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Hitch AE, Brown JL, DiClemente RJ. Interpersonal abuse and alcohol use among African American young women: the mediating role of emotion dysregulation. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2023; 22:433-452. [PMID: 34339342 PMCID: PMC8807765 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2021.1952130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
African American women experience a high prevalence of alcohol-related consequences, and no studies have explicitly examined the associations among lifetime interpersonal abuse, emotion dysregulation, and alcohol-related outcomes during the critical period of young adulthood within this population. This study used baseline data from a sample of African American young women (N = 560) who use alcohol, aged 18 to 24, enrolled in an HIV prevention intervention trial to examine whether emotion dysregulation mediated the relation between lifetime history of abuse and problematic alcohol use. Further, we sought to examine whether there were potential differential levels of problematic alcohol use based on the number of abuse types experienced. Multiple regression analyses showed that exposure to two or more forms of abuse was associated with problematic alcohol use, β = .24, p < .001, and heavy alcohol consumption, β = .23, p < .001, whereas history of a single form was not. Indirect effects of both single and multiple forms of abuse on problematic alcohol use (95% confidence interval [CI] [.16, 1.02]; [.46, 1.64]) and heavy alcohol consumption (95% CI [.02, .26]; [.05, .45]) via emotion dysregulation severity were found. Abuse and emotion dysregulation were associated with frequency of alcohol use and binge drinking, but not typical amount consumed. Hazardous alcohol consumption was prevalent among this sample of African American young women who use alcohol. This study provides preliminary evidence that emotion dysregulation may be an important mechanism buttressing the association between lifetime history of interpersonal abuse and problematic alcohol use among African American young women who use alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E. Hitch
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, 4150 Edwards One Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45221
| | - Jennifer L. Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, 4150 Edwards One Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45221
- Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3131 Harvey Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45299, Cincinnati, OH
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3131 Harvey Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45299
| | - Ralph J. DiClemente
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York University, 715/719 Broadway, New York, NY, 10003
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2
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Cruise TM, Kotlo K, Malovic E, Pandey SC. Advances in DNA, histone, and RNA methylation mechanisms in the pathophysiology of alcohol use disorder. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2023; 3:10871. [PMID: 38389820 PMCID: PMC10880780 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2023.10871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) has a complex, multifactorial etiology involving dysregulation across several brain regions and peripheral organs. Acute and chronic alcohol consumption cause epigenetic modifications in these systems, which underlie changes in gene expression and subsequently, the emergence of pathophysiological phenotypes associated with AUD. One such epigenetic mechanism is methylation, which can occur on DNA, histones, and RNA. Methylation relies on one carbon metabolism to generate methyl groups, which can then be transferred to acceptor substrates. While DNA methylation of particular genes generally represses transcription, methylation of histones and RNA can have bidirectional effects on gene expression. This review summarizes one carbon metabolism and the mechanisms behind methylation of DNA, histones, and RNA. We discuss the field's findings regarding alcohol's global and gene-specific effects on methylation in the brain and liver and the resulting phenotypes characteristic of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Cruise
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kumar Kotlo
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Emir Malovic
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Subhash C Pandey
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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3
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Luderer M, Ramos Quiroga JA, Faraone SV, Zhang James Y, Reif A. Alcohol use disorders and ADHD. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:648-660. [PMID: 34265320 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite a growing literature on the complex bidirectional relationship of ADHD and substance use, reviews specifically focusing on alcohol are scarce. ADHD and AUD show a significant genetic overlap, including genes involved in gluatamatergic and catecholaminergic neurotransmission. ADHD drives risky behavior and negative experiences throughout the lifespan that subsequently enhance a genetically increased risk for Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD). Impulsive decisions and a maladaptive reward system make individuals with ADHD vulnerable for alcohol use and up to 43 % develop an AUD; in adults with AUD, ADHD occurs in about 20 %, but is vastly under-recognized and under-treated. Thus, routine screening and treatment procedures need to be implemented in AUD treatment. Long-acting stimulants or non-stimulants can be used to treat ADHD in individuals with AUD. However, it is crucial to combine medical treatment for ADHD with pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for AUD, and other comorbid disorders. Identification of individuals at risk for AUD, especially those with ADHD and conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder, is a key factor to prevent negative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Luderer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Psychiatryand Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma deBarcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Yanli Zhang James
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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4
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Abstract
Alcohol dependence is a chronically relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking, loss of control in limiting intake, and the emergence of a withdrawal syndrome in the absence of the drug. Accumulating evidence suggests an important role for synaptic transmission in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) in mediating alcohol-related behaviors and neuroadaptive mechanisms associated with alcohol dependence. Acute alcohol facilitates γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic transmission in the CeA via both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms, and chronic alcohol increases baseline GABAergic transmission. Acute alcohol inhibits glutamatergic transmission via effects at N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors in the CeA, whereas chronic alcohol up-regulates NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated transmission. Pro- (e.g., corticotropin-releasing factor [CRF]) and antistress (e.g., nociceptin/orphanin FQ, oxytocin) neuropeptides affect alcohol- and anxiety-related behaviors, and also alter the alcohol-induced effects on CeA neurotransmission. Alcohol dependence produces plasticity in these neuropeptide systems, reflecting a recruitment of those systems during the transition to alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Roberto
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Dean Kirson
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Sophia Khom
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Davim A, Trindade da silva L, Vieira P. Environmental Enrichment as a Strategy to Confront Social Isolation Under the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 14:564184. [PMID: 33551762 PMCID: PMC7859510 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.564184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The moment of social isolation experienced by the world population due to the COVID-19 pandemic tends to trigger behavioral changes of different orders and on an exponential scale, regardless of social class, age, gender, or ethnicity. Environmental enrichment presents itself as an important strategy to face the social isolation imposed by the pandemic, in order to act as an important agent of induction of biological factors for cognitive and emotional development, favoring a better possibility of adaptation to isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Davim
- Departament of Morphology, Centro Universitário do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Febracis Institution, Fortaleza, Brazil
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6
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Müller I, Adams DD, Sangha S, Chester JA. Juvenile stress facilitates safety learning in male and female high alcohol preferring mice. Behav Brain Res 2020; 400:113006. [PMID: 33166568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adversities during juvenility increase the risk for stress-related disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder. However, stress can also induce coping mechanisms beneficial for later stressful experiences. We reported previously that mice selectively bred for high alcohol preference (HAP) exposed to stress during adolescence (but not during adulthood) showed enhanced fear-conditioned responses in adulthood, as measured by fear-potentiated startle (FPS). However, HAP mice also showed enhanced responding to safety cues predicting the absence of foot shocks in adulthood. Here, we pursue these findings in HAP mice by investigating in further detail how juvenile stress impacts the acquisition of safety and fear learning. HAP mice were subjected to three days of juvenile stress (postnatal days 25, 27, 28) and discriminative safety/fear conditioning in adulthood. FPS was used to assess safety versus fear cue discrimination, fear learning, and fear inhibition by the safety cue. Both stressed and unstressed HAP mice were able to discriminate between both cues as well as learn the fear cue-shock association. Interestingly, it was only the previously stressed mice that were able to inhibit their fear response when the fear cue was co-presented with the safety cue, thus demonstrating safety learning. We also report an incidental finding of alopecia in the juvenile stress groups, a phenotype seen in stress-related disorders. These results in HAP mice may be relevant to understanding the influence of juvenile trauma for individual risk and resilience toward developing PTSD and how individuals might benefit from safety cues in behavioral psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Müller
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Demitra D Adams
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Susan Sangha
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Julia A Chester
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Grodin EN, Green RJ, Ray LA. An Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Stimulant, Sedative, and Affective Responses to Alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:2298-2306. [PMID: 32944932 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective response (SR) to acute alcohol reflects individual variance to the sensitivity of alcohol's pharmacological effects. It has been argued that measures of stimulation and sedation may not fully capture the full-range SR, with 2 novel domains proposed: high arousal negative and low arousal positive. While substantial progress has been made in the field of SR and alcohol use risk, it remains unknown how these novel domains correspond to traditional SR measures. Therefore, the current study examined the latent structure of traditional and novel SR measures at rising breath alcohol concentrations (BrACs) during alcohol administration. METHODS Heavy drinkers (n = 67; 36M/31F) participated in an intravenous alcohol administration. Questionnaires assessing stimulation, sedation, mood, valence and arousal, and craving were assessed at baseline and at BrACs of 20, 40, and 60 mg%. A series of exploratory factor analyses were conducted to examine the latent factor structure of SR at each time point. Correlations examined the association between the generated factors and measures of problematic alcohol use. RESULTS The analysis generated a 3-factor solution, consistent across all time points. The factors measured the following effects of SR: (i) stimulation and positive mood, (ii) sedation and aversive effects, and (iii) tension reduction. The tension reduction factor was most commonly associated with problematic alcohol use in this sample. CONCLUSION This study extends upon the literature evaluating the biobehavioral effects of alcohol by examining a novel combination of SR to alcohol measures. This study demonstrates that the proposed low arousal positive domain, which loaded onto the tension reduction factor, provides novel information not captured by previous SR measures. Going forward, studies of alcohol's subjective effects should use this dimensional approach to reduce multiple comparisons across a wide range of scales and to build a literature grounded on the underlying structure of SR as a translational phenotype for AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica N Grodin
