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Da Costa RM, Rooke JL, Wells TJ, Cunningham AF, Henderson IR. Type 5 secretion system antigens as vaccines against Gram-negative bacterial infections. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:159. [PMID: 39218947 PMCID: PMC11366766 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria are leading causes of mortality worldwide. Due to the rise in antibiotic resistant strains, there is a desperate need for alternative strategies to control infections caused by these organisms. One such approach is the prevention of infection through vaccination. While live attenuated and heat-killed bacterial vaccines are effective, they can lead to adverse reactions. Newer vaccine technologies focus on utilizing polysaccharide or protein subunits for safer and more targeted vaccination approaches. One promising avenue in this regard is the use of proteins released by the Type 5 secretion system (T5SS). This system is the most prevalent secretion system in Gram-negative bacteria. These proteins are compelling vaccine candidates due to their demonstrated protective role in current licensed vaccines. Notably, Pertactin, FHA, and NadA are integral components of licensed vaccines designed to prevent infections caused by Bordetella pertussis or Neisseria meningitidis. In this review, we delve into the significance of incorporating T5SS proteins into licensed vaccines, their contributions to virulence, conserved structural motifs, and the protective immune responses elicited by these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle M Da Costa
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jessica L Rooke
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Timothy J Wells
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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2
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Jerez SA, Mora AY, Millanao AR, Saavedra CP, Bucarey SA, Mora GC, Villagra NA, Hidalgo AA. Transcriptional regulator MarT negatively regulates MarT-regulated motility gene I, a new gene involved in invasion and virulence of Salmonella enterica. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1430982. [PMID: 39211323 PMCID: PMC11358694 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1430982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The speciation of Salmonella occurred by acquisition of genomic islands from other bacterial species and continued to diverge into subspecies and serovars with diferent range of host. S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM) is a generalist pathogen infecting hosts that include birds, mice, and humans, whilst S. enterica serovar Typhi (STY) is a restricted-host pathogen, infecting only humans. Despite their ranges of hosts, STM and STY possess 97-98% identity. Gain of genes by horizontal transference and loss of genes by mutations, are believed essential for differentiation of Salmonella. Salmonella pathogenicity island 3 (SPI-3) is an example combining these two processes. SPI-3 encodes misL and marT, among other genes. In STM, misL is required for gut colonization. Furthermore, protein MarT, positively regulates expression of misL by binding to misL-promoter. On the other hand, in SPI-3 of STY, marT and misL are pseudogenes. Interestingly, the gene t3766 (gene involved in resistance to H2O2) is present only in STY and is negatively regulated when marT STM is heterologously expressed in STY. Based on the view that MarT might regulate genes implicated in virulence, this work searched for new genes regulated by MarT. In silico searches for possible MarT target genes were performed, and 4 genes were selected for further analysis as they contained at least 2 copies of the consensus MarT-binding sequence in their promoters. Mutating marT in STM or heterologously expressing marT STM in STY confirmed that MarT negatively regulates ORF STY1408 or STM14_2003, its homologue in STM. STY1408 encodes for a putative protein with homology to methyl accepting chemotaxis proteins, which participate in chemotaxis and motility. Therefore, STY1408 was named mrmI (MarT-regulated motility gene I). Motility assays confirmed that the product of mrmI modulates motility. In addition, in vitro infection of cells with STM and STY mutants in mrmI reduces association with cells at 1, 3 and 24 h post-infection. Oral infection of mice showed that a mrmI null mutant was defective in producing systemic disease. Therefore, we conclude that MarT regulated mrmI, is involved in virulence of Salmonella. While pseudogenization of marT might modulate the fitness of narrow host range STY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián A. Jerez
- Programa de Doctorado en Biociencias Moleculares, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aracely Y. Mora
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana R. Millanao
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudia P. Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio A. Bucarey
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guido C. Mora
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinar en Ciencias Biomédicas SEK (I3CBSEK), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad SEK, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás A. Villagra
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro A. Hidalgo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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3
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Lv N, Ni J, Fang S, Liu Y, Wan S, Sun C, Li J, Zhou A. Potential Convergence to Accommodate Pathogenicity Determinants and Antibiotic Resistance Revealed in Salmonella Mbandaka. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1667. [PMID: 39203510 PMCID: PMC11357217 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella species are causal pathogens instrumental in human food-borne diseases. The pandemic survey related to multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella genomics enables the prevention and control of their dissemination. Currently, serotype Mbandaka is notorious as a multiple host-adapted non-typhoid Salmonella. However, its epidemic and MDR properties are still obscure, especially its genetic determinants accounting for virulence and MD resistance. Here, we aim to characterize the genetic features of a strain SMEH pertaining to Salmonella Mbandaka (S. Mbandaka), isolated from the patient's hydropericardium, using cell infections, a mouse model, antibiotic susceptibility test and comparative genomics. The antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that it could tolerate four antibiotics, including chloramphenicol, tetracycline, fisiopen and doxycycline by Kirby-Bauer (K-B) testing interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Both the reproducibility in RAW 264.7 macrophages and invasion ability to infect HeLa cells with strain SMEH were higher than those of S. Typhimurium strain 14028S. In contrast, its attenuated virulence was determined in the survival assay using a mouse model. As a result, the candidate genetic determinants responsible for antimicrobial resistance, colonization/adaptability and their transferability were comparatively investigated, such as bacterial secretion systems and pathogenicity islands (SPI-1, SPI-2 and SPI-6). Moreover, collective efforts were made to reveal a potential role of the plasmid architectures in S. Mbandaka as the genetic reservoir to transfer or accommodate drug-resistance genes. Our findings highlight the essentiality of antibiotic resistance and risk assessment in S. Mbandaka. In addition, genomic surveillance is an efficient method to detect pathogens and monitor drug resistance. The genetic determinants accounting for virulence and antimicrobial resistance underscore the increasing clinical challenge of emerging MDR Mbandaka isolates, and provide insights into their prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lv
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Product and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (N.L.); (S.F.); (S.W.); (C.S.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200123, China
| | - Jinjing Ni
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
| | - Shiqi Fang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Product and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (N.L.); (S.F.); (S.W.); (C.S.)
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China;
| | - Shuang Wan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Product and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (N.L.); (S.F.); (S.W.); (C.S.)
| | - Chao Sun
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Product and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (N.L.); (S.F.); (S.W.); (C.S.)
| | - Jun Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Product and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (N.L.); (S.F.); (S.W.); (C.S.)
| | - Aiping Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200123, China
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4
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Wang BX, Leshchiner D, Luo L, Tuncel M, Hokamp K, Hinton JCD, Monack DM. High-throughput fitness experiments reveal specific vulnerabilities of human-adapted Salmonella during stress and infection. Nat Genet 2024; 56:1288-1299. [PMID: 38831009 PMCID: PMC11176087 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is comprised of genetically distinct 'serovars' that together provide an intriguing model for exploring the genetic basis of pathogen evolution. Although the genomes of numerous Salmonella isolates with broad variations in host range and human disease manifestations have been sequenced, the functional links between genetic and phenotypic differences among these serovars remain poorly understood. Here, we conduct high-throughput functional genomics on both generalist (Typhimurium) and human-restricted (Typhi and Paratyphi A) Salmonella at unprecedented scale in the study of this enteric pathogen. Using a comprehensive systems biology approach, we identify gene networks with serovar-specific fitness effects across 25 host-associated stresses encountered at key stages of human infection. By experimentally perturbing these networks, we characterize previously undescribed pseudogenes in human-adapted Salmonella. Overall, this work highlights specific vulnerabilities encoded within human-restricted Salmonella that are linked to the degradation of their genomes, shedding light into the evolution of this enteric pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin X Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Lijuan Luo
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Miles Tuncel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karsten Hokamp
- Department of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jay C D Hinton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Denise M Monack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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5
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Sutar AA, Dashpute RS, Shinde YD, Mukherjee S, Chowdhury C. A Systemic Review on Fitness and Survival of Salmonella in Dynamic Environment and Conceivable Ways of Its Mitigation. Indian J Microbiol 2024; 64:267-286. [PMID: 39011015 PMCID: PMC11246371 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteritis caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella still prevails resulting in several recent outbreaks affecting many people worldwide. The presence of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella is exemplified by several characteristic symptoms and their severity relies on prominent risk factors. The persistence of this pathogen can be attributed to its broad host range, complex pathogenicity and virulence and adeptness in survival under challenging conditions inside the host. Moreover, a peculiar aid of the ever-changing climatic conditions grants this organism with remarkable potential to survive within the environment. Abusive use of antibiotics for the treatment of gastroenteritis has led to the emergence of multiple drug resistance, making the infections difficult to treat. This review emphasizes the importance of early detection of Salmonella, along with strategies for accomplishing it, as well as exploring alternative treatment approaches. The exceptional characteristics exhibited by Salmonella, like strategies of infection, persistence, and survival parallelly with multiple drug resistance, make this pathogen a prominent concern to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit A Sutar
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR- National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, MH 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Rohit S Dashpute
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR- National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, MH 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Yashodhara D Shinde
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR- National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, MH 411008 India
| | - Srestha Mukherjee
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR- National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, MH 411008 India
| | - Chiranjit Chowdhury
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR- National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, MH 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
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6
