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del Casale A, Paolini M, Gentile G, Borro M, Zocchi C, Fiaschè F, Padovano A, Zoppi T, Modesti MN, De Luca O, Pomes LM, Brugnoli R, Ferracuti S, Girardi P, Pompili M, Simmaco M. Dopamine DRD2 and DRD3 Polymorphisms Involvement in Nicotine Dependence in Patients with Treatment-Resistant Mental Disorders. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12040565. [PMID: 35455685 PMCID: PMC9033085 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12040565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients affected by mental disorders smoke more than the general population. The reasons behind this habit are genetic, environmental, etc. This study aims to investigate the correlations between some polymorphisms and the smoking habits and nicotine dependence in patients with psychiatric disorders. We recruited 88 patients with treatment-resistant mental disorders, including 35 with major depressive disorder, 43 with bipolar spectrum disorder, and 10 with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. We carried out a clinical and psychometric assessment on current smoking habits, years of smoking, number of daily cigarettes, and level of nicotine addiction. The patients performed a peripheral blood sample for DNA analyses of different polymorphisms. We searched for correlations between the measures of nicotine addiction and analysed genotypes. The expression of the T allele of the DRD2 rs1800497 and DRD3 rs6280 polymorphisms significantly correlated with a lower level of nicotine dependence and lower use of cigarettes. We did not find significant correlations between nicotine dependence and OPRM1 rs1799971, COMT rs4680 and rs4633 polymorphisms, CYP2A6 rs1801272 and rs28399433, or 5-HTTLPR genotype. Concluding, DRD2 rs1800497 and DRD3 rs6280 polymorphisms are involved in nicotine dependence and cigarette smoking habits in patients with treatment-resistant mental disorders
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio del Casale
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Via degli Apuli 2, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Unit of Psychiatry, ‘Sant’Andrea’ University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (C.Z.); (F.F.); (A.P.); (T.Z.); (M.N.M.); (R.B.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0633777774
| | - Marco Paolini
- Unit of Psychiatry, ‘Sant’Andrea’ University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (C.Z.); (F.F.); (A.P.); (T.Z.); (M.N.M.); (R.B.); (M.P.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (M.B.); (O.D.L.); (L.M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Giovanna Gentile
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (M.B.); (O.D.L.); (L.M.P.); (M.S.)
- Unit of Laboratory and Advanced Molecular Diagnostics, ‘Sant’Andrea’ University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Borro
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (M.B.); (O.D.L.); (L.M.P.); (M.S.)
- Unit of Laboratory and Advanced Molecular Diagnostics, ‘Sant’Andrea’ University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Clarissa Zocchi
- Unit of Psychiatry, ‘Sant’Andrea’ University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (C.Z.); (F.F.); (A.P.); (T.Z.); (M.N.M.); (R.B.); (M.P.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (M.B.); (O.D.L.); (L.M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Federica Fiaschè
- Unit of Psychiatry, ‘Sant’Andrea’ University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (C.Z.); (F.F.); (A.P.); (T.Z.); (M.N.M.); (R.B.); (M.P.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (M.B.); (O.D.L.); (L.M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Alessio Padovano
- Unit of Psychiatry, ‘Sant’Andrea’ University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (C.Z.); (F.F.); (A.P.); (T.Z.); (M.N.M.); (R.B.); (M.P.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (M.B.); (O.D.L.); (L.M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Teodolinda Zoppi
- Unit of Psychiatry, ‘Sant’Andrea’ University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (C.Z.); (F.F.); (A.P.); (T.Z.); (M.N.M.); (R.B.); (M.P.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (M.B.); (O.D.L.); (L.M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Martina Nicole Modesti
- Unit of Psychiatry, ‘Sant’Andrea’ University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (C.Z.); (F.F.); (A.P.); (T.Z.); (M.N.M.); (R.B.); (M.P.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (M.B.); (O.D.L.); (L.M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Ottavia De Luca
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (M.B.); (O.D.L.); (L.M.P.); (M.S.)
- Unit of Laboratory and Advanced Molecular Diagnostics, ‘Sant’Andrea’ University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Leda Marina Pomes
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (M.B.); (O.D.L.); (L.M.P.); (M.S.)
- Unit of Laboratory and Advanced Molecular Diagnostics, ‘Sant’Andrea’ University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Brugnoli
- Unit of Psychiatry, ‘Sant’Andrea’ University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (C.Z.); (F.F.); (A.P.); (T.Z.); (M.N.M.); (R.B.); (M.P.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (M.B.); (O.D.L.); (L.M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Stefano Ferracuti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Viale dell’Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy;
- Unit of Risk Management, ‘Sant’Andrea’University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Girardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Via degli Apuli 2, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Unit of Psychiatry, ‘Sant’Andrea’ University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (C.Z.); (F.F.); (A.P.); (T.Z.); (M.N.M.); (R.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Maurizio Pompili
- Unit of Psychiatry, ‘Sant’Andrea’ University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (C.Z.); (F.F.); (A.P.); (T.Z.); (M.N.M.); (R.B.); (M.P.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (M.B.); (O.D.L.); (L.M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Maurizio Simmaco
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (M.B.); (O.D.L.); (L.M.P.); (M.S.)
- Unit of Laboratory and Advanced Molecular Diagnostics, ‘Sant’Andrea’ University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy
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The Role of Dopamine D3 Receptors in Tobacco Use Disorder: A Synthesis of the Preclinical and Clinical Literature. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 60:203-228. [PMID: 36173599 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a significant cause of preventable morbidity and mortality globally. Current pharmacological approaches to treat tobacco use disorder (TUD) are only partly effective and novel approaches are needed. Dopamine has a well-established role in substance use disorders, including TUD, and there has been a long-standing interest in developing agents that target the dopaminergic system to treat substance use disorders. Dopamine has 5 receptor subtypes (DRD1 to DRD5). Given the localization and safety profile of the dopamine receptor D3 (DRD3), it is of therapeutic potential for TUD. In this chapter, the preclinical and clinical literature investigating the role of DRD3 in processes relevant to TUD will be reviewed, including in nicotine reinforcement, drug reinstatement, conditioned stimuli and cue-reactivity, executive function, and withdrawal. Similarities and differences in findings from the animal and human work will be synthesized and findings will be discussed in relation to the therapeutic potential of targeting DRD3 in TUD.
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Veerappa A, Pendyala G, Guda C. A systems omics-based approach to decode substance use disorders and neuroadaptations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:61-80. [PMID: 34411560 PMCID: PMC8511293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are a group of neuropsychiatric conditions manifesting due to excessive dependence on potential drugs of abuse such as psychostimulants, opioids including prescription opioids, alcohol, inhalants, etc. Experimental studies have generated enormous data in the area of SUDs, but outcomes from such data have remained largely fragmented. In this review, we attempt to coalesce these data points providing an important first step towards our understanding of the etiology of SUDs. We propose and describe a 'core addictome' pathway that behaves central to all SUDs. Besides, we also have made some notable observations paving way for several hypotheses; MECP2 behaves as a master switch during substance use; five distinct gene clusters were identified based on respective substance addiction; a central cluster of genes serves as a hub of the addiction pathway connecting all other substance addiction clusters. In addition to describing these findings, we have emphasized the importance of some candidate genes that are of substantial interest for further investigation and serve as high-value targets for translational efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Veerappa
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Gurudutt Pendyala
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Chittibabu Guda
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Center for Biomedical Informatics Research and Innovation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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Abstract
This review summarizes the available data about genetic factors which can link ischemic stroke and sleep. Sleep patterns (subjective and objective measures) are characterized by heritability and comprise up to 38-46%. According to Mendelian randomization analysis, genetic liability for short sleep duration and frequent insomnia symptoms is associated with ischemic stroke (predominantly of large artery subtype). The potential genetic links include variants of circadian genes, genes encoding components of neurotransmitter systems, common cardiovascular risk factors, as well as specific genetic factors related to certain sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Korostovtseva
- Sleep Laboratory, Research Department for Hypertension, Department for Cardiology, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratov Str., Saint Petersburg, 197341, Russia.
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Ruzilawati AB, Islam MA, Muhamed SKS, Ahmad I. Smoking Genes: A Case-Control Study of Dopamine Transporter Gene ( SLC6A3) and Dopamine Receptor Genes ( DRD1, DRD2 and DRD3) Polymorphisms and Smoking Behaviour in a Malay Male Cohort. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121633. [PMID: 33287325 PMCID: PMC7761729 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine receptor and dopamine transporter genes polymorphisms have been associated with cigarette smoking behaviour in different populations. The aim of this case-control study was to evaluate polymorphisms in the dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3 (rs27072)) and the dopamine receptor genes (DRD1 (rs686), DRD2 (rs1800497) and DRD3 (rs7653787)) and their contribution to smoking behaviour in a Malay male population. We identified 476 participants over the age of 18 years comprising 238 smokers and 238 non-smokers. Information such as age, height, weight, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, marital status, and smoking status of close family members were taken. For the genetic study, we genotyped four genes (SLC6A3 (rs27072), DRD1 (rs686), DRD2 (rs1800497) and DRD3 (rs7653787)) using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method and further confirmed our findings with sequencing. Dopamine receptor genes (DRD1, DRD2 and DRD3) were found to be associated with smoking behaviour in a Malay male population. The dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) did not show this association. Significant differences were observed between smokers' and non-smokers' age, systolic blood pressure, marital status and family members who smoke. Smoking behaviour is significantly influenced by genetic variations of DRD1, DRD2 and DRD3 in a Malay male population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Bakar Ruzilawati
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (A.B.R.); (S.K.S.M.)
| | - Md Asiful Islam
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Siti Khariem Sophia Muhamed
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (A.B.R.); (S.K.S.M.)