- From the, Department of Psychology, (ENG, RG, LAR), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Re Joyce Green
- From the, Department of Psychology, (ENG, RG, LAR), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lara A Ray
- From the, Department of Psychology, (ENG, RG, LAR), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, (LAR), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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8
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König L, Kalinichenko LS, Huber SE, Voll AM, Bauder M, Kornhuber J, Hausch F, Müller CP. The selective FKBP51 inhibitor SAFit2 reduces alcohol consumption and reinstatement of conditioned alcohol effects in mice. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12758. [PMID: 31173432 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There is still no widely effective pharmacotherapy for alcohol addiction available in the clinic. FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51) is a negative regulator of the glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway that regulates the stress-induced glucocorticoid feedback circuit. Here we asked whether selective inhibitors of FKBP51, exemplified by SAFit2, may serve as a new pharmacological strategy to reduce alcohol consumption and conditioned alcohol effects in a mouse model. We report that a relatively short treatment with SAFit2 (20 mg/kg, ip) reduces ongoing 16 vol% alcohol consumption when administered during free access to alcohol in a two-bottle free-choice test. SAFit2 was also able to reduce alcohol consumption when given during an abstinence period immediately before relapse. In contrast, SAFit2 did not affect alcohol consumption when given during a relapse period after repeated withdrawal from alcohol. SAFit2 (10 and 20 mg/kg, ip) showed no effects when used in an intermittent drinking schedule. When 20 vol% alcohol was only available every other day, SAFit2 had no effect on drinking, no matter whether given during a drinking episode or the day before. SAFit2 (2 and 20 mg/kg, ip) did not affect the expression of an alcohol-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). However, SAFit2 was able to inhibit alcohol-induced reinstatement of an extinguished CPP in a dose-dependent way. Altogether, these data may suggest pharmacological inhibition of FKBP51 as a viable strategy to reduce alcohol seeking and consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta König
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Clinic, Friedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nuremberg Germany
| | - Liubov S. Kalinichenko
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Clinic, Friedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nuremberg Germany
| | - Sabine E. Huber
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Clinic, Friedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nuremberg Germany
- Institute of Physiology IWestfälische Wilhelms‐University Münster Germany
| | - Andreas M. Voll
- Department of Translational Research in PsychiatryMax Planck Institute of Psychiatry Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Clemens‐Schöpf‐Institut for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryTechnical University Darmstadt Germany
| | - Michael Bauder
- Department of Chemistry, Clemens‐Schöpf‐Institut for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryTechnical University Darmstadt Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Clinic, Friedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nuremberg Germany
| | - Felix Hausch
- Department of Translational Research in PsychiatryMax Planck Institute of Psychiatry Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Clemens‐Schöpf‐Institut for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryTechnical University Darmstadt Germany
| | - Christian P. Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Clinic, Friedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nuremberg Germany
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9
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Ligabue KP, Schuch JB, Scherer JN, Ornell F, Roglio VS, Assunção V, Rebelatto FP, Hildalgo MP, Pechansky F, Kessler F, von Diemen L. Increased cortisol levels are associated with low treatment retention in crack cocaine users. Addict Behav 2020; 103:106260. [PMID: 31901885 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis has been associated with craving and early relapse among individuals with substance use disorders. However, no association has been postulated regarding treatment retention and prognosis in crack cocaine users. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate the association between morning salivary cortisol levels and treatment retention in crack cocaine users. METHODS 44 male crack cocaine users were recruited from a detoxification unit. Saliva collection was performed in the morning of the second treatment day. Substance use profile was assessed using the Addiction Severity Index. RESULTS The median length of stay in inpatient treatment was 7 days (IQR 3-16). Treatment retention was associated with cortisol levels (r = -0.324; p = 0.032), especially in the group with positive family history. Moreover, treatment retention was correlated with age (r = 0.333, p = 0.027), and number of days of tobacco use (r = 0.332, p = 0.028) and crack use (r = 0.327, p = 0.031). A Cox regression model was performed and showed that inpatients with above normal cortisol levels (≥0.69 µg/dL) presented a worse prognostic related to treatment retention (HR = 2.39, CI95% 1.1-5.1, p = 0.024). CONCLUSION Several factors could contribute to increased cortisol levels in these patients, e.g. craving, dysregulation of the HPA axis, chronic drug use, stress due to confinement, and substance abstinence. Nevertheless, our findings could guide further studies about new biomarkers in crack cocaine use disorder, since HPA axis dysregulation at the time of treatment admittance may be a prognostic marker for treatment retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina P Ligabue
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline B Schuch
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana N Scherer
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Ornell
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vinícius S Roglio
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Assunção
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando P Rebelatto
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Paz Hildalgo
- Laboratory of Chronobiology and Sleep, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Flavio Pechansky
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felix Kessler
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lisia von Diemen
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Chami R, Monteleone AM, Treasure J, Monteleone P. Stress hormones and eating disorders. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 497:110349. [PMID: 30557597 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this paper is to emphasize the role of stress processes in the aetiology of eating disorders. METHODS We have examined the literature for evidence that people with eating disorders might exhibit markers of stress and show signs of the "maltreated ecophenotype". RESULTS Early adversity is more common among people with binge eating behaviours. The secondary effects of malnutrition, which are mostly marked in anorexia nervosa, may be an added stressor that could also contribute to the stress related phenotype. People with eating disorders have anomalies in brain structure, reward and punishment sensitivity, and the balance between HPA and SMA function. These may be potential targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayane Chami
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Janet Treasure
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
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11
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Chen WY, Chen YY, Liu HH, Kuo PH, Huang MC. The possible mediating effect of alcohol dependence on the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and attempted suicide. Alcohol 2018; 73:9-15. [PMID: 30107311 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and alcohol dependence (AD) carry independent risks for suicidal behavior. While the strength of the association between ACEs and attempted suicide is weakened following adjustment for AD, no study to date has directly been performed to determine whether AD affects the risk of suicide attributable to ACEs. The study aimed to examine the possible role of alcohol dependence (AD) in the relationship between various ACEs and attempted suicide. This cross-sectional study assessed history of ACEs among 184 AD patients and 205 control participants using the Family Health Questionnaire. Lifetime history of attempted suicide was collected using the Chinese version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. We used the Sobel test to examine the mediating effects of AD on the relationship between ACEs and attempted suicide. Results showed that the suicide attempters were associated with higher rates of AD and ACEs. The regression analysis showed that AD and multiple ACEs exposure are independently associated with attempted suicide. AD appears as a partial mediator in the relationship between attempted suicide and the specific type of ACE (exposure to a battered mother or sexual abuse) or exposure to ≥3 types of ACEs. We conclude that AD might partially mediate the associations detected between attempted suicide and exposure to a battered mother, sexual abuse, and ≥3 types of ACEs. These observations may provide important insight for intervention strategies aimed at reducing the risk of suicide attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Yeh Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Public Health and Department of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Public Health & Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiu Kuo
- Department of Public Health & Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Chyi Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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12
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Animal models of psychoactive drug use and addiction – Present problems and future needs for translational approaches. Behav Brain Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Guillén-Burgos HF, Gutiérrez-Ruiz K. Avances genéticos en el trastorno por estrés postraumático. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 47:108-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Ransome Y, Slopen N, Karlsson O, Williams DR. The association between alcohol abuse and neuroendocrine system dysregulation: Race differences in a National sample. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 66:313-321. [PMID: 28751021 PMCID: PMC5671340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.07.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Health outcomes, including chronic disease and mortality, attributed to or associated with alcohol abuse are discrepant between African Americans and Whites. To date, the topic is not fully understood and few studies conducted have used biomarker indicators of health. We investigated whether the association between alcohol abuse and biomarkers of the neuroendocrine system vary between black or African American and White respondents aged 34-84 from the Midlife in the United States Study (MIDUS) II (2004-2006) (n=1129). Alcohol abuse was assessed with a modified version of the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test. Ordinary least squared (OLS) regression was used to evaluate whether race moderated the associations between alcohol abuse and four biomarkers-urinary cortisol and serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), epinephrine and norepinephrine-and two composite summary scores, each consisting of two components that characterize the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA)-axis and sympathetic nervous systems (SNS), respectively. Covariates included age, sex, education, income, current drinking, smoking, exercise, fast food consumption, heart disease, blood pressure, diabetes, body mass index, medication use, anxiety/depression, sleep duration, and cholesterol markers. Race significantly moderated the associations between alcohol abuse and norepinephrine concentration (χ2 [1]=4.48, p=0.034) and the SNS composite score (χ2 [1]=5.83, p=0.016). Alcohol abuse was associated with higher mean norepinephrine levels (b=0.26, standard error (SE)=0.12, p=0.034) and SNS composite score (b=0.23, SE=0.11, p=0.016) for African Americans compared to Whites. Interestingly, for Whites a paradoxical association between alcohol abuse, norepinephrine and SNS levels was observed; those who abused alcohol had lower mean norepinephrine levels than non-abusers. Race differences in neuroendocrine response could be biological pathways that contribute the excess risk of chronic disease and mortality attributed to alcohol abuse among African Americans compared to Whites. Replication of these analyses in larger cohorts are warranted in addition to further studies of underlying mechanisms among Blacks and Whites separately.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oskar Karlsson