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Yang Y, Wang P, Qaidi SE, Hardwidge PR, Huang J, Zhu G. Loss to gain: pseudogenes in microorganisms, focusing on eubacteria, and their biological significance. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:328. [PMID: 38717672 PMCID: PMC11078800 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12971-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Pseudogenes are defined as "non-functional" copies of corresponding parent genes. The cognition of pseudogenes continues to be refreshed through accumulating and updating research findings. Previous studies have predominantly focused on mammals, but pseudogenes have received relatively less attention in the field of microbiology. Given the increasing recognition on the importance of pseudogenes, in this review, we focus on several aspects of microorganism pseudogenes, including their classification and characteristics, their generation and fate, their identification, their abundance and distribution, their impact on virulence, their ability to recombine with functional genes, the extent to which some pseudogenes are transcribed and translated, and the relationship between pseudogenes and viruses. By summarizing and organizing the latest research progress, this review will provide a comprehensive perspective and improved understanding on pseudogenes in microorganisms. KEY POINTS: • Concept, classification and characteristics, identification and databases, content, and distribution of microbial pseudogenes are presented. • How pseudogenization contribute to pathogen virulence is highlighted. • Pseudogenes with potential functions in microorganisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation On Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Pengzhi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation On Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Samir El Qaidi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Philip R Hardwidge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Jinlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation On Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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7
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Monte DFM, Saraiva MMS, Cabrera JM, de Almeida AM, de Freitas Neto OC, Barrow PA, Junior AB. Unravelling the role of anaerobic metabolism (pta-ackA) and virulence (misL and ssa) genes in Salmonella Heidelberg shedding using chicken infection model. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1023-1028. [PMID: 38200375 PMCID: PMC10920573 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of colonisation of the chicken intestine by Salmonella remains poorly understood, while the severity of infections vary enormously depending on the serovar and the age of the bird. Several metabolism and virulence genes have been identified in Salmonella Heidelberg; however, information on their roles in infection, particularly in the chicken infection model, remains scarce. In the present publication, we investigated three Salmonella Heidelberg mutants containing deletions in misL, ssa, and pta-ackA genes by using signature-tagged mutagenesis. We found that mutations in these genes of S. Heidelberg result in an increase in fitness in the chicken model. The exception was perhaps the pta-ackA mutant where colonisation was slightly reduced (2, 7, 14, and 21 days post-infection) although some birds were still excreting at the end of the experiment. Our results suggest that for intestinal colonisation of the chicken caecum, substrate-level phosphorylation is likely to be more important than the MisL outer membrane protein or even the secretion system apparatus. These findings validate previous work that demonstrated the contribution of ackA and pta mutants to virulence in chickens, suggesting that the anaerobic metabolism genes such as pta-ackA could be a promising mitigation strategy to reduce S. Heidelberg virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F M Monte
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Mauro M S Saraiva
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Memrava Cabrera
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Adriana Maria de Almeida
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Oliveiro Caetano de Freitas Neto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Paul A Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Angelo Berchieri Junior
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
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Han J, Aljahdali N, Zhao S, Tang H, Harbottle H, Hoffmann M, Frye JG, Foley SL. Infection biology of Salmonella enterica. EcoSal Plus 2024:eesp00012023. [PMID: 38415623 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0001-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the USA, with an estimated 95% of salmonellosis cases due to the consumption of contaminated food products. Salmonella can cause several different disease syndromes, with the most common being gastroenteritis, followed by bacteremia and typhoid fever. Among the over 2,600 currently identified serotypes/serovars, some are mostly host-restricted and host-adapted, while the majority of serotypes can infect a broader range of host species and are associated with causing both livestock and human disease. Salmonella serotypes and strains within serovars can vary considerably in the severity of disease that may result from infection, with some serovars that are more highly associated with invasive disease in humans, while others predominantly cause mild gastroenteritis. These observed clinical differences may be caused by the genetic make-up and diversity of the serovars. Salmonella virulence systems are very complex containing several virulence-associated genes with different functions that contribute to its pathogenicity. The different clinical syndromes are associated with unique groups of virulence genes, and strains often differ in the array of virulence traits they display. On the chromosome, virulence genes are often clustered in regions known as Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), which are scattered throughout different Salmonella genomes and encode factors essential for adhesion, invasion, survival, and replication within the host. Plasmids can also carry various genes that contribute to Salmonella pathogenicity. For example, strains from several serovars associated with significant human disease, including Choleraesuis, Dublin, Enteritidis, Newport, and Typhimurium, can carry virulence plasmids with genes contributing to attachment, immune system evasion, and other roles. The goal of this comprehensive review is to provide key information on the Salmonella virulence, including the contributions of genes encoded in SPIs and plasmids during Salmonella pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nesreen Aljahdali
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
- Biological Science Department, College of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hailin Tang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Heather Harbottle
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Hoffmann
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan G Frye
- Agricutlutral Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven L Foley
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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9
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Chaussé AM, Roche SM, Moroldo M, Hennequet-Antier C, Holbert S, Kempf F, Barilleau E, Trotereau J, Velge P. Epithelial cell invasion by salmonella typhimurium induces modulation of genes controlled by aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling and involved in extracellular matrix biogenesis. Virulence 2023; 14:2158663. [PMID: 36600181 PMCID: PMC9828750 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2158663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is the only bacterium able to enter a host cell by the two known mechanisms: trigger and zipper. The trigger mechanism relies on the injection of bacterial effectors into the host cell through the Salmonella type III secretion system 1. In the zipper mechanism, mediated by the invasins Rck and PagN, the bacterium takes advantage of a cellular receptor for invasion. This study describes the transcriptomic reprogramming of the IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cell line to Salmonella Typhimurium strains that invaded cells by a trigger, a zipper, or both mechanisms. Using S. Typhimurium strains invalidated for one or other entry mechanism, we have shown that IEC-6 cells could support both entries. Comparison of the gene expression profiles of exposed cells showed that irrespective of the mechanism used for entry, the transcriptomic reprogramming of the cell was nearly the same. On the other hand, when gene expression was compared between cells unexposed or exposed to the bacterium, the transcriptomic reprogramming of exposed cells was significantly different. It is particularly interesting to note the modulation of expression of numerous target genes of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor showing that this transcription factor was activated by S. Typhimurium infection. Numerous genes associated with the extracellular matrix were also modified. This was confirmed at the protein level by western-blotting showing a dramatic modification in some extracellular matrix proteins. Analysis of a selected set of modulated genes showed that the expression of the majority of these genes was modulated during the intracellular life of S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marco Moroldo
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Velge
- INRAE, ISP, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France,CONTACT Philippe Velge
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10
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Su Y, Sun T, Gao J, Zhang C, Liu X, Bi C, Wang J, Shan A. Anti-Proteolytic Peptide R7I Protects the Intestinal Barrier and Alleviates Fatty Acid Malabsorption in Salmonella typhimurium-Infected Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16409. [PMID: 38003599 PMCID: PMC10670956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
With a wide range of hosts, environmental adaptation, and antibiotic resistance, Salmonella typhimurium is one of the most common causes of food poisoning in the world. Infection with Salmonella typhimurium not only results in intestinal inflammation but also damages the intestinal barrier and interferes with the host's ability to absorb nutrients. It is imperative to find alternatives to antibiotics for eradicating bacteria, reducing intestinal damage, and reestablishing nutrient absorption, especially given that antibiotics are currently prohibited. This research aims to understand the protective role of anti-proteolytic peptide R7I on the gut in the setting of Salmonella typhimurium infection and its impact on nutritional absorption, maybe offering an alternative to antibiotics for bacterial killing. The findings demonstrated that R7I reduced the production of inflammatory factors, including IL-6, TNF-α, and L-1β in the jejunum and decreased the expression of genes like TLR4 and NF-κB in the jejunum (p < 0.05). R7I enhanced antioxidant capacity and preserved the antioxidant/pro-oxidant balance in the jejunum (p < 0.05). R7I also normalized intestinal shape and restored tight junction protein expression. Fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2) and fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4) expression in the jejunum was restored by R7I. In addition, serum-free fatty acids and lipid metabolites were significantly higher in the R7I group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Overall, the anti-enzyme peptide R7I maintained the healthy state of the intestine and alleviated the abnormal fatty acid absorption caused by bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiajun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.S.); (T.S.); (J.G.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (C.B.)
| | - Anshan Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.S.); (T.S.); (J.G.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (C.B.)
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11
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Jiang Z, Li D, Liu Z, Dong X, Liu Z, Cui D, Yan S, Zhu L. Genomic typing and virulence gene profile analysis of Salmonella Derby from different sources. Microb Pathog 2023; 182:106248. [PMID: 37423493 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Derby (S. Derby) is one of the most common Salmonella serovars which can infect poultry, swine, and humans. With the reduction of the sequencing cost and the improvement of sequencing technology, whole genome sequencing (WGS) has become an important method for bacterial determination, molecular investigation, and pathogenic tracing analysis. In this study, we investigated S. Derby isolates from different sources in China using in-silico multilocus sequence typing (MLST), core genome MLST (cgMLST) and whole genome MLST (wgMLST) analysis based on WGS. The results showed that 21 S. Derby strains were divided into 3 STs using MLST analysis, including ST40 (n = 19, accounting for 90.48%), ST71 (n = 1, accounting for 4.76%) and ST8016 (n = 1, accounting for 4.76%). cgMLST and wgMLST analysis categorized the tested strains into 13 cgSTs and 21 wgSTs, respectively. The minimum spanning trees of cgMLST and wgMLST both divided these strains into 3 clusters and 4 singletons. In addition, virulence gene profiles of S. Derby isolates were also analyzed, and a total of 174 virulence genes belonged to 8 categories were identified. In summary, we studied genomic typing, phylogenetic relationship and virulence gene profiles of S. Derby strains from different sources in China. These findings were beneficial for the epidemiology and pathogenesis of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxu Jiang
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Donghui Li
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Zhenhai Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Xiaorui Dong
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Zijun Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Daoshi Cui
- Qilu Animal Health Products Co., Ltd, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Shigan Yan
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China.
| | - Liping Zhu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China.