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Chukwueke CC, Kowalczyk WJ, Di Ciano P, Gendy M, Taylor R, Heishman SJ, Le Foll B. Exploring the role of the Ser9Gly (rs6280) Dopamine D3 receptor polymorphism in nicotine reinforcement and cue-elicited craving. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4085. [PMID: 32139730 PMCID: PMC7058013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60940-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies show that the dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) is involved in the reinstatement of drug seeking and motivation for drugs of abuse. A D3R gene variant, Ser9Gly (rs6280) has been linked to nicotine dependence, yet the mechanisms underlying its involvement in nicotine dependence is unclear. This study investigated the relationship between the Ser9Gly variant and measures of both nicotine reinforcement and cue-elicited craving. Phenotypes of smoking behaviors were assessed in genetically grouped (Glycine vs. No Glycine carriers) current smokers (n = 104, ≥ 10 cigarettes per day). Laboratory measures included a forced choice session (to measure reinforcement of nicotine containing vs. denicotinized cigarettes), and a cue-reactivity session (to measure smoking cues vs. neutral cues elicited craving). The forced choice procedure revealed that subjective ratings were significantly higher in response to nicotinized compared to denicotinized cigarettes; however the Ser9Gly variant did not influence this effect. By comparison, smoking cues elicited greater craving over time compared to neutral cues, and Glycine carriers of the Ser9Gly D3R variant seem to experience a significant blunted cue-elicited craving effect. Results support D3R involvement in nicotine cue reactivity. However, more research is needed to reveal how this gene variant modulates various aspects of nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidera C Chukwueke
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William J Kowalczyk
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Hartwick College, Oneonta, New York, United States of America
| | - Patricia Di Ciano
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- CAMH, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marie Gendy
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Taylor
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Stephen J Heishman
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Acute Care Program, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- CAMH, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Li M, Chen Y, Yao J, Lu S, Guan Y, Xu Y, Liu Q, Sun S, Mi Q, Mei J, Li X, Miao M, Zhao S, Zhu Z. Genome-Wide Association Study of Smoking Behavior Traits in a Chinese Han Population. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:564239. [PMID: 33033484 PMCID: PMC7509597 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.564239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco use is one of the leading causes of preventable disease worldwide. Genetic studies have elucidated numerous smoking-associated risk loci in American and European populations. However, genetic determinants for cigarette smoking in Chinese populations are under investigated. In this study, a whole-genome sequencing (WGS)-based genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed in a Chinese Han population comprising 620 smokers and 564 nonsmokers. Thirteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the raftlin lipid linker 1 (RFTN1) gene achieved genome-wide significance levels (P < 5 x 10-8) for smoking initiation. The rs139753473 from RFTN1 and six other suggestively significant loci from CUB and sushi multiple domains 1 (CSMD1) gene were also associated with cigarettes per day (CPD) in an independent Chinese sample consisting of 1,329 subjects (805 smokers and 524 nonsmokers). When treating males separately, associations between smoking initiation and PCAT5/ANKRD30A, two genes involved in cancer development, were identified and replicated. Within RFTN1, two haplotypes (i.e., C-A-C-G and A-G-T-C) formed by rs796812630-rs796584733-rs796349027-rs879511366 and three haplotypes (i.e., T-T-C-C-C, T-T-A-T-T, and C-A-A-T-T) formed by rs879401109-rs879453873-rs75180423-rs541378415-rs796757175 were strongly associated with smoking initiation. In addition, we also revealed two haplotypes (i.e., C-A-G-G and T-C-T-T derived from rs4875371-rs4875372-rs17070935-rs11991366) in the CSMD1 gene showing a significant association with smoking initiation. Further bioinformatics functional assessment suggested that RFTN1 may participate in smoking behavior through modulating immune responses or interactions with the glucocorticoid receptor alpha and the androgen receptor. Together, our results may help understand the mechanisms underlying smoking behavior in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Jianhua Yao
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Sheming Lu
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Guan
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Yuqiong Xu
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Hangzhou Global Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Silong Sun
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Qili Mi
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Junpu Mei
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Mingming Miao
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Shancen Zhao
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Zhouhai Zhu
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
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Sun Z, Ma Y, Xie L, Huang J, Duan S, Guo R, Xie Y, Lv J, Lin Z, Ma S. Behavioral Changes and Neuronal Damage in Rhesus Monkeys after 10 Weeks of Ketamine Administration Involve Prefrontal Cortex Dopamine D2 Receptor and Dopamine Transporter. Neuroscience 2019; 415:97-106. [PMID: 31330230 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) and dopamine transporter (DAT) play a regulatory role in dopaminergic neurotransmission and thus play an important role in drug addiction. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), a critical part of the mesencephalic dopaminergic system, is thought to be involved in the development and maintenance of drug addiction. The addiction to ketamine is thought to induce behavioral effects primarily through actions on the central nervous system. However, the neural mechanism underlying the effects of ketamine addiction remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the involvement of PFC DRD2 and DAT in ketamine addiction effects after ketamine administration for 10 weeks in nonhuman primates. To this end, after administering ketamine to rhesus monkeys for 10 weeks, we assessed changes in body weight and behavior. Additionally, neuronal changes in the PFC were examined by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining; the DRD2 and DAT mRNA and protein expression levels in the PFC were determined by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. After 10-week ketamine administration, the assessment of the manifestations of toxicity in rhesus monkeys revealed significant changes in body weight and behavior, decreased DRD2 and DAT mRNA and protein expression in the PFC, and histological abnormalities including neuronal eosinophilia, pyknosis and disorderly arrangement of neurons in the PFC. These results suggest that the reduced expression of DRD2 and DAT in PFC could be involved in the behavioral and the neurological changes induced by ketamine administration, which may play an important role in the molecular mechanisms of ketamine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongbo Sun
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Ye Ma
- Department of Linguistics & Languages, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan MI48824, USA
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Jinzhuang Huang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Shouxing Duan
- Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Ruiwei Guo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Junyao Lv
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Zhirong Lin
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Shuhua Ma
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China.
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McDonell KE, van Wouwe NC, Harrison MB, Wylie SA, Claassen DO. Taq1A polymorphism and medication effects on inhibitory action control in Parkinson disease. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e01008. [PMID: 29856137 PMCID: PMC6043698 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine therapy in Parkinson disease (PD) can have differential effects on inhibitory action control, or the ability to inhibit reflexive or impulsive actions. Dopamine agonist (DAAg) medications, which preferentially target D2 and D3 receptors, can either improve or worsen control of impulsive actions in patients with PD. We have reported that the direction of this effect depends on baseline levels of performance on inhibitory control tasks. This observation suggests that there may exist certain biologic determinants that contribute to these patient-specific differences. We hypothesized that one important factor might be functional polymorphisms in D2-like receptor genes. AIM The goal of this study was to determine whether the direction of DAAg effects on inhibitory control depends on functional polymorphisms in the DRD2 and DRD3 genes. METHODS Twenty-eight patients with PD were genotyped for known functional polymorphisms in DRD2 (rs6277 and rs1800497) and DRD3 (rs6280) receptors. These patients then completed the Simon conflict task both on and off DAAg therapy in a counterbalanced manner. RESULTS We found that patients with the rs1800497 Taq1A (A1) polymorphism (A1/A1 or A1/A2: 11 subjects) showed improved proficiency to suppress impulsive actions when on DAAg; conversely, patients with the A2/A2 allele (14 patients) became less proficient at suppressing incorrect response information on DAAg therapy (Group × Medication, F(1, 23) = 5.65, p < 0.05). Polymorphisms in rs6277 and rs6280 were not associated with a differential medication response. CONCLUSION These results suggest that certain DRD polymorphisms may determine the direction of DAAg effects on critical cognitive control processes impaired in PD. Our findings have implications for understanding pharmacogenomics interactions on a larger scale and the role these may play in the wide variability of treatment effects seen in the PD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E McDonell
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nelleke C van Wouwe
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Scott A Wylie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Daniel O Claassen
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Zhao C, Liu J, Gong P, Hu J, Zhou X. Investigating the Genetic Basis of Social Conformity: The Role of the Dopamine Receptor 3 (DRD3) Gene. Neuropsychobiology 2017; 74:32-40. [PMID: 27784028 DOI: 10.1159/000450710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People often change their opinions or behavior to match the responses of others, a phenomenon known as social conformity. Conforming behavior varies substantially across individuals. However, little is known about the genetic basis underlying individual differences in social conformity. A recent study demonstrated an association between enhanced dopaminergic function and increased conforming behavior. Given the effect of the dopamine receptor 3 gene (DRD3) Ser9Gly polymorphism (rs6280) on dopamine release in the striatum, this study investigated to what extent this polymorphism affects conforming behavior. METHODS We categorized Han Chinese individuals according to the polymorphism and tested them with a facial-attractiveness rating task. RESULTS We found that individuals with a greater number of the Gly alleles, which are related to an increased dopamine release in the striatum, were more susceptible to social influence and more likely to change their ratings to match those of other people. CONCLUSIONS This finding demonstrates the importance of DRD3 Ser9Gly as a genetic basis for social conformity and in predicting individual differences in social learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Zhao
- Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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11
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Epistatic interactions involving DRD2, DRD4, and COMT polymorphisms and risk of substance abuse in women with binge-purge eating disturbances. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 77:8-14. [PMID: 26950642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Substance abuse is common in individuals with bulimia-spectrum (binge-purge) eating disturbances, a co-occurrence that has been attributed to shared neurobiological substrates--notably alterations in dopaminergic activity. We examined the implications of variations of selected, dopamine-relevant polymorphisms (DRD2 Taq1A, DRD4 7R, and COMT) for risk of substance abuse in women with binge-purge eating syndromes. We genotyped 183 women (66.1% showing full-threshold BN and 33.9% showing sub-syndromic variants), and assessed lifetime presence of alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, and stimulant abuse or dependence using structured interviews. Tests for main and interaction effects of various allele combinations revealed that individuals who carried high function COMT and low-function DRD4 7R alleles (a combination expected to be associated with higher risk) did indeed show more lifetime substance abuse and, specifically, more cannabis abuse. Our findings suggest that a gene combination that, in theory, codes for low levels of dopaminergic neurotransmission coincides with sensitivity to substance abuse in a sample displaying binge-purge eating-disorder variants.