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, USA,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Sweden and Uppsala University, Sweden
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15
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Holgate JY, Garcia H, Chatterjee S, Bartlett SE. Social and environmental enrichment has different effects on ethanol and sucrose consumption in mice. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00767. [PMID: 28828224 PMCID: PMC5561324 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factors leading to the harmful consumption of substances, like alcohol and sucrose, involve a complex interaction of genes and the environment. While we cannot control the genes we inherit, we can modify our environment. Understanding the role that social and environmental experiences play in alcohol and sucrose consumption is critical for developing preventative interventions and treatments for alcohol use disorders and obesity. METHODS We used the drinking in the dark two-bottle choice (2BC) model of ethanol and sucrose consumption to compare male C57BL/6 mice housed in the IntelliCage (an automated device capable of simultaneously measuring behaviors of up to 16 mice living in an enriched social environment) with mice housed in standard isolated and social environments. RESULTS Consistent with previous publications on ethanol-naïve and -experienced mice, social and environmental enrichment reduced ethanol preference. Isolated mice had the highest ethanol preference and IntelliCage mice the least, regardless of prior ethanol experience. In mice with no prior sucrose experience, the addition of social and environmental enrichment increased sucrose preference. However, moving isolated mice to enriched conditions did not affect sucrose preference in sucrose-experienced mice. CONCLUSIONS The impact of social and environmental enrichment on ethanol consumption differs from sucrose consumption suggesting that interventions and treatments developed for alcohol use disorders may not be suitable for sucrose consumption disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Y Holgate
- Institute of Health and Medical Innovation Translational Research Institute Queensland University of Technology Woolloongabba QLD Australia.,Ernest Gallo Clinical and Research Center University of California San Francisco CA USA
| | - Hilary Garcia
- Ernest Gallo Clinical and Research Center University of California San Francisco CA USA
| | - Susmita Chatterjee
- Ernest Gallo Clinical and Research Center University of California San Francisco CA USA
| | - Selena E Bartlett
- Institute of Health and Medical Innovation Translational Research Institute Queensland University of Technology Woolloongabba QLD Australia.,Ernest Gallo Clinical and Research Center University of California San Francisco CA USA
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16
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Davis JP, Dumas TM, Berey BL, Merrin GJ, Cimpian JR, Roberts BW. Effect of Victimization on Impulse Control and Binge Drinking among Serious Juvenile Offenders from Adolescence to Young Adulthood. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 46:1515-1532. [PMID: 28439741 PMCID: PMC8009312 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0676-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A vast literature has found longitudinal effects of early life stress on substance use and self-regulatory processes. These associations may vary by period-specific development among youth involved in the juvenile justice system. The current study used an accelerated longitudinal design and auto-regressive latent trajectory with structure residuals (ALT-SR) model to examine the within-person cross-lagged associations between binge drinking, impulse control, and victimization from 15 to 25 years of age. A large sample (N = 1100) of justice-involved youth were followed longitudinally for 7 years (M age baseline = 15.8, M age conclusion = 22.8). In general, the sample was ethnically diverse (41% Black, 34% Hispanic, 21% White, 4.3% Other) and primarily male (87.2%). Participants reported on their frequency of binge drinking, impulse control, and frequency of victimization at each time point. The results indicated that, during adolescence, victimization and binge drinking attenuated impulse control, which resulted in more binge drinking and victimization during young adulthood. The current study highlights the importance of assessing developmental processes and period-specific transitions among at risk youth, especially for youth experiencing early life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan P Davis
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
| | - Tara M Dumas
- Huron University College at Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Brent W Roberts
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
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17
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Phua DY, Meaney MJ, Khor CC, Lau IYM, Hong YY. Effects of bonding with parents and home culture on intercultural adaptations and the moderating role of genes. Behav Brain Res 2017; 325:223-236. [PMID: 28202409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the current age of globalization, living abroad is becoming an increasingly common and highly sought after experience. Sojourners' ability to adjust to a new culture can be affected by their existing attachments, internalized as intrapsychic environment, as well as their biological sensitivity to environment. This sensitivity can be partly attributed to one's genomic endowments. As such, this prospective study sought to examine the differential effects of early experiences with parents and affection for home culture on young adults' ability to adapt to a foreign culture (n=305, students who studied overseas for a semester) - specifically, the difficulties they experience - moderated by genetic susceptibility. An additional 258 students who did not travel overseas were included as a comparison group to demonstrate the uniqueness of intercultural adaptation. Current findings suggest that the maternal, paternal and cultural bondings or affections affect different aspects of intercultural adjustment. Maternal bonding affected sojourners' relationships with host nationals, while paternal bonding affected sojourners' adjustment to a new physical environment. Moreover, individuals' genetic predispositions significantly moderate these main effects regarding how much difficulty the sojourners experienced overseas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore; Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University, Canada
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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18
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Kaess M, Parzer P, Mehl L, Weil L, Strittmatter E, Resch F, Koenig J. Stress vulnerability in male youth with Internet Gaming Disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 77:244-251. [PMID: 28122298 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Internet Gaming Disorder [IGD] was introduced as new behavioral addiction in DSM-5 Section 3. Vulnerability to stress is a potential predisposing factor for IGD. Given a lack of preexisting empirical data, the study investigated differences in the psychological and neurobiological response to acute stress in patients with IGD. 24 young men (mean age 18.38 years; range 13-25 years) fulfilling DSM-5 criteria for IGD and 25 matched controls underwent the Trier Social Stress Test [TSST]. Participants provided hair samples for the analysis of basal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal [HPA] axis activity and clinical interviews were conducted to assess psychopathology. During the experiment, participants reported on their subjective stress experience and momentary affect, provided samples of salivary cortisol and their heart rate was continuously recorded. Patients with IGD reported greater everyday and chronic stress, as well as psychopathological comorbidity. No differences were found on measures of hair cortisol. Compared to controls, IGD patients showed an attenuated cortisol response (χ2(7)=25.75, p<0.001) and greater negative affect (χ2(7)=17.25, p=0.016) in response to acute stress. Heart rate (χ2(1)=5.49, p=0.019), negative affect (χ2(1)=5.60, p=0.018) and subjective stress (χ2(1)=5.55, p=0.019) were transiently increased in IGD patients. After adjusting for sportive activities, IGD patients showed transiently decreased cortisol (χ2(1)=5.20, p=0.022), potentially indicating general HPA-axis dysfunction beyond altered reactivity. Stress reactivity showed correlations with IGD symptom severity. Findings illustrate differences in acute psychological and neurobiological stress reactivity in patients with IGD. Alterations of the stress response system may be involved in the development and maintenance of IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kaess
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Peter Parzer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Mehl
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luisa Weil
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Esther Strittmatter
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Franz Resch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Koenig
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Long-term effects of repeated maternal separation and ethanol intake on HPA axis responsiveness in adult rats. Brain Res 2017; 1657:193-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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20
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Genetic correlation between alcohol preference and conditioned fear: Exploring a functional relationship. Alcohol 2017; 58:127-137. [PMID: 27908524 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol-use disorders have a high rate of co-occurrence, possibly because they are regulated by common genes. In support of this idea, mice selectively bred for high (HAP) alcohol preference show greater fear potentiated startle (FPS), a model for fear-related disorders such as PTSD, compared to mice selectively bred for low (LAP) alcohol preference. This positive genetic correlation between alcohol preference and FPS behavior suggests that the two traits may be functionally related. This study examined the effects of fear conditioning on alcohol consumption and the effects of alcohol consumption on the expression of FPS in male and female HAP2 and LAP2 mice. In experiment 1, alcohol consumption (g/kg) under continuous-access conditions was monitored daily for 4 weeks following a single fear-conditioning or control treatment (foot shock and no shock). FPS was assessed three times (once at the end of the 4-week alcohol access period, once at 24 h after removal of alcohol, and once at 6-8 days after removal of alcohol), followed by two more weeks of alcohol access. Results showed no change in alcohol consumption, but alcohol-consuming, fear-conditioned, HAP2 males showed increased FPS at 24 h during the alcohol abstinence period compared to control groups. In experiment 2, alcohol consumption under limited-access conditions was monitored daily for 4 weeks. Fear-conditioning or control treatments occurred four times during the first 12 days and FPS testing occurred four times during the second 12 days of the 4-week alcohol consumption period. Results showed that fear conditioning increased alcohol intake in both HAP2 and LAP2 mice immediately following the first conditioning session. Fear-conditioned HAP2 but not LAP2 mice showed greater alcohol intake compared to control groups on drinking days that occurred between fear conditioning and FPS test sessions. FPS did not change as a function of alcohol consumption in either line. These results in mice help shed light on how a genetic propensity toward high alcohol consumption may be related to the risk for developing PTSD and co-morbid alcohol-use disorders in humans.
