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An J, Wang L, Hong C, Gao H. Evolution and Functional Differentiation of the C-terminal Motifs of FtsZs During Plant Evolution. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae145. [PMID: 39004892 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Filamentous temperature-sensitive Z (FtsZ) is a tubulin-like GTPase that is highly conserved in bacteria and plants. It polymerizes into a ring at the division site of bacteria and chloroplasts and serves as the scaffold protein of the division complex. While a single FtsZ is present in bacteria and cyanobacteria, there are two subfamilies, FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 in the green lineage, and FtsZA and FtsZB in red algae. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the C-terminal motifs of AtFtsZ1 (Z1C) and AtFtsZ2-1 (Z2C) display distinct functions in the regulation of chloroplast division. Z1C exhibits weak membrane-binding activity, whereas Z2C engages in the interaction with the membrane protein AtARC6. Here, we provide evidence revealing the distinct traits of the C-terminal motifs of FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 throughout the plant evolutionary process. In a range of plant species, the C-terminal motifs of FtsZ1 exhibit diverse membrane-binding properties critical for regulating chloroplast division. In chlorophytes, the C-terminal motifs of FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 exhibit both membrane-binding and protein interaction functions, which are similar to those of cyanobacterial FtsZ and red algal FtsZA. During the transition from algae to land plants, the functions of the C-terminal motifs of FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 exhibit differentiation. FtsZ1 lost the function of interacting with ARC6 in land plants, and the membrane-binding activity of FtsZ2 was lost in ferns. Our findings reveal the functional differentiation of the C-terminal motifs of FtsZs during plant evolution, which is critical for chloroplast division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie An
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Conghao Hong
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongbo Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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2
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Toda N, Inoue-Kashino N, Fujita H, Yoshida R, Nimura-Matsune K, Watanabe S, Kuroda A, Kashino Y, Hirota R. Cell morphology engineering enhances grazing resistance of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 for non-sterile large-scale cultivation. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 137:245-253. [PMID: 38336581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
In the practical scale of cyanobacterial cultivation, the golden algae Poterioochromonas malhamensis is a well-known predator that causes devastating damage to the culture, referred to as pond crash. The establishment and maintenance of monoculture conditions are ideal for large-scale cultures. However, this is a difficult challenge because microbial contamination is unavoidable in practical-scale culture facilities. In the present study, we unexpectedly observed the pond crash phenomenon during the pilot-scale cultivation of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 using a 100-L photobioreactor. This was due to the contamination with P. malhamensis, which probably originated from residual fouling. Interestingly, we found that S.elongatus PCC 7942 can alter its morphological structure when subjected to continuous grazing pressure from predators, resulting in cells that were more than 100 times longer than those of the wild-type strain. These hyper-elongated S.elongatus PCC 7942 cells had mutations in the genes encoding FtsZ or Ftn2 which are involved in bacterial cell division. Importantly, the elongated phenotype remained stable during cultivation, enabling S.elongatus PCC 7942 to thrive and resist grazing. The cultivation of the elongated S.elongatus PCC 7942 mutant strain in a 100-L pilot-scale photobioreactor under non-sterile conditions resulted in increased cyanobacterial biomass without encountering pond crash. This study demonstrates an efficient strategy for cyanobacterial cell culture in practical-scale bioreactors without the need for extensive decontamination or sterilization of the growth medium and culture facility, which can contribute to economically viable cultivation and bioprocessing of microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumi Toda
- Unit of Biotechnology, Division of Biological and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Natsuko Inoue-Kashino
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Hazaya Fujita
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yoshida
- Unit of Biotechnology, Division of Biological and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Kaori Nimura-Matsune
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Satoru Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Akio Kuroda
- Unit of Biotechnology, Division of Biological and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan; Seto Inland Sea Carbon-neutral Research Center, Hiroshima University, 2445 Mukaishima-cho, Onomichi, Hiroshima 722-0073, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kashino
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Hirota
- Unit of Biotechnology, Division of Biological and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan; Seto Inland Sea Carbon-neutral Research Center, Hiroshima University, 2445 Mukaishima-cho, Onomichi, Hiroshima 722-0073, Japan.
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3
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Velázquez-Suárez C, Springstein BL, Nieves-Morión M, Helbig AO, Kieninger AK, Maldener I, Nürnberg DJ, Stucken K, Luque I, Dagan T, Herrero A. SepT, a novel protein specific to multicellular cyanobacteria, influences peptidoglycan growth and septal nanopore formation in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. mBio 2023; 14:e0098323. [PMID: 37650636 PMCID: PMC10653889 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00983-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Multicellular organization is a requirement for the development of complex organisms, and filamentous cyanobacteria such as Anabaena represent a paradigmatic case of bacterial multicellularity. The Anabaena filament can include hundreds of communicated cells that exchange nutrients and regulators and, depending on environmental conditions, can include different cell types specialized in distinct biological functions. Hence, the specific features of the Anabaena filament and how they are propagated during cell division represent outstanding biological issues. Here, we studied SepT, a novel coiled-coil-rich protein of Anabaena that is located in the intercellular septa and influences the formation of the septal specialized structures that allow communication between neighboring cells along the filament, a fundamental trait for the performance of Anabaena as a multicellular organism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mercedes Nieves-Morión
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Andreas O. Helbig
- AG Proteomics & Bioanalytics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Kieninger
- Department of Microbiology/Organismic Interactions, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Iris Maldener
- Department of Microbiology/Organismic Interactions, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dennis J. Nürnberg
- Institute of Experimental Physics and Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karina Stucken
- Department of Food Engineering, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
| | - Ignacio Luque
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Tal Dagan
- Institute of General Microbiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Antonia Herrero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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Esch L, Ngai QY, Barclay JE, McNelly R, Hayta S, Smedley MA, Smith AM, Seung D. Increasing amyloplast size in wheat endosperm through mutation of PARC6 affects starch granule morphology. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:224-241. [PMID: 37424336 PMCID: PMC10952435 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The determination of starch granule morphology in plants is poorly understood. The amyloplasts of wheat endosperm contain large discoid A-type granules and small spherical B-type granules. To study the influence of amyloplast structure on these distinct morphological types, we isolated a mutant in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) defective in the plastid division protein PARC6, which had giant plastids in both leaves and endosperm. Endosperm amyloplasts of the mutant contained more A- and B-type granules than those of the wild-type. The mutant had increased A- and B-type granule size in mature grains, and its A-type granules had a highly aberrant, lobed surface. This morphological defect was already evident at early stages of grain development and occurred without alterations in polymer structure and composition. Plant growth and grain size, number and starch content were not affected in the mutants despite the large plastid size. Interestingly, mutation of the PARC6 paralog, ARC6, did not increase plastid or starch granule size. We suggest TtPARC6 can complement disrupted TtARC6 function by interacting with PDV2, the outer plastid envelope protein that typically interacts with ARC6 to promote plastid division. We therefore reveal an important role of amyloplast structure in starch granule morphogenesis in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Esch
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Qi Yang Ngai
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | | | - Rose McNelly
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Sadiye Hayta
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | | | | | - David Seung
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
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5
