - Alejandro Moreno-Gavíra
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (B.S.-M.); (A.M.-G.); (T.M.-R.)
| | - Teresa Marín-Rodulfo
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (B.S.-M.); (A.M.-G.); (T.M.-R.)
| | - Francisco J. Gea
- Centro de Investigación, Experimentación y Servicios del Champiñón (CIES), Quintanar del Rey, 16220 Cuenca, Spain;
| | - Fernando Diánez
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (B.S.-M.); (A.M.-G.); (T.M.-R.)
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13
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Ecological Genomics and Evolution of Trichoderma reesei. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2234:1-21. [PMID: 33165775 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1048-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) is an efficient industrial cell factory for the production of cellulolytic enzymes used for biofuel and other applications. Therefore, researches addressing T. reesei are relatively advanced compared to other Trichoderma spp. because of the significant bulk of available knowledge, multiple genomic data, and gene manipulation techniques. However, the established role of T. reesei in industry has resulted in a frequently biased understanding of the biology of this fungus. Thus, the recent studies unexpectedly show that the superior cellulolytic activity of T. reesei and other Trichoderma species evolved due to multiple lateral gene transfer events, while the innate ability to parasitize other fungi (mycoparasitism) was maintained in the genus, including T. reesei. In this chapter, we will follow the concept of ecological genomics and describe the ecology, distribution, and evolution of T. reesei, as well as critically discuss several common misconceptions that originate from the success of this species in applied sciences and industry.
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Sood M, Kapoor D, Kumar V, Sheteiwy MS, Ramakrishnan M, Landi M, Araniti F, Sharma A. Trichoderma: The "Secrets" of a Multitalented Biocontrol Agent. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060762. [PMID: 32570799 PMCID: PMC7355703 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant-Trichoderma-pathogen triangle is a complicated web of numerous processes. Trichoderma spp. are avirulent opportunistic plant symbionts. In addition to being successful plant symbiotic organisms, Trichoderma spp. also behave as a low cost, effective and ecofriendly biocontrol agent. They can set themselves up in various patho-systems, have minimal impact on the soil equilibrium and do not impair useful organisms that contribute to the control of pathogens. This symbiotic association in plants leads to the acquisition of plant resistance to pathogens, improves developmental processes and yields and promotes absorption of nutrient and fertilizer use efficiency. Among other biocontrol mechanisms, antibiosis, competition and mycoparasitism are among the main features through which microorganisms, including Thrichoderma, react to the presence of other competitive pathogenic organisms, thereby preventing or obstructing their development. Stimulation of every process involves the biosynthesis of targeted metabolites like plant growth regulators, enzymes, siderophores, antibiotics, etc. This review summarizes the biological control activity exerted by Trichoderma spp. and sheds light on the recent progress in pinpointing the ecological significance of Trichoderma at the biochemical and molecular level in the rhizosphere as well as the benefits of symbiosis to the plant host in terms of physiological and biochemical mechanisms. From an applicative point of view, the evidence provided herein strongly supports the possibility to use Trichoderma as a safe, ecofriendly and effective biocontrol agent for different crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sood
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (M.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Dhriti Kapoor
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (M.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Vipul Kumar
- School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Delhi-Jalandhar Highway, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India;
| | - Mohamed S. Sheteiwy
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Muthusamy Ramakrishnan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Dipartimento AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, SNC I-89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
| | - Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (A.S.)
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15
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16
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Rabinal C, Bhat S. Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes in Trichoderma koningii IABT1252 During Its Interaction with Sclerotium rolfsii. Curr Microbiol 2019; 77:396-404. [PMID: 31844935 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sclerotium rolfsii, a soil-borne fungal pathogen, infects more than 500 crop species and causes stem rot/collar rot/seed rot/southern blight/wilt in a wide variety of crops which results in significant yield loses. Presently, antagonistic microbes are gaining more importance in managing plant pathogens because they control the pathogen in an environment-friendly manner. Trichoderma is an antagonistic fungi and most popularly used biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. It is predominantly used to treat soil and seed for the control of Sclerotium rolfsii infestation. In this study, the Trichoderma koningii IABT1252 that performed better in controlling groundnut seed/ seedling rot caused by S. rolfsii in pot experiments were selected to know the molecular basis for the control. Differentially expressed genes in Trichoderma at two different stages of interaction (prior to contact and after contact with S. rolfsii) were identified. In both the stages, some of the differentially expressed genes included ones coding for hydrolytic enzymes, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, transcription factors, signaling proteins, transporter proteins, and proteins involved in mycoparasitic process of Trichoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidanand Rabinal
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, UAS Dharwad, Karnataka, 580005, India.