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12
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Chatterjee R, Chowdhury AR, Mukherjee D, Chakravortty D. From Eberthella typhi to Salmonella Typhi: The Fascinating Journey of the Virulence and Pathogenicity of Salmonella Typhi. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:25674-25697. [PMID: 37521659 PMCID: PMC10373206 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), the invasive typhoidal serovar of Salmonella enterica that causes typhoid fever in humans, is a severe threat to global health. It is one of the major causes of high morbidity and mortality in developing countries. According to recent WHO estimates, approximately 11-21 million typhoid fever illnesses occur annually worldwide, accounting for 0.12-0.16 million deaths. Salmonella infection can spread to healthy individuals by the consumption of contaminated food and water. Typhoid fever in humans sometimes is accompanied by several other critical extraintestinal complications related to the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, pulmonary system, and hepatobiliary system. Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-1 and Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-2 are the two genomic segments containing genes encoding virulent factors that regulate its invasion and systemic pathogenesis. This Review aims to shed light on a comparative analysis of the virulence and pathogenesis of the typhoidal and nontyphoidal serovars of S. enterica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Chatterjee
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Atish Roy Chowdhury
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Debapriya Mukherjee
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
- Centre
for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
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13
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Brenner T, Wang S. Heightened variability observed in resistance and virulence genes across salmonella Kentucky isolates from poultry environments in British Columbia, Canada. Food Microbiol 2023; 111:104192. [PMID: 36681391 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Many niche-dependent barriers along the poultry production continuum favour the survival of certain Salmonella serovars over others. Historically, the presence of particular serovars has been determined by niche-specific genes which encode resistance to selective pressures such as host defenses and industrial antimicrobial practices. Over the past decade, Canada has witnessed unexplained shifts in the Salmonella landscape in the poultry sector. Several formerly minor Salmonella serovars, including S. Kentucky and S. Reading, have recently increased in prevalence in live chickens and turkeys, respectively, in British Columbia (BC). The purpose of this research was to investigate the genomic features of the top poultry-associated Salmonella spp. in BC, to probe for serovar-specific characteristics that could address the recently shifting balance of serovars along the poultry continuum. By examining the quantity and diversity of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, virulence factors (VFs), Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands (SPIs), and plasmids across 50 poultry-associated S. enterica isolates using whole genome sequencing and antimicrobial resistance profiling, we have identified serovar-specific differences that likely influence niche survival. Specifically, isolates in our collection from predominantly human pathogenic serovars (S. I 4, [5], 12:i: , S. Typhimurium, and S. Enteritidis) were found to share the IncFIB(S) and IncFII(S) plasmids which carry important VFs known to aid in human host infection. Additionally, these strains held the lowest number of AMR genes, and the highest number of unique SPIs which also facilitate virulence. However, other serovars containing a greater diversity and abundance of resistance genes have been increasing across the poultry sector. S. Kentucky was found to carry unique AMR genes, VFs, SPIs, and plasmids that could bolster persistence in farm and processing environments. Overall, S. Kentucky also had comparatively high levels of intra-serovar genetic variability when compared to other prominent serovars from our collection. In addition, one of our two S. Reading isolates had high carriage of both AMR genes and VFs relative to other isolates in our collection. As the poultry-associated Salmonella landscape continues to evolve in Canada, future studies should monitor the genetic composition of prominent serovars across poultry production to maintain up-to-date risk assessments of these foodborne pathogens to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brenner
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Siyun Wang
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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14
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Zhou G, Zhao Y, Ma Q, Li Q, Wang S, Shi H. Manipulation of host immune defenses by effector proteins delivered from multiple secretion systems of Salmonella and its application in vaccine research. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1152017. [PMID: 37081875 PMCID: PMC10112668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1152017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an important zoonotic bacterial species and hazardous for the health of human beings and livestock globally. Depending on the host, Salmonella can cause diseases ranging from gastroenteritis to life-threatening systemic infection. In this review, we discuss the effector proteins used by Salmonella to evade or manipulate four different levels of host immune defenses: commensal flora, intestinal epithelial-mucosal barrier, innate and adaptive immunity. At present, Salmonella has evolved a variety of strategies against host defense mechanisms, among which various effector proteins delivered by the secretory systems play a key role. During its passage through the digestive system, Salmonella has to face the intact intestinal epithelial barrier as well as competition with commensal flora. After invasion of host cells, Salmonella manipulates inflammatory pathways, ubiquitination and autophagy processes with the help of effector proteins. Finally, Salmonella evades the adaptive immune system by interfering the migration of dendritic cells and interacting with T and B lymphocytes. In conclusion, Salmonella can manipulate multiple aspects of host defense to promote its replication in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuying Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qifeng Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Quan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University (JIRLAAPS), Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huoying Shi,
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15
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Ageorges V, Wawrzyniak I, Ruiz P, Bicep C, Zorgani MA, Paxman JJ, Heras B, Henderson IR, Leroy S, Bailly X, Sapountzis P, Peyretaillade E, Desvaux M. Genome-Wide Analysis of Antigen 43 (Ag43) Variants: New Insights in Their Diversity, Distribution and Prevalence in Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5500. [PMID: 36982580 PMCID: PMC10058404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen 43 (Ag43) expression induces aggregation and biofilm formation that has consequences for bacterial colonisation and infection. Ag43 is secreted through the Type 5 subtype "a" secretion system (T5aSS) and is a prototypical member of the family of self-associating autotransporters (SAATs). As a T5aSS protein, Ag43 has a modular architecture comprised of (i) a signal peptide, (ii) a passenger domain that can be subdivided into three subdomains (SL, EJ, and BL), (iii) an autochaperone (AC) domain, and (iv) an outer membrane translocator. The cell-surface SL subdomain is directly involved in the "Velcro-handshake" mechanism resulting in bacterial autoaggregation. Ag43 is considered to have a ubiquitous distribution in E. coli genomes and many strains harbour multiple agn43 genes. However, recent phylogenetic analyses indicated the existence of four distinct Ag43 classes exhibiting different propensities for autoaggregation and interactions. Given the knowledge of the diversity and distribution of Ag43 in E. coli genomes is incomplete, we have performed a thorough in silico investigation across bacterial genomes. Our comprehensive analyses indicate that Ag43 passenger domains cluster in six phylogenetic classes associated with different SL subdomains. The diversity of Ag43 passenger domains is a result of the association of the SL subtypes with two different EJ-BL-AC modules. We reveal that agn43 is almost exclusively present among bacterial species of the Enterobacteriaceae family and essentially in the Escherichia genus (99.6%) but that it is not ubiquitous in E. coli. The gene is typically present as a single copy but up to five copies of agn43 with different combinations of classes can be observed. The presence of agn43 as well as its different classes appeared to differ between Escherichia phylogroups. Strikingly, agn43 is present in 90% of E. coli from E phylogroup. Our results shed light on Ag43 diversity and provide a rational framework for investigating its role in E. coli ecophysiology and physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philippe Ruiz
- INRAE, UCA, UMR0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cédric Bicep
- UCA, CNRS, UMR6023 LMGE, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Jason J. Paxman
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Begoña Heras
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Ian R. Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Sabine Leroy
- INRAE, UCA, UMR0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Xavier Bailly
- INRAE, UCA, VetAgro Sup, UMR0346 EPIA, 63122 Saint Genes Champanelle, France
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16
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Elpers L, Lüken L, Lange F, Hensel M. Factors Required for Adhesion of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium to Lactuca sativa (Lettuce). Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0343622. [PMID: 36533955 PMCID: PMC9927257 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03436-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a major cause of foodborne gastroenteritis. Recent outbreaks of infections by S. enterica serovar Typhimurium are often associated with non-animal-related food, i.e., vegetables, fruits, herbs, sprouts, and nuts. One main problem related to the consumption of fresh produce is the minimal processing, especially for leafy green salads. In this study, we focused on butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa) to which S. enterica serovar Typhimurium adheres at higher rates compared to Valerianella locusta, resulting in prolonged persistence. Here, we systematically analyzed factors contributing to adhesion of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium to L. sativa leaves. Application of a reductionist, synthetic approach, including the controlled surface expression of specific adhesive structures of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, one at a time, enabled the identification of relevant fimbrial and nonfimbrial adhesins, the O-antigen of lipopolysaccharide, the flagella, and chemotaxis being involved in binding to L. sativa leaves. The analyses revealed contributions of Lpf fimbriae, Sti fimbriae, autotransported adhesin MisL, T1SS-secreted BapA, intact lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and flagella-mediated motility to adhesion of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium to L. sativa leaves. In addition, we identified BapA as a potential adhesin involved in binding to V. locusta and L. sativa leaf surfaces. IMPORTANCE The number of produce-associated outbreaks by gastrointestinal pathogens is increasing and underlines the relevance to human health. The mechanisms involved in the colonization of, persistence on, and transmission by, fresh produce are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the contribution of adhesive factors of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium in the initial phase of plant colonization, i.e., the binding to the plant surface. We used the previously established reductionist, synthetic approach to identify factors that contribute to the surface binding of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium to leaves of L. sativa by expressing all known adhesive structures by remote control expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elpers
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Lena Lüken
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Fabio Lange
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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17
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Shikov AE, Belousova ME, Belousov MV, Nizhnikov AA, Antonets KS. Salmonella-Based Biorodenticides: Past Applications and Current Contradictions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314595. [PMID: 36498920 PMCID: PMC9736839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea of using pathogens to control pests has existed since the end of the 19th century. Enterobacteria from the genus Salmonella, discovered at that time, are the causative agents of many serious diseases in mammals often leading to death. Mostly, the strains of Salmonella are able to infect a wide spectrum of hosts belonging to vertebrates, but some of them show host restriction. Several strains of these bacteria have been used as biorodenticides due to the host restriction until they were banned in many countries in the second part of the 20th century. The main reason for the ban was their potential pathogenicity for some domestic animals and poultry and the outbreaks of gastroenteritis in humans. Since that time, a lot of data regarding the host specificity and host restriction of different strains of Salmonella have been accumulated, and the complexity of the molecular mechanisms affecting it has been uncovered. In this review, we summarize the data regarding the history of studying and application of Salmonella-based rodenticides, discuss molecular systems controlling the specificity of Salmonella interactions within its multicellular hosts at different stages of infection, and attempt to reconstruct the network of genes and their allelic variants which might affect the host-restriction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton E. Shikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Maria E. Belousova
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Belousov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Anton A. Nizhnikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Kirill S. Antonets
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Correspondence:
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18
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Microbial Genetics and Clonal Dissemination of Salmonella enterica Serotype Javiana Isolated from Human Populations in Arkansas, USA. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101192. [PMID: 36297250 PMCID: PMC9611979 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is estimated to cause over a million infections and ~400 deaths annually in the U.S. Salmonella enterica serotype Javiana strains (n = 409) that predominantly originated from the State of Arkansas over a six-year period (2003 to 2008) were studied. This period coincided with a rapid rise in the incidence of S. Javiana infections in the U.S. Children under the age of 10 displayed the highest prevalence of S. Javiana infections, regardless of sex or year of detection. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 15 different antimicrobials was assessed and 92% (n = 375) were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials. Approximately 89% of the isolates were resistant to sulfisoxazole alone and 3% (n = 11) were resistant to different antimicrobials, including gentamicin, ciprofloxacin or ceftiofur. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analyses assessed the genotypic diversity and distribution of S. Javiana strains using XbaI restriction. Nine major clusters were identified and isolates from each group were digested with the restriction enzyme AvrII. Isolates with identical profiles of XbaI and AvrII were found to be disseminated in human populations. These distinct “types” of S. Javiana were persistent in human populations for multiple years. A subset of isolates (n = 19) with unique resistance phenotypes underwent plasmid and incompatibility (Inc) type analyses and the isolates resistant to more than one antimicrobial harbored multiple plasmids (<3 to 165 kb). Furthermore, these strains possessed 14 virulence genes, including pagC, cdtB, and iroN. The whole genome sequences (WGS) of 18 isolates that mostly originated from Arkansas from 2003 to 2011 were compared with isolates collected from different areas in the U.S. in 1999, indicating the perseverance of S. Javiana in disseminating antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes.