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21
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Hankin BL, Badanes LS, Smolen A, Young JF. Cortisol reactivity to stress among youth: stability over time and genetic variants for stress sensitivity. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 124:54-67. [PMID: 25688432 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Stress sensitivity may be one process that can explain why some genetically at-risk individuals are more susceptible to some types of stress-reactive psychopathologies. Dysregulation of the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (LHPA) axis, including cortisol reactivity to challenge, represents a key aspect of stress sensitivity. However, the degree of stability over time among youth, especially differential stability as a function of particular genetic variants, has not been investigated. A general community sample of children and adolescents (mean age = 11.4; 56% girls) provided a DNA sample and completed 2 separate laboratory stress challenges, across an 18-month follow-up (N = 224 at Time 1; N = 194 at Time 2), with repeated measures of salivary cortisol. Results showed that test-retest stability for several indices of cortisol reactivity across the laboratory challenge visits were significant and of moderate magnitude for the whole sample. Moreover, gene variants of several biologically plausible systems relevant for stress sensitivity (especially 5-HTTLPR and CRHR1) demonstrated differential stability of cortisol reactivity over 18-months, such that carriers of genotypes conferring enhanced environmental susceptibility exhibited greater stability of cortisol levels over time for some LHPA axis indices. Findings suggest that LHPA axis dysregulation may exhibit some trait-like aspects underlying stress sensitivity in youth, especially for those who carry genes related to greater genetic susceptibility to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa S Badanes
- Department of Psychology, Metropolitan State University of Denver
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22
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Gilpin NW, Weiner JL. Neurobiology of comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol-use disorder. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 16:15-43. [PMID: 27749004 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol-use disorder (AUD) are highly comorbid in humans. Although we have some understanding of the structural and functional brain changes that define each of these disorders, and how those changes contribute to the behavioral symptoms that define them, little is known about the neurobiology of comorbid PTSD and AUD, which may be due in part to a scarcity of adequate animal models for examining this research question. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state-of-the-science on comorbid PTSD and AUD. We summarize epidemiological data documenting the prevalence of this comorbidity, review what is known about the potential neurobiological basis for the frequent co-occurrence of PTSD and AUD and discuss successes and failures of past and current treatment strategies. We also review animal models that aim to examine comorbid PTSD and AUD, highlighting where the models parallel the human condition, and we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each model. We conclude by discussing key gaps in our knowledge and strategies for addressing them: in particular, we (1) highlight the need for better animal models of the comorbid condition and better clinical trial design, (2) emphasize the need for examination of subpopulation effects and individual differences and (3) urge cross-talk between basic and clinical researchers that is reflected in collaborative work with forward and reverse translational impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Gilpin
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA.,Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - J L Weiner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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23
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Guo R, Simasko SM, Jansen HT. Chronic Alcohol Consumption in Rats Leads to Desynchrony in Diurnal Rhythms and Molecular Clocks. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:291-300. [PMID: 26842248 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian rhythms are essential for adapting to the environment. Chronic alcohol consumption often leads to sleep and circadian disruptions, which may impair the life quality of individuals with alcohol use disorders and contribute to the morbidity associated with alcoholism. METHODS We used a pair-feeding liquid diet alcohol exposure protocol (6 weeks duration) in PER1::LUC transgenic rats to examine the effects of chronic alcohol exposure on: (i) diurnal rhythms of core body temperature and locomotor activity, (ii) plasma corticosterone (CORT) concentrations, and (iii) rhythms of ex vivo Period1 (Per1) expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), pituitary, and adrenal glands. We followed multiple circadian outputs not only to examine individual components, but also to assess the relative phase relationships among rhythms. RESULTS We found that chronic alcohol consumption: (i) reduced 24-hour body temperature and locomotor activity counts in the dark period, (ii) advanced the acrophase of diurnal rhythms of body temperature and locomotor activity, (iii) abolished the phase difference between temperature and activity rhythms, (iv) blunted and advanced the diurnal CORT rhythm, and (v) advanced Per1 expression in the adrenal and pituitary glands but not in the SCN. We found that chronic alcohol altered the phase relationships among diurnal rhythms and between the central (SCN) and peripheral (adrenal and pituitary) molecular clocks. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that desynchrony among internal rhythms is an important and overlooked aspect of alcohol-induced circadian disruptions. The misalignment of phases among rhythms may compromise normal physiological functions and put individuals with chronic alcohol use at greater risk for developing other physical and mental health issues. How this desynchrony occurs and the extent to which it participates in alcohol-related pathologies requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Guo
- Programs in Neuroscience, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Steve M Simasko
- Programs in Neuroscience, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Heiko T Jansen
- Programs in Neuroscience, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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24
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Ray LA, Bujarski S, Roche DJO. Subjective Response to Alcohol as a Research Domain Criterion. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:6-17. [PMID: 26727518 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual differences in the subjective experience of the pharmacological effects of alcohol have long been implicated in the likelihood that one will drink heavily and develop alcoholism. The theme of this conceptual review and perspective article is to synthesize the literature on subjective responses to alcohol and to set an agenda for the next generation of research in the area. Specifically, we contend that in order for subjective response to alcohol to play a prominent role in alcoholism research, it is critical that it be studied as a multimodal phenotype. METHODS First, we review the human research on subjective response to alcohol measured under controlled laboratory conditions and draw recommendations for the application of these findings to understanding alcoholism neurobiology in humans. Second, we highlight multimodal approaches, including studies of the genetic and neural substrates of individual differences in subjective response to alcohol. Third, we review treatment implications with a focus on subjective response to alcohol as an intervention target. Upon review of the research on subjective response to alcohol across levels of analyses, we provide recommendations for leveraging these phenotypes in a systematic and methodologically rigorous fashion that can address central questions about alcoholism etiology, disease progression, and personalized treatment. DISCUSSION The approach recommended herein is largely consistent with the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative across the National Institute of Mental Health. The defining feature of such domains is that they inform behavior yet be amenable to examination through multiple units of analysis, such as molecular, genetic, circuit-level, and behavioral measurements. To that end, we contend that subjective response to alcohol represents a behaviorally and biologically plausible phenotype upon which to build using the RDoC framework for understanding alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Spencer Bujarski
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel J O Roche
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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25
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Nylander I, Todkar A, Granholm L, Vrettou M, Bendre M, Boon W, Andershed H, Tuvblad C, Nilsson KW, Comasco E. Evidence for a Link Between Fkbp5/FKBP5, Early Life Social Relations and Alcohol Drinking in Young Adult Rats and Humans. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6225-6234. [PMID: 27709495 PMCID: PMC5583263 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0157-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol misuse has been linked to dysregulation of stress, emotion, and reward brain circuitries. A candidate key mediator of this association is the FK506-binding protein (FKBP5), a negative regulator of the glucocorticoid receptor. The aim of the present study was to further understand the Fkbp5/FKBP5-related genetic underpinnings underlying the relationship between early life social relations and alcohol drinking. The effect of maternal separation and voluntary alcohol drinking on Fkbp5 expression was investigated in the brain of young adult rats, whereas the interaction effect of the functional FKBP5 single nucleotide polymorphism rs1360780 genotype and parent-child relationship on problematic drinking was examined in young adult humans. In rats, Fkbp5 expression in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area, core regions of the reward system, was affected in a region-dependent manner and in opposite direction by maternal separation and alcohol drinking. Fkbp5 expression in the cingulate cortex was affected by the combined effect of maternal separation and alcohol drinking. In humans, the TT genotype, in the presence of a poor relationship between the child and parents, was associated with problematic drinking behavior. The present findings suggest that Fkbp5 expression in mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic regions associates with early life stress-mediated sensitivity to alcohol drinking and that FKBP5 genotype interacts with parent-child relationship to influence alcohol drinking. These findings are the first to point to a role of FKBP5 in propensity to alcohol misuse and call for studies of the underlying molecular mechanisms to identify potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Nylander
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aniruddha Todkar
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Box 593, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linnea Granholm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Vrettou
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Box 593, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Megha Bendre
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Box 593, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wout Boon
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Box 593, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Andershed
- School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, SE-70182, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Catherine Tuvblad
- School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, SE-70182, Örebro, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, 3620 S. McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-1061, USA
| | - Kent W Nilsson
- Centre for Clinical Research, Västerås Central Hospital, SE-72189, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Erika Comasco
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Box 593, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden.
