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Yang S, Wang X, Zheng F, Pei L, Liu J, Di B, Shi Y. Toxicokinetics of α- and β-amanitin in mice following single and combined administrations: Simulating in vivo amatoxins processes in clinical cases. Toxicon 2024; 247:107839. [PMID: 38971475 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
α-Amanitin and β-amanitin, two of the most toxic amatoxin compounds, typically coexist in the majority of Amanita mushrooms. The aim of this study was to use a newly developed ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method to determine the toxicokinetics and tissue distribution of α- and β-amanitin following single or combined oral (po) administration in mice. α-Amanitin and β-amanitin administered at 2 or 10 mg/kg doses showed similar toxicokinetic profiles, except for peak concentration (Cmax). The elimination half-life (t1/2) values of α-amanitin and β-amanitin in mice were 2.4-2.8 h and 2.5-2.7 h, respectively. Both α- and β-amanitin were rapidly absorbed into the body, with times to reach peak concentration (Tmax) between 1.0 and 1.5 h. Following single oral administration at 10 mg/kg, the Cmax was significantly lower for α-amanitin (91.1 μg/L) than for β-amanitin (143.1 μg/L) (p < 0.05). The toxicokinetic parameters of α-amanitin, such as t1/2, mean residence time (MRT), and volume of distribution (Vz/F) and of β-amanitin, such as Vz/F, were significantly different (p < 0.05) when combined administration was compared to single administration. Tissues collected at 24 h after po administration revealed decreasing tissue distributions for α- and β-amanitin of intestine > stomach > kidney > lung > spleen > liver > heart. The substantial distribution of toxins in the kidney corresponds to the known target organs of amatoxin poisoning. The content in the stomach, liver, and kidney was significantly higher for of β-amanitin than for α-amanitin at 24 h following oral administration of a 10 mg/kg dose. No significant difference was detected in the tissue distribution of either amatoxin following single or combined administration. After po administration, both amatoxins were primarily excreted through the feces. Our data suggest the possibility of differences in the toxicokinetics in patients poisoned by mushrooms containing both α- and β-amanitin than containing a single amatoxin. Continuous monitoring of toxin concentrations in patients' blood and urine samples is necessary in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, 200063, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, 200063, PR China
| | - Fenshuang Zheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University (Yunnan Second People's Hospital, Yunnan Eye Hospital), Kunming, 650021, PR China
| | - Lina Pei
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, 200063, PR China
| | - Jinting Liu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, 200063, PR China
| | - Bin Di
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, 200063, PR China.
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2
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Chandra SD, Gunasekera S, Noichl BP, Patrick BO, Perrin DM. Synthesis of (2 S,3 R,4 R)-Dihydroxyisoleucine for Use in Amatoxin Synthesis. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39167711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
We report a streamlined synthesis of (2S,3R,4R)-4,5-dihydroxy isoleucine (DHIle), an amino acid found in α-amanitin, which appears to be critical for toxicity. This synthetic route is transition metal-free and enables the production of significant quantities of DHIle with suitable protection for use in peptide synthesis. Its incorporation into a cytotoxic amatoxin analog is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambhu Deo Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Shanal Gunasekera
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Benjamin Philipp Noichl
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - David M Perrin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
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3
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Kropelin G, Scott Chialvo CH. Examining the associations between a generalist feeder and a highly toxic host. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11035. [PMID: 38384824 PMCID: PMC10880132 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the often antagonistic plant-herbivore interactions and how host defenses can influence herbivore dietary breadth is an area of ongoing study in ecology and evolutionary biology. Typically, host plants/fungi that produce highly noxious chemical defenses are only fed on by specialists. We know very little about generalist species that can feed and develop on a noxious host. One such example of generalists feeding on toxic host occurs in the mushroom-feeding Drosophila found in the immigrans-tripunctata radiation. Although these species are classified as generalists, their acceptable hosts include deadly Amanita species. In this study, we used behavioral assays to assess associations between one mushroom-feeding species, Drosophila guttifera, and the deadly Amanita phalloides. We conducted feeding assays to confirm the presence of cyclopeptide toxin tolerance. We then completed host preference assays in female flies and larvae and did not find a preference for toxic mushrooms in either. Finally, we assessed the effect of competition on oviposition preference. We found that the presence of a competitor's eggs on the preferred host was associated with the flies increasing the number of eggs laid on the toxic mushrooms. Our results highlight how access to a low competition host resource may help to maintain associations between a generalist species and a highly toxic host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Kropelin
- Department of BiologyAppalachian State UniversityBooneNorth CarolinaUSA
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4
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Hof WFJ, Visser M, de Jong JJ, Rajasekar MN, Schuringa JJ, de Graaf IAM, Touw DJ, Dekkers BGJ. Unraveling Hematotoxicity of α-Amanitin in Cultured Hematopoietic Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:61. [PMID: 38276537 PMCID: PMC10820516 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Amanita phalloides poisonings account for the majority of fatal mushroom poisonings. Recently, we identified hematotoxicity as a relevant aspect of Amanita poisonings. In this study, we investigated the effects of the main toxins of Amanita phalloides, α- and β-amanitin, on hematopoietic cell viability in vitro. Hematopoietic cell lines were exposed to α-amanitin or β-amanitin for up to 72 h with or without the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD(OH)-FMK, antidotes N-acetylcysteine, silibinin, and benzylpenicillin, and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3) inhibitors rifampicin and cyclosporin. Cell viability was established by trypan blue exclusion, annexin V staining, and a MTS assay. Caspase-3/7 activity was determined with Caspase-Glo assay, and cleaved caspase-3 was quantified by Western analysis. Cell number and colony-forming units were quantified after exposure to α-amanitin in primary CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. In all cell lines, α-amanitin concentration-dependently decreased viability and mitochondrial activity. β-Amanitin was less toxic, but still significantly reduced viability. α-Amanitin increased caspase-3/7 activity by 2.8-fold and cleaved caspase-3 by 2.3-fold. Z-VAD(OH)-FMK significantly reduced α-amanitin-induced toxicity. In CD34+ stem cells, α-amanitin decreased the number of colonies and cells. The antidotes and OATP1B3 inhibitors did not reverse α-amanitin-induced toxicity. In conclusion, α-amanitin induces apoptosis in hematopoietic cells via a caspase-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willemien F. J. Hof
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.F.J.H.)
| | - Miranda Visser
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.F.J.H.)
| | - Joyce J. de Jong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.F.J.H.)
| | - Marian N. Rajasekar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.F.J.H.)
| | - Jan Jacob Schuringa
- Department of Experimental Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge A. M. de Graaf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.F.J.H.)
| | - Daan J. Touw
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.F.J.H.)
| | - Bart G. J. Dekkers
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.F.J.H.)
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Kim D, Lee MS, Kim ND, Lee S, Lee HS. Identification of α-amanitin effector proteins in hepatocytes by limited proteolysis-coupled mass spectrometry. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 386:110778. [PMID: 37879594 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The misuse of poisonous mushrooms containing amatoxins causes acute liver failure (ALF) in patients and is a cause of significant mortality. Although the toxic mechanisms of α-amanitin (α-AMA) and its interactions with RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) have been studied, α-AMA effector proteins that can interact with α-AMA in hepatocytes have not been systematically studied. Limited proteolysis-coupled mass spectrometry (LiP-MS) is an advanced technology that can quickly identify protein-ligand interactions based on global comparative proteomics. This study identified the α-AMA effector proteins found in human hepatocytes, following the detection of conformotypic peptides using LiP-MS coupled with tandem mass tag (TMT) technology. Proteins that are classified into protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum and the ribosome during the KEGG pathway can be identified through affinity evaluation, according to α-AMA concentration-dependent LiP-MS and LiP-MS in hepatocytes derived from humans and mice, respectively. The possibility of interaction between α-AMA and proteins containing conformotypic peptides was evaluated through molecular docking studies. The results of this study suggest a novel path for α-AMA to induce hepatotoxicity through interactions with various proteins involved in protein synthesis, as well as with RNAP II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doeun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seo Lee
- BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Doo Kim
- Voronoibio Inc., Incheon, 21984, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Wang H, Yang G, Zhang X, Zhang H, Liu Y, Wang C, Miao L, Li Y, Huang Y, Teng H, Wang S, Cheng H, Zeng X. Cannabidiol protects the liver from α-Amanitin-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress through the regulation of Nrf2. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182:114196. [PMID: 37992955 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
α-Amanitin, the primary lethal toxin of Amanita, specifically targets the liver, causing oxidative stress, hepatocyte apoptosis, and irreversible liver damage. As little as 0.1 mg/kg of α-amanitin can be lethal for humans, and there is currently no effective antidote for α-amanitin poisoning. Cannabidiol is a non-psychoactive natural compound derived from Cannabis sativa that exhibits a wide range of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects. It may play a protective role in preventing liver damage induced by α-amanitin. To investigate the potential protective effects of cannabidiol on α-amanitin-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and oxidative stress, we established α-amanitin exposure models using C57BL/6J mice and L-02 cells in vitro. Our results showed that α-amanitin exposure led to oxidative stress, apoptosis, and DNA damage in both mouse hepatocytes and L-02 cells, resulting in the death of mice. We also found that cannabidiol upregulated the level of Nrf2 and antioxidant enzymes, alleviating apoptosis, and oxidative stress in mouse hepatocytes and L-02 cells and increasing the survival rate of mice. Our findings suggest that cannabidiol has hepatoprotective effects through the regulation of Nrf2 and antioxidant enzymes and may be a potential therapeutic drug for Amanita poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Genmeng Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoxing Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Chan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Miao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yi Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yizhen Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hanxin Teng
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shangwen Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
| | - Hao Cheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
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7
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Lim CH, Song IS, Lee J, Lee MS, Cho YY, Lee JY, Kang HC, Lee HS. Toxicokinetics and tissue distribution of phalloidin in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113994. [PMID: 37598851 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Phalloidin, a bicyclic heptapeptide found in Amanita mushroom, specifically binds to F-actin in the liver causing cholestatic hepatotoxicity. However, the toxicokinetics and tissue distribution properties of phalloidin as well as their underlying mechanisms have to be studied further. The area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) of phalloidin increased in proportion to the doses (0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/kg for intravenous injection and 2, 5, and 10 mg/kg for oral administration). Phalloidin exhibited dose-independent low volume of distribution (395.6-456.9 mL/kg) and clearance (21.4-25.5 mL/min/kg) and low oral bioavailability (2.4%-3.3%). This could be supported with its low absorptive permeability (0.23 ± 0.05 × 10-6 cm/s) in Caco-2 cells. The tissue-to-plasma AUC ratios of intravenously injected and orally administered phalloidin were the highest in the liver and intestines, respectively, and also high in the kidneys, suggesting that the liver, kidneys, and intestines could be susceptible to phalloidin exposure and that active transport via the hepatic and renal organic anion transporters (OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OAT3) may contribute to the higher distribution of phalloidin in the liver and kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ho Lim
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
| | - Im-Sook Song
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE), Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jihoon Lee
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE), Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Seo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
| | - Han Chang Kang
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea.