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12
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Guydish J, Passalacqua E, Pagano A, Martínez C, Le T, Chun J, Tajima B, Docto L, Garina D, Delucchi K. An international systematic review of smoking prevalence in addiction treatment. Addiction 2016; 111:220-30. [PMID: 26392127 PMCID: PMC4990064 DOI: 10.1111/add.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Smoking prevalence is higher among people enrolled in addiction treatment compared with the general population, and very high rates of smoking are associated with opiate drug use and receipt of opiate replacement therapy (ORT). We assessed whether these findings are observed internationally. METHODS PubMed, PsycINFO and the Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Science Database were searched for papers reporting smoking prevalence among addiction treatment samples, published in English, from 1987 to 2013. Search terms included tobacco use, cessation and substance use disorders using and/or Boolean connectors. For 4549 papers identified, abstracts were reviewed by multiple raters; 239 abstracts met inclusion criteria and these full papers were reviewed for exclusion. Fifty-four studies, collectively comprising 37,364 participants, were included. For each paper we extracted country, author, year, sample size and gender, treatment modality, primary drug treated and smoking prevalence. RESULTS The random-effect pooled estimate of smoking across people in addiction treatment was 84% [confidence interval (CI) = 79, 88%], while the pooled estimate of smoking prevalence across matched population samples was 31% (CI = 29, 33%). The difference in the pooled estimates was 52% (CI = 48%, 57%, P < .0001). Smoking rates were higher in programs treating opiate use compared with alcohol use [odds ratio (OR) = 2.52, CI = 2.00, 3.17], and higher in ORT compared to out-patient programs (OR = 1.42, CI = 1.19, 1.68). CONCLUSIONS Smoking rates among people in addiction treatment are more than double those of people with similar demographic characteristics. Smoking rates are also higher in people being treated for opiate dependence compared with people being treated for alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Guydish
- University of California, San Francisco, Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, 3333 California Street, Suite 265, San Francisco, CA 94118
| | - Emma Passalacqua
- University of California, San Francisco, Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, 3333 California Street, Suite 265, San Francisco, CA 94118
| | - Anna Pagano
- University of California, San Francisco, Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, 3333 California Street, Suite 265, San Francisco, CA 94118
| | - Cristina Martínez
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge – IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thao Le
- University of California, San Francisco, Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, 3333 California Street, Suite 265, San Francisco, CA 94118
| | - JongSerl Chun
- Department of Social Welfare, Ewha Womans University, 11-1 Daehyun-Dong, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 120-750, South Korea
| | - Barbara Tajima
- University of California, San Francisco, Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, 3333 California Street, Suite 265, San Francisco, CA 94118
| | - Lindsay Docto
- University of California, San Francisco, Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, 3333 California Street, Suite 265, San Francisco, CA 94118
| | - Daria Garina
- University of California, San Francisco, Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, 3333 California Street, Suite 265, San Francisco, CA 94118
| | - Kevin Delucchi
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Morales-Rosado JA, Cousin MA, Ebbert JO, Klee EW. A Critical Review of Repurposing Apomorphine for Smoking Cessation. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2015; 13:612-22. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2015.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Margot A. Cousin
- Mayo Addiction Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jon O. Ebbert
- Mayo Addiction Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eric W. Klee
- Mayo Addiction Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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14
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Kleinjan M, Engels RCME, DiFranza JR. Parental smoke exposure and the development of nicotine craving in adolescent novice smokers: the roles of DRD2, DRD4, and OPRM1 genotypes. BMC Pulm Med 2015; 15:115. [PMID: 26449981 PMCID: PMC4599744 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among adolescent novice smokers, craving is often the first, and is the most reported, symptom of nicotine dependence. Until now, little has been known about the development of craving symptoms in novice smokers. The aim of this study was to identify specific genetic (i.e., DRD2 Taq1A, DRD4 48 bp VNTR, and OPRM1 A118G polymorphisms) and environmental mechanisms that underlie the emergence of both cue-induced and cognitive craving among adolescent novice smokers. METHOD A five-wave longitudinal, genetically-informed survey study was conducted with intervals of four months. The sample included 376 early adolescent smokers (12-13 years of age at baseline). Self-report questionnaires were completed regarding smoking behavior, observed parental smoking behavior, and both cue-induced and cognitive craving. RESULTS Data were analyzed with a latent growth curve approach. For both cue-induced and cognitive craving, significant interaction effects were found for DRD2 Taq1A with parental smoke exposure. A1-allele carriers did not seem to be influenced by the environment with regard to craving development. Adolescents who are homozygous for the A2-allele and who are more exposed to parental smoking experience the highest levels of both types of craving over time. No significant interaction effects were found between parental smoke exposure and DRD4 48 bp VNTR or OPRM1 A118G. CONCLUSIONS Previous studies identified DRD2 Taq1A A1-allele carriers as vulnerable to developing nicotine dependence. However, this study showed that parental smoking increased the chances of developing dependence more rapidly for early adolescents who are considered to be less sensitive to the rewarding effects of nicotine according to their DRD2 Taq1A genotype. It is thus especially important that these young people not be exposed to smoking in their social environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Kleinjan
- Trimbos Institute (Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction), Da Costakade 45, 3521 VS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Rutger C M E Engels
- Trimbos Institute (Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction), Da Costakade 45, 3521 VS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joseph R DiFranza
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 N Lake Ave, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA.