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26
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Zahr NM. Structural and microstructral imaging of the brain in alcohol use disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2016; 125:275-90. [PMID: 25307581 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62619-6.00017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), by enabling rigorous in vivo study of the longitudinal, dynamic course of alcoholism through periods of drinking, sobriety, and relapse, has enabled characterization of the effects of chronic alcoholism on the brain in the human condition. Importantly, MRI has distinguished alcohol-related brain effects that are permanent versus those that are reversible with abstinence. In support of postmortem neuropathologic studies showing degeneration of white matter, MRI has shown a specific vulnerability of brain white matter to chronic alcohol exposure by demonstrating white-matter volume deficits, yet not leaving selective gray-matter structures unscathed. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), by permitting microstructural characterization of white matter, has extended MRI findings in alcoholics. This review focuses on MRI and DTI findings in common concomitants of alcoholism, including Wernicke's encephalopathy, Korsakoff's syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy, central pontine myelinolysis, alcoholic cerebellar degeneration, alcoholic dementia, and Marchiafava-Bignami disease as a framework for findings in so-called "uncomplicated alcoholism," and also covers findings in abstinence and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Zahr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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27
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Rompala GR, Finegersh A, Homanics GE. Paternal preconception ethanol exposure blunts hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsivity and stress-induced excessive fluid intake in male mice. Alcohol 2016; 53:19-25. [PMID: 27286933 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of environmental insults have been shown to induce epigenetic effects that persist across generations. For instance, paternal preconception exposures to ethanol or stress have independently been shown to exert such intergenerational effects. Since ethanol exposure is a physiological stressor that activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, we hypothesized that paternal ethanol exposure would impact stress responsivity of offspring. Adult male mice were exposed to chronic intermittent vapor ethanol or control conditions for 5 weeks before being mated with ethanol-naïve females to produce ethanol (E)- and control (C)-sired offspring. Adult male and female offspring were tested for plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels following acute restraint stress and the male offspring were further examined for stress-evoked 2-bottle choice ethanol-drinking. Paternal ethanol exposure blunted plasma CORT levels following acute restraint stress selectively in male offspring; females were unaffected. In a stress-evoked ethanol-drinking assay, there was no effect of stress on ethanol consumption. However, C-sired males exhibited increased total fluid intake (polydipsia) in response to stress while E-sired males were resistant to this stress-induced phenotype. Taken together, these data suggest that paternal ethanol exposure imparts stress hyporesponsivity to male offspring.
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Flanagan JC, Baker NL, McRae-Clark AL, Brady KT, Moran-Santa Maria MM. Effects of adverse childhood experiences on the association between intranasal oxytocin and social stress reactivity among individuals with cocaine dependence. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:94-100. [PMID: 26231584 PMCID: PMC4546857 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug dependence and adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are commonly reflected by dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). Accumulating research indicates that the neuropeptide oxytocin may regulate HPA function, resulting in reductions in neuroendocrine reactivity to social stress among individuals with drug dependence. However, emerging literature suggests that individual differences may differentially impact intranasal oxytocin's effects on human social behaviors. METHODS This study employed a double-blind, placebo-controlled design to examine the extent to which ACE influenced the effects of intranasal oxytocin (40IU) on neuroendocrine reactivity to a laboratory social stress paradigm in a sample of 31 cocaine-dependent individuals. RESULTS ACE scores modified the relationship between intranasal oxytocin and cortisol reactivity. While ACE modified the relationship between intranasal oxytocin and DHEA response in a similar direction to what was seen in cortisol, it did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Findings are congruent with the emerging hypothesis that intranasal oxytocin may differentially attenuate social stress reactivity among individuals with specific vulnerabilities. Future research examining the nuances of intranasal oxytocin's therapeutic potential is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne C. Flanagan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 5 Charleston Center Drive, Suite 151, Charleston, SC, USA, 29401
| | - Nathaniel L. Baker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon Street, Suite 303, Charleston, SC, USA, 29425
| | - Aimee L. McRae-Clark
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 5 Charleston Center Drive, Suite 151, Charleston, SC, USA, 29401
| | - Kathleen T. Brady
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 5 Charleston Center Drive, Suite 151, Charleston, SC, USA, 29401,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 109 Bee St., Charleston, SC, USA, 29401
| | - Margaret M. Moran-Santa Maria
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 5 Charleston Center Drive, Suite 151, Charleston, SC, USA, 29401
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Αlpha 2a-Adrenoceptor Gene Expression and Early Life Stress-Mediated Propensity to Alcohol Drinking in Outbred Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:7154-71. [PMID: 26121187 PMCID: PMC4515647 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120707154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Stressful events early in life, later high alcohol consumption and vulnerability to alcohol use disorder (AUD) are tightly linked. Norepinephrine is highly involved in the stress response and the α2A-adrenoceptor, which is an important regulator of norepinephrine signalling, is a putative target in pharmacotherapy of AUD. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of early-life stress and adult voluntary alcohol drinking on the α2A-adrenoceptor. The relative expression and promoter DNA methylation of the Adra2a gene were measured in the hypothalamus, a key brain region in stress regulation. A well-characterized animal model of early-life stress was used in combination with an episodic voluntary drinking in adulthood. Alcohol drinking rats with a history of early-life stress had lower Adra2a expression than drinking rats not exposed to stress. Alcohol intake and Adra2a gene expression were negatively correlated in high-drinking animals, which were predominantly rats subjected to early-life stress. The results provide support for a link between early-life stress, susceptibility for high alcohol consumption, and low Adra2a expression in the hypothalamus. These findings can increase our understanding of the neurobiological basis for vulnerability to initiate risk alcohol consumption and individual differences in the response to α2A-adrenoceptor agonists.