| | - Sumangala Bhat
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, UAS Dharwad, Karnataka, 580005, India
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17
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Dautt-Castro M, Estrada-Rivera M, Olguin-Martínez I, Rocha-Medina MDC, Islas-Osuna MA, Casas-Flores S. TBRG-1 a Ras-like protein in Trichoderma virens involved in conidiation, development, secondary metabolism, mycoparasitism, and biocontrol unveils a new family of Ras-GTPases. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 136:103292. [PMID: 31730908 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ras-GTPases are nucleotide hydrolases involved in key cellular processes. In fungi, Ras-GTPases regulate conidiation, development, virulence, and interactions with other fungi or plants. Trichoderma spp. are filamentous saprophytic fungi, widely distributed along all latitudes, characterized by their rapid growth and metabolic diversity. Many species of this genus interact with other fungi, animals or plants. Furthermore, these fungi are used as biocontrol agents due to their ability to antagonize phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes, through competence, antibiosis, and parasitism. However, the genetic and molecular regulation of these processes is scarcely described in these fungi. In this work, we investigated the role of the gene tbrg-1 product (GenBank accession number XP_013956100; JGI ID: Tv_70852) of T. virens during its interaction with other fungi and plants. Sequence analyses predicted that TBRG-1 bears the characteristic domains of Ras-GTPases; however, its size (1011 aa) is 3- to 4-times bigger compared with classical GTPases. Interestingly, phylogenetic analyses grouped the TBRG-1 protein with hypothetical proteins of similar sizes, sharing conserved regions; whereas other known Ras-GTPases were perfectly grouped with their respective families. These facts led us to classify TBRG-1 into a new family of Ras-GTPases, the Big Ras-GTPases (BRG). Therefore, the gene was named tbrg-1 (TrichodermaBigRas-GTPase-1). Quantification of conidia and scanning electron microscopy showed that the mutants-lacking tbrg-1 produced less conidia, as well as a delayed conidiophore development compared to the wild-type (wt). Moreover, a deregulation of conidiation-related genes (con-10, con-13, and stuA) was observed in tbrg-1-lacking strains, which indicates that TBRG-1 is necessary for proper conidiophore and conidia development. Furthermore, the lack of tbrg-1 affected positively the antagonistic capability of T. virens against the phytopathogens Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Fusarium oxysporum, which was consistent with the expression patterns of mycoparasitism-related genes, sp1 and cht1, that code for a protease and for a chitinase, respectively. Furthermore, the antibiosis effect of mycelium-free culture filtrates of Δtbrg-1 against R. solani was considerably enhanced. The expression of secondary metabolism-related genes, particularly gliP, showed an upregulation in Δtbrg-1, which paralleled an increase in gliotoxin production as compared to the wt. These results indicate that TBRG-1 plays a negative role in secondary metabolism and antagonism. Unexpectedly, the biocontrol activity of Δtbrg-1 was ineffective to protect the tomato seeds and seedlings against R. solani. On the contrary, Δtbrg-1 behaved like a plant pathogen, indicating that TBRG-1 is probably implicated in the recognition process for establishing a beneficial relationship with plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzuko Dautt-Castro
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Magnolia Estrada-Rivera
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Ignacio Olguin-Martínez
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Ma Del Carmen Rocha-Medina
- IPICYT, Laboratorio Nacional de Biotecnología Agrícola, Médica y Ambiental, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - María A Islas-Osuna
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular de Plantas. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Sergio Casas-Flores
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico.
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18
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Moonjely S, Zhang X, Fang W, Bidochka MJ. Metarhizium robertsii ammonium permeases (MepC and Mep2) contribute to rhizoplane colonization and modulates the transfer of insect derived nitrogen to plants. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223718. [PMID: 31618269 PMCID: PMC6795453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endophytic insect pathogenic fungi (EIPF) Metarhizium promotes plant growth through symbiotic association and the transfer of insect-derived nitrogen. However, little is known about the genes involved in this association and the transfer of nitrogen. In this study, we assessed the involvement of six Metarhizium robertsii genes in endophytic, rhizoplane and rhizospheric colonization with barley roots. Two ammonium permeases (MepC and Mep2) and a urease, were selected since homologous genes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were reported to play a pivotal role in nitrogen mobilization during plant root colonization. Three other genes were selected on the basis on RNA-Seq data that showed high expression levels on bean roots, and these encoded a hydrophobin (Hyd3), a subtilisin-like serine protease (Pr1A) and a hypothetical protein. The root colonization assays revealed that the deletion of urease, hydrophobin, subtilisin-like serine protease and hypothetical protein genes had no impact on endophytic, rhizoplane and rhizospheric colonization at 10 or 20 days. However, the deletion of MepC resulted in significantly increased rhizoplane colonization at 10 days whereas ΔMep2 showed increased rhizoplane colonization at 20 days. In addition, the nitrogen transporter mutants also showed significantly higher 15N incorporation of insect derived nitrogen in barley leaves in the presence of nutrients. Insect pathogenesis assay revealed that disruption of MepC, Mep2, urease did not reduce virulence toward insects. The enhanced rhizoplane colonization of ΔMep2 and ΔMepC and insect derived nitrogen transfer to plant hosts suggests the role of MepC and Mep2 in Metarhizium-plant symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Moonjely
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON Canada
| | - Xing Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Fang
- Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Michael J Bidochka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON Canada
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19
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Morán-Diez ME, Carrero-Carrón I, Rubio MB, Jiménez-Díaz RM, Monte E, Hermosa R. Transcriptomic Analysis of Trichoderma atroviride Overgrowing Plant-Wilting Verticillium dahliae Reveals the Role of a New M14 Metallocarboxypeptidase CPA1 in Biocontrol. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1120. [PMID: 31191472 PMCID: PMC6545926 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae, a vascular-colonizing fungus, causes economically important wilt diseases in many crops, including olive trees. Trichoderma spp. have demonstrated an effective contribution as biocontrol agents against this pathogen through a variety of mechanisms that may involve direct mycoparasitism and antibiosis. However, molecular aspects underlaying Trichoderma–V. dahliae interactions are not well known yet due to the few studies in which this pathogen has been used as a target for Trichoderma. In the present study, Trichoderma atroviride T11 overgrew colonies of V. dahliae on agar plates and inhibited growth of highly virulent defoliating (D) V. dahliae V-138I through diffusible molecules and volatile organic compounds produced before contact. A Trichoderma microarray approach of T11 growing alone (CON), and before contact (NV) or overgrowing (OV) colonies of V-138I, helped to identify 143 genes that differed significantly in their expression level by more than twofold between OV and CON or NV. Functional annotation of these genes indicated a marked up-regulation of hydrolytic, catalytic and transporter activities, and secondary metabolic processes when T11 overgrew V-138I. This transcriptomic analysis identified peptidases as enzymatic activity overrepresented in the OV condition, and the cpa1 gene encoding a putative carboxypeptidase (ID number 301733) was selected to validate this study. The role of cpa1 in strain T11 on antagonism of V-138I was analyzed by a cpa1-overexpression approach. The increased levels of cpa1 expression and protease activity in the cpa1-overexpressed transformants compared to those in wild-type or transformation control strains were followed by significantly higher antifungal activity against V-138I in in vitro assays. The use of Trichoderma spp. for the integrated management of plant diseases caused by V. dahliae requires a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this interaction that might provide an increase on its efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Morán-Diez