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19
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Yan S, Liu X, Li C, Jiang Z, Li D, Zhu L. Genomic virulence genes profile analysis of Salmonella enterica isolates from animal and human in China from 2004 to 2019. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105808. [PMID: 36183957 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is a momentously zoonotic and food-borne pathogen that seriously threats human and animal health around the world. Salmonella pathogenicity is closely related to its virulence genes profile. However, conventional virulence gene analysis methods cannot truly reveal whole virulence genes carried by Salmonella. In this study, whole genome sequencing in combination with Virulence Factor Database were applied to investigate whole virulence gene profiles of 243 Salmonella isolates from animals and humans in China from 2004 to 2019. The results showed that a total of 670 virulence genes were identified in Salmonella, among them, 319 virulence genes were found in all the Salmonella tested isolates, and 9 virulence genes were unique to Salmonella. The 670 virulence genes were classified into 14 categories according to their functions, and the genes related to adherence, effector delivery system, immune modulation, motility and nutritional/metabolic factors accounted for 84.63%. Relationships between virulence genes and serovars, sequence types indicated that strains belonged to the same serovar or sequence type had similar virulence genes profiles, however, isolates from different sources, years and locations of isolation had variable virulence gene profiles. In addition, copy number of virulence genes and homologous virulence genes shared with other pathogens were also analyzed in this study. In summary, we investigated pan-genomic virulence gene profiles and molecular epidemiology of Salmonella isolates from humans and animals in China from 2004 to 2019. These findings are beneficial for pathogenic monitoring, investigation of virulence evolution as well as prevention and control of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigan Yan
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 25053, China
| | - Xu Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 25053, China
| | - Chengyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 25053, China
| | - Zhaoxu Jiang
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 25053, China
| | - Donghui Li
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 25053, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 25053, China.
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20
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Clarke KR, Hor L, Pilapitiya A, Luirink J, Paxman JJ, Heras B. Phylogenetic Classification and Functional Review of Autotransporters. Front Immunol 2022; 13:921272. [PMID: 35860281 PMCID: PMC9289746 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.921272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotransporters are the core component of a molecular nano-machine that delivers cargo proteins across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Part of the type V secretion system, this large family of proteins play a central role in controlling bacterial interactions with their environment by promoting adhesion to surfaces, biofilm formation, host colonization and invasion as well as cytotoxicity and immunomodulation. As such, autotransporters are key facilitators of fitness and pathogenesis and enable co-operation or competition with other bacteria. Recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of autotransporter sequences reported and a steady rise in functional studies, which further link these proteins to multiple virulence phenotypes. In this review we provide an overview of our current knowledge on classical autotransporter proteins, the archetype of this protein superfamily. We also carry out a phylogenetic analysis of their functional domains and present a new classification system for this exquisitely diverse group of bacterial proteins. The sixteen phylogenetic divisions identified establish sensible relationships between well characterized autotransporters and inform structural and functional predictions of uncharacterized proteins, which may guide future research aimed at addressing multiple unanswered aspects in this group of therapeutically important bacterial factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin R. Clarke
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lilian Hor
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Akila Pilapitiya
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Joen Luirink
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jason J. Paxman
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Begoña Heras, ; Jason J. Paxman,
| | - Begoña Heras
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Begoña Heras, ; Jason J. Paxman,
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21
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Kinch LN, Cong Q, Jaishankar J, Orth K. Co-component signal transduction systems: Fast-evolving virulence regulation cassettes discovered in enteric bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203176119. [PMID: 35648808 PMCID: PMC9214523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203176119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial signal transduction systems sense changes in the environment and transmit these signals to control cellular responses. The simplest one-component signal transduction systems include an input sensor domain and an output response domain encoded in a single protein chain. Alternatively, two-component signal transduction systems transmit signals by phosphorelay between input and output domains from separate proteins. The membrane-tethered periplasmic bile acid sensor that activates the Vibrio parahaemolyticus type III secretion system adopts an obligate heterodimer of two proteins encoded by partially overlapping VtrA and VtrC genes. This co-component signal transduction system binds bile acid using a lipocalin-like domain in VtrC and transmits the signal through the membrane to a cytoplasmic DNA-binding transcription factor in VtrA. Using the domain and operon organization of VtrA/VtrC, we identify a fast-evolving superfamily of co-component systems in enteric bacteria. Accurate machine learning–based fold predictions for the candidate co-components support their homology in the twilight zone of rapidly evolving sequences and provide mechanistic hypotheses about previously unrecognized lipid-sensing functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa N. Kinch
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Qian Cong
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Jananee Jaishankar
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Kim Orth
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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22
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Mandal RK, Jiang T, Kwon YM. Genetic Determinants in Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Required for Overcoming In Vitro Stressors in the Mimicking Host Environment. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0015521. [PMID: 34878334 PMCID: PMC8653844 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00155-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, a nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS), results in a range of enteric diseases, representing a major disease burden worldwide. There is still a significant portion of Salmonella genes whose mechanistic basis to overcome host innate defense mechanisms largely remains unknown. Here, we have applied transposon insertion sequencing (Tn-seq) method to unveil the genetic factors required for the growth or survival of S. Typhimurium under various host stressors simulated in vitro. A highly saturating Tn5 library of S. Typhimurium 14028s was subjected to selection during growth in the presence of short-chain fatty acid (100 mM propionate), osmotic stress (3% NaCl), or oxidative stress (1 mM H2O2) or survival in extreme acidic pH (30 min in pH 3) or starvation (12 days in 1× phosphate-buffered saline [PBS]). We have identified a total of 339 conditionally essential genes (CEGs) required to overcome at least one of these conditions mimicking host insults. Interestingly, all eight genes encoding FoF1-ATP synthase subunit proteins were required for fitness in all five stresses. Intriguingly, a total of 88 genes in Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPI), including SPI-1, SPI-2, SPI-3, SPI-5, SPI-6, and SPI-11, are also required for fitness under the in vitro conditions. Additionally, by comparative analysis of the genes identified in this study and the genes previously shown to be required for in vivo fitness, we identified novel genes (marBCT, envF, barA, hscA, rfaQ, rfbI, and the genes encoding putative proteins STM14_1138, STM14_3334, STM14_4825, and STM_5184) that have compelling potential for the development of vaccines and antibacterial drugs to curb Salmonella infection. IMPORTANCE Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium is a major human bacterial pathogen that enters the food chain through meat animals asymptomatically carrying this pathogen. Despite the rich genome sequence data, a significant portion of Salmonella genes remain to be characterized for their potential contributions to virulence. In this study, we used transposon insertion sequencing (Tn-seq) to elucidate the genetic factors required for growth or survival under various host stressors, including short-chain fatty acids, osmotic stress, oxidative stress, extreme acid, and starvation. Among the total of 339 conditionally essential genes (CEGs) that are required under at least one of these five stress conditions were 221 previously known virulence genes required for in vivo fitness during infection in at least one of four animal species, including mice, chickens, pigs, and cattle. This comprehensive map of virulence phenotype-genotype in S. Typhimurium provides a roadmap for further interrogation of the biological functions encoded by the genome of this important human pathogen to survive in hostile host environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabindra K. Mandal
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Tieshan Jiang