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Porter KJ, Cao L, Osteryoung KW. Dynamics of the Synechococcus elongatus cytoskeletal GTPase FtsZ yields mechanistic and evolutionary insight into cyanobacterial and chloroplast FtsZs. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102917. [PMID: 36657643 PMCID: PMC9975276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The division of cyanobacteria and their chloroplast descendants is orchestrated by filamenting temperature-sensitive Z (FtsZ), a cytoskeletal GTPase that polymerizes into protofilaments that form a "Z ring" at the division site. The Z ring has both a scaffolding function for division-complex assembly and a GTPase-dependent contractile function that drives cell or organelle constriction. A single FtsZ performs these functions in bacteria, whereas in chloroplasts, they are performed by two copolymerizing FtsZs, called AtFtsZ2 and AtFtsZ1 in Arabidopsis thaliana, which promote protofilament stability and dynamics, respectively. To probe the differences between cyanobacterial and chloroplast FtsZs, we used light scattering to characterize the in vitro protofilament dynamics of FtsZ from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 (SeFtsZ) and investigate how coassembly of AtFtsZ2 or AtFtsZ1 with SeFtsZ influences overall dynamics. SeFtsZ protofilaments assembled rapidly and began disassembling before GTP depletion, whereas AtFtsZ2 protofilaments were far more stable, persisting beyond GTP depletion. Coassembled SeFtsZ-AtFtsZ2 protofilaments began disassembling before GTP depletion, similar to SeFtsZ. In contrast, AtFtsZ1 did not alter disassembly onset when coassembled with SeFtsZ, but fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis showed it increased the turnover of SeFtsZ subunits from SeFtsZ-AtFtsZ1 protofilaments, mirroring its effect upon coassembly with AtFtsZ2. Comparisons of our findings with previous work revealed consistent differences between cyanobacterial and chloroplast FtsZ dynamics and suggest that the scaffolding and dynamics-promoting functions were partially separated during evolution of two chloroplast FtsZs from their cyanobacterial predecessor. They also suggest that chloroplasts may have evolved a mechanism distinct from that in cyanobacteria for promoting FtsZ protofilament dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Porter
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Lingyan Cao
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Liu X, An J, Wang L, Sun Q, An C, Wu B, Hong C, Wang X, Dong S, Guo J, Feng Y, Gao H. A novel amphiphilic motif at the C-terminus of FtsZ1 facilitates chloroplast division. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:419-432. [PMID: 34755875 PMCID: PMC8773991 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In bacteria and chloroplasts, the GTPase filamentous temperature-sensitive Z (FtsZ) is essential for division and polymerizes to form rings that mark the division site. Plants contain two FtsZ subfamilies (FtsZ1 and FtsZ2) with different assembly dynamics. FtsZ1 lacks the C-terminal domain of a typical FtsZ protein. Here, we show that the conserved short motif FtsZ1Carboxyl-terminus (Z1C) (consisting of the amino acids RRLFF) with weak membrane-binding activity is present at the C-terminus of FtsZ1 in angiosperms. For a polymer-forming protein such as FtsZ, this activity is strong enough for membrane tethering. Arabidopsis thaliana plants with mutated Z1C motifs contained heterogeneously sized chloroplasts and parallel FtsZ rings or long FtsZ filaments, suggesting that the Z1C motif plays an important role in regulating FtsZ ring dynamics. Our findings uncover a type of amphiphilic beta-strand motif with weak membrane-binding activity and point to the importance of this motif for the dynamic regulation of protein complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinjie An
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qingqing Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chuanjing An
- Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bibo Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Conghao Hong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Suwei Dong
- Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junhua Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yue Feng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Kohga H, Saito Y, Kanamaru M, Uchiyama J, Ohta H. The lack of the cell division protein FtsZ induced generation of giant cells under acidic stress in cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 150:343-356. [PMID: 33146872 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00792-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria exposed to environmental stresses often exhibit superior acclimation abilities to environmental change. Acid treatment causes an increase in the cell length of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 under light conditions. We aimed to elucidate the relationship between acidic stress and cell enlargement. After being synchronized under dark conditions, the cells were cultivated at different pH (pH 8.0 or pH 6.0) levels under light conditions. Synechocystis 6803 cells exhibited only cell growth occurred (cell volume expansion) and slow proliferation under the acidic condition. In the recovery experiment of the enlarged cells, they proliferated normally at pH 8.0, and the cell lengths decreased to the normal cell size under light conditions. Inhibition of cell division might be caused by acidic stress. To understand the effect of acidic stress on cell division, we evaluated the expression of FtsZ via Western blotting. The FtsZ concentration in cells was lower at pH 6.0 than at pH 8.0 and was not sufficient for cell division in the photoautotrophic conditions. ClpXP is well known as a regulator of the Z-ring dynamics in E. coli. The transcriptional level of four clpXP genes was upregulated approximately threefold at pH 6.0 after 24 h compared with that in cells grown at pH 8.0. The lack of FtsZ may be caused by the upregulation of clpXP expression under acidic condition. Therefore, ClpXP may participate in the degradation of FtsZ and be involved in the regulation of cell division via FtsZ under acidic stress in Synechocystis 6803.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Kohga
- Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Saito
- Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Mirai Kanamaru
- Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Junji Uchiyama
- Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Hisataka Ohta
- Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan.
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8
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Sakkos JK, Hernandez-Ortiz S, Osteryoung KW, Ducat DC. Orthogonal Degron System for Controlled Protein Degradation in Cyanobacteria. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:1667-1681. [PMID: 34232633 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 is a model cyanobacterium for study of the circadian clock, photosynthesis, and bioproduction of chemicals, yet nearly 40% of its gene identities and functions remain unknown, in part due to limitations of the existing genetic toolkit. While classical techniques for the study of genes (e.g., deletion or mutagenesis) can yield valuable information about the absence of a gene and its associated protein, there are limits to these approaches, particularly in the study of essential genes. Herein, we developed a tool for inducible degradation of target proteins in S. elongatus by adapting a method using degron tags from the Mesoplasma florum transfer-mRNA (tmRNA) system. We observed that M. florum lon protease can rapidly degrade exogenous and native proteins tagged with the cognate sequence within hours of induction. We used this system to inducibly degrade the essential cell division factor, FtsZ, as well as shell protein components of the carboxysome. Our results have implications for carboxysome biogenesis and the rate of carboxysome turnover during cell growth. Lon protease control of proteins offers an alternative approach for the study of essential proteins and protein dynamics in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K. Sakkos
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Sergio Hernandez-Ortiz
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Katherine W. Osteryoung
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Daniel C. Ducat
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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9
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Genetic, Genomics, and Responses to Stresses in Cyanobacteria: Biotechnological Implications. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040500. [PMID: 33805386 PMCID: PMC8066212 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are widely-diverse, environmentally crucial photosynthetic prokaryotes of great interests for basic and applied science. Work to date has focused mostly on the three non-nitrogen fixing unicellular species Synechocystis PCC 6803, Synechococcus PCC 7942, and Synechococcus PCC 7002, which have been selected for their genetic and physiological interests summarized in this review. Extensive "omics" data sets have been generated, and genome-scale models (GSM) have been developed for the rational engineering of these cyanobacteria for biotechnological purposes. We presently discuss what should be done to improve our understanding of the genotype-phenotype relationships of these models and generate robust and predictive models of their metabolism. Furthermore, we also emphasize that because Synechocystis PCC 6803, Synechococcus PCC 7942, and Synechococcus PCC 7002 represent only a limited part of the wide biodiversity of cyanobacteria, other species distantly related to these three models, should be studied. Finally, we highlight the need to strengthen the communication between academic researchers, who know well cyanobacteria and can engineer them for biotechnological purposes, but have a limited access to large photobioreactors, and industrial partners who attempt to use natural or engineered cyanobacteria to produce interesting chemicals at reasonable costs, but may lack knowledge on cyanobacterial physiology and metabolism.
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10
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Springstein BL, Nürnberg DJ, Weiss GL, Pilhofer M, Stucken K. Structural Determinants and Their Role in Cyanobacterial Morphogenesis. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E355. [PMID: 33348886 PMCID: PMC7766704 DOI: 10.3390/life10120355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells have to erect and sustain an organized and dynamically adaptable structure for an efficient mode of operation that allows drastic morphological changes during cell growth and cell division. These manifold tasks are complied by the so-called cytoskeleton and its associated proteins. In bacteria, FtsZ and MreB, the bacterial homologs to tubulin and actin, respectively, as well as coiled-coil-rich proteins of intermediate filament (IF)-like function to fulfil these tasks. Despite generally being characterized as Gram-negative, cyanobacteria have a remarkably thick peptidoglycan layer and possess Gram-positive-specific cell division proteins such as SepF and DivIVA-like proteins, besides Gram-negative and cyanobacterial-specific cell division proteins like MinE, SepI, ZipN (Ftn2) and ZipS (Ftn6). The diversity of cellular morphologies and cell growth strategies in cyanobacteria could therefore be the result of additional unidentified structural determinants such as cytoskeletal proteins. In this article, we review the current advances in the understanding of the cyanobacterial cell shape, cell division and cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Springstein
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dennis J. Nürnberg
- Department of Physics, Biophysics and Biochemistry of Photosynthetic Organisms, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Gregor L. Weiss
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; (G.L.W.); (M.P.)
| | - Martin Pilhofer
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; (G.L.W.); (M.P.)