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Irene Carrero-Carrón
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,College of Agriculture and Forestry (ETSIAM), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Belén Rubio
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rafael M Jiménez-Díaz
- College of Agriculture and Forestry (ETSIAM), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Enrique Monte
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rosa Hermosa
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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20
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Mat'at'a M, Galádová H, Varečka L, Šimkovič M. The study of intracellular and secreted high-molecular-mass protease(s) of Trichoderma spp., and their responses to conidiation stimuli. Can J Microbiol 2019; 65:653-667. [PMID: 31059650 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2018-0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We continued our study of high-molecular-mass proteases (HMMPs) using several strains of the genus Trichoderma, and other filamentous fungi (Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium culmorum, and Penicillium purpurogenum). We found that five Trichoderma strains secreted HMMPs into the media after induction with bovine serum albumin. Botrytis cinerea and F. culmorum secreted proteases in the absence of inducer, while A. niger or P. purpurogenum did not secrete proteolytic activity (PA). The activity of HMMPs secreted by or intracellularly located in Trichoderma spp. represents the predominant part of cellular PA, according to zymogram patterns. This observation allowed the study of HMMPs' physiological role(s) independent from the secretion. In studying conidiation, we found that illumination significantly stimulated PA in Trichoderma strains. In the T. atroviride IMI 206040 strain, we demonstrated that this stimulation is dependent on the BLR1 and BLR2 receptors. No stimulation of PA was observed when mechanical injury was used as an elicitor of conidiation. Compounds used as inhibitors or activators of conidiation exerted no congruent effects on both PA and conidiation. These results do not favour a direct role of HMMPs in conidiation. Probably, HMMP activity may be involved in the process of the activation of metabolism during vegetative growth, differentiation, and aging-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Mat'at'a
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Helena Galádová
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - L'udovít Varečka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Šimkovič
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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21
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Guzmán-Guzmán P, Porras-Troncoso MD, Olmedo-Monfil V, Herrera-Estrella A. Trichoderma Species: Versatile Plant Symbionts. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:6-16. [PMID: 30412012 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-18-0218-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Because of the need to provide food for the growing population, agricultural activity is faced with the huge challenge of counteracting the negative effects generated by adverse environmental factors and diseases caused by pathogens on crops, while avoiding environmental pollution due to the excessive use of agrochemicals. The exploitation of biological systems that naturally increase plant vigor, preparing them against biotic and abiotic stressors that also promote their growth and productivity represents a useful and viable strategy to help face these challenges. Fungi from the genus Trichoderma have been widely used in agriculture as biocontrol agents because of their mycoparasitic capacity and ability to improve plant health and protection against phytopathogens, which makes it an excellent plant symbiont. The mechanisms employed by Trichoderma include secretion of effector molecules and secondary metabolites that mediate the beneficial interaction of Trichoderma with plants, providing tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here we discuss the most recent advances in understanding the mechanisms employed by this opportunistic plant symbiont as biocontrol agent and plant growth promoter. In addition, through genome mining we approached a less explored factor that Trichoderma could be using to become successful plant symbionts, the production of phytohormones-auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, gibberellins, among others. This approach allowed us to detect sets of genes encoding proteins potentially involved in phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling. We discuss the implications of these findings in the physiology of the fungus and in the establishment of its interaction with plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Guzmán-Guzmán
- First and third authors: Departamento de Biología, DCNyE Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n. CP 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México; and second and fourth authors: Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav. Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - María Daniela Porras-Troncoso
- First and third authors: Departamento de Biología, DCNyE Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n. CP 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México; and second and fourth authors: Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav. Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - Vianey Olmedo-Monfil
- First and third authors: Departamento de Biología, DCNyE Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n. CP 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México; and second and fourth authors: Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav. Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- First and third authors: Departamento de Biología, DCNyE Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n. CP 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México; and second and fourth authors: Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav. Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
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22
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Fanelli F, Liuzzi VC, Logrieco AF, Altomare C. Genomic characterization of Trichoderma atrobrunneum (T. harzianum species complex) ITEM 908: insight into the genetic endowment of a multi-target biocontrol strain. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:662. [PMID: 30200883 PMCID: PMC6131884 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND So far, biocontrol agent selection has been performed mainly by time consuming in vitro confrontation tests followed by extensive trials in greenhouse and field. An alternative approach is offered by application of high-throughput techniques, which allow extensive screening and comparison among strains for desired genetic traits. In the genus Trichoderma, the past assignments of particular features or strains to one species need to be reconsidered according to the recent taxonomic revisions. Here we present the genome of a biocontrol strain formerly known as Trichoderma harzianum ITEM 908, which exhibits both growth promoting capabilities and antagonism against different fungal pathogens, including Fusarium graminearum, Rhizoctonia solani, and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. By genomic analysis of ITEM 908 we investigated the occurrence and the relevance of genes associated to biocontrol and stress tolerance, providing a basis for future investigation aiming to unravel the complex relationships between genomic endowment and exhibited activities of this strain. RESULTS The MLST analysis of ITS-TEF1 concatenated datasets reclassified ITEM 908 as T. atrobrunneum, a species recently described within the T. harzianum species complex and phylogenetically close to T. afroharzianum and T. guizhouense. Genomic analysis revealed the presence of a broad range of genes encoding for carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZYmes), proteins involved in secondary metabolites production, peptaboils, epidithiodioxopiperazines and siderophores potentially involved in parasitism, saprophytic degradation as well as in biocontrol and antagonistic activities. This abundance is comparable to other Trichoderma spp. in the T. harzianum species complex, but broader than in other biocontrol species and in the species T. reesei, known for its industrial application in cellulase production. Comparative analysis also demonstrated similar genomic organization of major secondary metabolites clusters, as in other Trichoderma species. CONCLUSIONS Reported data provide a contribution to a deeper understanding of the mode of action and identification of activity-specific genetic markers useful for selection and improvement of biocontrol strains. This work will also enlarge the availability of genomic data to perform comparative studies with the aim to correlate phenotypic differences with genetic diversity of Trichoderma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fanelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Vania Cosma Liuzzi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Altomare