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15
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Kang SG, Lee BH, Lee JS, Chai YG, Ko KP, Lee HJ, Han DMR, Ji H, Jang GH, Shin HE. DRD3 gene rs6280 polymorphism may be associated with alcohol dependence overall and with Lesch type I alcohol dependence in Koreans. Neuropsychobiology 2015; 69:140-6. [PMID: 24776816 DOI: 10.1159/000358062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several polymorphisms of the dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) gene are reported to be involved in the susceptibility to alcoholism. Although the DRD3 rs6280 (Ser9Gly) polymorphism plays an important role in various psychiatric disorders, findings regarding the association between this single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and alcohol dependence (AD) have been inconsistent. Therefore, the present study investigated the association between the DRD3 gene rs6280 polymorphism with AD and Lesch type I AD in Korean subjects. METHODS The DRD3 rs6280 SNP was genotyped in a case-control sample comprising 245 AD patients and 130 healthy controls (HCs). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores were also compared relative to genotype in all of the participants. RESULTS This SNP was significantly associated with both AD overall (χ(2) = 10.09 and p = 0.001, and χ(2) = 10.60 and p = 0.005, for the recessive and additive models, respectively) and with Lesch type I AD (χ(2) = 11.70 and p = 0.001, and χ(2) = 11.70 and p = 0.003, for the recessive and additive models, respectively). The allele frequency differed significantly (χ(2) = 8.45, p = 0.004) between Lesch type I AD and HC subjects. The AUDIT total (F = 6.56, p = 0.011), hazardous alcohol use (F = 7.12, p = 0.008), dependence symptoms (F = 5.10, p = 0.025), and harmful alcohol use (F = 4.83, p = 0.029) scores were significantly higher in those who did not possess the S allele (genotype GG) than in those who did (genotypes SS ± SG). CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that the DRD3 rs6280 polymorphism is associated with the development of both AD overall and Lesch type I AD in Koreans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Gul Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Tanner JA, Chenoweth MJ, Tyndale RF. Pharmacogenetics of nicotine and associated smoking behaviors. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 23:37-86. [PMID: 25655887 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13665-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This chapter summarizes genetic factors that contribute to variation in nicotine pharmacokinetics and nicotine's pharmacological action in the central nervous system (CNS), and how this in turn influences smoking behaviors. Nicotine, the major psychoactive compound in cigarette smoke, is metabolized by a number of enzymes, including CYP2A6, CYP2B6, FMOs, and UGTs, among others. Variation in the genes encoding these enzymes, in particular CYP2A6, can alter the rate of nicotine metabolism and smoking behaviors. Faster nicotine metabolism is associated with higher cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence, as well as lower quit rates. Variation in nicotine's CNS targets and downstream signaling pathways can also contribute to interindividual differences in smoking patterns. Binding of nicotine to neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) mediates the release of several neurotransmitters including dopamine and serotonin. Genetic variation in nAChRs, and in transporter and enzyme systems that leads to altered CNS levels of dopamine and serotonin, is associated with a number of smoking behaviors. To date, the precise mechanism underpinning many of these findings remains unknown. Considering the complex etiology of nicotine addiction, a more comprehensive approach that assesses the contribution of multiple gene variants, and their interaction with environmental factors, will likely improve personalized therapeutic approaches and increase smoking cessation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Anne Tanner
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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17
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Guydish J, Yu J, Le T, Pagano A, Delucchi K. Predictors of Tobacco Use Among New York State Addiction Treatment Patients. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:e57-e64. [PMID: 25393179 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. We used admissions data from the New York State addiction treatment system to assess patient self-reported tobacco use and factors associated with tobacco use. Methods. We compared prevalence of tobacco use in the state addiction treatment system with that of a national sample of people receiving addiction treatment and with that of the New York general population in 2005 to 2008. A random effects logistic model assessed relationships between patient- and program-level variables and tobacco use. Results. Prevalence of tobacco use in the New York treatment system was similar to that in national addiction treatment data and was 3 to 4 times higher than that in the general population. Co-occurring mental illness, opiate use, methadone treatment, and being a child of a substance-abusing parent were associated with higher rates of tobacco use. Conclusions. We call on federal leadership to build capacity to address tobacco use in addiction treatment, and we call on state leadership to implement tobacco-free grounds policies in addiction treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Guydish
- Joseph Guydish and Thao Le are with the Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco. Jiang Yu is with the School of Social Welfare, University at Albany, State University of New York. Anna Pagano and Kevin Delucchi are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco
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18
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Vandenbergh DJ, Schlomer GL. Finding genomic function for genetic associations in nicotine addiction research: the ENCODE project's role in future pharmacogenomic analysis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 123:34-44. [PMID: 24486638 PMCID: PMC4117825 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco-related behaviors and the underlying addiction to nicotine are complex tangles of genetic and environmental factors. Efforts to understand the genetic component of these traits have identified sites in the genome (single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs) that might account for some part of the role of genetics in nicotine addiction. Encouragingly, some of these candidate SNPs remain significant in meta-analyses. However, genetic associations cannot be fully assessed, regardless of statistical significance, without an understanding of the functional consequences of the alleles present at these SNPs. The proper experimental test for allelic function can be very difficult to define, representing a roadblock in translating genetic results into treatment to prevent smoking and other nicotine-related behaviors. This roadblock can be navigated in part with a new web-based tool, the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE). ENCODE is a compilation of searchable data on several types of biochemical functions or "marks" across the genome. These data can be queried for the co-localization of a candidate SNP and a biochemical mark. The presence of a SNP within a marked region of DNA enables the generation of better-informed hypotheses to test possible functional roles of alleles at a candidate SNP. Two examples of such co-localizations are presented. One example reveals ENCODE's ability to relate a candidate SNP's function with a gene very far from the physical location of the SNP. The second example reveals a new potential function of the SNP, rs4105144, that has been genetically associated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Details for accessing the ENCODE data for this SNP are provided to serve as a tutorial. By serving as a bridge between genetic associations and biochemical function, ENCODE has the power to propel progress in untangling the genetic aspects of nicotine addiction - a major public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Vandenbergh
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Penn State Institute of the Neurosciences, 101 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Gabriel L Schlomer
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, 315 Health and Human Development, East, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Korhonen T, Loukola A, Wedenoja J, Nyman E, Latvala A, Broms U, Häppölä A, Paunio T, Schrage AJ, Vink JM, Mbarek H, Boomsma DI, Penninx BWJH, Pergadia ML, Madden PAF, Kaprio J. Role of nicotine dependence in the association between the dopamine receptor gene DRD3 and major depressive disorder. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98199. [PMID: 24927283 PMCID: PMC4057087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aims of this study were to analyze associations of dopamine receptor genes (DRD1-5) with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and nicotine dependence (ND), and to investigate whether ND moderates genetic influences on MDD. Methods The sample was ascertained from the Finnish Twin Cohort. Twin pairs concordant for smoking history were recruited along with their family members, as part of the multisite Nicotine Addiction Genetics consortium. Genetic association analyses were based on 1428 adults. Total of 70 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms within the dopamine receptor genes were genotyped and analyzed for association with MDD, ND, and MD-ND co-morbidity. Individual level logistic regression analyses were based on 1296 adults with data on ND and MDD diagnoses, as well as on dopamine receptor genotypes adjusted for sex, age, and alcohol use. Four independent samples, such as population-based and case-control samples, were used for replication. Results Rs2399496, located 1.5 kb downstream of DRD3, showed suggestive association for MDD (p = 0.00076) and significant association for MDD-ND co-morbidity (p = 0.000079). Suggestive gene-(rs2399496) by-ND-interaction justified analyses by genetic risk variant and ND status. Individuals with ND and two minor alleles (AA) of rs2399496 had almost six-fold risk for MDD (OR 5.74, 95%CI 3.12–10.5, p = 9.010e-09) compared to individuals without ND and with two major alleles (TT). Conclusions Significant association between a variant downstream of DRD3 and a co-morbid MDD-ND phenotype was detected. Our results further suggest that nicotine dependence may potentiate the influence of the DRD3 genetic variant on MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tellervo Korhonen
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Anu Loukola
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emma Nyman
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Latvala
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulla Broms
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Häppölä
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew J. Schrage
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Saint Louis, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jaqueline M. Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W. J. H. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center/GGZ InGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michele L. Pergadia
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Saint Louis, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Pamela A. F. Madden
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Saint Louis, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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DRD3 variation associates with early-onset heroin dependence, but not specific personality traits. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 51:1-8. [PMID: 24398431 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine D3 receptor-mediated pathways are involved in the mechanism of addiction, and genetic factors play a role in the vulnerability to heroin dependence. The aim of this study was to examine whether the corresponding gene, DRD3, is associated with the development of heroin dependence and specific personality traits in HD patients. Eight polymorphisms in DRD3 were analyzed in 1067 unrelated Han Chinese subjects (566 heroin dependence patients and 501 controls). All participants were screened using the same assessment tool and all patients met the criteria for heroin dependence. A Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire was used to assess personality traits in 276 heroin dependence patients. In addition, heroin dependence patients were divided into 4 clinical subgroups based on age-of-onset and family history of substance abuse, to reduce the clinical heterogeneity. The rs6280 and rs9825563 variants showed association with the development of early-onset heroin dependence. The GTA haplotype frequency in the block (rs324029, rs6280, rs9825563) was significantly associated with early-onset heroin dependence (p=0.003). However, these significant associations were weaker after Bonferroni's correction. In addition, these DRD3 polymorphisms did not influence novelty seeking and harm avoidance scores in HD patients. DRD3 is possibly a genetic factor in the development of early-onset heroin dependence, but is not associated with specific personality traits in these patients among the Han Chinese population.
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Di Ciano P, Grandy DK, Le Foll B. Dopamine D4 receptors in psychostimulant addiction. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 69:301-21. [PMID: 24484981 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420118-7.00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the cloning of the D4 receptor in the 1990s, interest has been building in the role of this receptor in drug addiction, given the importance of dopamine in addiction. Like the D3 receptor, the D4 receptor has limited distribution within the brain, suggesting it may have a unique role in drug abuse. However, compared to the D3 receptor, few studies have evaluated the importance of the D4 receptor. This may be due, in part, to the relative lack of compounds selective for the D4 receptor; the early studies were mainly conducted in mice lacking the D4 receptor. In this review, we summarize the literature on the structure and localization of the D4 receptor before reviewing the data from D4 knockout mice that used behavioral models relevant to the understanding of stimulant use. We also present evidence from more recent pharmacological studies using selective D4 agonists and antagonists and animal models of drug-seeking and drug-taking. The data summarized here suggest a role for D4 receptors in relapse to stimulant use. Therefore, treatments based on antagonism of the D4 receptor may be useful treatments for relapse to nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Di Ciano
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David K Grandy
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Alcohol Research and Treatment Clinic, Addiction Medicine Services, Ambulatory Care and Structured Treatments, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Division of Brain and Therapeutics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Olsson CA, Moyzis RK, Williamson E, Ellis JA, Parkinson-Bates M, Patton GC, Dwyer T, Romaniuk H, Moore EE. Gene-environment interaction in problematic substance use: interaction between DRD4 and insecure attachments. Addict Biol 2013; 18:717-26. [PMID: 22126256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the combined effect of an exon III variable number tandem repeat in the dopamine receptor gene (DRD4) and insecure attachment style on risk for tobacco, cannabis and alcohol use problems in young adulthood. It was hypothesized that (1) individuals with 5, 6, 7 or 8 repeats (labelled 7R+) would be at increased risk for problematic drug use, and (2) risk for drug use would be further increased in individuals with 7R+ repeats who also have a history of insecure parent-child attachment relations. Data were drawn from the Victorian Adolescent Health Cohort Study, an eight-wave longitudinal study of adolescent and young adult development. DRD4 genotypes were available for 839 participants. Risk attributable to the combined effects of 7R+ genotype and insecure attachments was evaluated within a sufficient causes framework under the assumptions of additive interaction using a two-by-four table format with a common reference group. 7R+ alleles were associated with higher tobacco, cannabis and alcohol use (binging). Insecure attachments were associated with higher tobacco and cannabis use but lower alcohol use. For tobacco, there was evidence of interaction for anxious but not avoidant attachments. For cannabis, there was evidence of interaction for both anxious and avoidant attachments, although the interaction for anxious attachments was more substantial. There is no evidence of interaction for binge drinking. Results are consistent with a generic reward deficit hypothesis of drug addiction for which the 7R+ disposition may play a role. Interaction between 7R+ alleles and attachment insecurity may intensify risk for problematic tobacco and cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Olsson
- Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Australia Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia.