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Young Min Kwon
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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23
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Brown EW, Bell R, Zhang G, Timme R, Zheng J, Hammack TS, Allard MW. Salmonella Genomics in Public Health and Food Safety. EcoSal Plus 2021; 9:eESP00082020. [PMID: 34125583 PMCID: PMC11163839 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0008-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The species Salmonella enterica comprises over 2,600 serovars, many of which are known to be intracellular pathogens of mammals, birds, and reptiles. It is now apparent that Salmonella is a highly adapted environmental microbe and can readily persist in a number of environmental niches, including water, soil, and various plant (including produce) species. Much of what is known about the evolution and diversity of nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars (NTS) in the environment is the result of the rise of the genomics era in enteric microbiology. There are over 340,000 Salmonella genomes available in public databases. This extraordinary breadth of genomic diversity now available for the species, coupled with widespread availability and affordability of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) instrumentation, has transformed the way in which we detect, differentiate, and characterize Salmonella enterica strains in a timely way. Not only have WGS data afforded a detailed and global examination of the molecular epidemiological movement of Salmonella from diverse environmental reservoirs into human and animal hosts, but they have also allowed considerable consolidation of the diagnostic effort required to test for various phenotypes important to the characterization of Salmonella. For example, drug resistance, serovar, virulence determinants, and other genome-based attributes can all be discerned using a genome sequence. Finally, genomic analysis, in conjunction with functional and phenotypic approaches, is beginning to provide new insights into the precise adaptive changes that permit persistence of NTS in so many diverse and challenging environmental niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Brown
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Bell
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruth Timme
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas S. Hammack
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Marc W. Allard
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Zhao X, Wei S, Tian Q, Peng W, Tao Y, Bo R, Liu M, Li J. Eugenol exposure in vitro inhibits the expressions of T3SS and TIF virulence genes in Salmonella Typhimurium and reduces its pathogenicity to chickens. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105314. [PMID: 34838999 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a common food-borne pathogen, which has the ability to infect a wide range of hosts. The increasing emergence of drug-resistant strains urgently requires new alternative therapies. Eugenol has been shown to be very effective against drug-resistant strains of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of eugenol on the virulence factors and pathogenicity of S. Typhimurium. METHODS The antibacterial activity of eugenol was investigated via the changes of cell morphology, fimbriae related-genes and virulence factors of S. Typhimurium, then the pathogenicity of S. Typhimurium pretreated by eugenol to chickens was evaluated. RESULTS Susceptibility testing showed that eugenol possessed significant antimicrobial activity. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed eugenol treatment deformed the morphology with damaged fimbriae structure of S. Typhimurium. Real time PCR assay confirmed eugenol significantly down-regulated the expressions of virulence factors (hilA, hilD, sipA, sipC, spiC, misL) of Type III secretion system (T3SS) and adherence genes (fimA, fimH, fimD, fimY, fimZ, stm0551) of Type I fimbriae (TIF). Animal experiment proved that the pathogenicity of S. Typhimurium exposed by eugenol was reduced, which was evidenced by the higher survival rate, weight gains and organs indexes, the lower bacterial loads in organs. Meanwhile, the duodenal histopathological changes were mitigated, with a significantly decline in the expressions of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-18. CONCLUSION In summary, eugenol pretreatment may alleviate the pathogenicity of the S. Typhimurium to chickens via wrecking the fimbriae and inhibiting the mRNA expressions of virulence factors and adhesion molecules. These data dedicated the potential mechanisms of eugenol against S. Typhimurium in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - SiMin Wei
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - QiMing Tian
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - WeiLong Peng
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Ya Tao
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - RuoNan Bo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - MingJiang Liu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - JinGui Li
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.
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25
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Virulence Comparison of Salmonella enterica Subsp. enterica Isolates from Chicken and Whole Genome Analysis of the High Virulent Strain S. Enteritidis 211. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112239. [PMID: 34835366 PMCID: PMC8619400 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Salmonellaenterica is one of the common pathogens in both humans and animals that causes salmonellosis and threatens public health all over the world. Methods and Results: Here we determined the virulence phenotypes of nine Salmonellaenterica subsp. enterica (S. enterica) isolates in vitro and in vivo, including pathogenicity to chicken, cell infection, biofilm formation and virulence gene expressions. S. Enteritidis 211 (SE211) was highly pathogenic with notable virulence features among the nine isolates. The combination of multiple virulence genes contributed to the conferring of the high virulence in SE211. Importantly, many mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were found in the genome sequence of SE211, including a virulence plasmid, genomic islands, and prophage regions. The MGEs and CRISPR-Cas system might function synergistically for gene transfer and immune defense. In addition, the neighbor joining tree and the minimum spanning tree were constructed in this study. Conclusions: This study provided both the virulence phenotypes and genomic features, which might contribute to the understanding of bacterial virulence mechanisms in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. The first completed genomic sequence for the high virulent S. Enteritidis isolate SE211 and the comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses provided a preliminary understanding of S. enterica genetics and laid the foundation for further study.
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Li IC, Wu HH, Chen ZW, Chou CH. Prevalence of IncFIB Plasmids Found among Salmonella enterica Serovar Schwarzengrund Isolates from Animal Sources in Taiwan Using Whole-Genome Sequencing. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081024. [PMID: 34451486 PMCID: PMC8399590 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Schwarzengrund is one of the most frequently isolated Salmonella serotypes responsible for human and poultry infections in Taiwan, and it has raised public health concerns. To better facilitate the understanding of transmission patterns and the dynamics of epidemics, sharing molecular data on pathogen profiles is urgently needed. The objectives of the current study were to determine and establish baseline data of S. enterica serovar Schwarzengrund isolates from 23 epidemiologically unrelated sources from year 2000 to 2018 and examine their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Genomic DNA of the Salmonella isolates was extracted and subjected to whole-genome sequencing using an Illumina platform. Results showed that all selected isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, and six of those were resistant to ciprofloxacin phenotypically. Genotypically, these isolates carried genes resistant to aminoglycoside (100%), phenicol (91.3%), β-lactams (69.5%), folate pathway antagonist (100%), tetracycline (82.6%), and fluoroquinolone (4.3%). Moreover, these isolates harbor integrons with five different gene cassettes identified for the first time, which are associated with resistance to trimethoprim, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfonamide, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin. Furthermore, prevalence of IncFIB plasmid was found among studied isolates, which may increase its ability to colonize the chicken cecum and cause extra-intestinal disease. Salmonella pathogenicity islands SPI-1 to SPI-5, SPI-13, and SPI-14, as well as C63PI locus, were also detected in all isolates. This study demonstrated that a considerable high antimicrobial resistance with high virulence levels of Salmonella were found from animal sources. Sharing data on these pathogen profiles can not only help increase the reproducibility and accessibility of genomic analysis but can also support surveillance and epidemiological investigations for salmonellosis in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chen Li
- Zoonoses Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 106, Taiwan;
| | - Hsiu-Hui Wu
- Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, No. 52, Kedong 2nd Road, Zhunan Township, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan;
| | - Zeng-Weng Chen
- Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, No. 52, Kedong 2nd Road, Zhunan Township, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (Z.-W.C.); (C.-H.C.); Tel.: +886-37-585-851 (Z.-W.C.); +886-2-3366-3861 (C.-H.C.); Fax: +886-2-2364-9154 (C.-H.C.)
| | - Chung-Hsi Chou
- Zoonoses Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 106, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (Z.-W.C.); (C.-H.C.); Tel.: +886-37-585-851 (Z.-W.C.); +886-2-3366-3861 (C.-H.C.); Fax: +886-2-2364-9154 (C.-H.C.)