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
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23
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Kerstens W, Van Dijck P. A Cinderella story: how the vacuolar proteases Pep4 and Prb1 do more than cleaning up the cell's mass degradation processes. MICROBIAL CELL 2018; 5:438-443. [PMID: 30386788 PMCID: PMC6206407 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.10.650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several research groups have assigned non-vacuolar functions to the well-known Saccharomyces cerevisiae vacuolar proteases Pep4 and Prb1, which are also known as proteinases A and B. These non-vacuolar activities seem to be autophagy-independent and stress-induced and suggest an unexplored but possibly prominent role for the proteases outside the vacuole. The functions range from the involvement in programmed cell death, to protection from hazardous protein forms and regulation of gene expression. We propose that a deeper understanding of these molecular processes will provide new insights that will be important for both fungal biology as well as studies in mammalian cells, as they might open up perspectives in the search for novel drug targets. To illustrate this, we summarize the recent literature on non-vacuolar Pep4 and Prb1 functions in S. cerevisiae and review the current data on the protein homologs in pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Kerstens
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Abdel-Rahim IR, Abo-Elyousr KA. Talaromyces pinophilus strain AUN-1 as a novel mycoparasite of Botrytis cinerea, the pathogen of onion scape and umbel blights. Microbiol Res 2018; 212-213:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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25
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Gómez-Rodríguez EY, Uresti-Rivera EE, Patrón-Soberano OA, Islas-Osuna MA, Flores-Martínez A, Riego-Ruiz L, Rosales-Saavedra MT, Casas-Flores S. Histone acetyltransferase TGF-1 regulates Trichoderma atroviride secondary metabolism and mycoparasitism. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193872. [PMID: 29708970 PMCID: PMC5927414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Some filamentous fungi of the Trichoderma genus are used as biocontrol agents against airborne and soilborne phytopathogens. The proposed mechanism by which Trichoderma spp. antagonizes phytopathogens is through the release of lytic enzymes, antimicrobial compounds, mycoparasitism, and the induction of systemic disease-resistance in plants. Here we analyzed the role of TGF-1 (Trichoderma Gcn Five-1), a histone acetyltransferase of Trichoderma atroviride, in mycoparasitism and antibiosis against the phytopathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor that promotes histone acetylation, slightly affected T. atroviride and R. solani growth, but not the growth of the mycoparasite over R. solani. Application of TSA to the liquid medium induced synthesis of antimicrobial compounds. Expression analysis of the mycoparasitism-related genes ech-42 and prb-1, which encode an endochitinase and a proteinase, as well as the secondary metabolism-related genes pbs-1 and tps-1, which encode a peptaibol synthetase and a terpene synthase, respectively, showed that they were regulated by TSA. A T. atroviride strain harboring a deletion of tgf-1 gene showed slow growth, thinner and less branched hyphae than the wild-type strain, whereas its ability to coil around the R. solani hyphae was not affected. Δtgf-1 presented a diminished capacity to grow over R. solani, but the ability of its mycelium -free culture filtrates (MFCF) to inhibit the phytopathogen growth was enhanced. Intriguingly, addition of TSA to the culture medium reverted the enhanced inhibition growth of Δtgf-1 MFCF on R. solani at levels compared to the wild-type MFCF grown in medium amended with TSA. The presence of R. solani mycelium in the culture medium induced similar proteinase activity in a Δtgf-1 compared to the wild-type, whereas the chitinolytic activity was higher in a Δtgf-1 mutant in the absence of R. solani, compared to the parental strain. Expression of mycoparasitism- and secondary metabolism-related genes in Δtgf-1 was differentially regulated in the presence or absence of R. solani. These results indicate that histone acetylation may play important roles in the biocontrol mechanisms of T. atroviride.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - María Auxiliadora Islas-Osuna
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Alberto Flores-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Lina Riego-Ruiz
- División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Sergio Casas-Flores
- División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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26
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Elamathi E, Malathi P, Viswanathan R, Ramesh Sundar A. Expression analysis on mycoparasitism related genes during antagonism of Trichoderma with Colletotrichum falcatum causing red rot in sugarcane. JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13562-018-0444-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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27
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Awad NE, Kassem HA, Hamed MA, El-Feky AM, Elnaggar MAA, Mahmoud K, Ali MA. Isolation and characterization of the bioactive metabolites from the soil derived fungus Trichoderma viride. Mycology 2018; 9:70-80. [PMID: 30123663 PMCID: PMC6059106 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2017.1423126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate different biological activities of Trichoderma viride fungus (Family Hypocreaceae). Trichoderma viride isolated for the first time from the cucumber soil (rhizosphere). It was tested as antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer agent. Trichoderma viride from the cucumber soil (rhizosphere) caused inhibition of the mycelial growth of Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii. Also, the alcoholic extract of the fungal mycelia proved a potent antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens. In addition, it exhibited a significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporium, Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum at 100 µg/disc. Study of the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the volatile constituents had been done. The in vitro antioxidant, anticancer and antiviral activities of the isolated proteins, and carbohydrates were determined. Furthermore, the volatile constituents were isolated from fresh mycelia of Trichoderma viride and subjected to GC/MS analysis. Total protein (10%), carbohydrate (19.57%), steroidal (13.95%) and triterpenoidal content (38.34%) were determined in the alcoholic extract of Trichoderma viride mycelia. In conclusion, this fungus showed antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral and antibacterial effects. Further studies must be done to identify the molecules responsible for its effect and to consider its application in the pharmacological and medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa E. Awad
- Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanaa A. Kassem
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Manal A. Hamed
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amal M. El-Feky
- Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Khaled Mahmoud
- Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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28