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Barbosa I, Domingues C, Ramos F, Barbosa RM. Analytical methods for amatoxins: A comprehensive review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 232:115421. [PMID: 37146495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Amatoxins are toxic bicyclic octapeptides found in certain wild mushroom species, particularly Amanita phalloides. These mushrooms contain predominantly α- and β-amanitin, which can lead to severe health risks for humans and animals if ingested. Rapid and accurate identification of these toxins in mushroom and biological samples is crucial for diagnosing and treating mushroom poisoning. Analytical methods for the determination of amatoxins are critical to ensure food safety and prompt medical treatment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the research literature on the determination of amatoxins in clinical specimens, biological and mushroom samples. We discuss the physicochemical properties of toxins, highlighting their influence on the choice of the analytical method and the importance of sample preparation, particularly solid-phase extraction with cartridges. Chromatographic methods are emphasised with a focus on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry as one of the most relevant analytical method for the determination of amatoxins in complex matrices. Furthermore, current trends and future perspectives in amatoxin detection are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Barbosa
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Cátia Domingues
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado, Oporto 55142, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ramos
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado, Oporto 55142, Portugal
| | - Rui M Barbosa
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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9
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Jenkinson CB, Podgorny AR, Zhong C, Oakley BR. Computer-aided, resistance gene-guided genome mining for proteasome and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 50:kuad045. [PMID: 38061800 PMCID: PMC10734572 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuad045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites (SMs) are biologically active small molecules, many of which are medically valuable. Fungal genomes contain vast numbers of SM biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) with unknown products, suggesting that huge numbers of valuable SMs remain to be discovered. It is challenging, however, to identify SM BGCs, among the millions present in fungi, that produce useful compounds. One solution is resistance gene-guided genome mining, which takes advantage of the fact that some BGCs contain a gene encoding a resistant version of the protein targeted by the compound produced by the BGC. The bioinformatic signature of such BGCs is that they contain an allele of an essential gene with no SM biosynthetic function, and there is a second allele elsewhere in the genome. We have developed a computer-assisted approach to resistance gene-guided genome mining that allows users to query large databases for BGCs that putatively make compounds that have targets of therapeutic interest. Working with the MycoCosm genome database, we have applied this approach to look for SM BGCs that target the proteasome β6 subunit, the target of the proteasome inhibitor fellutamide B, or HMG-CoA reductase, the target of cholesterol reducing therapeutics such as lovastatin. Our approach proved effective, finding known fellutamide and lovastatin BGCs as well as fellutamide- and lovastatin-related BGCs with variations in the SM genes that suggest they may produce structural variants of fellutamides and lovastatin. Gratifyingly, we also found BGCs that are not closely related to lovastatin BGCs but putatively produce novel HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY A new computer-assisted approach to resistance gene-directed genome mining is reported along with its use to identify fungal biosynthetic gene clusters that putatively produce proteasome and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory B Jenkinson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045,USA
| | - Adam R Podgorny
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045,USA
| | - Cuncong Zhong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045,USA
| | - Berl R Oakley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045,USA
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10
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Characterization of the RAS/RAF/ERK Signal Cascade as a Novel Regulating Factor in Alpha-Amanitin-Induced Cytotoxicity in Huh-7 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012294. [PMID: 36293151 PMCID: PMC9603094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-known hepatotoxicity mechanism resulting from alpha-amanitin (α-AMA) exposure arises from RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) inhibition. RNAP Ⅱ inhibition occurs through the dysregulation of mRNA synthesis. However, the signaling pathways in hepatocytes that arise from α-AMA have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we identified that the RAS/RAF/ERK signaling pathway was activated through quantitative phosphoproteomic and molecular biological analyses in Huh-7 cells. Bioinformatics analysis showed that α-AMA exposure increased protein phosphorylation in a time-dependent α-AMA exposure. In addition, phosphorylation increased not only the components of the ERK signaling pathway but also U2AF65 and SPF45, known splicing factors. Therefore, we propose a novel mechanism of α-AMA as follows. The RAS/RAF/ERK signaling pathway involved in aberrant splicing events is activated by α-AMA exposure followed by aberrant splicing events leading to cell death in Huh-7 cells.
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11
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Patra A, Mukherjee AK. Mushroom mycetism – A neglected and challenging medical emergency in the Indian subcontinent: A road map for its prevention and treatment. Toxicon 2022; 217:56-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Ford RE, Foster GD, Bailey AM. Exploring fungal RiPPs from the perspective of chemical ecology. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2022; 9:12. [PMID: 35752794 PMCID: PMC9233826 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-022-00144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the initial detection, in 2007, of fungal ribosomally synthesised and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs), this group of natural products has undergone rapid expansion, with four separate classes now recognised: amatoxins/phallotoxins, borosins, dikaritins, and epichloëcyclins. Largely due to their historically anthropocentric employment in medicine and agriculture, novel fungal proteins and peptides are seldom investigated in relation to the fungus itself. Therefore, although the benefits these compounds confer to humans are often realised, their evolutionary advantage to the fungus, the reason for their continued production, is often obscure or ignored. This review sets out to summarise current knowledge on how these small peptide-derived products influence their producing species and surrounding biotic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Ford
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 28 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - G D Foster
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 28 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - A M Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 28 Tyndall Ave, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.