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23
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Carr KA, Lin H, Fletcher KD, Sucheston L, Singh PK, Salis RJ, Erbe RW, Faith MS, Allison DB, Stice E, Epstein LH. Two functional serotonin polymorphisms moderate the effect of food reinforcement on BMI. Behav Neurosci 2013; 127:387-99. [PMID: 23544600 DOI: 10.1037/a0032026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Food reinforcement, or the motivation to eat, has been associated with increased energy intake, greater body weight, and prospective weight gain. Much of the previous research on the reinforcing value of food has focused on the role of dopamine, but it may be worthwhile to examine genetic polymorphisms in the serotonin and opioid systems as these neurotransmitters have been shown to be related to reinforcement processes and to influence energy intake. We examined the relationship among 44 candidate genetic polymorphisms in the dopamine, serotonin, and opioid systems, as well as food reinforcement and body mass index (BMI) in a sample of 245 individuals. Polymorphisms in the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA-LPR) and serotonin receptor 2A genes (rs6314) moderated the effect of food reinforcement on BMI, accounting for an additional 5-10% variance and revealed a potential role of the single nucleotide polymorphism, rs6314, in the serotonin 2A receptor as a differential susceptibility factor for obesity. Differential susceptibility describes a factor that can confer either risk or protection depending on a second variable, such that rs6314 is predictive of both high and low BMI based on the level of food reinforcement, while the diathesis stress or dual-gain model only influences one end of the outcome measure. The interaction with MAOA-LPR better fits the diathesis stress model, with the 3.5R/4R allele conferring protection for individuals low in food reinforcement. These results provide new insight into genes theoretically involved in obesity, and support the hypothesis that genetics moderate the association between food reinforcement and BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn A Carr
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14214-3000, USA
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Savitz J, Hodgkinson CA, Martin-Soelch C, Shen PH, Szczepanik J, Nugent A, Herscovitch P, Grace AA, Goldman D, Drevets WC. The functional DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism (rs6280) is pleiotropic, affecting reward as well as movement. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54108. [PMID: 23365649 PMCID: PMC3554713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of motivation and behavior in the context of reward are a fundamental component of addiction and mood disorders. Here we test the effect of a functional missense mutation in the dopamine 3 receptor (DRD3) gene (ser9gly, rs6280) on reward-associated dopamine (DA) release in the striatum. Twenty-six healthy controls (HCs) and 10 unmedicated subjects with major depressive disorder (MDD) completed two positron emission tomography (PET) scans with [11C]raclopride using the bolus plus constant infusion method. On one occasion subjects completed a sensorimotor task (control condition) and on another occasion subjects completed a gambling task (reward condition). A linear regression analysis controlling for age, sex, diagnosis, and self-reported anhedonia indicated that during receipt of unpredictable monetary reward the glycine allele was associated with a greater reduction in D2/3 receptor binding (i.e., increased reward-related DA release) in the middle (anterior) caudate (p<0.01) and the ventral striatum (p<0.05). The possible functional effect of the ser9gly polymorphism on DA release is consistent with previous work demonstrating that the glycine allele yields D3 autoreceptors that have a higher affinity for DA and display more robust intracellular signaling. Preclinical evidence indicates that chronic stress and aversive stimulation induce activation of the DA system, raising the possibility that the glycine allele, by virtue of its facilitatory effect on striatal DA release, increases susceptibility to hyperdopaminergic responses that have previously been associated with stress, addiction, and psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Savitz
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America.
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Micheli F, Heidbreder C. Dopamine D3 receptor antagonists: a patent review (2007 - 2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:363-81. [PMID: 23282131 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.757593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The synthesis and characterization of new highly potent and selective dopamine (DA) D3 receptor antagonists has permitted to characterize the role of the DA D3 receptor in the control of drug-seeking behavior and in the pathophysiology of impulse control disorders and schizophrenia. AREAS COVERED In the present review, the authors will first describe most recent classes of DA D3 receptor antagonists by reviewing about 43 patent applications during the 2007 - 2012 period; they will then outline the biological rationale in support of the use of selective DA D3 receptor antagonists in the treatment of drug addiction, impulse control disorders and schizophrenia. EXPERT OPINION The strongest clinical application and potential for selective DA D3 receptor antagonists lies in the reduction of drug-induced incentive motivation, the attenuation of drug's rewarding efficacy and the reduction in reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior triggered either by re-exposure to the drug itself, re-exposure to environmental cues that had been previously associated with drug-taking behavior or stress. The selectivity of these antagonists together with reduced lipophilicity (minimizing unspecific binding), increased brain penetration and improved physico-chemical profile are all key factors for clinical efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Micheli
- Drug Design & Discovery, Aptuit Verona srl, Via A Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy.
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The comorbidity of insomnia, chronic pain, and depression: dopamine as a putative mechanism. Sleep Med Rev 2012; 17:173-83. [PMID: 22748562 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological, cross-sectional, and prospective studies suggest that insomnia, chronic pain, and depression frequently co-occur and are mutually interacting conditions. However, the mechanisms underlying these comorbid disorders have yet to be elucidated. Overlapping mechanisms in the central nervous system suggest a common neurobiological substrate(s) may underlie the development and interplay of these disorders. We propose that the mesolimbic dopamine system is an underappreciated and attractive venue for the examination of neurobiological processes involved in the interactions, development, exacerbation, and maintenance of this symptom complex. In the present article, studies from multiple disciplines are reviewed to highlight the role of altered dopaminergic function in the promotion of arousal, pain sensitivity, and mood disturbance. We argue that studies aiming to elucidate common factors accounting for the comorbidity of insomnia, chronic pain, and depression should evaluate functioning within the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and its effect on common processes known to be dysregulated in all three disorders.