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Du N, Shi L, Yuan Y, Sun J, Shu S, Guo S. Isolation of a potential biocontrol agent Paenibacillus polymyxa NSY50 from vinegar waste compost and its induction of host defense responses against Fusarium wilt of cucumber. Microbiol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Wu Q, Sun R, Ni M, Yu J, Li Y, Yu C, Dou K, Ren J, Chen J. Identification of a novel fungus, Trichoderma asperellum GDFS1009, and comprehensive evaluation of its biocontrol efficacy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179957. [PMID: 28644879 PMCID: PMC5482467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its efficient broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, Trichoderma has been established as an internationally recognized biocontrol fungus. In this study, we found and identified a novel strain of Trichoderma asperellum, named GDFS1009. The mycelium of T. asperellum GDFS1009 exhibits a high growth rate, high sporulation capacity, and strong inhibitory effects against pathogens that cause cucumber fusarium wilt and corn stalk rot. T. asperellum GDFS1009 secretes chitinase, glucanase, and protease, which can degrade the cell walls of fungi and contribute to mycoparasitism. The secreted xylanases are good candidates for inducing plant resistance and enhancing plant immunity against pathogens. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that T. asperellum GDFS1009 produces primary metabolites that are precursors of antimicrobial compounds; it also produces a variety of antimicrobial secondary metabolites, including polyketides and alkanes. In addition, this study speculated the presence of six antimicrobial peptides via ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). Future studies should focus on these antimicrobial metabolites for facilitating widespread application in the field of agricultural bio-control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Environment and Resource, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Key laboratory of Urban (South) Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiyan Sun
- Department of Environment and Resource, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Key laboratory of Urban (South) Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of Environment and Resource, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Key laboratory of Urban (South) Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqian Li
- Department of Environment and Resource, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Key laboratory of Urban (South) Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanjin Yu
- Department of Environment and Resource, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Key laboratory of Urban (South) Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Dou
- Department of Environment and Resource, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Key laboratory of Urban (South) Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhong Ren
- Suzhou BioNovoGene Metabolomics Platform, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Environment and Resource, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Key laboratory of Urban (South) Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
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Velázquez-Cedeño M, Farnet A, Ferré E, Savoie J. Variations of lignocellulosic activities in dual cultures ofPleurotus ostreatusandTrichoderma longibrachiatumon unsterilized wheat straw. Mycologia 2017; 96:712-9. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2005.11832919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - E. Ferré
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Service 452, U.M.R. CNRS 6116, Institut Méditerranéen d’Ecologie et de Paléoécologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Saint Jérôme, F-13397, Marseille, Cedex 20, France
| | - J.M. Savoie
- Unité de Recherche sur les Champignons, INRA, BP 81, F-33883, Villenave d’Ornon Cedex, France
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31
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Liu F, Wu XL, He ZY, Xiang MC, He YC, Liu XZ, Chen SJ, Zeng W. Nutritional effects on the mycelial growth and enzymatic activity of Isaria farinosa, and Hepialus larvae growth. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1605-15. [PMID: 26929413 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the nutritional requirements of the mycelial growth and pathogenesis-related enzymatic activity on Isaria farinosa and the nutritional effect of fungus on its host Hepialus larvae. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixteen carbon sources, 16 nitrogen sources and 9 vitamin combinations were tested. The nutritional conditions that significantly prevented I. farinosa pathogenesis were selected as feed additives for rearing Hepialus larvae. Citric acid significantly inhibited the growth of I. farinosa and the activity of three enzymes. l-histidine and l-aspartic acid significantly reduced the dry weights of mycelia and their protease and lipase activities. Vitamin combination that lacked VB 1 significantly increased the growth of I. farinosa and enhanced its chitinase and lipase activities. l-aspartic acid, VB 1 or a combination of them were beneficial for maintaining the larvae survival rate and decreasing the disease rate. The result provides new insight to develop a nutrition-based strategy to control fungal epidemics during insect rearing. CONCLUSIONS The ability of some specific nutrients to inhibit mycelial growth and enzymatic activity can prevent epidemics of fungal disease. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results will aid in the development of nutrition-based strategies to control entomopathogenic fungal epidemics during the large-scale rearing of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Sub-center of the National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Chongqing, China.,Ganzi District Kangding Gongga Chinese Caterpillar Fungus Co. Ltd., Sichuan, China
| | - X L Wu
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Sub-center of the National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Z Y He
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Sub-center of the National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Chongqing, China.,Ganzi District Kangding Gongga Chinese Caterpillar Fungus Co. Ltd., Sichuan, China
| | - M C Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Y C He
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Sub-center of the National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Chongqing, China.,Ganzi District Kangding Gongga Chinese Caterpillar Fungus Co. Ltd., Sichuan, China
| | - X Z Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - S J Chen
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Sub-center of the National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Chongqing, China.,Ganzi District Kangding Gongga Chinese Caterpillar Fungus Co. Ltd., Sichuan, China
| | - W Zeng
- Ganzi District Kangding Gongga Chinese Caterpillar Fungus Co. Ltd., Sichuan, China
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32
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Barelli L, Moonjely S, Behie SW, Bidochka MJ. Fungi with multifunctional lifestyles: endophytic insect pathogenic fungi. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:657-664. [PMID: 26644135 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0413-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the symbiotic, evolutionary, proteomic and genetic basis for a group of fungi that occupy a specialized niche as insect pathogens as well as endophytes. We focus primarily on species in the genera Metarhizium and Beauveria, traditionally recognized as insect pathogenic fungi but are also found as plant symbionts. Phylogenetic evidence suggests that these fungi are more closely related to grass endophytes and diverged from that lineage ca. 100 MYA. We explore how the dual life cycles of these fungi as insect pathogens and endophytes are coupled. We discuss the evolution of insect pathogenesis while maintaining an endophytic lifestyle and provide examples of genes that may be involved in the transition toward insect pathogenicity. That is, some genes for insect pathogenesis may have been co-opted from genes involved in endophytic colonization. Other genes may be multifunctional and serve in both lifestyle capacities. We suggest that their evolution as insect pathogens allowed them to effectively barter a specialized nitrogen source (i.e. insects) with host plants for photosynthate. These ubiquitous fungi may play an important role as plant growth promoters and have a potential reservoir of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Barelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Soumya Moonjely