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27
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Lin Q, Chousalkar KK, McWhorter AR, Khan S. Salmonella Hessarek: An emerging food borne pathogen and its role in egg safety. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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28
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Cohen E, Azriel S, Auster O, Gal A, Zitronblat C, Mikhlin S, Scharte F, Hensel M, Rahav G, Gal-Mor O. Pathoadaptation of the passerine-associated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium lineage to the avian host. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009451. [PMID: 33739988 PMCID: PMC8011750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a diverse bacterial pathogen and a primary cause of human and animal infections. While many S. enterica serovars present a broad host-specificity, several specialized pathotypes have been adapted to colonize and cause disease in one or limited numbers of host species. The underlying mechanisms defining Salmonella host-specificity are far from understood. Here, we present genetic analysis, phenotypic characterization and virulence profiling of a monophasic S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strain that was isolated from several wild sparrows in Israel. Whole genome sequencing and complete assembly of its genome demonstrate a unique genetic signature that includes the integration of the BTP1 prophage, loss of the virulence plasmid, pSLT and pseudogene accumulation in multiple T3SS-2 effectors (sseJ, steC, gogB, sseK2, and sseK3), catalase (katE), tetrathionate respiration (ttrB) and several adhesion/ colonization factors (lpfD, fimH, bigA, ratB, siiC and siiE) encoded genes. Correspondingly, this strain demonstrates impaired biofilm formation, intolerance to oxidative stress and compromised intracellular replication within non-phagocytic host cells. Moreover, while this strain showed attenuated pathogenicity in the mouse, it was highly virulent and caused an inflammatory disease in an avian host. Overall, our findings demonstrate a unique phenotypic profile and genetic makeup of an overlooked S. Typhimurium sparrow-associated lineage and present distinct genetic signatures that are likely to contribute to its pathoadaptation to passerine birds. During Salmonella enterica evolution, many different ecological niches have been effectively occupied by this highly diverse bacterial pathogen. While many S. enterica serovars successfully maintained their ability to infect and colonize in a wide-array of host species, a few biotypes have evolved to colonize and cause a disease in only one or a small group of hosts. The evolutionary dynamic and the mechanisms shaping the host-specificity of Salmonella adapted strains are important to better understand Salmonella pathogenicity and its ecology, but still not fully understood. Here, we report genetic and phenotypic characterization of a S. Typhimurium strain that was isolated from several wild sparrows in Israel. This strain presented unique phenotypic profile that included impaired biofilm formation, high sensitivity to oxidative stress and reduced intracellular replication in non-phagocytic cells. In addition, while this strain was able to cause high inflammatory disease in an avian host, it was highly attenuated in the mouse model. Genome analysis identified that specific genetic signatures found in the sparrow strain are more frequently associated with poultry isolates than clinical isolates of S. Typhimurium. These genetic features are expected to accumulatively contribute toward the adaptation of this strain to birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cohen
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Shalevet Azriel
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Oren Auster
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adiv Gal
- Faculty of Sciences, Kibbutzim College, Tel-Aviv Israel
| | | | | | - Felix Scharte
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Galia Rahav
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ohad Gal-Mor
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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29
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Sears KT, Galen JE, Tennant SM. Advances in the development of Salmonella-based vaccine strategies for protection against Salmonellosis in humans. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2640-2658. [PMID: 33665941 PMCID: PMC9292744 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are important human pathogens globally causing millions of cases of typhoid fever and non‐typhoidal salmonellosis annually. There are only a few vaccines licensed for use in humans which all target Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Vaccine development is hampered by antigenic diversity between the thousands of serovars capable of causing infection in humans. However, a number of attenuated candidate vaccine strains are currently being developed. As facultative intracellular pathogens with multiple systems for transporting effector proteins to host cells, attenuated Salmonella strains can also serve as ideal tools for the delivery of foreign antigens to create multivalent live carrier vaccines for simultaneous immunization against several unrelated pathogens. Further, the ease with which Salmonella can be genetically modified and the extensive knowledge of the virulence mechanisms of this pathogen means that this bacterium has often served as a model organism to test new approaches. In this review we focus on (1) recent advances in live attenuated Salmonella vaccine development, (2) improvements in expression of foreign antigens in carrier vaccines and (3) adaptation of attenuated strains as sources of purified antigens and vesicles that can be used for subunit and conjugate vaccines or together with attenuated vaccine strains in heterologous prime‐boosting immunization strategies. These advances have led to the development of new vaccines against Salmonella which have or will soon be tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Sears
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J E Galen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S M Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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30
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Guo G, Qin S, Kong X, Wang Z, Shen Y, Huo X, Zhang W. Identification of novel fibronectin-binding proteins by 2D-far Western blot in atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli serotype O55:H7. Microb Pathog 2020; 150:104682. [PMID: 33296715 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) is a subgroup of EPEC, which is one of the major pathogens responsible for fatal diarrhoea in children. Compared with typical EPEC (tEPEC), aEPEC lack an EAF (EPEC adherence factor) plasmid (pEAF), which encodes a series of virulence-associated genes. The extracellular matrix (ECM) component of human cells has been reported to be an important element in the interaction between host and bacterial pathogens. In this research, a 2D-Far Western blot method was performed to identifiy the bacterial proteins that could bind to fibronectin, one of the most common constituents of ECM. A total of 17 protein spots were identified, including 4 outer membrane proteins (OMPs), namely, OmpC, OmpD, OmpX and LamB. In vitro studies were used to determine whether these OMPs were involved in the adherence process. Through indirect immunofluorescence assays, four OMPs could be observed on the surfaces of host cells. After incubating the cells with the recombinant proteins, the adhesion rate of the O55:H7 isolate was decreased. Furthermore, the deletion of OmpX and LamB can also decrease the adhesion rate of WT. Taken together, a high-throughput screening method for host ECM-binding proteins based on 2D Far-Western blot was established, and four outer membrane proteins identified by this method were found to be involved in the adherence process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genglin Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Si Qin
- Institute of Food Safety and Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xuewei Kong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Zhuohao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yun Shen
- Institute of Food Safety and Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiang Huo
- Institute of Food Safety and Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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31
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Bao H, Wang S, Zhao JH, Liu SL. Salmonella secretion systems: Differential roles in pathogen-host interactions. Microbiol Res 2020; 241:126591. [PMID: 32932132 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial genus Salmonella includes a large group of food-borne pathogens that cause a variety of gastrointestinal or systemic diseases in hosts. Salmonella use several secretion devices to inject various effectors targeting eukaryotic hosts, or bacteria. In the past few years, considerable progress has been made towards understanding the structural features and molecular mechanisms of the secretion systems of Salmonella, particularly regarding their roles in host-pathogen interactions. In this review, we summarize the current advances about the main characteristics of the Salmonella secretion systems. Clarifying the roles of the secretion systems in the process of infecting various hosts will broaden our understanding of the importance of microbial interactions in maintaining human health and will provide information for developing novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Bao
- Genomics Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; HMU-UCCSM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhao
- Genomics Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; HMU-UCCSM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- Genomics Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; HMU-UCCSM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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Gao R, Wang L, Ogunremi D. Virulence Determinants of Non-typhoidal Salmonellae. Microorganisms 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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M Campos JC, Antunes LCM, Ferreira RBR. Global priority pathogens: virulence, antimicrobial resistance and prospective treatment options. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:649-677. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. are part of a group of pathogens that pose a major threat to human health due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Moreover, these bacteria have several virulence factors that allow them to successfully colonize their hosts, such as toxins and the ability to produce biofilms, resulting in an urgent need to develop new strategies to fight these pathogens. In this review, we compile the most up-to-date information on the epidemiology, virulence and resistance of these clinically important microorganisms. Additionally, we address new therapeutic alternatives, with a focus on molecules with antivirulence activity, which are considered promising to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C de M Campos
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis CM Antunes
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Inovação em Doenças de Populações Negligenciadas, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosana BR Ferreira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Factors Required for Adhesion of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium to Corn Salad (Valerianella locusta). Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02757-19. [PMID: 32033951 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02757-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a foodborne pathogen often leading to gastroenteritis and is commonly acquired by consumption of contaminated food of animal origin. However, frequency of outbreaks linked to the consumption of fresh or minimally processed food of nonanimal origin is increasing. New infection routes of S. enterica by vegetables, fruits, nuts, and herbs have to be considered. This leads to special interest in S. enterica interactions with leafy products, e.g., salads, that are mainly consumed in a minimally processed form. The attachment of S. enterica to salad is a crucial step in contamination, but little is known about the bacterial factors required and mechanisms of adhesion. S. enterica possesses a complex set of adhesive structures whose functions are only partly understood. Potentially, S. enterica may deploy multiple adhesive strategies for adhering to various salad species and other vegetables. In this study, we systematically analyzed the contributions of the complete adhesiome, of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and of flagellum-mediated motility of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM) in adhesion to Valerianella locusta (corn salad). We deployed a reductionist, synthetic approach to identify factors involved in the surface binding of STM to leaves of corn salad, with particular regard to the expression of all known adhesive structures, using the Tet-on system. This work reveals the contribution of Saf fimbriae, type 1 secretion system-secreted BapA, an intact LPS, and flagellum-mediated motility of STM in adhesion to corn salad leaves.IMPORTANCE Transmission of gastrointestinal pathogens by contaminated fresh produce is of increasing relevance to human health. However, the mechanisms of contamination of, persistence on, and transmission by fresh produce are poorly understood. We investigated the contributions of the various adhesive structures of STM to the initial event in transmission, i.e., binding to the plant surface. A reductionist system was used that allowed experimentally controlled surface expression of individual adhesive structures and analyses of the contribution to binding to leave surfaces of corn salad under laboratory conditions. The model system allowed the determination of the relative contributions of fimbrial and nonfimbrial adhesins, the type 3 secretion systems, the O antigen of lipopolysaccharide, the flagella, and chemotaxis of STM to binding to corn salad leaves. Based on these data, future work could reveal the mechanism of binding and the relevance of interaction under agricultural conditions.
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Marine Microalgae Biomolecules and Their Adhesion Capacity to Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Different molecules have been tested as analog receptors due to their capacity to bind bacteria and prevent cell adhesion. By using in vitro assays, the present study characterized the aqueous and alkaline extracts from microalgae Pavlova lutheri and Pavlova gyrans and evaluated the capacity of these extracts to adhere to enterobacteria (Salmonella Typhimurium). The aqueous and alkaline extracts of both species were fractionated via freeze-thawing, giving rise to soluble and insoluble (precipitate) fractions in cold water. The obtained fractions were studied using thermogravimetric, methylation analyses, and using 1D and 2D NMR techniques. The cold-water-soluble fractions obtained from the aqueous extracts were mainly composed of highly branched (1→3),(1→6)-β-glucans, whereas the cold-water-precipitate fractions were constituted by (1→3)-β-glucans. The alkaline extract fractions showed similar compositions with a high protein content, and the presence of glycosides (sulfoquinovosylglycerol (SQG), digalactosylglycerol (DGG)), and free fatty acids. The linear (1→3)-β-glucans and the alkaline extract fractions showed an adhesion capacity toward Salmonella. The chemical composition of the active fractions suggested that the presence of three-linked β-glucose units, as well as microalgal proteins and glycosides, could be important in the adhesion process. Therefore, these microalgal species possess a high potential to serve as a source of anti-adhesive compounds.