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Chester JA, Kirchhoff AM, Barrenha GD. Relation between corticosterone and fear-related behavior in mice selectively bred for high or low alcohol preference. Addict Biol 2014; 19:663-75. [PMID: 23331637 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Blunted cortisol responses to stress or trauma have been linked with genetic (familial) risk for both alcoholism and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Mouse lines selectively bred for high (HAP) or low (LAP) alcohol preference may be a relevant model of genetic risk for co-morbid alcoholism and PTSD in humans. HAP mice show greater fear-potentiated startle (FPS), a model used to study PTSD, than LAP mice. The relation between corticosterone (CORT) and FPS behavior was explored in four experiments. Naïve male and female HAP2 and LAP2 mice received fear-conditioning or control treatments, and CORT levels were measured before and immediately after fear-conditioning or FPS testing. In two other experiments, HAP2 mice received CORT (1.0, 5.0 or 10.0 mg/kg) or a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (mifepristone; 25.0 and 50.0 mg/kg) 30 minutes before fear conditioning. HAP2 mice exposed to fear conditioning and to control foot shock exposures showed lower CORT after the fear-conditioning and FPS testing sessions than LAP2 mice. A trend toward higher FPS was seen in HAP2 mice pretreated with 10.0 mg/kg CORT, and CORT levels were the lowest in this group, suggesting negative feedback inhibition of CORT release. Mifepristone did not alter FPS. Overall, these results are consistent with data in humans and rodents indicating that lower cortisol/CORT levels after stress are associated with PTSD/PTSD-like behavior. These findings in HAP2 and LAP2 mice suggest that a blunted CORT response to stress may be a biological marker for greater susceptibility to develop PTSD in individuals with increased genetic risk for alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Chester
- Department of Psychological Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Aaron M. Kirchhoff
- Department of Psychological Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Gustavo D. Barrenha
- Department of Psychological Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
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Nylander I, Roman E. Is the rodent maternal separation model a valid and effective model for studies on the early-life impact on ethanol consumption? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 229:555-69. [PMID: 23982922 PMCID: PMC3782650 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Early-life events can cause long-term neurobiological and behavioural changes with a resultant effect upon reward and addiction processes that enhance risk to develop alcohol use disorders. Maternal separation (MS) is used to study the mediating mechanisms of early-life influences in rodents. In MS studies, the pups are exposed to maternal absence during the first postnatal weeks. The outcome of MS experiments exhibits considerable variation and questions have been raised about the validity of MS models. OBJECTIVES This short review aims to provide information about experimental conditions that are important to consider when assessing the impact of early-life environment on voluntary ethanol consumption. RESULTS The results from currently used MS protocols are not uniform. However, studies consistently show that longer separations of intact litters predispose for higher ethanol consumption and/or preference in adult male rats as compared to shorter periods of MS. Studies using individual pup MS paradigms, other controls, low ethanol concentrations, adult females or examining adolescent consumption reported no differences or inconsistent results. CONCLUSIONS There is no "a rodent MS model", there are several models and they generate different results. The compiled literature shows that MS is a model of choice for analysis of early-life effects on voluntary ethanol consumption but there are examples of MS paradigms that are not suitable. These studies emphasize the importance to carefully designed MS experiments to supply the optimal conditions to definitely test the research hypothesis and to be particulate in the interpretation of the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Nylander
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology Addiction & Behaviour, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden,
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Finnell DS, Nowzari S. Providing information about the neurobiology of alcohol use disorders to close the 'referral to treatment gap'. Nurs Clin North Am 2013; 48:373-83, v. [PMID: 23998764 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnur.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Only a small proportion of the 18 million Americans who could benefit from alcohol treatment actually receive it. Disseminating information on the neurobiological base of alcohol disorders may be useful in removing the prevailing barriers to accepting a referral to alcohol treatment. Nurses, guided by a set of clinical strategies known as screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment, can be instrumental in closing this treatment gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah S Finnell
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, 525 N Wolfe street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Sharrett-Field L, Butler TR, Berry JN, Reynolds AR, Prendergast MA. Mifepristone pretreatment reduces ethanol withdrawal severity in vivo. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:1417-23. [PMID: 23527822 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged ethanol (EtOH) intake may perturb function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in a manner that promotes dependence and influences EtOH withdrawal severity. Prior in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that corticosteroids, in particular, may be elevated during EtOH intoxication and withdrawal, suggesting that intracellular glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) may promote the development of EtOH dependence. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a 4-day binge-like EtOH administration regimen (3 to 5 g/kg/i.g. every 8 hours designed to produce peak blood EtOH levels (BELs) of <300 mg/dl). Subgroups of animals received s.c. injection of the GR antagonist mifepristone (20 or 40 mg/kg in peanut oil at 0800 hours on each of the 4 days prior to withdrawal). BELs were assessed at 0900 and 1500 hours on Days 2 (D2) and 4 (D4) of the regimen. BEL, blood corticosterone levels (BCLs), and EtOH withdrawal-associated behavioral abnormalities were assessed 10 to 12 hours after the final EtOH administration. RESULTS Daily mean EtOH doses for D1 to D4 of the regimen were 14.4, 9.9, 7.1, and 8.6 g/kg, respectively. The EtOH gavage regimen produced mean BELs of 255 mg/dl at 0900 on D2 and 156.2 mg/dl at 0900 on D4 of the regimen. Withdrawal from the EtOH exposure regimen, beginning 10 hours after the last EtOH administration, produced significant elevations in BCL and behavioral abnormalities including tremors, stereotypy, and "wet dog shakes." Mifepristone administration did not alter food intake or weight during the 4-day regimen, nor were there drug-dependent differences in BEL or BCL on withdrawal day. Although mifepristone produced no significant changes in behavior of EtOH-naïve animals, pretreatment with mifepristone (40 mg/kg) significantly reduced the severity of EtOH withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that activation of GRs promotes neuroadaptation to binge-like EtOH exposure, contributing to the development of EtOH dependence. Further, GRs may represent therapeutic targets to be exploited in reducing the severity of EtOH withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Sharrett-Field
- Department of Psychology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Blomeyer D, Buchmann AF, Lascorz J, Zimmermann US, Esser G, Desrivieres S, Schmidt MH, Banaschewski T, Schumann G, Laucht M. Association of PER2 genotype and stressful life events with alcohol drinking in young adults. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59136. [PMID: 23533602 PMCID: PMC3606431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clock genes govern circadian rhythms and shape the effect of alcohol use on the physiological system. Exposure to severe negative life events is related to both heavy drinking and disturbed circadian rhythmicity. The aim of this study was 1) to extend previous findings suggesting an association of a haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphism of PER2 gene with drinking patterns, and 2) to examine a possible role for an interaction of this gene with life stress in hazardous drinking. METHODS Data were collected as part of an epidemiological cohort study on the outcome of early risk factors followed since birth. At age 19 years, 268 young adults (126 males, 142 females) were genotyped for PER2 rs56013859 and were administered a 45-day alcohol timeline follow-back interview and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Life stress was assessed as the number of severe negative life events during the past four years reported in a questionnaire and validated by interview. RESULTS Individuals with the minor G allele of rs56013859 were found to be less engaged in alcohol use, drinking at only 72% of the days compared to homozygotes for the major A allele. Moreover, among regular drinkers, a gene x environment interaction emerged (p = .020). While no effects of genotype appeared under conditions of low stress, carriers of the G allele exhibited less hazardous drinking than those homozygous for the A allele when exposed to high stress. CONCLUSIONS These findings may suggest a role of the circadian rhythm gene PER2 in both the drinking patterns of young adults and in moderating the impact of severe life stress on hazardous drinking in experienced alcohol users. However, in light of the likely burden of multiple tests, the nature of the measures used and the nominal evidence of interaction, replication is needed before drawing firm conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Blomeyer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arlette F. Buchmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jesus Lascorz
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University, Dresden, Germany
| | - Günter Esser
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre (MRC), Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin H. Schmidt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre (MRC), Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred Laucht
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Roberto M, Gilpin NW, Siggins GR. The central amygdala and alcohol: role of γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, and neuropeptides. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012; 2:a012195. [PMID: 23085848 PMCID: PMC3543070 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence is a chronically relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and drug taking, loss of control in limiting intake, and the emergence of a withdrawal syndrome in the absence of the drug. Accumulating evidence suggests an important role for synaptic transmission in the central amygdala (CeA) in mediating alcohol-related behaviors and neuroadaptative mechanisms associated with alcohol dependence. Acute alcohol facilitates γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) transmission in CeA via both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms, and chronic alcohol increases baseline GABAergic transmission. Acute alcohol inhibits glutamatergic transmission via effects at N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and AMPA receptors in CeA, whereas chronic alcohol up-regulates N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated transmission. Pro- (e.g., corticotropin-releasing factor [CRF]) and anti-stress (e.g., NPY, nociceptin) neuropeptides affect alcohol- and anxiety-related behaviors, and also alter the alcohol-induced effects on CeA neurotransmission. Alcohol dependence produces plasticity in these neuropeptide systems, reflecting a recruitment of those systems during the transition to alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Roberto
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Young-Wolff KC, Kendler KS, Prescott CA. Interactive effects of childhood maltreatment and recent stressful life events on alcohol consumption in adulthood. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2012; 73:559-69. [PMID: 22630794 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2012.73.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood maltreatment is associated with early alcohol use initiation, alcohol-related problem behaviors, and alcohol use disorders in adulthood. Heavy drinking risk among individuals exposed to childhood maltreatment could be partly attributable to stress sensitization, whereby early adversity leads to psychobiological changes that heighten sensitivity to subsequent stressors and increase risk for stress-related drinking. We addressed this issue by examining whether the association between past-year stressful life events and past-year drinking density, a weighted quantity-frequency measure of alcohol consumption, was stronger among adults exposed to childhood maltreatment. METHOD Drinking density, stressful life events, and child maltreatment were assessed using structured clinical interviews in a sample of 4,038 male and female participants ages 20-58 years from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. Stress sensitization was examined using hierarchical multiple regression analyses to test whether stressful events moderated the association between maltreatment and drinking density. Analyses were stratified by sex and whether the impact was different for independent stressful events or dependent stressful events as related to a participant's actions. RESULTS Independent stressful events were associated with heavier drinking density among women exposed to maltreatment. In contrast, drinking density was roughly the same across independent stressful life events exposure among women not exposed to maltreatment. There was little evidence for Maltreatment × Independent Stressor interactions in men or Maltreatment × Dependent Stressor interactions in either gender. CONCLUSIONS Early maltreatment may have direct effects on vulnerability to stress-related drinking among women, particularly in association with stressors that are out of one's control.