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Scott W Behie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Michael J Bidochka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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Moonjely S, Barelli L, Bidochka MJ. Insect Pathogenic Fungi as Endophytes. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2016; 94:107-35. [PMID: 27131324 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we explore some of the evolutionary, ecological, molecular genetics, and applied aspects of a subset of insect pathogenic fungi that also have a lifestyle as endophytes and we term endophytic insect pathogenic fungi (EIPF). We focus particularly on Metarhizium spp. and Beauveria bassiana as EIPF. The discussion of the evolution of EIPF challenges a view that these fungi were first and foremost insect pathogens that eventually evolved to colonize plants. Phylogenetic evidence shows that the lineages of EIPF are most closely related to grass endophytes that diverged c. 100MYA. We discuss the relationship between genes involved in "insect pathogenesis" and those involved in "endophytism" and provide examples of genes with potential importance in lifestyle transitions toward insect pathogenicity. That is, some genes for insect pathogenesis may have been coopted from genes involved in endophytic colonization. Other genes may be multifunctional and serve in both lifestyle capacities. The interactions of EIPF with their host plants are discussed in some detail. The genetic basis for rhizospheric competence, plant communication, and nutrient exchange is examined and we highlight, with examples, the benefits of EIPF to plants, and the potential reservoir of secondary metabolites hidden within these beneficial symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moonjely
- Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - L Barelli
- Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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34
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Physiological and Molecular Signalling Involved in Disease Management Through Trichoderma: An Effective Biocontrol Paradigm. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27312-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Mallikharjuna Rao KLN, Siva Raju K, Ravisankar H. Cultural conditions on the production of extracellular enzymes by Trichoderma isolates from tobacco rhizosphere. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:25-32. [PMID: 26887223 PMCID: PMC4822759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve isolates of Trichoderma spp. isolated from tobacco rhizosphere were evaluated for their ability to produce chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase extracellular hydrolytic enzymes. Isolates ThJt1 and TvHt2, out of 12 isolates, produced maximum activities of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, respectively. In vitro production of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase by isolates ThJt1 and TvHt2 was tested under different cultural conditions. The enzyme activities were significantly influenced by acidic pH and the optimum temperature was 30°C. The chitin and cell walls of Sclerotium rolfsii, as carbon sources, supported the maximum and significantly higher chitinase activity by both isolates. The chitinase activity of isolate ThJt1 was suppressed significantly by fructose (80.28%), followed by glucose (77.42%), whereas the β-1,3-glucanase activity of ThJt1 and both enzymes of isolate TvHt2 were significantly suppressed by fructose, followed by sucrose. Ammonium nitrate as nitrogen source supported the maximum activity of chitinase in both isolates, whereas urea was a poor nitrogen source. Production of both enzymes by the isolates was significantly influenced by the cultural conditions. Thus, the isolates ThJt1 and TvHt2 showed higher levels of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities and were capable of hydrolyzing the mycelium of S. rolfsii infecting tobacco. These organisms can be used therefore for assessment of their synergism in biomass production and biocontrol efficacy and for their field biocontrol ability against S. rolfsii and Pythium aphanidermatum infecting tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K Siva Raju
- Principal Scientist, Biochemistry, CTRI, Rajahmundry, India
| | - H Ravisankar
- Senior Scientist, Computer Applications, CTRI, Rajahmundry, India
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Identification of mycoparasitism-related genes in Clonostachys rosea 67-1 active against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18169. [PMID: 26657839 PMCID: PMC4677357 DOI: 10.1038/srep18169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea is a mycoparasite that has shown great potential in controlling various plant fungal pathogens. In order to find mycoparasitism-related genes in C. rosea, the transcriptome of the efficient isolate 67-1 in association with sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was sequenced and analysed. The results identified 26,351 unigenes with a mean length of 1,102 nucleotides, among which 18,525 were annotated in one or more databases of NR, KEGG, Swiss-Prot, GO and COG. Differentially expressed genes at 8 h, 24 h and 48 h after sclerotial induction were analysed, and 6,890 unigenes were upregulated compared with the control without sclerotia. 713, 1,008 and 1,929 genes were specifically upregulated expressed, while 1,646, 283 and 529 genes were specifically downregulated, respectively. Gene ontology terms analysis indicated that these genes were mainly involved in metabolism of biological process, catalysis of molecular function and cellular component. The expression levels of 12 genes that were upregulated after encountering with S. sclerotiorum were monitored using real-time PCR. The results indicated that the quantitative detection was consistent with the transcriptome analysis. The study provides transcriptional gene expression information on C. rosea parasitizing S. sclerotiorum and forms the basis for further investigation of mycoparasitism-related genes of C. rosea.
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Abd El-Rahman AAEM, El-Shafei SMAEA, Ivanova EV, Fattakhova AN, Pankova AV, El-Shafei MAEA, El-Morsi EMAEF, Alimova FK. Cytotoxicity of Trichoderma spp. cultural filtrate against human cervical and breast cancer cell lines. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:7229-34. [PMID: 25227819 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.17.7229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are known as a rich source of secondary metabolites with biological activity belonging to a variety of classes of chemical compounds. These fungi also are well known for their ability to produce a wide range of antibiotic substances and to parasitize other fungi. In search for new substances, which might act as anticancer agents, the overall objective of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma asperellum cultural filtrates against human cervical and breast cancer cell lines (HeLa and MCF-7 cells respectively). To achieve this objective, cells were exposed to 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/ ml of both T. harzianum cultural filtrate (ThCF) and T. asperellum cultural filtrate (TaCF) for 24h, then the cell viability and the cytotoxic responses were assessed by using trypan blue and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)- 2,5-biphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Morphological changes in cells were investigated by phase contrast inverted microscopy. The results showed that ThCF and TaCF significantly reduce the cell viability, have cytotoxic effects and alter the cellular morphology of HeLa and MCF-7 cells in a concentration dependent manner. A concentration of 80 and 100mg/ml of ThCF resulted in a sharp decline in the cell viability percent of HeLa and MCF-7 respectively (25.2%, 26.5%) which was recorded by trypan blue assay. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of ThCF and TaCF in HeLa and MCF-7 were recorded as 16.6, 12.0, 19.6 and 0.70 mg/ml respectively by MTT assay. These results revealed that ThCF and TaCF have a substantial ability to reduce the viability and proliferation of human cervical and breast cancer cells.
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Draft Genome Sequence of Mycoparasite Clonostachys rosea Strain 67-1. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/3/e00546-15. [PMID: 26021926 PMCID: PMC4447911 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00546-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea is a promising mycoparasite. In this study, we sequenced the draft genome of the highly effective strain 67-1 using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencing platform. The genome is 55.4 Mb with a G+C content of 49.2% and provides a powerful resource for future studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying Clonostachys rosea's antagonism on fungal pathogens.