| | - Karina Stucken
- Department of Food Engineering, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena 1720010, Chile;
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11
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Springstein BL, Weissenbach J, Koch R, Stücker F, Stucken K. The role of the cytoskeletal proteins MreB and FtsZ in multicellular cyanobacteria. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:2510-2531. [PMID: 33112491 PMCID: PMC7714070 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiseriate and true‐branching cyanobacteria are at the peak of prokaryotic morphological complexity. However, little is known about the mechanisms governing multiplanar cell division and morphogenesis. Here, we study the function of the prokaryotic cytoskeletal proteins, MreB and FtsZ in Fischerella muscicola PCC 7414 and Chlorogloeopsis fritschii PCC 6912. Vancomycin and HADA labeling revealed a mixed apical, septal, and lateral trichome growth mode in F. muscicola, whereas C. fritschii exhibits septal growth. In all morphotypes from both species, MreB forms either linear filaments or filamentous strings and can interact with FtsZ. Furthermore, multiplanar cell division in F. muscicola likely depends on FtsZ dosage. Our results lay the groundwork for future studies on cytoskeletal proteins in morphologically complex cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Weissenbach
- Institute of General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Germany
| | - Robin Koch
- Institute of General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Germany
| | - Fenna Stücker
- Institute of General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Germany
| | - Karina Stucken
- Institute of General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Germany
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12
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Chenebault C, Diaz-Santos E, Kammerscheit X, Görgen S, Ilioaia C, Streckaite S, Gall A, Robert B, Marcon E, Buisson DA, Benzerara K, Sassi JF, Cassier-Chauvat C, Chauvat F. A Genetic Toolbox for the New Model Cyanobacterium Cyanothece PCC 7425: A Case Study for the Photosynthetic Production of Limonene. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:586601. [PMID: 33042102 PMCID: PMC7530172 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.586601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria, the largest phylum of prokaryotes, perform oxygenic photosynthesis and are regarded as the ancestors of the plant chloroplast and the purveyors of the oxygen and biomass that shaped the biosphere. Nowadays, cyanobacteria are attracting a growing interest in being able to use solar energy, H2O, CO2 and minerals to produce biotechnologically interesting chemicals. This often requires the introduction and expression of heterologous genes encoding the enzymes that are not present in natural cyanobacteria. However, only a handful of model strains with a well-established genetic system are being studied so far, leaving the vast biodiversity of cyanobacteria poorly understood and exploited. In this study, we focused on the robust unicellular cyanobacterium Cyanothece PCC 7425 that has many interesting attributes, such as large cell size; capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen (under anaerobiosis) and to grow not only on nitrate but also on urea (a frequent pollutant) as the sole nitrogen source; capacity to form CO2-sequestrating intracellular calcium carbonate granules and to produce various biotechnologically interesting products. We demonstrate for the first time that RSF1010-derived plasmid vectors can be used for promoter analysis, as well as constitutive or temperature-controlled overproduction of proteins and analysis of their sub-cellular localization in Cyanothece PCC 7425. These findings are important because no gene manipulation system had been developed for Cyanothece PCC 7425, yet, handicapping its potential to serve as a model host. Furthermore, using this toolbox, we engineered Cyanothece PCC 7425 to produce the high-value terpene, limonene which has applications in biofuels, bioplastics, cosmetics, food and pharmaceutical industries. This is the first report of the engineering of a Cyanothece strain for the production of a chemical and the first demonstration that terpene can be produced by an engineered cyanobacterium growing on urea as the sole nitrogen source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Chenebault
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Encarnación Diaz-Santos
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Xavier Kammerscheit
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sigrid Görgen
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, Paris, France
| | - Cristian Ilioaia
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Simona Streckaite
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Andrew Gall
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bruno Robert
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Elodie Marcon
- Université Paris-Saclay, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM), CEA/DRF/JOLIOT, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David-Alexandre Buisson
- Université Paris-Saclay, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM), CEA/DRF/JOLIOT, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Karim Benzerara
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Sassi
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre de Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Corinne Cassier-Chauvat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Franck Chauvat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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13
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Methylglyoxal Detoxification Revisited: Role of Glutathione Transferase in Model Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00882-20. [PMID: 32753490 PMCID: PMC7407080 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00882-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In most organisms, methylglyoxal (MG), a toxic metabolite by-product that causes diabetes in humans, is predominantly detoxified by the glyoxalase enzymes. This process begins with the so-called “spontaneous” conjugation of MG with the cytoprotectant metabolite glutathione (GSH). In this study, we unravel a logical, but as yet unsuspected, link between MG detoxification and a (prokaryotic) representative of the ubiquitous glutathione transferase (GST) enzymes. We show that a GST of a model cyanobacterium plays a prominent role in the detoxification of MG in catalyzing its conjugation with GSH. This finding is important because this reaction, always regarded as nonenzymatic, could exist in plants and/or human and thus have an impact on agriculture and/or human health. Methylglyoxal (MG) is a detrimental metabolic by-product that threatens most organisms (in humans MG causes diabetes). MG is predominantly detoxified by the glyoxalase pathway. This process begins with the conjugation of MG with glutathione (GSH), yielding a hemithioacetal product that is subsequently transformed by the glyoxalase enzymes into d-lactate and GSH. MG has been overlooked in photosynthetic organisms, although they inevitably produce it not only by the catabolism of sugars, lipids, and amino acids, as do heterotrophic organisms, but also by their active photoautotrophic metabolism. This is especially true for cyanobacteria that are regarded as having developed photosynthesis and GSH-dependent enzymes to detoxify the reactive oxygen species produced by their photosynthesis (CO2 assimilation) and respiration (glucose catabolism), which they perform in the same cell compartment. In this study, we used a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches to characterize a logical, but as yet never described, link between MG detoxification and a (prokaryotic) representative of the evolutionarily conserved glutathione transferase (GST) detoxification enzymes. We show that the Sll0067 GST of the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 plays a prominent role in MG tolerance and detoxification, unlike the other five GSTs of this organism. Sll0067 catalyzes the conjugation of MG with GSH to initiate its elimination driven by glyoxalases. These results are novel because the conjugation of MG with GSH is always described as nonenzymatic. They will certainly stimulate the analysis of Sll0067 orthologs from other organisms with possible impacts on human health (development of biomarkers or drugs) and/or agriculture.
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14
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Kizawa A, Osanai T. Overexpression of the response regulator rpaA causes an impaired cell division in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2020; 66:121-128. [PMID: 32173680 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In photosynthetic microorganisms, cell cycle progression depends on day and night cycles; however, how cell division is regulated in response to these environmental changes is poorly understood. RpaA has been implicated in the signal output from both circadian clocks and light/dark conditions in the unicellular spherical-celled cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of a two-component response regulator RpaA in cell division regulation. Firstly, we examined the effects of rpaA overexpression on cell morphology and the expression levels of cell division genes. We observed an increase in the volume of non-dividing cells and a high proportion of dividing cells in rpaA-overexpressing strains by light microscopy. The expression levels of selected cell division-related genes were higher in the rpaA-overexpressing strain than in the wild type, including minD of the Min system; cdv3 and zipN, which encode two divisome components; and murB, murC, and pbp2, which are involved in peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis. Moreover, in the rpaA-overexpressing strain, the outer membrane and cell wall PG layer were not smooth, and the outer membrane was not clearly visible by transmission electron microscopy. These results demonstrated that rpaA overexpression causes an impaired cell division, which is accompanied by transcriptional activation of cell division genes and morphological changes in the PG layer and outer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Kizawa
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University
| | - Takashi Osanai
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University
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15
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Springstein BL, Woehle C, Weissenbach J, Helbig AO, Dagan T, Stucken K. Identification and characterization of novel filament-forming proteins in cyanobacteria. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1894. [PMID: 32024928 PMCID: PMC7002697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58726-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Filament-forming proteins in bacteria function in stabilization and localization of proteinaceous complexes and replicons; hence they are instrumental for myriad cellular processes such as cell division and growth. Here we present two novel filament-forming proteins in cyanobacteria. Surveying cyanobacterial genomes for coiled-coil-rich proteins (CCRPs) that are predicted as putative filament-forming proteins, we observed a higher proportion of CCRPs in filamentous cyanobacteria in comparison to unicellular cyanobacteria. Using our predictions, we identified nine protein families with putative intermediate filament (IF) properties. Polymerization assays revealed four proteins that formed polymers in vitro and three proteins that formed polymers in vivo. Fm7001 from Fischerella muscicola PCC 7414 polymerized in vitro and formed filaments in vivo in several organisms. Additionally, we identified a tetratricopeptide repeat protein - All4981 - in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 that polymerized into filaments in vitro and in vivo. All4981 interacts with known cytoskeletal proteins and is indispensable for Anabaena viability. Although it did not form filaments in vitro, Syc2039 from Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 assembled into filaments in vivo and a Δsyc2039 mutant was characterized by an impaired cytokinesis. Our results expand the repertoire of known prokaryotic filament-forming CCRPs and demonstrate that cyanobacterial CCRPs are involved in cell morphology, motility, cytokinesis and colony integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Springstein
- Institute of General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnick Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Christian Woehle
- Institute of General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Max Planck-Genome-centre Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Weissenbach
- Institute of General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Andreas O Helbig
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tal Dagan
- Institute of General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karina Stucken
- Department of Food Engineering, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile.