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Gilpin NW. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and neuropeptide Y (NPY): effects on inhibitory transmission in central amygdala, and anxiety- & alcohol-related behaviors. Alcohol 2012; 46:329-37. [PMID: 22560367 PMCID: PMC3613993 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The central amygdala (CeA) is uniquely situated to function as an interface between stress- and addiction-related processes. This brain region has long been attributed an important role in aversive (e.g., fear) conditioning, as well as the negative emotional states that define alcohol dependence and withdrawal. The CeA is the major output region of the amygdala and receives complex inputs from other amygdaloid nuclei as well as regions that integrate sensory information from the external environment (e.g., thalamus, cortex). The CeA is functionally and anatomically divided into lateral and medial subdivisions that themselves are interconnected and populated by inhibitory interneurons and projections neurons. Neuropeptides are highly expressed in the CeA, particularly in the lateral subdivision, and the role of many of these peptides in regulating anxiety- and alcohol-related behaviors has been localized to the CeA. This review focuses on two of these peptides, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), that exhibit a high degree of neuroanatomical overlap (e.g., in CeA) and largely opposite behavioral profiles (e.g., in regulating anxiety- and alcohol-related behavior). CRF and NPY systems in the CeA appear to be recruited and/or up-regulated during the transition to alcohol dependence. These and other neuropeptides may converge on GABA synapses in CeA to control projection neurons and downstream effector regions, thereby translating negative affective states into anxiety-like behavior and excessive alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Gilpin
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Huang MC, Schwandt ML, Ramchandani VA, George DT, Heilig M. Impact of multiple types of childhood trauma exposure on risk of psychiatric comorbidity among alcoholic inpatients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 36:1099-107. [PMID: 22420670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the prevalence of single- and multiple-type childhood trauma exposure (CTE) among alcoholic patients undergoing inpatient detoxification and treatment. The relationships between various types of CTE and lifetime psychiatric comorbidities and suicide attempts were also explored. METHODS A total of 196 alcoholic inpatients were assessed by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) for CTE history. RESULTS The overall prevalence of CTE in the entire sample was high (55.1%). Specifically, the prevalence of emotional abuse was 21.4%, physical abuse 31.1%, sexual abuse 24.0%, emotional neglect 20.4%, and physical neglect 19.9%. Regarding multiple types of CTE, 31.7 and 18.9% reported at least 2 and at least 3 CTE types, respectively. Strikingly, among those with at least 1 positive CTQ category, more than half reported 2 or more CTE types. A history of emotional abuse increased the risk of mood disorder, in particular major depressive disorder, as well as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Physical abuse contributed to the prediction of suicide attempts, while sexual abuse was associated with a diagnosis of anxiety disorder, PTSD, and multiple comobidities (e.g., anxiety and mood disorder). The number of reported CTE types or the total score of the CTQ predicted an increased risk of having single or multiple psychiatric comorbidities as well as suicide attempts. CONCLUSIONS We observed high rates of a broad range of CTE types and a trend for CTE-specific enhancement of risk for various psychiatric outcomes among alcoholic inpatients. Of note, a dose-response relationship between number of CTE types and risk of psychiatric comorbidities as well as suicide attempts was found. We suggest a wide range of CTE should be included when exploring the effects of CTE or developing prevention and treatment strategies among alcoholic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chyi Huang
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Gilpin NW, Roberto M. Neuropeptide modulation of central amygdala neuroplasticity is a key mediator of alcohol dependence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:873-88. [PMID: 22101113 PMCID: PMC3325612 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders are characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking, loss of control in limiting intake, and withdrawal syndrome in the absence of drug. The central amygdala (CeA) and neighboring regions (extended amygdala) mediate alcohol-related behaviors and chronic alcohol-induced plasticity. Acute alcohol suppresses excitatory (glutamatergic) transmission whereas chronic alcohol enhances glutamatergic transmission in CeA. Acute alcohol facilitates inhibitory (GABAergic) transmission in CeA, and chronic alcohol increases GABAergic transmission. Electrophysiology techniques are used to explore the effects of neuropeptides/neuromodulators (CRF, NPY, nociceptin, dynorphin, endocannabinoids, galanin) on inhibitory transmission in CeA. In general, pro-anxiety peptides increase, and anti-anxiety peptides decrease CeA GABAergic transmission. These neuropeptides facilitate or block the action of acute alcohol in CeA, and chronic alcohol produces plasticity in neuropeptide systems, possibly reflecting recruitment of negative reinforcement mechanisms during the transition to alcohol dependence. A disinhibition model of CeA output is discussed in the context of alcohol dependence- and anxiety-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Gilpin
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Hillemacher T. Biological mechanisms in alcohol dependence--new perspectives. Alcohol Alcohol 2012; 46:224-30. [PMID: 21508194 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agr026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurobiological research in alcohol dependence has led to a new understanding of this addictive disease. While some important mechanisms like alterations in the mesolimbic reward system or changes in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis have been well studied, other possible neurobiological mechanisms are still unrevealed. This applies for the role of specific neuroendocrinological pathways like the appetite-regulating system and the modification of gene expression, particularly the influence of genetic variants of transcription factors or epigenetic mechanism like DNA methylation or histone acetylation. This review describes the current knowledge regarding these factors, focusing particularly on the role of appetite- and volume-regulating hormones, the role of genetic variants of specific transcription factors and the function of epigenetic alterations in the genomic sequence of candidate genes for alcohol dependence. A further understanding of the influence of transcription factors and epigenetic regulation may help to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms in the neurobiology of alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hillemacher
- Center for Addiction Research (CARe), Department of Psychiatry, Socialpsychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Abstract
Stress has long been suggested to be an important correlate of uncontrolled drinking and relapse. An important hormonal response system to stress-the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis-may be involved in this process, particularly stress hormones known as glucocorticoids and primarily cortisol. The actions of this hormone system normally are tightly regulated to ensure that the body can respond quickly to stressful events and return to a normal state just as rapidly. The main determinants of HPA axis activity are genetic background, early-life environment, and current life stress. Alterations in HPA axis regulation are associated with problematic alcohol use and dependence; however, the nature of this dysregulation appears to vary with respect to stage of alcohol dependence. Much of this research has focused specifically on the role of cortisol in the risk for, development of, and relapse to chronic alcohol use. These studies found that cortisol can interact with the brain's reward system, which may contribute to alcohol's reinforcing effects. Cortisol also can influence a person's cognitive processes, promoting habit-based learning, which may contribute to habit formation and risk of relapse. Finally, cortisol levels during abstinence may be useful clinical indicators of relapse vulnerability in alcohol-dependent people.
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Becker HC, Lopez MF, Doremus-Fitzwater TL. Effects of stress on alcohol drinking: a review of animal studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 218:131-56. [PMID: 21850445 PMCID: PMC3247761 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2443-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE While stress is often proposed to play a significant role in influencing alcohol consumption, the relationship between stress and alcohol is complex and poorly understood. Over several decades, stress effects on alcohol drinking have been studied using a variety of animal models and experimental procedures, yet this large body of literature has generally produced equivocal results. OBJECTIVES This paper reviews results from animal studies in which alcohol consumption is evaluated under conditions of acute/sub-chronic stress exposure or models of chronic stress exposure. Evidence also is presented indicating that chronic intermittent alcohol exposure serves as a stressor that consequently influences drinking. RESULTS The effects of various acute/sub-chronic stress procedures on alcohol consumption have generally been mixed, but most study outcomes suggest either no effect or decreased alcohol consumption. In contrast, most studies indicate that chronic stress, especially when administered early in development, results in elevated drinking later in adulthood. Chronic alcohol exposure constitutes a potent stressor itself, and models of chronic intermittent alcohol exposure reliably produce escalation of voluntary alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS A complex and dynamic interplay among a wide array of genetic, biological, and environmental factors govern stress responses, regulation of alcohol drinking, and the circumstances in which stress modulates alcohol consumption. Suggestions for future directions and new approaches are presented that may aid in developing more sensitive and valid animal models that not only better mimic the clinical situation, but also provide greater understanding of mechanisms that underlie the complexity of stress effects on alcohol drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard C Becker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Center for Drug and Alcohol Programs, 67 President Street, MSC 861, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Young-Wolff KC, Enoch MA, Prescott CA. The influence of gene-environment interactions on alcohol consumption and alcohol use disorders: a comprehensive review. Clin Psychol Rev 2011; 31:800-16. [PMID: 21530476 PMCID: PMC3192029 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Since 2005, a rapidly expanding literature has evaluated whether environmental factors such as socio-cultural context and adversity interact with genetic influences on drinking behaviors. This article critically reviews empirical research on alcohol-related genotype-environment interactions (GxE) and provides a contextual framework for understanding how genetic factors combine with (or are shaped by) environmental factors to influence the development of drinking behaviors and alcohol use disorders. Collectively, evidence from twin, adoption, and molecular genetic studies indicates that the degree of importance of genetic influences on risk for drinking outcomes can vary in different populations and under different environmental circumstances. However, methodological limitations and lack of consistent replications in this literature make it difficult to draw firm conclusions regarding the nature and effect size of alcohol-related GxE. On the basis of this review, we describe several methodological challenges as they relate to current research on GxE in drinking behaviors and provide recommendations to aid future research.