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Colavolpe MB, Mejía SJ, Albertó E. Efficiency of treatments for controlling Trichoderma spp during spawning in cultivation of lignicolous mushrooms. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 45:1263-70. [PMID: 25763030 PMCID: PMC4323299 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000400017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma spp is the cause of the green mold disease in mushroom cultivation production. Many disinfection treatments are commonly applied to lignocellulose substrates to prevent contamination. Mushroom growers are usually worried about the contaminations that may occur after these treatments during handling or spawning. The aim of this paper is to estimate the growth of the green mold Trichoderma sp on lignocellulose substrates after different disinfection treatments to know which of them is more effective to avoid contamination during spawning phase. Three different treatments were assayed: sterilization (121 °C), immersion in hot water (60 and 80 °C), and immersion in alkalinized water. Wheat straw, wheat seeds and Eucalyptus or Populus sawdust were used separately as substrates. After the disinfection treatments, bagged substrates were sprayed with 3 mL of suspension of conidia of Trichoderma sp (10(5) conidia/mL) and then separately spawned with Pleurotus ostreatus or Gymnopilus pampeanus. The growth of Trichoderma sp was evaluated based on a qualitative scale. Trichoderma sp could not grow on non-sterilized substrates. Immersions in hot water treatments and immersion in alkalinized water were also unfavorable treatments for its growth. Co- cultivation with mushrooms favored Trichoderma sp growth. Mushroom cultivation disinfection treatments of lignocellulose substrates influence on the growth of Trichoderma sp when contaminations occur during spawning phase. The immersion in hot water at 60 °C for 30 min or in alkalinized water for 36 h, are treatments which better reduced the contaminations with Trichoderma sp during spawning phase for the cultivation of lignicolous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Colavolpe
- Laboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom CultivationInstituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de ChascomúsConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasUniversidad Nacional de San MartínProvincia de Buenos AiresArgentinaLaboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom Cultivation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Santiago Jaramillo Mejía
- Laboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom CultivationInstituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de ChascomúsConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasUniversidad Nacional de San MartínProvincia de Buenos AiresArgentinaLaboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom Cultivation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Edgardo Albertó
- Laboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom CultivationInstituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de ChascomúsConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasUniversidad Nacional de San MartínProvincia de Buenos AiresArgentinaLaboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom Cultivation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Daguerre Y, Siegel K, Edel-Hermann V, Steinberg C. Fungal proteins and genes associated with biocontrol mechanisms of soil-borne pathogens: a review. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nicolás C, Hermosa R, Rubio B, Mukherjee PK, Monte E. Trichoderma genes in plants for stress tolerance- status and prospects. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 228:71-8. [PMID: 25438787 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many filamentous fungi from the genus Trichoderma are well known for their anti-microbial properties. Certain genes from Trichoderma spp. have been identified and transferred to plants for improving biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, as well for applications in bioremediation. Several Trichoderma genomes have been sequenced and many are in the pipeline, facilitating high throughput gene analysis and increasing the availability of candidate transgenes. This, coupled with improved plant transformation systems, is expected to usher in a new era in plant biotechnology where several genes from these antagonistic fungi can be transferred into plants to achieve enhanced stress tolerance, bioremediation activity, herbicide tolerance, and reduction of phytotoxins. In this review, we illustrate the major achievements made by transforming plants with Trichoderma genes as well as their possible mode of action. Moreover, examples of efficient application of genetically modified plants as biofactories to produce active Trichoderma enzymes are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Nicolás
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Río Duero 12, Campus de Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rosa Hermosa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Río Duero 12, Campus de Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Belén Rubio
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Río Duero 12, Campus de Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- NuclearAgriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India.
| | - Enrique Monte
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Río Duero 12, Campus de Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
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Dou K, Wang Z, Zhang R, Wang N, Fan H, Diao G, Liu Z. Cloning and characteristic analysis of a novel aspartic protease gene Asp55 from Trichoderma asperellum ACCC30536. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:915-23. [PMID: 24932881 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteases secreted by fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma play important roles in biocontrol. In this study, the coding sequence and promoter region of the novel aspartic protease gene Asp55 were cloned from strain Trichoderma asperellum ACCC30536. Many cis-elements involved in phytopathogenic and environmental stress responses were identified in the Asp55 promoter region and may be recognized by MYB or WRKY transcription factors. The expression pattern of Asp55 under eight culture conditions was investigated by RT-qPCR. The expression level of Asp55 was up-regulated by poplar stem powder, Alternaria alternata cell wall fragments and A. alternata fermentation liquid, while it was down-regulated by carbon and nitrogen source starvation, and by powdered poplar leaves and roots. Additionally, the expression patterns of 15 genes encoding MYB transcription factors (Myb1 to Myb15) were also analyzed by RT-qPCR. Myb2 showed the most similar expression pattern with Asp55. The cDNA of Asp55 was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21, and recombinant ASP55 (rASP55) was purified. The purified rASP55 was evaluated for enzymatic activity and showed inhibitory effect on phytopathogenic A. alternata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, 150040 Harbin, China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, 150040 Harbin, China.
| | - Rongshu Zhang
- The College of Landscape, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, 150040 Harbin, China
| | - Na Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, 150040 Harbin, China
| | - Haijuan Fan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, 150040 Harbin, China
| | - Guiping Diao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, 150040 Harbin, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, 150040 Harbin, China.