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16
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Kammerscheit X, Chauvat F, Cassier-Chauvat C. From Cyanobacteria to Human, MAPEG-Type Glutathione-S-Transferases Operate in Cell Tolerance to Heat, Cold, and Lipid Peroxidation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2248. [PMID: 31681188 PMCID: PMC6798054 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The MAPEG2 sub-family of glutathione-S-transferase proteins (GST) has been poorly investigated in vivo, even in prokaryotes such as cyanobacteria the organisms that are regarded as having developed glutathione-dependent enzymes to protect themselves against the reactive oxygen species (ROS) often produced by their powerful photosynthesis. We report the first in vivo analysis of a cyanobacterial MAPEG2-like protein (Sll1147) in the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. While Sll1147 is dispensable to cell growth in standard photo-autotrophic conditions, it plays an important role in the resistance to heat and cold, and to n-tertbutyl hydroperoxide (n-tBOOH) that induces lipid peroxidation. These findings suggest that Sll1147 could be involved in membrane fluidity, which is critical for photosynthesis. Attesting its sensitivity to these stresses, the Δsll1147 mutant lacking Sll1147 challenged by heat, cold, or n-tBOOH undergoes transient accumulation of peroxidized lipids and then of reduced and oxidized glutathione. These results are welcome because little is known concerning the signaling and/or protection mechanisms used by cyanobacteria to cope with heat and cold, two inevitable environmental stresses that limit their growth, and thus their production of biomass for our food chain and of biotechnologically interesting chemicals. Also interestingly, the decreased resistance to heat, cold and n-tBOOH of the Δsll1147 mutant could be rescued back to normal (wild-type) levels upon the expression of synthetic MAPEG2-encoding human genes adapted to the cyanobacterial codon usage. These synthetic hmGST2 and hmGST3 genes were also able to increase the Escherichia coli tolerance to heat and n-tBOOH. Collectively, these finding indicate that the activity of the MAPEG2 proteins have been conserved, at least in part, during evolution from (cyano)bacteria to human.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franck Chauvat
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Corinne Cassier-Chauvat
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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17
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Kammerscheit X, Chauvat F, Cassier-Chauvat C. First in vivo Evidence That Glutathione-S-Transferase Operates in Photo-Oxidative Stress in Cyanobacteria. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1899. [PMID: 31456794 PMCID: PMC6700277 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although glutathione (GSH) and GSH-dependent enzymes, such as glutathione transferases (GSTs), are thought to have been developed by cyanobacteria to cope with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) that they massively produced by their active photosynthesis, there had been no in vivo analysis of the role of GSTs in cyanobacteria so far. Consequently, we have analyzed two of the six GSTs of the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803, namely Sll1545 (to extend its in vitro study) and Slr0236 (because it is the best homolog to Sll1545). We report that Sll1545 is essential to cell growth in standard photo-autotrophic conditions, whereas Slr0236 is dispensable. Furthermore, both Sll1545 and Slr0236 operate in the protection against stresses triggered by high light, H2O2, menadione and methylene blue. The absence of Slr0236 and the depletion of Sll1545 decrease the tolerance to methylene blue in a cumulative way. Similarly, the combined absence of Slr0236 and depletion of Sll1545 decrease the resistance to high light. Attesting their sensitivity to high-light or methylene blue, these Δslr0236-sll1545 cells transiently accumulate ROS, and then reduced and oxidized glutathione in that order. In contrast, the absence of Slr0236 and the depletion of Sll1545 increase the tolerance to menadione in a cumulative way. This increased menadione resistance is due, at least in part, to the higher level of catalase and/or peroxidase activity of these mutants. Similarly, the increased H2O2 resistance of the Δslr0236-sll1545 cells is due, at least in part, to its higher level of peroxidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Kammerscheit
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Franck Chauvat
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Corinne Cassier-Chauvat
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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18
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Camargo S, Picossi S, Corrales-Guerrero L, Valladares A, Arévalo S, Herrero A. ZipN is an essential FtsZ membrane tether and contributes to the septal localization of SepJ in the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2744. [PMID: 30808920 PMCID: PMC6391411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The organismic unit of heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria is a filament of communicating cells connected by septal junctions, proteinaceous structures bridging the cytoplasms of contiguous cells. This distinct bacterial organization is preserved during cell division. In Anabaena, deletion of the zipN gene could not be segregated. We generated strain CSL109 that expresses zipN from a synthetic regulatable promoter. Under conditions of ZipN depletion, cells progressively enlarged, reflecting restricted cell division, and showed drastic morphological alterations including cell detachment from the filaments, to finish lysing. In contrast to the wild-type localization in midcell Z-rings, FtsZ was found in delocalized aggregates in strain CSL109. Consistently, the proportion of membrane-associated to soluble FtsZ in fractionated cell extracts was lower in CSL109. Bacterial two-hybrid analysis showed that ZipN interacts with FtsZ and other cell-division proteins including cytoplasmic Ftn6 and SepF, and polytopic FtsW, FtsX, FtsQ and FtsI. Additionally, ZipN interacted with the septal protein SepJ, and in CSL109 depletion of ZipN was concomitant with a progressive loss of septal specificity of SepJ. Thus, in Anabaena ZipN represents an essential FtsZ membrane tether and an organizer of the divisome, and it contributes to the conformation of septal structures for filament integrity and intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Camargo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Silvia Picossi
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Ana Valladares
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Sergio Arévalo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonia Herrero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092, Seville, Spain.
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19
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Sung MW, Shaik R, TerBush AD, Osteryoung KW, Vitha S, Holzenburg A. The chloroplast division protein ARC6 acts to inhibit disassembly of GDP-bound FtsZ2. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10692-10706. [PMID: 29769312 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts host photosynthesis and fulfill other metabolic functions that are essential to plant life. They have to divide by binary fission to maintain their numbers throughout cycles of cell division. Chloroplast division is achieved by a complex ring-shaped division machinery located on both the inner (stromal) and the outer (cytosolic) side of the chloroplast envelope. The inner division ring (termed the Z ring) is formed by the assembly of tubulin-like FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 proteins. ARC6 is a key chloroplast division protein that interacts with the Z ring. ARC6 spans the inner envelope membrane, is known to stabilize or maintain the Z ring, and anchors the Z ring to the inner membrane through interaction with FtsZ2. The underlying mechanism of Z ring stabilization is not well-understood. Here, biochemical and structural characterization of ARC6 was conducted using light scattering, sedimentation, and light and transmission EM. The recombinant protein was purified as a dimer. The results indicated that a truncated form of ARC6 (tARC6), representing the stromal portion of ARC6, affects FtsZ2 assembly without forming higher-order structures and exerts its effect via FtsZ2 dynamics. tARC6 prevented GDP-induced FtsZ2 disassembly and caused a significant net increase in FtsZ2 assembly when GDP was present. Single particle analysis and 3D reconstruction were performed to elucidate the structural basis of ARC6 activity. Together, the data reveal that a dimeric form of tARC6 binds to FtsZ2 filaments and does not increase FtsZ polymerization rates but rather inhibits GDP-associated FtsZ2 disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Woo Sung
- From the Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Rahamthulla Shaik
- From the Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Allan D TerBush
- the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program and.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | | | - Stanislav Vitha
- the Microscopy and Imaging Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, and
| | - Andreas Holzenburg
- From the Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843.,the Microscopy and Imaging Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, and.,the Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville-Edinburg-Harlingen, Texas 78550
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20
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Du H, Yang J, Lu X, Lu Z, Bie X, Zhao H, Zhang C, Lu F. Purification, Characterization, and Mode of Action of Plantaricin GZ1-27, a Novel Bacteriocin against Bacillus cereus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4716-4724. [PMID: 29690762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is an opportunistic pathogen that causes foodborne diseases. We isolated a novel bacteriocin, designated plantaricin GZ1-27, and elucidated its mode of action against B. cereus. Plantaricin GZ1-27 was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel-filtration chromatography, and RP-HPLC. MALDI-TOF/MS revealed that its molecular mass was 975 Da, and Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis predicted the amino acid sequence as VSGPAGPPGTH. Plantaricin GZ1-27 showed thermostability and pH stability. The antibacterial mechanism was investigated using flow cytometry, confocal laser-scanning microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and RT-PCR, which revealed that GZ1-27 increased cell membrane permeability, triggered K+ leakage and pore formation, damaged cell membrane integrity, altered cell morphology and intracellular organization, and reduced the expression of genes related to cytotoxin production, peptidoglycan synthesis, and cell division. These results suggest that plantaricin GZ1-27 effectively inhibits B. cereus at both the cellular and the molecular levels and is a potential natural food preservative targeting B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hechao Du
- College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , 1 Weigang , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , 1 Weigang , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Xiaohong Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , 1 Weigang , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , 1 Weigang , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Xiaomei Bie