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Wang XJ, Zhong SR, Bao JJ, Dou SJ, Wu WY, Jing Q. [Association of polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene promote with the susceptibility to alcohol dependence in Yunnan Han Population]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2011; 33:48-53. [PMID: 21377958 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2011.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To explore the association of polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene and the susceptibility to alcohol dependence in Yunnan Han population, PCR and DNA sequencing techniques were used to detect 5-HTT-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR). One hundred and eighteen alcohol dependent patients as case group and 214 normal people as control group were employed in this study. Significant differences in genotype frequencies were present between case group and control group of 5-HTTLPR (P<0.05). The proportion of L/L and L/S genotype was significantly smaller in case group than that was in control group (OR=0.581, P=0.026). No significant association was observed in allelic frequencies, which differed in different ethnic groups. In conclusion, 5-HTTLPR polymorphism may be associated with alcohol dependent patients, and the genotype L/L or L/S may be a genetic factor that is responsible for decreasing susceptibility of alcohol dependence in Yunnan Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jing Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China.
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Mitchell SH. The genetic basis of delay discounting and its genetic relationship to alcohol dependence. Behav Processes 2011; 87:10-7. [PMID: 21354276 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Delay discounting is steeper for individuals who drink heavily or are alcohol dependent, but the reasons for this are unclear. Given the substantial genetic component for alcohol dependence it is not unreasonable to ask whether discounting and alcohol dependence have a genetic relationship. For there to be a genetic relationship, delay discounting must have a genetic component (heritability). A review of the human and animal literature suggests that this is the case. Other literature examining whether discounting is a correlated phenotype in individuals who are genetically predisposed to drink (family history positive individuals and selected lines of rats and mice) is mixed, suggesting that networks of genes are critical for the relationship to be seen. The identities of the genes in this network are not yet known, but research examining polymorphisms associated with differences in discounting is beginning to address this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne H Mitchell
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
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Schepis TS, Rao U, Yadav H, Adinoff B. The limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the development of alcohol use disorders in youth. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:595-605. [PMID: 21223300 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As the initiation and acceleration of alcohol use commonly occurs during adolescence, the etiological basis for this phenomenon is of critical importance. Using the diathesis-stress model as a framework, this review will evaluate the emerging evidence implicating the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (LHPA) axis in the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). METHOD Searches were conducted of the PubMed/Medline, PsycInfo, PsycBooks, Cochrane and ISI Web of Science databases, using a specified set of search terms. RESULTS Genetic liabilities, antenatal stress/anxiety or exposure to addictive substances, exposure to maltreatment or other traumatic events in childhood and psychiatric illness in childhood/adolescence can all increase the risk, or diathesis, for AUD. Greater LHPA dysfunction may serve as a marker for higher diathesis levels in youth. When exposed to stressors in adolescence, high-risk youth (or those with greater LHPA dysfunction) may use alcohol and/or other substances to cope with stressors and, in turn, become more vulnerable to AUD. CONCLUSION Evidence suggests that LHPA dysfunction and stress play an important role in the development of AUD. Genetic liabilities, antenatal insults, maltreatment, and psychiatric illness appear to increase LHPA dysfunction, raising risk for AUD. Further research is needed to clarify the complex interplay among adverse developmental experiences, LHPA dysfunction, and the development of AUD in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty S Schepis
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
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Spanagel R, Bartsch D, Brors B, Dahmen N, Deussing J, Eils R, Ende G, Gallinat J, Gebicke-Haerter P, Heinz A, Kiefer F, Jäger W, Mann K, Matthäus F, Nöthen M, Rietschel M, Sartorius A, Schütz G, Sommer WH, Sprengel R, Walter H, Wichmann E, Wienker T, Wurst W, Zimmer A. An integrated genome research network for studying the genetics of alcohol addiction. Addict Biol 2010; 15:369-79. [PMID: 21040237 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol drinking is highly prevalent in many cultures and contributes to the global burden of disease. In fact, it was shown that alcohol constitutes 3.2% of all worldwide deaths in the year 2006 and is linked to more than 60 diseases, including cancers, cardiovascular diseases, liver cirrhosis, neuropsychiatric disorders, injuries and foetal alcohol syndrome. Alcoholism, which has been proven to have a high genetic load, is one potentially fatal consequence of chronic heavy alcohol consumption, and may be regarded as one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric diseases afflicting our society today. The aim of the integrated genome research network 'Genetics of Alcohol Addiction'--which is a German inter-/trans-disciplinary life science consortium consisting of molecular biologists, behavioural pharmacologists, system biologists with mathematicians, human geneticists and clinicians--is to better understand the genetics of alcohol addiction by identifying and validating candidate genes and molecular networks involved in the aetiology of this pathology. For comparison, addictive behaviour to other drugs of abuse (e.g. cocaine) is studied as well. Here, we present an overview of our research consortium, the current state of the art on genetic research in the alcohol field, and list finally several of our recently published research highlights. As a result of our scientific efforts, better insights into the molecular and physiological processes underlying addictive behaviour will be obtained, new targets and target networks in the addicted brain will be defined, and subsequently, novel and individualized treatment strategies for our patients will be delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Spanagel
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.
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Schwandt ML, Lindell SG, Chen S, Higley JD, Suomi SJ, Heilig M, Barr CS. Alcohol response and consumption in adolescent rhesus macaques: life history and genetic influences. Alcohol 2010; 44:67-80. [PMID: 20113875 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of alcohol by adolescents is a growing problem and has become an important research topic in the etiology of the alcohol use disorders. A key component of this research has been the development of animal models of adolescent alcohol consumption and alcohol response. Because of their extended period of adolescence, rhesus macaques are especially well suited for modeling alcohol-related phenotypes that contribute to the adolescent propensity for alcohol consumption. In this review, we discuss studies from our laboratory that have investigated both the initial response to acute alcohol administration and the consumption of alcohol in voluntary self-administration paradigms in adolescent rhesus macaques. These studies confirm that adolescence is a time of dynamic change both behaviorally and physiologically, and that alcohol response and alcohol consumption are influenced by life history variables, such as age, sex, and adverse early experience in the form of peer-rearing. Furthermore, genetic variants that alter functioning of the serotonin, endogenous opioid, and corticotropin-releasing hormone systems are shown to influence both physiological and behavioral outcomes, in some cases interacting with early experience to indicate gene by environment interactions. These findings highlight several of the pathways involved in alcohol response and consumption, namely reward, behavioral dyscontrol, and vulnerability to stress, and demonstrate a role for these pathways during the early stages of alcohol exposure in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Schwandt
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Morrow AL, Biggio G, Serra M, Becker HC, Lopez MF, Porcu P, Alward SE, O'Buckley TK. The role of neuroactive steroids in ethanol/stress interactions: proceedings of symposium VII at the Volterra conference on alcohol and stress, May 2008. Alcohol 2009; 43:521-30. [PMID: 19913195 PMCID: PMC2778608 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This report summarizes the proceedings of the symposium VII on the role of neuroactive steroids in stress/alcohol interactions. The production of GABAergic neuroactive steroids, including (3alpha,5alpha)-3-hydroxypregnan-20-one and (3alpha,5alpha)-3,21-dihydroxypregnan-20-one is a consequence of both acute stress and acute ethanol exposure. Acute, but not chronic ethanol administration elevates brain levels of these steroids and enhances GABA(A) receptor activity. Neuroactive steroids modulate acute anticonvulsant effects, sedation, spatial memory impairment, anxiolytic-like, antidepressant-like, and reinforcing properties of ethanol in rodents. Furthermore, these steroids participate in the homeostatic regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Therefore, it is not surprising that neuroactive steroids are involved in ethanol/stress interactions. Nevertheless, the interactions are complex and not well understood. This symposium addressed the role of neuroactive steroids in both stress and alcohol responses and their interactions. Professor Giovanni Biggio of the University of Cagliari, Italy presented the effects of juvenile isolation stress on neuroactive steroids, GABA(A) receptor expression, and ethanol sensitivity. Professor Howard Becker of the Medical University of South Carolina, USA presented evidence for neuroactive steroid involvement in ethanol dependence and drinking behavior. Professor Patrizia Porcu of the University of North Carolina, USA described a potential neuroactive steroid biomarker that may predict heavy drinking in monkeys and mice. These presentations provide a framework for new theories on the nature of ethanol/stress interactions that may be amenable to therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Leslie Morrow
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, USA.
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