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Babic M, Nedic G, Muck-Seler D, Borovecki F, Pivac N. Lack of association between dopamine receptor D4 variable numbers of tandem repeats gene polymorphism and smoking. Neurosci Lett 2012; 520:67-70. [PMID: 22609848 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine addiction, related to cigarette smoking, develops as a product of the complex interactions between social, environmental and genetic factors. Genes encoding the components of the dopaminergic system are thought to be associated with smoking. Literature data showed not only an association, but also a lack of association between variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism located in the third exon of dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene and smoking. Repetitive sequence of DRD4 VNTR is 48 bp long and maximum 11 tandem copies were reported in humans. Presence of alleles with 6 and more repeats (i.e. long alleles) was associated with greater tendency to novelty seeking and addictive behaviors than the presence of 5 and less alleles (short alleles). The aim of this study was to determine the association between VNTR in DRD4 gene and present smoking status in ethnically homogenous Caucasian population from the Eastern European (Croatian) origin. Genotyping was done in 565 healthy subjects, 511 men and 54 women, respectively, who were subdivided into 176 smokers and 389 nonsmokers. Logistic regression analyses, adjusted for age and sex, revealed the lack of significant (p>0.05) effect of the 4/4, 4/7 and 7/7 genotypes, or carriers of the long and short allele, or all genotypes of the DRD4 VNTR on smoking status. The results of this study failed to confirm the hypothesis that long allele of the DRD4 VNTR is associated with smoking status in Caucasian subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Babic
- University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Salata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Voisey J, Swagell CD, Hughes IP, van Daal A, Noble EP, Lawford BR, Young RM, Morris CP. A DRD2 and ANKK1 haplotype is associated with nicotine dependence. Psychiatry Res 2012; 196:285-9. [PMID: 22382052 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To test the importance of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) region in nicotine dependence, 150 smokers and 228 controls were genotyped for the DRD2 C957T, -141delC and ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphisms (rs6277, rs1799732 and rs1800497, respectively). The -141delC SNP did not show any association but both the C957T and TaqIA SNPs showed association at the allele, genotype, haplotype and combined genotype levels. The 957C/TaqI A1 haplotype was more than 3.5 times as likely to be associated with nicotine dependence compared with the 957T/TaqI A1 haplotype (P=0.003). Analysis of the combined genotypes of both SNPs revealed that individuals who were homozygous for the 957C-allele (CC) and had either one or two copies of the TaqI A1-allele were 3.3 times as likely to have nicotine dependence compared to all other genotype combinations (P=0.0003) and that these genotypes accounted for approximately 13% of the susceptibility to nicotine addiction in our population. Our findings suggest that the DRD2 C957T polymorphism and the ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism are key contributors to the genetic susceptibility to nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Voisey
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Schuck K, Otten R, Engels RCME, Barker ED, Kleinjan M. Bidirectional influences between parents and children in smoking behavior: a longitudinal full-family model. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 15:44-51. [PMID: 22513800 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study investigated longitudinal associations and bidirectional influences between family members in smoking behavior using a longitudinal full-family design. Family systems provide a powerful social context in which modeling and imitation take place. In current literature, however, bidirectional associations between parents and children in smoking behavior are seldom considered. METHODS Participants were 426 families, including mothers, fathers, and 2 adolescent children. Associations were assessed over 5 waves with yearly intervals using a cross-lagged model in structural equation modeling. RESULTS Findings demonstrate that families resemble an interactive system affording smoking contagion across family members. Results suggest that associations between parents and children are bidirectional, that is, parental smoking behavior influences adolescent smoking behavior and adolescent smoking behavior influences parental smoking behavior. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that longitudinal associations between family members are generally bidirectional, as only unidirectional longitudinal associations were found between between siblings and partners. CONCLUSIONS The present study extends previous research on the intergenerational transmission of smoking behavior by demonstrating bidirectional influences between parents and children in smoking behavior. Moreover, the present study suggests that family members may be susceptible to adjust their smoking behavior across time in response to smoking behavior within the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Schuck
- Department of Developmental Psychopathology, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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30
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Association of serotonin and dopamine gene pathways with behavioral subphenotypes in dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:791-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Genetics of dopamine receptors and drug addiction. Hum Genet 2012; 131:803-22. [PMID: 22350797 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine plays a key role in reward behavior, yet the association of drug dependence as a chronic, relapsing disorder with the genes encoding the various dopaminergic receptor subtypes remains difficult to delineate. In the context of subsequent genome-wide association (GWAS) research and post-GWAS investigations, we summarize the novel data that link genes encoding molecules involved in the dopaminergic system (dopamine receptors, transporter and enzymes in charge of its metabolism) to drug addiction. Recent reports indicate that the heritability of drug addiction should be high enough to allow a significant role for a specific set of genes, and the available genetic studies, which might not be already conclusive because of the heterogeneity of designs, methods and recruited samples, should support the idea of a significant role of at least one gene related to dopaminergic system. Evolutionary changes in primates and non-primate animals of genes coding for molecules involved in dopaminergic system highlight why addictive disorders are mainly limited to humans. Restricting the analyses to more specific intermediate phenotypes (or endophenotypes) such as attention allocation, stress reactivity, novelty seeking, behavioral disinhibition and impulsivity, instead of the broad addictive disorder concept can be instrumental to identify novel genes associated with these traits in the context of genome-wide studies.
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Blum K, Chen ALC, Oscar-Berman M, Chen TJH, Lubar J, White N, Lubar J, Bowirrat A, Braverman E, Schoolfield J, Waite RL, Downs BW, Madigan M, Comings DE, Davis C, Kerner MM, Knopf J, Palomo T, Giordano JJ, Morse SA, Fornari F, Barh D, Femino J, Bailey JA. Generational association studies of dopaminergic genes in reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) subjects: selecting appropriate phenotypes for reward dependence behaviors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:4425-59. [PMID: 22408582 PMCID: PMC3290972 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8124425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Abnormal behaviors involving dopaminergic gene polymorphisms often reflect an insufficiency of usual feelings of satisfaction, or Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS). RDS results from a dysfunction in the "brain reward cascade," a complex interaction among neurotransmitters (primarily dopaminergic and opioidergic). Individuals with a family history of alcoholism or other addictions may be born with a deficiency in the ability to produce or use these neurotransmitters. Exposure to prolonged periods of stress and alcohol or other substances also can lead to a corruption of the brain reward cascade function. We evaluated the potential association of four variants of dopaminergic candidate genes in RDS (dopamine D1 receptor gene [DRD1]; dopamine D2 receptor gene [DRD2]; dopamine transporter gene [DAT1]; dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene [DBH]). METHODOLOGY We genotyped an experimental group of 55 subjects derived from up to five generations of two independent multiple-affected families compared to rigorously screened control subjects (e.g., N = 30 super controls for DRD2 gene polymorphisms). Data related to RDS behaviors were collected on these subjects plus 13 deceased family members. RESULTS Among the genotyped family members, the DRD2 Taq1 and the DAT1 10/10 alleles were significantly (at least p < 0.015) more often found in the RDS families vs. controls. The TaqA1 allele occurred in 100% of Family A individuals (N = 32) and 47.8% of Family B subjects (11 of 23). No significant differences were found between the experimental and control positive rates for the other variants. CONCLUSIONS Although our sample size was limited, and linkage analysis is necessary, the results support the putative role of dopaminergic polymorphisms in RDS behaviors. This study shows the importance of a nonspecific RDS phenotype and informs an understanding of how evaluating single subset behaviors of RDS may lead to spurious results. Utilization of a nonspecific "reward" phenotype may be a paradigm shift in future association and linkage studies involving dopaminergic polymorphisms and other neurotransmitter gene candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, W University Ave., Gainesville, FL 32601, USA;
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., P.O. Box 366, 570 Lederach Stattion Way, Lederach, PA 19450, USA; (R.L.W.); (B.W.D.); (M.M.)
- Department of Integrative Medicine, PATH Medical Research Foundation, 304 Park Ave. South, New York, NY 10010, USA; (M.M.K.); (J.K.)
- Department of Holistic Medicine, G&G Holistic Addiction Treatment, Inc., 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
- Department of Research, National Institute for Holistic Addiction Studies, 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
- Dominion Diagnostics, Inc., 211 Circuit Road, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA;
- Center for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India;
| | - Amanda L. C. Chen
- Department of Engineering Management Advanced Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, No. 396, Sec. 1, Changrong Road, Tainan 71101, Taiwan
| | - Marlene Oscar-Berman
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Thomas J. H. Chen
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chang Jung Christian University, No. 396, Sec. 1, Changrong Road, Tainan 71101, Taiwan;
| | - Joel Lubar
- Emeritus, Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee, 719 Andy Holt Tower, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Nancy White
- Unique Mindcare, Inc., 1900 Saint James Place, Houston, TX 77056, USA;
| | - Judith Lubar
- Department of Neurofeedback, Southeastern Biofeedback and Neurobehavioral Clinic, 101 Westwood Road, Knoxville, TN 37919, USA;
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Neuroscience & Population Genetics, EMMS Nazareth Hospital, Nazareth, Israel;
| | - Eric Braverman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Department of Integrative Medicine, PATH Medical Research Foundation, 304 Park Ave. South, New York, NY 10010, USA; (M.M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - John Schoolfield
- Department of Academic Informatics Services, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Roger L. Waite
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., P.O. Box 366, 570 Lederach Stattion Way, Lederach, PA 19450, USA; (R.L.W.); (B.W.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Bernard W. Downs
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., P.O. Box 366, 570 Lederach Stattion Way, Lederach, PA 19450, USA; (R.L.W.); (B.W.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Margaret Madigan
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., P.O. Box 366, 570 Lederach Stattion Way, Lederach, PA 19450, USA; (R.L.W.); (B.W.D.); (M.M.)