- College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , 1 Weigang , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Haizhen Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , 1 Weigang , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Chong Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , 1 Weigang , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Fengxia Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology , Nanjing Agricultural University , 1 Weigang , Nanjing 210095 , China
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21
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Itoh RD, Ishikawa H, Nakajima KP, Moriyama S, Fujiwara MT. Isolation and analysis of a stromule-overproducing Arabidopsis mutant suggest the role of PARC6 in plastid morphology maintenance in the leaf epidermis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 162:479-494. [PMID: 28984364 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Stromules, or stroma-filled tubules, are thin extensions of the plastid envelope membrane that are most frequently observed in undifferentiated or non-mesophyll cells. The formation of stromules is developmentally regulated and responsive to biotic and abiotic stress; however, the physiological roles and molecular mechanisms of the stromule formation remain enigmatic. Accordingly, we attempted to obtain Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with aberrant stromule biogenesis in the leaf epidermis. Here, we characterize one of the obtained mutants. Plastids in the leaf epidermis of this mutant were giant and pleomorphic, typically having one or more constrictions that indicated arrested plastid division, and usually possessed one or more extremely long stromules, which indicated the deregulation of stromule formation. Genetic mapping, whole-genome resequencing-aided exome analysis, and gene complementation identified PARC6/CDP1/ARC6H, which encodes a vascular plant-specific, chloroplast division site-positioning factor, as the causal gene for the stromule phenotype. Yeast two-hybrid assay and double mutant analysis also identified a possible interaction between PARC6 and MinD1, another known chloroplast division site-positioning factor, during the morphogenesis of leaf epidermal plastids. To the best of our knowledge, PARC6 is the only known A. thaliana chloroplast division factor whose mutations more extensively affect the morphology of plastids in non-mesophyll tissue than in mesophyll tissue. Therefore, the present study demonstrates that PARC6 plays a pivotal role in the morphology maintenance and stromule regulation of non-mesophyll plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuuichi D Itoh
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ishikawa
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohdai P Nakajima
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Shota Moriyama
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto T Fujiwara
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
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Irieda H, Shiomi D. Bacterial Heterologous Expression System for Reconstitution of Chloroplast Inner Division Ring and Evaluation of Its Contributors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020544. [PMID: 29439474 PMCID: PMC5855766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant chloroplasts originate from the symbiotic relationship between ancient free-living cyanobacteria and ancestral eukaryotic cells. Since the discovery of the bacterial derivative FtsZ gene—which encodes a tubulin homolog responsible for the formation of the chloroplast inner division ring (Z ring)—in the Arabidopsis genome in 1995, many components of the chloroplast division machinery were successively identified. The knowledge of these components continues to expand; however, the mode of action of the chloroplast dividing system remains unknown (compared to bacterial cell division), owing to the complexities faced in in planta analyses. To date, yeast and bacterial heterologous expression systems have been developed for the reconstitution of Z ring-like structures formed by chloroplast FtsZ. In this review, we especially focus on recent progress of our bacterial system using the model bacterium Escherichia coli to dissect and understand the chloroplast division machinery—an evolutionary hybrid structure composed of both bacterial (inner) and host-derived (outer) components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Irieda
- Academic Assembly, Institute of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano 399-4598, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Shiomi
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
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Three-Dimensional Superresolution Imaging of the FtsZ Ring during Cell Division of the Cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.00657-17. [PMID: 29162705 PMCID: PMC5698547 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00657-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Superresolution imaging has revealed subcellular structures and protein interactions in many organisms. However, superresolution microscopy with lateral resolution better than 100 nm has not been achieved in photosynthetic cells due to the interference of a high-autofluorescence background. Here, we developed a photobleaching method to effectively reduce the autofluorescence of cyanobacterial and plant cells. We achieved lateral resolution of ~10 nm with stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) in the sphere-shaped cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus and the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. During the cell cycle of Prochlorococcus, we characterized the three-dimensional (3D) organization of the cell division protein FtsZ, which forms a ring structure at the division site and is important for cytokinesis of bacteria and chloroplasts. Although the FtsZ ring assembly process in rod-shaped bacteria has been studied extensively, it has rarely been studied in sphere-shaped bacteria. Similarly to rod-shaped bacteria, our results with Prochlorococcus also showed the assembly of FtsZ clusters into incomplete rings and then complete rings during cell division. Differently from rod-shaped bacteria, the FtsZ ring diameter was not found to decrease during Prochlorococcus cell division. We also discovered a novel double-Z-ring structure, which may be the Z rings of two daughter cells in a predivisional mother cell. Our results showed a quantitative picture of the in vivo Z ring organization of sphere-shaped bacteria. Superresolution microscopy has not been widely used to study photosynthetic cells due to their high-autofluorescence background. Here, we developed a photobleaching method to reduce the autofluorescence of cyanobacteria and plant cells. After photobleaching, we performed superresolution imaging in the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus and the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana with ~10-nm resolution, which is the highest resolution in a photosynthetic cell. With this method, we characterized the 3D organization of the cell division protein FtsZ in Prochlorococcus. We found that the morphological variation of the FtsZ ring during cell division of the sphere-shaped cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus is similar but not identical to that of rod-shaped bacteria. Our method might also be applicable to other photosynthetic organisms.
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Bactericidal metabolites from Phellinus noxius HN-1 against Microcystis aeruginosa. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3132. [PMID: 28600514 PMCID: PMC5466663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03440-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms cause serious problems worldwide due to large quantities of cyanotoxins produced by cyanobacteria in eutrophic water. In this study, a new compound named 2-(3, 4-dihydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl)-1, 3-benzodioxole-5-carbaldehyde (Compound 1), together with one known compound, 3, 4-dihydroxybenzalacetone (DBL), was purified from Phellinus noxius HN-1 (CCTCC M 2016242). Compound 1 and DBL displayed activity against the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa with a half maximal effective concentration of 21 and 5 μg/mL, respectively. Scanning electron and transmission electron microscopic observations showed that the compounds caused serious damage and significant lysis to M. aeruginosa cells. qRT-PCR assay indicated that compound 1 and DBL exposure up-regulated the expression of gene mcyB and down-regulated the expression of genes ftsZ, psbA1, and glmS in M. aeruginosa. This study provides the first evidence of bactericidal activity of a new compound and DBL. In summary, our results suggest that compound 1 and DBL might be developed as naturally-based biocontrol agents.
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Engineering Cyanobacterial Cell Morphology for Enhanced Recovery and Processing of Biomass. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00053-17. [PMID: 28235875 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00053-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are emerging as alternative crop species for the production of fuels, chemicals, and biomass. Yet, the success of these microbes depends on the development of cost-effective technologies that permit scaled cultivation and cell harvesting. Here, we investigate the feasibility of engineering cell morphology to improve biomass recovery and decrease energetic costs associated with lysing cyanobacterial cells. Specifically, we modify the levels of Min system proteins in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. The Min system has established functions in controlling cell division by regulating the assembly of FtsZ, a tubulin-like protein required for defining the bacterial division plane. We show that altering the expression of two FtsZ-regulatory proteins, MinC and Cdv3, enables control over cell morphology by disrupting FtsZ localization and cell division without preventing continued cell growth. By varying the expression of these proteins, we can tune the lengths of cyanobacterial cells across a broad dynamic range, anywhere from an ∼20% increased length (relative to the wild type) to near-millimeter lengths. Highly elongated cells exhibit increased rates of sedimentation under low centrifugal forces or by gravity-assisted settling. Furthermore, hyperelongated cells are also more susceptible to lysis through the application of mild physical stress. Collectively, these results demonstrate a novel approach toward decreasing harvesting and processing costs associated with mass cyanobacterial cultivation by altering morphology at the cellular level.IMPORTANCE We show that the cell length of a model cyanobacterial species can be programmed by rationally manipulating the expression of protein factors that suppress cell division. In some instances, we can increase the size of these cells to near-millimeter lengths with this approach. The resulting elongated cells have favorable properties with regard to cell harvesting and lysis. Furthermore, cells treated in this manner continue to grow rapidly at time scales similar to those of uninduced controls. To our knowledge, this is the first reported example of engineering the cell morphology of cyanobacteria or algae to make them more compatible with downstream processing steps that present economic barriers to their use as alternative crop species. Therefore, our results are a promising proof-of-principle for the use of morphology engineering to increase the cost-effectiveness of the mass cultivation of cyanobacteria for various sustainability initiatives.