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13
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Lee S, Yu JS, Lee SR, Kim KH. Non-peptide secondary metabolites from poisonous mushrooms: overview of chemistry, bioactivity, and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:512-559. [PMID: 34608478 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to June 2021A wide variety of mushrooms have traditionally been recognized as edible fungi with high nutritional value and low calories, and abundantly produce structurally diverse and bioactive secondary metabolites. However, accidental ingestion of poisonous mushrooms can result in serious illnesses and even death. Chemically, mushroom poisoning is associated with secondary metabolites produced in poisonous mushrooms, causing specific toxicity. However, many poisonous mushrooms have not been fully investigated for their secondary metabolites, and the secondary metabolites of poisonous mushrooms have not been systematically summarized for details such as chemical composition and biosynthetic mechanisms. The isolation and identification of secondary metabolites from poisonous mushrooms have great research value since these compounds could be lethal toxins that contribute to the toxicity of mushrooms or could provide lead compounds with remarkable biological activities that can promote advances in other related disciplines, such as biochemistry and pharmacology. In this review, we summarize the structures and biological activities of secondary metabolites identified from poisonous mushrooms and provide an overview of the current information on these metabolites, focusing on their chemistry, bioactivity, and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulah Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KIOST, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sik Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seoung Rak Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, New Jersey, 08544, USA
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Zhu J, Dou L, Shao S, Kou J, Yu X, Wen K, Wang Z, Yu W. An Automated and Highly Sensitive Chemiluminescence Immunoassay for Diagnosing Mushroom Poisoning. Front Chem 2022; 9:813219. [PMID: 35004629 PMCID: PMC8733245 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.813219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms containing Amanita peptide toxins are the major cause of mushroom poisoning, and lead to approximately 90% of deaths. Phallotoxins are the fastest toxin causing poisoning among Amanita peptide toxins. Thus, it is imperative to construct a highly sensitive quantification method for the rapid diagnosis of mushroom poisoning. In this study, we established a highly sensitive and automated magnetic bead (MB)-based chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) for the early, rapid diagnosis of mushroom poisoning. The limits of detection (LODs) for phallotoxins were 0.010 ng/ml in human serum and 0.009 ng/ml in human urine. Recoveries ranged from 81.6 to 95.6% with a coefficient of variation <12.9%. Analysis of Amanita phalloides samples by the automated MB-based CLIA was in accordance with that of HPLC-MS/MS. The advantages the MB-based CLIA, high sensitivity, repeatability, and stability, were due to the use of MBs as immune carriers, chemiluminescence as a detection signal, and an integrated device to automate the whole process. Therefore, the proposed automated MB-based CLIA is a promising option for the early and rapid clinical diagnosis of mushroom poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Leina Dou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shibei Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqian Kou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuezhi Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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15
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Hammerle F, Quirós-Guerrero L, Rutz A, Wolfender JL, Schöbel H, Peintner U, Siewert B. Feature-Based Molecular Networking-An Exciting Tool to Spot Species of the Genus Cortinarius with Hidden Photosensitizers. Metabolites 2021; 11:791. [PMID: 34822449 PMCID: PMC8619139 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi have developed a wide array of defense strategies to overcome mechanical injuries and pathogen infections. Recently, photoactivity has been discovered by showing that pigments isolated from Cortinarius uliginosus produce singlet oxygen under irradiation. To test if this phenomenon is limited to dermocyboid Cortinarii, six colourful Cortinarius species belonging to different classical subgenera (i.e., Dermocybe, Leprocybe, Myxacium, Phlegmacium, and Telamonia) were investigated. Fungal extracts were explored by the combination of in vitro photobiological methods, UHPLC coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS2), feature-based molecular networking (FBMN), and metabolite dereplication techniques. The fungi C. rubrophyllus (Dermocybe) and C. xanthophyllus (Phlegmacium) exhibited promising photobiological activity in a low concentration range (1-7 µg/mL). Using UHPLC-HRMS2-based metabolomic tools, the underlying photoactive principle was investigated. Several monomeric and dimeric anthraquinones were annotated as compounds responsible for the photoactivity. Furthermore, the results showed that light-induced activity is not restricted to a single subgenus, but rather is a trait of Cortinarius species of different phylogenetic lineages and is linked to the presence of fungal anthraquinones. This study highlights the genus Cortinarius as a promising source for novel photopharmaceuticals. Additionally, we showed that putative dereplication of natural photosensitizers can be done by FBMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Hammerle