| | - David E. Comings
- Department of Genomic Research, Carlsbad Science Foundation, Department of Medical Genetics, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Caroline Davis
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
| | - Mallory M. Kerner
- Department of Integrative Medicine, PATH Medical Research Foundation, 304 Park Ave. South, New York, NY 10010, USA; (M.M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jennifer Knopf
- Department of Integrative Medicine, PATH Medical Research Foundation, 304 Park Ave. South, New York, NY 10010, USA; (M.M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Tomas Palomo
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Servicio de Psiquiatria, Av. Cordoba SN, Madrid 28041, Spain;
| | - John J. Giordano
- Department of Holistic Medicine, G&G Holistic Addiction Treatment, Inc., 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
- Department of Research, National Institute for Holistic Addiction Studies, 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
| | - Siobhan A. Morse
- Department of Holistic Medicine, G&G Holistic Addiction Treatment, Inc., 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
- Department of Research, National Institute for Holistic Addiction Studies, 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
| | - Frank Fornari
- Dominion Diagnostics, Inc., 211 Circuit Road, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA;
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Center for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India;
| | - John Femino
- Meadows Edge Recovery Center, 580 10 Rod Road, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA;
| | - John A. Bailey
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, W University Ave., Gainesville, FL 32601, USA;
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Ellis JA, Olsson CA, Moore E, Greenwood P, Van De Ven MOM, Patton GC. A Role for the DRD4 Exon III VNTR in Modifying the Association Between Nicotine Dependence and Neuroticism. Nicotine Tob Res 2010; 13:64-9. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntq210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Mackillop J, Obasi E, Amlung MT, McGeary JE, Knopik VS. The Role of Genetics in Nicotine Dependence: Mapping the Pathways from Genome to Syndrome. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2010; 4:446-453. [PMID: 21686075 DOI: 10.1007/s12170-010-0132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Nicotine dependence continues to be a major public health problem worldwide and there is unequivocal evidence that genetics play a substantial role in its etiology. This review provides an overview of the evidence for genetic influences and recent advances in the field. Traditional quantitative genetics studies have revealed nicotine dependence is heritable and molecular genetics studies are providing increasing evidence that the genes responsible for nicotine's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are particularly important. Despite considerable progress, a number of significant complexities and challenges remain. These include determining the specificity of genetic influences and clarifying the role of interactive contributions. One promising strategy for addressing these issues is an intermediate phenotype approach that attempts to identify the intervening proximal mechanisms that confer differential genetic risk. Understanding these mechanisms may permit more precision in understanding genetic influences and may also identify novel targets for intervention or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Mackillop
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
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Khokhar JY, Ferguson CS, Zhu AZX, Tyndale RF. Pharmacogenetics of drug dependence: role of gene variations in susceptibility and treatment. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2010; 50:39-61. [PMID: 20055697 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Drug dependency is a highly prevalent mental health disorder that imposes a significant burden on those directly affected, health care systems, and society in general. There is substantial heritability in the susceptibility to drug addiction, which indicates that there are genetic risk factors. Variation in the human genome is abundant and can directly affect drug dependency phenotypes, for example, by altering the function of a gene product or by altering gene expression. Pharmacogenetic studies can assess the effects of genetic variation on the risk for a particular phenotype (e.g., being an alcoholic). In addition, pharmacogenetic variability in treatment efficacy and adverse reactions can be investigated to identify particular genetic variants associated with altered responses. This review highlights examples of genetic variations that are important in the development and maintenance of specific drug dependencies as well as those that affect the response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibran Y Khokhar
- The Center for Addiction and Mental Health and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wang J, Li MD. Common and unique biological pathways associated with smoking initiation/progression, nicotine dependence, and smoking cessation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:702-19. [PMID: 19890259 PMCID: PMC2814000 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Twin and family studies reveal a significant genetic contribution to the risk of smoking initiation and progression (SI/P), nicotine dependence (ND), and smoking cessation (SC). Further, numerous genes have been implicated in these smoking-related behaviors, especially for ND. However, no study has presented a comprehensive and systematic view of the genetic factors associated with these important smoking-related phenotypes. By reviewing the literature on these behaviors, we identified 16, 99, and 75 genes that have been associated with SI/P, ND, and SC, respectively. We then determined whether these genes were enriched in pathways important in the neuronal and brain functions underlying addiction. We identified 9, 21, and 13 pathways enriched in the genes associated with SI/P, ND, and SC, respectively. Among these pathways, four were common to all of the three phenotypes, that is, calcium signaling, cAMP-mediated signaling, dopamine receptor signaling, and G-protein-coupled receptor signaling. Further, we found that serotonin receptor signaling and tryptophan metabolism pathways were shared by SI/P and ND, tight junction signaling pathway was shared by SI/P and SC, and gap junction, neurotrophin/TRK signaling, synaptic long-term potentiation, and tyrosine metabolism were shared between ND and SC. Together, these findings show significant genetic overlap among these three related phenotypes. Although identification of susceptibility genes for smoking-related behaviors is still in an early stage, the approach used in this study has the potential to overcome the hurdles caused by factors such as genetic heterogeneity and small sample size, and thus should yield greater insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying these complex phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Wang
- Section of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ming D Li
- Section of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA,Section of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Suite 110, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA. Tel: +434 243 0566; Fax: +434 973 7031; E-mail:
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Heidbreder CA, Newman AH. Current perspectives on selective dopamine D(3) receptor antagonists as pharmacotherapeutics for addictions and related disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1187:4-34. [PMID: 20201845 PMCID: PMC3148950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to drugs of abuse produces long-term molecular and neurochemical changes that may explain the core features of addiction, such as the compulsive seeking and taking of the drug, as well as the risk of relapse. A growing number of new molecular and cellular targets of addictive drugs have been identified, and rapid advances are being made in relating those targets to specific behavioral phenotypes in animal models of addiction. In this context, the pattern of expression of the dopamine (DA) D(3) receptor in the rodent and human brain and changes in this pattern in response to drugs of abuse have contributed primarily to direct research efforts toward the development of selective DA D(3) receptor antagonists. Growing preclinical evidence indicates that these compounds may actually regulate the motivation to self-administer drugs and disrupt drug-associated cue-induced craving. This report will be divided into three parts. First, preclinical evidence in support of the efficacy of selective DA D(3) receptor antagonists in animal models of drug addiction will be reviewed. The effects of mixed DA D(2)/D(3) receptor antagonists will not be discussed here because most of these compounds have low selectivity at the D(3) versus D(2) receptor, and their efficacy profile is related primarily to functional antagonism at D(2) receptors and possibly interactions with other neurotransmitter systems. Second, major advances in medicinal chemistry for the identification and optimization of selective DA D(3) receptor antagonists and partial agonists will be analyzed. Third, translational research from preclinical efficacy studies to so-called proof-of-concept studies for drug addiction indications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Heidbreder
- Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals, Global Research & Development, Richmond, Virginia 23235, USA.
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Han S, Gelernter J, Luo X, Yang BZ. Meta-analysis of 15 genome-wide linkage scans of smoking behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:12-9. [PMID: 19819424 PMCID: PMC2975396 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2009] [Revised: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A genetic contribution to smoking behavior is well-established. To identify loci that increase the risk for smoking behavior, many genome-wide linkage scans have been performed with various smoking behavior assessments. Numerous putative susceptibility loci have been identified, but only a few of these were replicated in independent studies. METHODS We used genome search meta-analysis (GSMA) to identify risk loci by pooling all available independent genome scan results on smoking behavior. Additionally, to minimize locus heterogeneity, subgroup analyses of the smoking behavior assessed by the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and maximum number of cigarettes smoked in a 24-hour period (MaxCigs24) were carried out. Samples of European ancestry were also analyzed separately. RESULTS A total number of 15 genome scan results were available for analysis, including 3404 families with 10,253 subjects. Overall, the primary GSMA across all smoking behavior identified a genome-wide suggestive linkage in chromosome 17q24.3-q25.3 (p(SR) = .001). A secondary analysis of FTND in European-ancestry samples (625 families with 1878 subjects) detected a genome-wide suggestive linkage in 5q33.1-5q35.2 (p(SR) = .0076). Subgroup analysis of MaxCigs24 (966 families with 3273 subjects) identified a genome-wide significant linkage in 20q13.12-q13.32 (p(SR) = .00041, p(OR) = .048), where a strongly supported nicotine dependence candidate gene, CHRNA4, is located. CONCLUSIONS The regions identified in the current study deserve close attention and will be helpful for candidate gene identification or target re-sequencing studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhong Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA,Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA,VA CT Healthcare Center 116A2; 950 Campbell Avenue; West Haven, CT 06516
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA,VA CT Healthcare Center 116A2; 950 Campbell Avenue; West Haven, CT 06516
| | - Bao-Zhu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA,VA CT Healthcare Center 116A2; 950 Campbell Avenue; West Haven, CT 06516,Corresponding Author: Bao-Zhu Yang, PhD; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics in Psychiatry; VA CT 116A2; 950 Campbell Avenue; West Haven, CT 06516; telephone: 203-932-5711 ext 3590; fax, 203-937-4741;
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Hardin J, He Y, Javitz HS, Wessel J, Krasnow RE, Tildesley E, Hops H, Swan GE, Bergen AW. Nicotine withdrawal sensitivity, linkage to chr6q26, and association of OPRM1 SNPs in the SMOking in FAMilies (SMOFAM) sample. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:3399-406. [PMID: 19959688 PMCID: PMC3536862 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine withdrawal symptoms are related to smoking cessation. A Rasch model has been used to develop a unidimensional sensitivity score representing multiple correlated measures of nicotine withdrawal. A previous autosome-wide screen identified a nonparametric linkage (NPL) log-likelihood ratio (LOD) score of 2.7 on chromosome 6q26 for the sum of nine withdrawal symptoms. METHODS The objectives of these analyses were to (a) assess the influence of nicotine withdrawal sensitivity on relapse, (b) conduct autosome-wide NPL analysis of nicotine withdrawal sensitivity among 158 pedigrees with 432 individuals with microsatellite genotypes and nicotine withdrawal scores, and (c) explore family-based association of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at the mu opioid receptor candidate gene (OPRM1) with nicotine withdrawal sensitivity in 172 nuclear pedigrees with 419 individuals with both SNP genotypes and nicotine withdrawal scores. RESULTS An increased risk for relapse was associated with nicotine withdrawal sensitivity score (odds ratio, 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.42). A maximal NPL LOD score of 3.15, suggestive of significant linkage, was identified at chr6q26 for nicotine withdrawal sensitivity. Evaluation of 18 OPRM1 SNPs via the family-based association test with the nicotine withdrawal sensitivity score identified eight tagging SNPs with global P values <0.05 and false discovery rate Q values <0.06. CONCLUSION An increased risk of relapse, suggestive linkage at chr6q26, and nominally significant association with multiple OPRM1 SNPs were found with Rasch-modeled nicotine withdrawal sensitivity scores in a multiplex smoking pedigree sample. Future studies should attempt to replicate these findings and investigate the relationship between nicotine withdrawal symptoms and variation at OPRM1.