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26
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Yu FB, Willis L, Chau RMW, Zambon A, Horowitz M, Bhaya D, Huang KC, Quake SR. Long-term microfluidic tracking of coccoid cyanobacterial cells reveals robust control of division timing. BMC Biol 2017; 15:11. [PMID: 28196492 PMCID: PMC5310064 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cyanobacteria are important agents in global carbon and nitrogen cycling and hold great promise for biotechnological applications. Model organisms such as Synechocystis sp. and Synechococcus sp. have advanced our understanding of photosynthetic capacity and circadian behavior, mostly using population-level measurements in which the behavior of individuals cannot be monitored. Synechocystis sp. cells are small and divide slowly, requiring long-term experiments to track single cells. Thus, the cumulative effects of drift over long periods can cause difficulties in monitoring and quantifying cell growth and division dynamics. Results To overcome this challenge, we enhanced a microfluidic cell-culture device and developed an image analysis pipeline for robust lineage reconstruction. This allowed simultaneous tracking of many cells over multiple generations, and revealed that cells expand exponentially throughout their cell cycle. Generation times were highly correlated for sister cells, but not between mother and daughter cells. Relationships between birth size, division size, and generation time indicated that cell-size control was inconsistent with the “sizer” rule, where division timing is based on cell size, or the “timer” rule, where division occurs after a fixed time interval. Instead, single cell growth statistics were most consistent with the “adder” rule, in which division occurs after a constant increment in cell volume. Cells exposed to light-dark cycles exhibited growth and division only during the light period; dark phases pause but do not disrupt cell-cycle control. Conclusions Our analyses revealed that the “adder” model can explain both the growth-related statistics of single Synechocystis cells and the correlation between sister cell generation times. We also observed rapid phenotypic response to light-dark transitions at the single cell level, highlighting the critical role of light in cyanobacterial cell-cycle control. Our findings suggest that by monitoring the growth kinetics of individual cells we can build testable models of circadian control of the cell cycle in cyanobacteria. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0344-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiqiao Brian Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lisa Willis
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | | | - Alessandro Zambon
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Mark Horowitz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Devaki Bhaya
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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MacCready JS, Schossau J, Osteryoung KW, Ducat DC. Robust Min-system oscillation in the presence of internal photosynthetic membranes in cyanobacteria. Mol Microbiol 2016; 103:483-503. [PMID: 27891682 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The oscillatory Min system of Escherichia coli defines the cell division plane by regulating the site of FtsZ-ring formation and represents one of the best-understood examples of emergent protein self-organization in nature. The oscillatory patterns of the Min-system proteins MinC, MinD and MinE (MinCDE) are strongly dependent on the geometry of membranes they bind. Complex internal membranes within cyanobacteria could disrupt this self-organization by sterically occluding or sequestering MinCDE from the plasma membrane. Here, it was shown that the Min system in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 oscillates from pole-to-pole despite the potential spatial constraints imposed by their extensive thylakoid network. Moreover, reaction-diffusion simulations predict robust oscillations in modeled cyanobacterial cells provided that thylakoid network permeability is maintained to facilitate diffusion, and suggest that Min proteins require preferential affinity for the plasma membrane over thylakoids to correctly position the FtsZ ring. Interestingly, in addition to oscillating, MinC exhibits a midcell localization dependent on MinD and the DivIVA-like protein Cdv3, indicating that two distinct pools of MinC are coordinated in S. elongatus. Our results provide the first direct evidence for Min oscillation outside of E. coli and have broader implications for Min-system function in bacteria and organelles with internal membrane systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S MacCready
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jory Schossau
- Department of Computer Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | | | - Daniel C Ducat
- Department of Biochemistry, MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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28
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Cassier-Chauvat C, Veaudor T, Chauvat F. Comparative Genomics of DNA Recombination and Repair in Cyanobacteria: Biotechnological Implications. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1809. [PMID: 27881980 PMCID: PMC5101192 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are fascinating photosynthetic prokaryotes that are regarded as the ancestors of the plant chloroplast; the purveyors of oxygen and biomass for the food chain; and promising cell factories for an environmentally friendly production of chemicals. In colonizing most waters and soils of our planet, cyanobacteria are inevitably challenged by environmental stresses that generate DNA damages. Furthermore, many strains engineered for biotechnological purposes can use DNA recombination to stop synthesizing the biotechnological product. Hence, it is important to study DNA recombination and repair in cyanobacteria for both basic and applied research. This review reports what is known in a few widely studied model cyanobacteria and what can be inferred by mining the sequenced genomes of morphologically and physiologically diverse strains. We show that cyanobacteria possess many E. coli-like DNA recombination and repair genes, and possibly other genes not yet identified. E. coli-homolog genes are unevenly distributed in cyanobacteria, in agreement with their wide genome diversity. Many genes are extremely well conserved in cyanobacteria (mutMS, radA, recA, recFO, recG, recN, ruvABC, ssb, and uvrABCD), even in small genomes, suggesting that they encode the core DNA repair process. In addition to these core genes, the marine Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus strains harbor recBCD (DNA recombination), umuCD (mutational DNA replication), as well as the key SOS genes lexA (regulation of the SOS system) and sulA (postponing of cell division until completion of DNA reparation). Hence, these strains could possess an E. coli-type SOS system. In contrast, several cyanobacteria endowed with larger genomes lack typical SOS genes. For examples, the two studied Gloeobacter strains lack alkB, lexA, and sulA; and Synechococcus PCC7942 has neither lexA nor recCD. Furthermore, the Synechocystis PCC6803 lexA product does not regulate DNA repair genes. Collectively, these findings indicate that not all cyanobacteria have an E. coli-type SOS system. Also interestingly, several cyanobacteria possess multiple copies of E. coli-like DNA repair genes, such as Acaryochloris marina MBIC11017 (2 alkB, 3 ogt, 7 recA, 3 recD, 2 ssb, 3 umuC, 4 umuD, and 8 xerC), Cyanothece ATCC51142 (2 lexA and 4 ruvC), and Nostoc PCC7120 (2 ssb and 3 xerC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Cassier-Chauvat
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CEA, Centre Nationnal de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universite Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Théo Veaudor
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CEA, Centre Nationnal de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universite Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Franck Chauvat
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CEA, Centre Nationnal de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universite Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Mandakovic D, Trigo C, Andrade D, Riquelme B, Gómez-Lillo G, Soto-Liebe K, Díez B, Vásquez M. CyDiv, a Conserved and Novel Filamentous Cyanobacterial Cell Division Protein Involved in Septum Localization. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:94. [PMID: 26903973 PMCID: PMC4748335 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division in bacteria has been studied mostly in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, model organisms for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. However, cell division in filamentous cyanobacteria is poorly understood. Here, we identified a novel protein, named CyDiv (Cyanobacterial Division), encoded by the all2320 gene in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. We show that CyDiv plays a key role during cell division. CyDiv has been previously described only as an exclusive and conserved hypothetical protein in filamentous cyanobacteria. Using polyclonal antibodies against CyDiv, we showed that it localizes at different positions depending on cell division timing: poles, septum, in both daughter cells, but also in only one of the daughter cells. The partial deletion of CyDiv gene generates partial defects in cell division, including severe membrane instability and anomalous septum localization during late division. The inability to complete knock out CyDiv strains suggests that it is an essential gene. In silico structural protein analyses and our experimental results suggest that CyDiv is an FtsB/DivIC-like protein, and could therefore, be part of an essential late divisome complex in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinka Mandakovic
- Fondap Center for Genome Regulation, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana y Toxicología Ambiental, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Carla Trigo
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana y Toxicología Ambiental, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Derly Andrade
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana y Toxicología Ambiental, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Brenda Riquelme
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana y Toxicología Ambiental, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Gómez-Lillo
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana y Toxicología Ambiental, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Katia Soto-Liebe
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana y Toxicología Ambiental, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Beatriz Díez
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana de Sistemas Extremos, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Vásquez
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana y Toxicología Ambiental, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
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30
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Biomineralization Patterns of Intracellular Carbonatogenesis in Cyanobacteria: Molecular Hypotheses. MINERALS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/min6010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Kumar N, Radhakrishnan A, Su C, Osteryoung KW, Yu EW. Crystal structure of a conserved domain in the intermembrane space region of the plastid division protein ARC6. Protein Sci 2016; 25:523-9. [PMID: 26452626 PMCID: PMC4815350 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The chloroplast division machinery is composed of numerous proteins that assemble as a large complex to divide double-membraned chloroplasts through binary fission. A key mediator of division-complex formation is ARC6, a chloroplast inner envelope protein and evolutionary descendant of the cyanobacterial cell division protein Ftn2. ARC6 connects stromal and cytosolic contractile rings across the two membranes through interaction with an outer envelope protein within the intermembrane space (IMS). The ARC6 IMS region bears a structurally uncharacterized domain of unknown function, DUF4101, that is highly conserved among ARC6 and Ftn2 proteins. Here we report the crystal structure of this domain from Arabidopsis thaliana ARC6. The domain forms an α/β barrel open towards the outer envelope membrane but closed towards the inner envelope membrane. These findings provide new clues into how ARC6 and its homologs contribute to chloroplast and cyanobacterial cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Kumar
- Department of ChemistryIowa State UniversityAmesIowa50011
| | | | - Chih‐Chia Su