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Liu Y, Yang Q. Cloning and Heterologous Expression of Serine Protease SL41 Related to Biocontrol in Trichoderma harzianum. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 23:431-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000346830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abubaker KS, Sjaarda C, Castle AJ. Regulation of three genes encoding cell-wall-degrading enzymes of Trichoderma aggressivum during interaction with Agaricus bisporus. Can J Microbiol 2013; 59:417-24. [PMID: 23750957 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2013-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Members of the genus Trichoderma are very effective competitors of a variety of fungi. Cell-wall-degrading enzymes, including proteinases, glucanases, and chitinases, are commonly secreted as part of the competitive process. Trichoderma aggressivum is the causative agent of green mould disease of the button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. The structures of 3 T. aggressivum genes, prb1 encoding a proteinase, ech42 encoding an endochitinase, and a β-glucanase gene, were determined. Promoter elements in the prb1 and ech42 genes suggested that transcription is regulated by carbon and nitrogen levels and by stress. Both genes had mycoparasitism-related elements indicating potential roles for the protein products in competition. The promoter of the β-glucanase gene contained CreA and AreA binding sites indicative of catabolite regulation but contained no mycoparasitism elements. Transcription of the 3 genes was measured in mixed cultures of T. aggressivum and A. bisporus. Two A. bisporus strains, U1, which is sensitive to green mould disease, and SB65, which shows some resistance, were used in co-cultivation tests to assess possible roles of the genes in disease production and severity. prb1 and ech42 were coordinately upregulated after 5 days, whereas β-glucanase transcription was upregulated from day 0 with both Agaricus strains. Upregulation was much less pronounced in mixed cultures of T. aggressivum with the resistant strain, SB65, than with the sensitive strain, U1. These observations suggested that the proteins encoded by these genes have roles in both nutrition and in severity of green mould disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal S Abubaker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Palaniyandi S, Yang S, Suh JW. Extracellular proteases from Streptomyces phaeopurpureus
ExPro138 inhibit spore adhesion, germination and appressorium formation in Colletotrichum coccodes. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:207-17. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.A. Palaniyandi
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials; Myongji University; Yongin Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
- Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics; College of Natural Science; Myongji University; Yongin Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - S.H. Yang
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials; Myongji University; Yongin Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - J.-W. Suh
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials; Myongji University; Yongin Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
- Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics; College of Natural Science; Myongji University; Yongin Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
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Mukherjee PK, Horwitz BA, Herrera-Estrella A, Schmoll M, Kenerley CM. Trichoderma research in the genome era. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 51:105-29. [PMID: 23915132 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma species are widely used in agriculture and industry as biopesticides and sources of enzymes, respectively. These fungi reproduce asexually by production of conidia and chlamydospores and in wild habitats by ascospores. Trichoderma species are efficient mycoparasites and prolific producers of secondary metabolites, some of which have clinical importance. However, the ecological or biological significance of this metabolite diversity is sorely lagging behind the chemical significance. Many strains produce elicitors and induce resistance in plants through colonization of roots. Seven species have now been sequenced. Comparison of a primarily saprophytic species with two mycoparasitic species has provided striking contrasts and has established that mycoparasitism is an ancestral trait of this genus. Among the interesting outcomes of genome comparison is the discovery of a vast repertoire of secondary metabolism pathways and of numerous small cysteine-rich secreted proteins. Genomics has also facilitated investigation of sexual crossing in Trichoderma reesei, suggesting the possibility of strain improvement through hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India.
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Minglian Z, Minghe M, Keqin Z. Characterization of a neutral serine protease and its full-length cDNA from the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Mycologia 2012; 96:16-22. [PMID: 21148823 DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2005.11832991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A neutral serine protease (designated Aoz1) was purified to homogeneity from a strain of Arthrobotrys oligospora, obtained from soil in Yunnan Province. The purified protein showed a molecular mass of approximately 38 000 Dalton, pI 4.9 and displayed optimal activity at 45 C and pH 6-8. The protein could hydrolyze gelatin, casein and the chromogenic substrate azocoll, and it could immobilize nematodes in vitro (Panagrellus redivivus L. [Goodey]). The level of activity in culture medium was found to increase with increasing gelatin concentration. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated dramatic structural changes in nematode cuticle treated with the purified protease. A partial peptide sequence obtained by N-terminal sequence analysis was used to design degenerate primers for the isolation of a cDNA gene encoding the mature protease. Analysis of the cDNA and corresponding genomic sequence revealed 97% identity with PII, a gene previously described from A. oligospora, and we conclude that this gene is likely a PII ortholog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Minglian
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology & Fermentation Technology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, P.R. of China
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Production of recombinant proteins by filamentous fungi. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1119-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gruber S, Seidl-Seiboth V. Self versus non-self: fungal cell wall degradation in Trichoderma. Microbiology (Reading) 2012; 158:26-34. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.052613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Gruber
- Research Area Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Seidl-Seiboth
- Research Area Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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50
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Omann MR, Lehner S, Escobar Rodríguez C, Brunner K, Zeilinger S. The seven-transmembrane receptor Gpr1 governs processes relevant for the antagonistic interaction of Trichoderma atroviride with its host. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2011; 158:107-118. [PMID: 22075023 PMCID: PMC3352357 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.052035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycoparasitic Trichoderma species are applied as biocontrol agents in agriculture to guard plants against fungal diseases. During mycoparasitism, Trichoderma directly interacts with phytopathogenic fungi, preceded by a specific recognition of the host and resulting in its disarming and killing. In various fungal pathogens, including mycoparasites, signalling via heterotrimeric G proteins plays a major role in regulating pathogenicity-related functions. However, the corresponding receptors involved in the recognition of host-derived signals are largely unknown. Functional characterization of Trichoderma atroviride Gpr1 revealed a prominent role of this seven-transmembrane protein of the cAMP-receptor-like family of fungal G-protein-coupled receptors in the antagonistic interaction with the host fungus and governing of mycoparasitism-related processes. Silencing of gpr1 led to an avirulent phenotype accompanied by an inability to attach to host hyphae. Furthermore, gpr1-silenced transformants were unable to respond to the presence of living host fungi with the expression of chitinase- and protease-encoding genes. Addition of exogenous cAMP was able to restore host attachment in gpr1-silenced transformants but could not restore mycoparasitic overgrowth. A search for downstream targets of the signalling pathway(s) involving Gpr1 resulted in the isolation of genes encoding e.g. a member of the cyclin-like superfamily and a small secreted cysteine-rich protein. Although silencing of gpr1 caused defects similar to those of mutants lacking the Tga3 Gα protein, no direct interaction between Gpr1 and Tga3 was observed in a split-ubiquitin two-hybrid assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus R. Omann
- Research Area Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Center for Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, Wien, Austria
| | - Sylvia Lehner
- Department for Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, Tulln, Austria
| | - Carolina Escobar Rodríguez
- Research Area Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Center for Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, Wien, Austria
| | - Kurt Brunner
- Research Area Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Center for Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, Wien, Austria
- Department for Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, Tulln, Austria
| | - Susanne Zeilinger
- Research Area Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Center for Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, Wien, Austria
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