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, CCB—Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Luis Quirós-Guerrero
- Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (L.Q.-G.); (A.R.); (J.-L.W.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Rutz
- Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (L.Q.-G.); (A.R.); (J.-L.W.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (L.Q.-G.); (A.R.); (J.-L.W.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Harald Schöbel
- Department of Biotechnology, MCI—The Entrepreneurial School, Maximilianstraße 2, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Ursula Peintner
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Bianka Siewert
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, CCB—Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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16
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Park R, Choi WG, Lee MS, Cho YY, Lee JY, Kang HC, Sohn CH, Song IS, Lee HS. Pharmacokinetics of α-amanitin in mice using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and in vitro drug-drug interaction potentials. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:821-835. [PMID: 34187333 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1944942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine pharmacokinetics of α-amanitin, a toxic bicyclic octapeptide isolated from the poisonous mushrooms, following intravenous (iv) or oral (po) administration in mice using a newly developed and validated liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. The iv injected α-amanitin disappeared rapidly from the plasma with high a clearance rate (26.9-30.4 ml/min/kg) at 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg/kg doses, which was consistent with a rapid and a major excretion of α-amanitin via the renal route (32.6%). After the po administration of α-amanitin at doses of 2, 5, or 10 mg/kg to mice, the absolute bioavailability of α-amanitin was 3.5-4.8%. Due to this low bioavailability, 72.5% of the po administered α-amanitin was recovered from the feces. When α-amanitin is administered po, the tissue to plasma area under the curve ratio was higher in stomach > large intestine > small intestine > lung ~ kidneys > liver but not detected in brain, heart, and spleen. The high distribution of α-amanitin to intestine, kidneys, and liver is in agreement with the previously reported major intoxicated organs following acute α-amanitin exposure. In addition, α-amanitin weakly or negligibly inhibited cytochrome P450 and 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes activity in human liver microsomes as well as major drug transport functions in mammalian cells overexpressing transporters. Data suggested remote drug interaction potential may be associated with α-amanitin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Park
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Gu Choi
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwan Sohn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Im-Sook Song
- Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 Four-sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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17
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Swain JA, Walker SR, Calvert MB, Brimble MA. The tryptophan connection: cyclic peptide natural products linked via the tryptophan side chain. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:410-443. [PMID: 34581375 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00043h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Covering: from 1938 up to March 2021The electron-rich indole side chain of tryptophan is a versatile substrate for peptide modification. Upon the action of various cyclases, the tryptophan side chain may be linked to a nearby amino acid residue, opening the door to a diverse range of cyclic peptide natural products. These compounds exhibit a wide array of biological activity and possess fascinating molecular architectures, which have made them popular targets for total synthesis studies. This review examines the isolation and bioactivity of tryptophan-linked cyclic peptide natural products, along with a discussion of their first total synthesis, and biosynthesis where this has been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Swain
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Stephen R Walker
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Matthew B Calvert
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand. .,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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18
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Yao G, Knittel CH, Kosol S, Wenz MT, Keller BG, Gruß H, Braun AC, Lutz C, Hechler T, Pahl A, Süssmuth RD. Iodine-Mediated Tryptathionine Formation Facilitates the Synthesis of Amanitins. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14322-14331. [PMID: 34459587 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic methods on the macrocyclization of peptides are of high interest since they facilitate the synthesis of various types of potentially bioactive compounds, e.g. addressing targets like protein-protein-interactions. Herein, we report on an efficient method to construct tryptathionine-cross-links in peptides between the amino acids Trp and Cys. This reaction not only is the basis for the total synthesis of the death cap toxin α-amanitin but also provides rapid access to various new amanitin analogues. This study for the first time presents a systematic compilation of structure-activity relations (SAR) of amatoxins with regard to RNA polymerase II inhibition and cytotoxicity with one amanitin derivative of superior RNAP II inhibition. The present approach paves the way for the synthesis of structurally diverse amatoxins as future payloads for antibody-toxin conjugates in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyang Yao