- Department of Physics and AstronomyIowa State UniversityAmesIowa50011
| | | | - Edward W. Yu
- Department of ChemistryIowa State UniversityAmesIowa50011
- Department of Physics and AstronomyIowa State UniversityAmesIowa50011
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32
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Montgomery BL. Light-dependent governance of cell shape dimensions in cyanobacteria. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:514. [PMID: 26074902 PMCID: PMC4443024 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of cellular dimension is important for the function and survival of cells. Cellular dimensions, such as size and shape, are regulated throughout the life cycle of bacteria and can be adapted in response to environmental changes to fine-tune cellular fitness. Cell size and shape are generally coordinated with cell growth and division. Cytoskeletal regulation of cell shape and cell wall biosynthesis and/or deposition occurs in a range of organisms. Photosynthetic organisms, such as cyanobacteria, particularly exhibit light-dependent regulation of morphogenes and generation of reactive oxygen species and other signals that can impact cellular dimensions. Environmental signals initiate adjustments of cellular dimensions, which may be vitally important for optimizing resource acquisition and utilization or for coupling the cellular dimensions with the regulation of subcellular organization to maintain optimal metabolism. Although the involvement of cytoskeletal components in the regulation of cell shape is widely accepted, the signaling factors that regulate cytoskeletal and other distinct components involved in cell shape control, particularly in response to changes in external light cues, remain to be fully elucidated. In this review, factors impacting the inter-coordination of growth and division, the relationship between the regulation of cellular dimensions and central carbon metabolism, and consideration of the effects of specific environment signals, primarily light, on cell dimensions in cyanobacteria will be discussed. Current knowledge about the molecular bases of the light-dependent regulation of cellular dimensions and cell shape in cyanobacteria will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beronda L. Montgomery
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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33
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Wu L, Wu H, Chen L, Xie S, Zang H, Borriss R, Gao X. Bacilysin from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 has specific bactericidal activity against harmful algal bloom species. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7512-20. [PMID: 25261512 PMCID: PMC4249228 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02605-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms, caused by massive and exceptional overgrowth of microalgae and cyanobacteria, are a serious environmental problem worldwide : In the present study, we looked for Bacillus strains with sufficiently strong anticyanobacterial activity to be used as biocontrol agents. Among 24 strains, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 showed the strongest bactericidal activity against Microcystis aeruginosa, with a kill rate of 98.78%. The synthesis of the anticyanobacterial substance did not depend on Sfp, an enzyme that catalyzes a necessary processing step in the nonribosomal synthesis of lipopeptides and polyketides, but was associated with the aro gene cluster that is involved in the synthesis of the sfp-independent antibiotic bacilysin. Disruption of bacB, the gene in the cluster responsible for synthesizing bacilysin, or supplementation with the antagonist N-acetylglucosamine abolished the inhibitory effect, but this was restored when bacilysin synthesis was complemented. Bacilysin caused apparent changes in the algal cell wall and cell organelle membranes, and this resulted in cell lysis. Meanwhile, there was downregulated expression of glmS, psbA1, mcyB, and ftsZ-genes involved in peptidoglycan synthesis, photosynthesis, microcystin synthesis, and cell division, respectively. In addition, bacilysin suppressed the growth of other harmful algal species. In summary, bacilysin produced by B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 has anticyanobacterial activity and thus could be developed as a biocontrol agent to mitigate the effects of harmful algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijun Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Lina Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanshan Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoyu Zang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Xuewen Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
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Chardonnet S, Sakr S, Cassier-Chauvat C, Le Maréchal P, Chauvat F, Lemaire SD, Decottignies P. First proteomic study of S-glutathionylation in cyanobacteria. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:59-71. [PMID: 25208982 DOI: 10.1021/pr500625a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glutathionylation, the reversible post-translational formation of a mixed disulfide between a cysteine residue and glutathione (GSH), is a crucial mechanism for signal transduction and regulation of protein function. Until now this reversible redox modification was studied mainly in eukaryotic cells. Here we report a large-scale proteomic analysis of glutathionylation in a photosynthetic prokaryote, the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Treatment of acellular extracts with N,N-biotinyl glutathione disulfide (BioGSSG) induced glutathionylation of numerous proteins, which were subsequently isolated by affinity chromatography on streptavidin columns and identified by nano LC-MS/MS analysis. Potential sites of glutathionylation were also determined for 125 proteins following tryptic cleavage, streptavidin-affinity purification, and mass spectrometry analysis. Taken together the two approaches allowed the identification of 383 glutathionylatable proteins that participate in a wide range of cellular processes and metabolic pathways such as carbon and nitrogen metabolisms, cell division, stress responses, and H2 production. In addition, the glutathionylation of two putative targets, namely, peroxiredoxin (Sll1621) involved in oxidative stress tolerance and 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (Sll1908) acting on amino acids metabolism, was confirmed by biochemical studies on the purified recombinant proteins. These results suggest that glutathionylation constitutes a major mechanism of global regulation of the cyanobacterial metabolism under oxidative stress conditions.
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35
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Abstract
Plastid division is fundamental to the biology of plant cells. Division by binary fission entails the coordinated assembly and constriction of four concentric rings, two internal and two external to the organelle. The internal FtsZ ring and external dynamin-like ARC5/DRP5B ring are connected across the two envelopes by the membrane proteins ARC6, PARC6, PDV1, and PDV2. Assembly-stimulated GTPase activity drives constriction of the FtsZ and ARC5/DRP5B rings, which together with the plastid-dividing rings pull and squeeze the envelope membranes until the two daughter plastids are formed, with the final separation requiring additional proteins. The positioning of the division machinery is controlled by the chloroplast Min system, which confines FtsZ-ring formation to the plastid midpoint. The dynamic morphology of plastids, especially nongreen plastids, is also considered here, particularly in relation to the production of stromules and plastid-derived vesicles and their possible roles in cellular communication and plastid functionality.
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Nagarajan S, Srivastava S, Sherman LA. Essential role of the plasmid hik31 operon in regulating central metabolism in the dark in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Mol Microbiol 2013; 91:79-97. [PMID: 24237382 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The plasmid hik31 operon (P3, slr6039-slr6041) is located on the pSYSX plasmid in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. A P3 mutant (ΔP3) had a growth defect in the dark and a pigment defect that was worsened by the addition of glucose. The glucose defect was from incomplete metabolism of the substrate, was pH dependent, and completely overcome by the addition of bicarbonate. Addition of organic carbon and nitrogen sources partly alleviated the defects of the mutant in the dark. Electron micrographs of the mutant revealed larger cells with division defects, glycogen limitation, lack of carboxysomes, deteriorated thylakoids and accumulation of polyhydroxybutyrate and cyanophycin. A microarray experiment over two days of growth in light-dark plus glucose revealed downregulation of several photosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, energy metabolism genes; and an upregulation of cell envelope and transport and binding genes in the mutant. ΔP3 had an imbalance in carbon and nitrogen levels and many sugar catabolic and cell division genes were negatively affected after the first dark period. The mutant suffered from oxidative and osmotic stress, macronutrient limitation, and an energy deficit. Therefore, the P3 operon is an important regulator of central metabolism and cell division in the dark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Nagarajan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Gorelova OA, Baulina OI, Rasmussen U, Koksharova OA. The pleiotropic effects of ftn2 and ftn6 mutations in cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942: an ultrastructural study. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:931-942. [PMID: 23306433 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0479-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two cell division mutants (Ftn2 and Ftn6) of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 were studied using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy methods. This included negative staining and ultrathin section analysis. Different morphological and ultrastructural features of mutant cells were identified. Ftn2 and Ftn6 mutants exhibited particularly elongated cells characterized by significantly changed shape in comparison with the wild type. There was irregular bending, curving, spiralization, and bulges as well as cell branching. Elongated mutant cells were able to initiate cytokinesis simultaneously in several division sites which were localized irregularly along the cell. Damaged rigidity of the cell wall was typical of many cells for both mutants. Thylakoids of mutants showed modified arrangement and ultrastructural organization. Carboxysome-like structures without a shell and/or without accurate polyhedral packing protein particles were often detected in the mutants. However, in the case of Ftn2 and Ftn6, the average number of carboxysomes per section was less than in the wild type by a factor of 4 and 2, respectively. These multiple morphological and ultrastructural changes in mutant cells evinced pleiotropic responses which were induced by mutations in cell division genes ftn2 and ftn6. Ultrastructural abnormalities of Ftn2 and Ftn6 mutants were consistent with differences in their proteomes. These results could support the significance of FTN2 and FTN6 proteins for both cyanobacterial cell division and cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Gorelova
- Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
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38
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Exopolysaccharides protect Synechocystis against the deleterious effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in natural and artificial waters. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 405:35-43. [PMID: 23777864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the effect of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) on the model cyanobacteria Synechocystis PCC6803. We used well-characterized NPs suspensions in artificial and natural (Seine River, France) waters. We report that NPs trigger direct (cell killing) and indirect (cell sedimentation precluding the capture of light, which is crucial to photosynthesis) deleterious effects. Both toxic effects increase with NPs concentration and are exacerbated by the presence of UVAs that increase the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (hydroxyl and superoxide radicals) by TiO2 NPs. Furthermore, we compared the responses of the wild-type strain of Synechocystis, which possesses abundant exopolysaccharides surrounding the cells, to that of an EPS-depleted mutant. We show, for the first time, that the exopolysaccharides play a crucial role in Synechocystis protection against cell killing caused by TiO2 NPs.