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Kaur D, Mukhopadhaya A. Outer membrane protein OmpV mediates Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells via fibronectin and α1β1 integrin. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13172. [PMID: 32017350 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium is an invasive Gram-negative enteric bacterium, which causes salmonellosis, a type of gastroenteritis in humans and typhoid-like symptoms in mice. Upon entering through the contaminated food and water, S. typhimurium adheres, colonises, and invades intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) of the small intestine. In this study, we have shown that upon deletion of the outer membrane protein OmpV, there is a significant decrease in adherence of S. typhimurium to the IECs, indicating that OmpV is an important adhesin of S. typhimurium. Further, our study showed that OmpV binds to the extracellular matrix component fibronectin and signals through α1β1 integrin receptor on the IECs and OmpV-mediated activation of α1β1, resulting in the activation of focal adhesion kinase and F-actin modulation. Actin modulation is crucial for bacterial invasion. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an adhesin mediated its effect through integrin in S. typhimurium. Further, we have observed a decrease in pathogenicity in terms of increased LD50 dose, lesser bacterial numbers in stool, and less colonisation of bacteria in different organs of mice infected with Δompv mutant compared with the wild-type bacteria, thus confirming the crucial role of OmpV in the pathogenesis of S. typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepinder Kaur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Arunika Mukhopadhaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
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Azimi T, Zamirnasta M, Sani MA, Soltan Dallal MM, Nasser A. Molecular Mechanisms of Salmonella Effector Proteins: A Comprehensive Review. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:11-26. [PMID: 32021316 PMCID: PMC6954085 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s230604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella can be categorized into many serotypes, which are specific to known hosts or broadhosts. It makes no difference which one of the serotypes would penetrate the gastrointestinal tract because they all face similar obstacles such as mucus and microbiome. However, following their penetration, some species remain in the gastrointestinal tract; yet, others spread to another organ like gallbladder. Salmonella is required to alter the immune response to sustain its intracellular life. Changing the host response requires particular effector proteins and vehicles to translocate them. To this end, a categorized gene called Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI) was developed; genes like Salmonella pathogenicity island encode aggressive or modulating proteins. Initially, Salmonella needs to be attached and stabilized via adhesin factor, without which no further steps can be taken. In this review, an attempt has been made to elaborate on each factor attached to the host cell or to modulating and aggressive proteins that evade immune systems. This review includes four sections: (A) attachment factors or T3SS- independent entrance, (B) effector proteins or T3SS-dependent entrance, (c) regulation of invasive genes, and (D) regulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher Azimi
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Zamirnasta
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh Sani
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Environmental health Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students Research Committee, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Nasser
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
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Vaca DJ, Thibau A, Schütz M, Kraiczy P, Happonen L, Malmström J, Kempf VAJ. Interaction with the host: the role of fibronectin and extracellular matrix proteins in the adhesion of Gram-negative bacteria. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 209:277-299. [PMID: 31784893 PMCID: PMC7248048 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of pathogenic microorganisms to adhere to host cells and avoid clearance by the host immune system is the initial and most decisive step leading to infections. Bacteria have developed different strategies to attach to diverse host surface structures. One important strategy is the adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (e.g., collagen, fibronectin, laminin) that are highly abundant in connective tissue and basement membranes. Gram-negative bacteria express variable outer membrane proteins (adhesins) to attach to the host and to initiate the process of infection. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of bacterial adhesion is a prerequisite for targeting this interaction by “anti-ligands” to prevent colonization or infection of the host. Future development of such “anti-ligands” (specifically interfering with bacteria-host matrix interactions) might result in the development of a new class of anti-infective drugs for the therapy of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the manifold interactions of adhesins expressed by Gram-negative bacteria with ECM proteins and the use of this information for the generation of novel therapeutic antivirulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana J Vaca
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Arno Thibau
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Monika Schütz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Eberhard Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Kraiczy
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lotta Happonen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Malmström
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Volkhard A J Kempf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Fibronectin and Its Role in Human Infective Diseases. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121516. [PMID: 31779172 PMCID: PMC6952806 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin is a multidomain glycoprotein ubiquitously detected in extracellular fluids and matrices of a variety of animal and human tissues where it functions as a key link between matrices and cells. Fibronectin has also emerged as the target for a large number of microorganisms, particularly bacteria. There are clear indications that the binding of microorganism’ receptors to fibronectin promotes attachment to and infection of host cells. Each bacterium may use different receptors which recognize specific fibronectin domains, mostly the N-terminal domain and the central cell-binding domain. In many cases, fibronectin receptors have actions over and above that of simple adhesion: In fact, adhesion is often the prerequisite for invasion and internalization of microorganisms in the cells of colonized tissues. This review updates the current understanding of fibronectin receptors of several microorganisms with emphasis on their biochemical and structural properties and the role they can play in the onset and progression of host infection diseases. Furthermore, we describe the antigenic profile and discuss the possibility of designing adhesion inhibitors based on the structure of the fibronectin-binding site in the receptor or the receptor-binding site in fibronectin.
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40
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Mateos-Chávez AA, Muñoz-López P, Becerra-Báez EI, Flores-Martínez LF, Prada-Gracia D, Moreno-Vargas LM, Baay-Guzmán GJ, Juárez-Hernández U, Chávez-Munguía B, Cabrera-Muñóz L, Luria-Pérez R. Live Attenuated Salmonella enterica Expressing and Releasing Cell-Permeable Bax BH3 Peptide Through the MisL Autotransporter System Elicits Antitumor Activity in a Murine Xenograft Model of Human B Non-hodgkin's Lymphoma. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2562. [PMID: 31798573 PMCID: PMC6874163 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) has substantially improved with current treatments. Nevertheless, the appearance of drug-resistant cancer cells leads to patient relapse. It is therefore necessary to find new antitumor therapies that can completely eradicate transformed cells. Chemotherapy-resistant cancer cells are characterized by the overexpression of members of the anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein family, such as Bcl-XL, Bcl-2, and Mcl-1. We have recently shown that peptides derived from the BH3 domain of the pro-apoptotic Bax protein may antagonize the anti-apoptotic activity of the Bcl-2 family proteins, restore apoptosis, and induce chemosensitization of tumor cells. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of releasing this peptide into the tumor microenvironment using live attenuated Salmonella enterica, which has proven to be an ally in cancer therapy due to its high affinity for tumor tissue, its ability to activate the innate and adaptive antitumor immune responses, and its potential use as a delivery system of heterologous molecules. Thus, we expressed and released the cell-permeable Bax BH3 peptide from the surface of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL3261 through the MisL autotransporter system. We demonstrated that this recombinant bacterium significantly decreased the viability and increased the apoptosis of Ramos cells, a human B NHL cell line. Indeed, the intravenous administration of this recombinant Salmonella enterica elicited antitumor activity and extended survival in a xenograft NHL murine model. This antitumor activity was mediated by apoptosis and an inflammatory response. Our approach may represent an eventual alternative to treat relapsing or refractory NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Alfredo Mateos-Chávez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Oncological Diseases, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paola Muñoz-López
- Unit of Investigative Research on Oncological Diseases, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico.,Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elayne Irene Becerra-Báez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Oncological Diseases, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico.,Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Fernando Flores-Martínez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Oncological Diseases, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diego Prada-Gracia
- Research Unit on Computational Biology and Drug Design, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Liliana Marisol Moreno-Vargas
- Research Unit on Computational Biology and Drug Design, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Uriel Juárez-Hernández
- Unit of Investigative Research on Oncological Diseases, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bibiana Chávez-Munguía
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Cabrera-Muñóz
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosendo Luria-Pérez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Oncological Diseases, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
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41
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Zhang D, Zhuang L, Wang C, Zhang P, Zhang T, Shao H, Han X, Gong J. Virulence Gene Distribution of Salmonella Pullorum Isolates Recovered from Chickens in China (1953-2015). Avian Dis 2019; 62:431-436. [PMID: 31119928 DOI: 10.1637/11927-071318-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (Salmonella Pullorum) has strict host specificity for poultry, and pullorum disease seriously threatens the poultry industry. Virulence genes play a central role in Salmonella pathogenicity, but very few reports are available on the distribution of virulence genes in Salmonella Pullorum. In this study, we investigated 304 Salmonella Pullorum isolates recovered from chickens in China between 1953 and 2015 for the presence of 25 Salmonella virulence genes (invA, orgA, prgH, sitC, spaN, sifA, spiA, ttrC, mgtB, misL, siiE, spi4D, pipA, sipB, sopB, sefA, cdtB, pagC, shdA, msgA, lpfC, tolC, iroN, pefA, and spvB), including pathogenicity island genes, fimbriae genes, and virulence plasmid genes. PCR showed that 15 of the 25 virulence genes were present in all isolates tested, whereas cdtB was not present in any isolate. The presence rates of the remaining genes ranged from 97.7% to 99.7%. The variation rates of these virulence genes was low, and no significant differences were identified in the distribution of virulence genes over time. On the basis of the distribution of these virulence genes, the 304 Salmonella Pullorum isolates were divided into 10 virulence genotypes. The major genotype, which comprised 93.4% of all isolates, included isolates that carried 24 of the virulence genes assessed. The results of this study will help in the characterization of Salmonella Pullorum and in the study of the correlation between virulence genotypes and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Linlin Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Chengming Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn AL 36849
| | - Ping Zhang
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China
| | - Tengfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Huabin Shao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Xiangan Han
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China,
| | - Jiansen Gong
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China, .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China,
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Wang S, Yang D, Wu X, Wang Y, Wang D, Tian M, Li T, Qi J, Wang X, Ding C, Yu S. Autotransporter MisL of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium facilitates bacterial aggregation and biofilm formation. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:5036521. [PMID: 29901711 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is an important food-borne zoonotic pathogen that causes increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. The autotransporter (AT) proteins are a large and diverse family of extracellular proteins, many of which contribute to the pathogenicity of Gram-negative bacteria. The S. Typhimurium AT protein MisL mediates intestinal colonization in mice. Bioinformatics analyses indicated that MisL clusters with ATs are involved in bacterial biofilm formation, aggregation and adherence. In this study, we found that the misL overexpression increased S. Typhimurium biofilm formation. In addition, the misL deletion reduced bacterial adherence and invasion abilities on HeLa cells, but did not affect the bacterial virulence. Similarly, MisL expression in Escherichia coli strain promoted bacterial biofilm formation as well as adhesion and invasion capacities. However, the misL overexpression had no influence on the bacterial aggregation except for AAEC189Δflu, a strain lacking type I fimbriae. Moreover, we demonstrated that immunization with recombinant MisL protein stimulated the production of high IgG antibody titers, which conferred modest protection against S. Typhimurium infection. This study illustrates the novel biological functions and immunoprotective effects of MisL in S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Denghui Yang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mingxing Tian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Tao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaolan Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
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Ethanol Adaptation Strategies in Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Revealed by Global Proteomic and Mutagenic Analyses. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01107-19. [PMID: 31375481 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01107-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis is able to adapt to sublethal concentrations of ethanol, which subsequently induce tolerance of this pathogen to normally lethal ethanol challenges. This work aims to elucidate the underlying ethanol adaptation mechanisms of S Enteritidis by proteomic and mutagenic analyses. The global proteomic response of S Enteritidis to ethanol adaptation (5% ethanol for 1 h) was determined by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ), and it was found that a total of 138 proteins were differentially expressed in ethanol-adapted cells compared to nonadapted cells. A total of 56 upregulated proteins were principally associated with purine metabolism and as transporters for glycine betaine, phosphate, d-alanine, thiamine, and heme, whereas 82 downregulated proteins were mainly involved in enterobactin biosynthesis and uptake, the ribosome, flagellar assembly, and virulence. Moreover, mutagenic analysis further revealed the functions of two highly upregulated proteins belonging to purine metabolism (HiuH, 5-hydroxyisourate hydrolase) and glycine betaine transport (ProX, glycine betaine-binding periplasmic protein) pathways. Deletion of either hiuH or proX resulted in the development of a stronger ethanol tolerance response, suggesting negative regulatory roles in ethanol adaptation. Collectively, this work suggests that S Enteritidis employs multiple strategies to coordinate ethanol adaptation.IMPORTANCE Stress adaptation in foodborne pathogens has been recognized as a food safety concern since it may compromise currently employed microbial intervention strategies. While adaptation to sublethal levels of ethanol is able to induce ethanol tolerance in foodborne pathogens, the molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon is poorly characterized. Hence, global proteomic analysis and mutagenic analysis were conducted in the current work to understand the strategies employed by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis to respond to ethanol adaptation. It was revealed that coordinated regulation of multiple pathways involving metabolism, ABC transporters, regulators, enterobactin biosynthesis and uptake, the ribosome, flagellar assembly, and virulence was responsible for the development of ethanol adaptation response in this pathogen. Such knowledge will undoubtedly contribute to the development and implementation of more-effective food safety interventions.