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Blum K, Chen TJ, Downs BW, Bowirrat A, Waite RL, Braverman ER, Madigan M, Oscar-Berman M, DiNubile N, Gold M. Neurogenetics of dopaminergic receptor supersensitivity in activation of brain reward circuitry and relapse: proposing "deprivation-amplification relapse therapy" (DART). Postgrad Med 2009; 121:176-96. [PMID: 19940429 PMCID: PMC3656125 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2009.11.2087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS It is well known that after prolonged abstinence, individuals who use their drug of choice experience a powerful euphoria that often precipitates relapse. While a biological explanation for this conundrum has remained elusive, we hypothesize that this clinically observed "supersensitivity" might be tied to genetic dopaminergic polymorphisms. Another therapeutic conundrum relates to the paradoxical finding that the dopaminergic agonist bromocriptine induces stronger activation of brain reward circuitry in individuals who carry the DRD2 A1 allele compared with DRD2 A2 allele carriers. Because carriers of the A1 allele relative to the A2 allele of the DRD2 gene have significantly lower D2 receptor density, a reduced sensitivity to dopamine agonist activity would be expected in the former. Thus, it is perplexing that with low D2 density there is an increase in reward sensitivity with the dopamine D2 agonist bromocriptine. Moreover, under chronic or long-term therapy with D2 agonists, such as bromocriptine, it has been shown in vitro that there is a proliferation of D2 receptors. One explanation for this relates to the demonstration that the A1 allele of the DRD2 gene is associated with increased striatal activity of L-amino acid decarboxylase, the final step in the biosynthesis of dopamine. This appears to be a protective mechanism against low receptor density and would favor the utilization of an amino acid neurotransmitter precursor like L-tyrosine for preferential synthesis of dopamine. This seems to lead to receptor proliferation to normal levels and results in significantly better treatment compliance only in A1 carriers. PROPOSAL AND CONCLUSION We propose that low D2 receptor density and polymorphisms of the D2 gene are associated with risk for relapse of substance abuse, including alcohol dependence, heroin craving, cocaine dependence, methamphetamine abuse, nicotine sensitization, and glucose craving. With this in mind, we suggest a putative physiological mechanism that may help to explain the enhanced sensitivity following intense acute dopaminergic D2 receptor activation: "denervation supersensitivity." Rats with unilateral depletions of neostriatal dopamine display increased sensitivity to dopamine agonists estimated to be 30 to 100 x in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rotational model. Given that mild striatal dopamine D2 receptor proliferation occurs (20%-40%), it is difficult to explain the extent of behavioral supersensitivity by a simple increase in receptor density. Thus, the administration of dopamine D2 agonists would target D2 sensitization and attenuate relapse, especially in D2 receptor A1 allele carriers. This hypothesized mechanism is supported by clinical trials utilizing amino acid neurotransmitter precursors, enkephalinase, and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme inhibition, which have resulted in attenuated relapse rates in reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) probands. If future translational research reveals that dopamine agonist therapy reduces relapse in RDS, it would support the proposed concept, which we term "deprivation-amplification relapse therapy" (DART). This term couples the mechanism for relapse, which is "deprivation-amplification," especially in DRD2 A1 allele carriers with natural D2 agonist therapy utilizing amino acid precursors and COMT and enkepalinase inhibition therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., San Diego, CA and Lederach, PA
| | - Thomas J.H. Chen
- Department of Health and Occupational Safety, Chang Jung Christian University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - B. William Downs
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., San Diego, CA and Lederach, PA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Clinical Neuroscience & Population Genetics, Ziv Government Medical Center, Israel
| | - Roger L. Waite
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., San Diego, CA and Lederach, PA
| | - Eric R. Braverman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Margaret Madigan
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., San Diego, CA and Lederach, PA
| | | | - Nicholas DiNubile
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mark Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Abstract
Despite great advances in the understanding and treatment of nicotine dependence, close to 21% of adults in the United States continue to smoke. Tobacco use is the single greatest cause of premature and preventable death in the United States. This article reviews the epidemiology, assessment, neurobiology, genetic etiology, and treatment of nicotine dependence. Enhanced understanding of these dimensions of nicotine dependence may help to advance progress toward lowering the prevalence rate of tobacco use in the U.S. and lowering the rate of tobacco-related morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riju Ray
- Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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McGeary J. The DRD4 exon 3 VNTR polymorphism and addiction-related phenotypes: a review. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 93:222-9. [PMID: 19336242 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the large literatures on associations of the DRD4 VNTR polymorphism with ADHD and personality traits, there is an emerging literature linking this variant to addiction and addiction-related phenotypes. When only diagnosis-based studies are considered, an inconsistent picture emerges raising doubts as to the relevance of this polymorphism to addiction. However the use of multiple levels of analysis in examining the importance of this polymorphism has raised the possibility of an urge-related "intermediate phenotype" that puts one at risk for developing addiction but may not be found in all persons with an addiction diagnosis. From cellular assays through neuroimaging and behavioral phenotypes, these studies highlight the power of the "intermediate phenotype" approach and suggest a possible explanation of the mixed findings when diagnosis is used as the phenotype. Strengths and weaknesses of alternative DRD4 VNTR genotype grouping strategies are discussed. In sum, converging evidence across multiple methodologies supports the possibility of a robust relationship between the DRD4 exon 3 VNTR polymorphism and urge for addictive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- John McGeary
- Providence VA Medical Center and Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States.
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Abstract
Drug dependence is a chronic, relapsing disorder in which compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviours persist despite serious negative consequences. Addictive substances, such as opioids, ethanol, psychostimulants and nicotine, induce pleasant states or relieve distress, effects that contribute to their recreational use. Dopamine is critically involved in drug addiction processes. However, the role of the various dopaminergic receptor subtypes has been difficult to delineate. Here, we will review the information collected implicating the receptors of the D1 family (DRD1 and DRD5) and of the D2 family (DRD2, DRD3 and DRD4) in drug addiction. We will summarize the distribution of these receptors in the brain, the preclinical experiments carried out with pharmacological and transgenic approaches and the genetic studies carried out linking genetic variants of these receptors to drug addiction phenotypes. A meta-analysis of the studies carried out evaluating DRD2 and alcohol dependence is also provided, which indicates a significant association. Overall, this review indicates that different aspects of the addiction phenotype are critically influenced by dopaminergic receptors and that variants of those genes seem to influence some addiction phenotypes in humans.
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Huang W, Payne TJ, Ma JZ, Li MD. A functional polymorphism, rs6280, in DRD3 is significantly associated with nicotine dependence in European-American smokers. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:1109-15. [PMID: 18348205 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine enhances reward functions in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system in general and the nucleus accumbens in particular. The genes encoding dopamine receptors are thus plausible candidates for involvement in nicotine dependence (ND). We investigated 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning a region of the dopamine D(3) receptor gene (DRD3) to determine whether DRD3 is associated with ND. We studied a set of 2,037 subjects in 602 nuclear families representing two distinct American populations using three ND measures, namely, smoking quantity (SQ), the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI), and the Fagerström Test for ND (FTND). In the family based association study, we found that SNP rs6280 showed a strong association with ND in European-Americans (EAs) and the pooled sample, whereas SNPs rs1486012 and rs963468 had weak associations with ND in African-Americans (AAs) and the pooled sample. Further haplotype analysis with all contiguous 3-SNP groups revealed relatively weak evidence for association of DRD3 with ND in the EA and pooled samples. The results indicate that DRD3 is significantly associated with ND in EAs, and that rs6280, a functional polymorphism causing an amino acid change of serine to glycine (Ser9Gly) in the N-terminal extracellular domain of the D(3) receptor, likely is causative of the association between DRD3 and ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22911, USA
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Micheli F, Heidbreder C. Selective dopamine D3receptor antagonists. A decade of progress: 1997 – 2007. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.18.8.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ray R, Loughead J, Wang Z, Detre J, Yang E, Gur R, Lerman C. Neuroimaging, genetics and the treatment of nicotine addiction. Behav Brain Res 2008; 193:159-69. [PMID: 18599130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Advances in neuroimaging and genomics provide an unprecedented opportunity to accelerate medication development for nicotine dependence and other addictions. Neuroimaging studies have begun to elucidate the functional neuroanatomy and neurochemistry underlying effects of nicotine and nicotine abstinence. In parallel, genetic studies, including both candidate gene and genome-wide association approaches, are identifying key neurobiological targets and pathways important in addiction to nicotine. To date, only a few neuroimaging studies have explored effects of nicotine or abstinence on brain activity as a function of genotype. Most analyses of genotype are retrospective, resulting in small sample sizes for testing effects of the minor alleles for candidate genes. The purpose of this review is to provide an outline of the work in neuroimaging, genetics, and nicotine dependence, and to explore the potential for increased integration of these approaches to improve nicotine dependence treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riju Ray
- Trandisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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