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Jittawuttipoka T, Planchon M, Spalla O, Benzerara K, Guyot F, Cassier-Chauvat C, Chauvat F. Multidisciplinary evidences that Synechocystis PCC6803 exopolysaccharides operate in cell sedimentation and protection against salt and metal stresses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55564. [PMID: 23405172 PMCID: PMC3566033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) in cyanobacteria, and there are no genetic and physiological evidences that EPS are involved in cell protection against the frequently encountered environmental stresses caused by salt and metals. We studied four presumptive EPS production genes, sll0923, sll1581, slr1875 and sll5052, in the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803, which produces copious amounts of EPS attached to cells (CPS) and released in the culture medium (RPS) as shown here. We show that sll0923, sll1581, slr1875 and sll5052 are all dispensable to the growth of all corresponding single and double deletion mutants in absence of stress. Furthermore, we report that sll0923, sll1581 and slr1875 unambiguously operate in the production of both CPS and RPS. Both sll1581 and slr1875 are more important than sll0923 for CPS production, whereas the contrary is true for RPS production. We show that the most EPS-depleted mutant, doubly deleted for sll1581 and slr1875, lacks the EPS mantle that surrounds WT cells and sorbs iron in their vicinity. Using this mutant, we demonstrate for the first time that cyanobacterial EPS directly operate in cell protection against NaCl, CoCl(2), CdSO(4) and Fe-starvation. We believe that our EPS-depleted mutants will be useful tools to investigate the role of EPS in cell-to-cell aggregation, biofilm formation, biomineralization and tolerance to environmental stresses. We also suggest using the fast sedimenting mutants as biotechnological cell factories to facilitate the otherwise expensive harvest of the producer cell biomass and/or its separation from products excreted in the growth media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thichakorn Jittawuttipoka
- UMR8221, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, iBiTec-S, LBBC, Bat 142 CEA-Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Mariane Planchon
- CEA, DSM/IRAMIS/SIS2M/LIONS, UMR CEA-CNRS 3299, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Spalla
- CEA, DSM/IRAMIS/SIS2M/LIONS, UMR CEA-CNRS 3299, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Karim Benzerara
- UMR 7590, CNRS, Universités Paris 6 et 7, IPGP, Institut de Minéralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condensés, 4, place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - François Guyot
- UMR 7590, CNRS, Universités Paris 6 et 7, IPGP, Institut de Minéralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condensés, 4, place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Corinne Cassier-Chauvat
- UMR8221, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, iBiTec-S, LBBC, Bat 142 CEA-Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette CEDEX, France
- * E-mail: (FC); (CCC)
| | - Franck Chauvat
- UMR8221, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, iBiTec-S, LBBC, Bat 142 CEA-Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette CEDEX, France
- * E-mail: (FC); (CCC)
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TerBush AD, Osteryoung KW. Distinct functions of chloroplast FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 in Z-ring structure and remodeling. J Cell Biol 2012; 199:623-37. [PMID: 23128242 PMCID: PMC3494859 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201205114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
FtsZ, a cytoskeletal GTPase, forms a contractile ring for cell division in bacteria and chloroplast division in plants. Whereas bacterial Z rings are composed of a single FtsZ, those in chloroplasts contain two distinct FtsZ proteins, FtsZ1 and FtsZ2, whose functional relationship is poorly understood. We expressed fluorescently tagged FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 in fission yeast to investigate their intrinsic assembly and dynamic properties. FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 formed filaments with differing morphologies when expressed separately. FRAP showed that FtsZ2 filaments were less dynamic than FtsZ1 filaments and that GTPase activity was essential for FtsZ2 filament turnover but may not be solely responsible for FtsZ1 turnover. When coexpressed, the proteins colocalized, consistent with coassembly, but exhibited an FtsZ2-like morphology. However, FtsZ1 increased FtsZ2 exchange into coassembled filaments. Our findings suggest that FtsZ2 is the primary determinant of chloroplast Z-ring structure, whereas FtsZ1 facilitates Z-ring remodeling. We also demonstrate that ARC3, a regulator of chloroplast Z-ring positioning, functions as an FtsZ1 assembly inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan D. TerBush
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Katherine W. Osteryoung
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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The AbrB2 autorepressor, expressed from an atypical promoter, represses the hydrogenase operon to regulate hydrogen production in Synechocystis strain PCC6803. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:5423-33. [PMID: 22865847 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00543-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We have thoroughly investigated the abrB2 gene (sll0822) encoding an AbrB-like regulator in the wild-type strain of the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis strain PCC6803. We report that abrB2 is expressed from an active but atypical promoter that possesses an extended -10 element (TGTAATAT) that compensates for the absence of a -35 box. Strengthening the biological significance of these data, we found that the occurrence of an extended -10 promoter box and the absence of a -35 element are two well-conserved features in abrB2 genes from other cyanobacteria. We also show that AbrB2 is an autorepressor that is dispensable to cell growth under standard laboratory conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that AbrB2 also represses the hox operon, which encodes the Ni-Fe hydrogenase of biotechnological interest, and that the hox operon is weakly expressed even though it possesses the two sequences resembling canonical -10 and -35 promoter boxes. In both the AbrB2-repressed promoters of the abrB2 gene and the hox operon, we found a repeated DNA motif [TT-(N(5))-AAC], which could be involved in AbrB2 repression. Supporting this hypothesis, we found that a TT-to-GG mutation of one of these elements increased the activity of the abrB2 promoter. We think that our abrB2-deleted mutant with increased expression of the hox operon and hydrogenase activity, together with the reporter plasmids we constructed to analyze the abrB2 gene and the hox operon, will serve as useful tools to decipher the function and the regulation of hydrogen production in Synechocystis.
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Structure, regulation, and evolution of the plastid division machinery. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 291:115-53. [PMID: 22017975 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386035-4.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plastids have evolved from a cyanobacterial endosymbiont, and their continuity is maintained by the plastid division and segregation which is regulated by the eukaryotic host cell. Plastids divide by constriction of the inner- and outer-envelope membranes. Recent studies revealed that this constriction is performed by a large protein and glucan complex at the division site that spans the two envelope membranes. The division complex has retained certain components of the cyanobacterial division complex along with components developed by the host cell. Based on the information on the division complex at the molecular level, we are beginning to understand how the division complex has evolved and how it is assembled, constricted, and regulated in the host cell. This chapter reviews the current understanding of the plastid division machinery and some of the questions that will be addressed in the near future.
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43
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New(s) to the (Z-)ring. Curr Opin Microbiol 2011; 14:691-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lopes Pinto F, Erasmie S, Blikstad C, Lindblad P, Oliveira P. FtsZ degradation in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:1934-1942. [PMID: 21794946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In prokaryotes, cell division is normally achieved by binary fission, and the key player FtsZ is considered essential for the complete process. In cyanobacteria, much remains unknown about several aspects of cell division, including the identity and mechanism of the various components involved in the division process. Here, we report results obtained from a search of the players implicated in cell division, directly associating to FtsZ in the filamentous, heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Histidine tag pull-downs were used to address this question. However, the main observation was that FtsZ is a target of proteolysis. Experiments using various cell-free extracts, an unrelated protein, and protein blot analyses further supported the idea that FtsZ is proteolytically cleaved in a specific manner. In addition, we show evidence that both FtsZ termini seem to be equally prone to proteolysis. Taken together, our data suggest the presence of an unknown player in cyanobacterial cell division, opening up the possibility to investigate novel mechanisms to control cell division in Anabaena PCC 7120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Lopes Pinto
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, The Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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45
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Goclaw-Binder H, Sendersky E, Shimoni E, Kiss V, Reich Z, Perelman A, Schwarz R. Nutrient-associated elongation and asymmetric division of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 7942. Environ Microbiol 2011; 14:680-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Novel insights into the regulation of LexA in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:3804-14. [PMID: 21642463 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00289-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor LexA in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 has been shown to regulate genes that are not directly involved in DNA repair but instead in several different metabolic pathways. However, the signal transduction pathways remain largely uncharacterized. The present work gives novel insights into the regulation of LexA in this unicellular cyanobacterium. A combination of Northern and Western blotting, using specific antibodies against the cyanobacterial LexA, was employed to show that this transcription regulator is under posttranscriptional control, in addition to the classical and already-described transcriptional regulation. Moreover, detailed two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis analyses of the protein revealed that LexA undergoes posttranslational modifications. Finally, a fully segregated LexA::GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusion-modified strain was produced to image LexA's spatial distribution in live cells. The fusion protein retains DNA binding capabilities, and the GFP fluorescence indicates that LexA is localized in the innermost region of the cytoplasm, decorating the DNA in an evenly distributed pattern. The implications of these findings for the overall role of LexA in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 are further discussed.
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Physiological roles of the cyAbrB transcriptional regulator pair Sll0822 and Sll0359 in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:3702-9. [PMID: 21642457 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00284-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
All known cyanobacterial genomes possess multiple copies of genes encoding AbrB-like transcriptional regulators, known as cyAbrBs, which are distinct from those conserved among other bacterial species. In this study, we addressed the physiological roles of Sll0822 and Sll0359, the two cyAbrBs in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, under nonstress conditions (20 μmol of photons m⁻² s⁻¹ in ambient CO₂). When the sll0822 gene was disrupted, the expression levels of nitrogen-related genes such as urtA, amt1, and glnB significantly decreased compared with those in the wild-type cells. Possibly due to the increase of the cellular carbon/nitrogen ratio in the sll0822-disrupted cells, a decrease in pigment contents, downregulation of carbon-uptake related genes, and aberrant accumulation of glycogen took place. Moreover, the mutant exhibited the decrease in the expression level of cytokinesis-related genes such as ftsZ and ftsQ, resulting in the defect in cell division and significant increase in cell size. The pleiotrophic phenotype of the mutant was efficiently suppressed by the introduction of Sll0822 and also partially suppressed by the introduction of Sll0359. When His-tagged cyAbrBs were purified from overexpression strains, Sll0359 and Sll0822 were copurified with each other. The cyAbrBs in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 seem to interact with each other and regulate carbon and nitrogen metabolism as well as the cell division process under nonstress conditions.
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48
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Miyagishima SY. Mechanism of plastid division: from a bacterium to an organelle. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:1533-44. [PMID: 21311032 PMCID: PMC3091088 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.170688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ya Miyagishima
- Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.
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49
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Koksharova OA, Babykin MM. Cyanobacterial cell division: Genetics and comparative genomics of cyanobacterial cell division. RUSS J GENET+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795411030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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50
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Pinevich AV, Averina SG, Gavrilova OV, Migunova AV. Baeocytes in the cyanobacterium Pleurocapsa sp.: Characterization of the differentiated cells produced by multiple fission. Microbiology (Reading) 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261708010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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