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Cheng RA, Eade CR, Wiedmann M. Embracing Diversity: Differences in Virulence Mechanisms, Disease Severity, and Host Adaptations Contribute to the Success of Nontyphoidal Salmonella as a Foodborne Pathogen. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1368. [PMID: 31316476 PMCID: PMC6611429 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Not all Salmonella enterica serovars cause the same disease. S. enterica represents an incredibly diverse species comprising >2,600 unique serovars. While some S. enterica serovars are host-restricted, others infect a wide range of hosts. The diseases that nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars cause vary considerably, with some serovars being significantly more likely to cause invasive disease in humans than others. Furthermore, while genomic analyses have advanced our understanding of the genetic diversity of these serovars, they have not been able to fully account for the observed clinical differences. One overarching challenge is that much of what is known about Salmonella's general biology and virulence strategies is concluded from studies examining a select few serovars, especially serovar Typhimurium. As targeted control strategies have been implemented to control select serovars, an increasing number of foodborne outbreaks involving serovars that are less frequently associated with human clinical illness are being detected. Harnessing what is known about the diversity of NTS serovars represents an important factor in achieving the ultimate goal of reducing salmonellosis-associated morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this review we summarize the current understanding of the differences and similarities among NTS serovars, highlighting the virulence mechanisms, genetic differences, and sources that characterize S. enterica diversity and contribute to its success as a foodborne pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Cheng
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Colleen R. Eade
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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45
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Meuskens I, Saragliadis A, Leo JC, Linke D. Type V Secretion Systems: An Overview of Passenger Domain Functions. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1163. [PMID: 31214135 PMCID: PMC6555100 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria secrete proteins for different purposes such as communication, virulence functions, adhesion to surfaces, nutrient acquisition, or growth inhibition of competing bacteria. For secretion of proteins, Gram-negative bacteria have evolved different secretion systems, classified as secretion systems I through IX to date. While some of these systems consist of multiple proteins building a complex spanning the cell envelope, the type V secretion system, the subject of this review, is rather minimal. Proteins of the Type V secretion system are often called autotransporters (ATs). In the simplest case, a type V secretion system consists of only one polypeptide chain with a β-barrel translocator domain in the membrane, and an extracellular passenger or effector region. Depending on the exact domain architecture of the protein, type V secretion systems can be further separated into sub-groups termed type Va through e, and possibly another recently identified subtype termed Vf. While this classification works well when it comes to the architecture of the proteins, this is not the case for the function(s) of the secreted passenger. In this review, we will give an overview of the functions of the passengers of the different AT classes, shedding more light on the variety of functions carried out by type V secretion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dirk Linke
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Zha L, Garrett S, Sun J. Salmonella Infection in Chronic Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Cancer. Diseases 2019; 7:E28. [PMID: 30857369 PMCID: PMC6473780 DOI: 10.3390/diseases7010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella not only causes acute infections, but can also cause patients to become chronic "asymptomatic" carriers. Salmonella has been verified as a pathogenic factor that contributes to chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis. This review summarizes the acute and chronic Salmonella infection and describes the current research progress of Salmonella infection contributing to inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. Furthermore, this review explores the underlying biological mechanism of the host signaling pathways manipulated by Salmonella effector molecules. Using experimental animal models, researchers have shown that Salmonella infection is related to host biological processes, such as host cell transformation, stem cell maintenance, and changes of the gut microbiota (dysbiosis). Finally, this review discusses the current challenges and future directions in studying Salmonella infection and its association with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Zha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Shari Garrett
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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47
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Gal-Mor O. Persistent Infection and Long-Term Carriage of Typhoidal and Nontyphoidal Salmonellae. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 32:e00088-18. [PMID: 30487167 PMCID: PMC6302356 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00088-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of pathogenic bacteria to affect higher organisms and cause disease is one of the most dramatic properties of microorganisms. Some pathogens can establish transient colonization only, but others are capable of infecting their host for many years or even for a lifetime. Long-term infection is called persistence, and this phenotype is fundamental for the biology of important human pathogens, including Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Salmonella enterica Both typhoidal and nontyphoidal serovars of the species Salmonella enterica can cause persistent infection in humans; however, as these two Salmonella groups cause clinically distinct diseases, the characteristics of their persistent infections in humans differ significantly. Here, following a general summary of Salmonella pathogenicity, host specificity, epidemiology, and laboratory diagnosis, I review the current knowledge about Salmonella persistence and discuss the relevant epidemiology of persistence (including carrier rate, duration of shedding, and host and pathogen risk factors), the host response to Salmonella persistence, Salmonella genes involved in this lifestyle, as well as genetic and phenotypic changes acquired during prolonged infection within the host. Additionally, I highlight differences between the persistence of typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella strains in humans and summarize the current gaps and limitations in our understanding, diagnosis, and curing of persistent Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Gal-Mor
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Tomlin H, Piccinini AM. A complex interplay between the extracellular matrix and the innate immune response to microbial pathogens. Immunology 2018; 155:186-201. [PMID: 29908065 PMCID: PMC6142291 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the host extracellular matrix (ECM) in infection tends to be neglected. However, the complex interactions between invading pathogens, host tissues and immune cells occur in the context of the ECM. On the pathogen side, a variety of surface and secreted molecules, including microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules and tissue-degrading enzymes, are employed that interact with different ECM proteins to effectively establish an infection at specific sites. Microbial pathogens can also hijack or misuse host proteolytic systems to modify the ECM, evade immune responses or process biologically active molecules such as cell surface receptors and cytokines that direct cell behaviour and immune defence. On the host side, the ECM composition and three-dimensional ultrastructure undergo significant modifications, which have a profound impact on the specific signals that the ECM conveys to immune cells at the forefront of infection. Unexpectedly, activated immune cells participate in the remodelling of the local ECM by synthesizing ECM glycoproteins, proteoglycans and collagen molecules. The close interplay between the ECM and the innate immune response to microbial pathogens ultimately affects the outcome of infection. This review explores and discusses recent data that implicate an active role for the ECM in the immune response to infection, encompassing antimicrobial activities, microbial recognition, macrophage activation, phagocytosis, leucocyte population balance, and transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of inflammatory networks, and may foster novel antimicrobial approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Tomlin
- School of PharmacyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
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Novel Role of VisP and the Wzz System during O-Antigen Assembly in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00319-18. [PMID: 29866904 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00319-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars are associated with diarrhea and gastroenteritis and are a helpful model for understanding host-pathogen mechanisms. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium regulates the distribution of O antigen (OAg) and presents a trimodal distribution based on Wzy polymerase and the WzzST (long-chain-length OAg [L-OAg]) and WzzfepE (very-long-chain-length OAg [VL-OAg]) copolymerases; however, several mechanisms regulating this process remain unclear. Here, we report that LPS modifications modulate the infectious process and that OAg chain length determination plays an essential role during infection. An increase in VL-OAg is dependent on Wzy polymerase, which is promoted by a growth condition resembling the environment of Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCVs). The virulence- and stress-related periplasmic protein (VisP) participates in OAg synthesis, as a ΔvisP mutant presents a semirough OAg phenotype. The ΔvisP mutant has greatly decreased motility and J774 macrophage survival in a colitis model of infection. Interestingly, the phenotype is restored after mutation of the wzzST or wzzfepE gene in a ΔvisP background. Loss of both the visP and wzzST genes promotes an imbalance in flagellin secretion. L-OAg may function as a shield against host immune systems in the beginning of an infectious process, and VL-OAg protects bacteria during SCV maturation and facilitates intramacrophage replication. Taken together, these data highlight the roles of OAg length in generating phenotypes during S Typhimurium pathogenesis and show the periplasmic protein VisP as a novel protein in the OAg biosynthesis pathway.
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50
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dos Santos AMP, Ferrari RG, Conte-Junior CA. Virulence Factors in Salmonella Typhimurium: The Sagacity of a Bacterium. Curr Microbiol 2018; 76:762-773. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-018-1510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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