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Caroline H Knittel
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Kosol
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marius T Wenz
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina G Keller
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Gruß
- Heidelberg Pharma Research GmbH, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 22, 68526 Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra C Braun
- Heidelberg Pharma Research GmbH, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 22, 68526 Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Christian Lutz
- Heidelberg Pharma Research GmbH, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 22, 68526 Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Hechler
- Heidelberg Pharma Research GmbH, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 22, 68526 Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Pahl
- Heidelberg Pharma Research GmbH, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 22, 68526 Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Roderich D Süssmuth
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Matinkhoo K, Wong AAWL, Hambira CM, Kato B, Wei C, Müller C, Hechler T, Braun A, Gallo F, Pahl A, Perrin DM. Design, Synthesis, and Biochemical Evaluation of Alpha-Amanitin Derivatives Containing Analogs of the trans-Hydroxyproline Residue for Potential Use in Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Chemistry 2021; 27:10282-10292. [PMID: 34058032 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-amanitin, an extremely toxic bicyclic octapeptide extracted from the death-cap mushroom, Amanita phalloides, is a highly selective allosteric inhibitor of RNA polymerase II. Following on growing interest in using this toxin as a payload in antibody-drug conjugates, herein we report the synthesis and biochemical evaluation of several new derivatives of this toxin to probe the role of the trans-hydroxyproline (Hyp), which is known to be critical for toxicity. This structure activity relationship (SAR) study represents the first of its kind to use various Hyp-analogs to alter the conformational and H-bonding properties of Hyp in amanitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Matinkhoo
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T-1Z1, Canada
| | - Antonio A W L Wong
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T-1Z1, Canada
| | - Chido M Hambira
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T-1Z1, Canada
| | - Brandon Kato
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T-1Z1, Canada
| | - Charlie Wei
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T-1Z1, Canada
| | - Christoph Müller
- Heidelberg Pharma, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 22, 68526, Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Hechler
- Heidelberg Pharma, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 22, 68526, Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Braun
- Heidelberg Pharma, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 22, 68526, Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Gallo
- Heidelberg Pharma, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 22, 68526, Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Pahl
- Heidelberg Pharma, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 22, 68526, Ladenburg, Germany
| | - David M Perrin
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T-1Z1, Canada
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20
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Le Daré B, Ferron PJ, Bellamri N, Ribault C, Delpy E, Zal F, Lagente V, Gicquel T. A therapeutic oxygen carrier isolated from Arenicola marina decreases amanitin-induced hepatotoxicity. Toxicon 2021; 200:87-91. [PMID: 34274377 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The amanitins (namely α- and β-amanitin) contained in certain mushrooms are bicyclic octapeptides that, when ingested, are responsible for potentially lethal hepatotoxicity. M101 is an extracellular hemoglobin extracted from the marine worm Arenicola marina. It has intrinsic Cu/Zn-SOD-like activity and is currently used as an oxygen carrier in organ preservation solutions. Our present results suggest that M101 might be effective in reducing amanitin-induced hepatotoxicity and may have potential for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Le Daré
- Pharmacy, Pontchaillou University Hospital, F-35000, Rennes, France; Univ Rennes, INSERM, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Pierre-Jean Ferron
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Nessrine Bellamri
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Catherine Ribault
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Eric Delpy
- Hemarina, Aéropôle Centre, F-29600, Morlaix, France
| | - Franck Zal
- Hemarina, Aéropôle Centre, F-29600, Morlaix, France
| | - Vincent Lagente
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Thomas Gicquel
- Forensic and Toxicology Laboratory, Pontchaillou University Hospital, F-35000, Rennes, France; Univ Rennes, INSERM, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000, Rennes, France
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21
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Zhu J, Dou L, Mi J, Bai Y, Liu M, Shen J, Yu W, Zhang S, Yu X, Wang Z. Production of highly sensitive monoclonal antibody and development of lateral flow assays for phallotoxin detection in urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:4979-4987. [PMID: 34240228 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Phallotoxins, toxic cyclopeptides found in wild poisonous mushrooms, are predominant causes of fatal food poisoning. For the early and rapid diagnosis mushroom toxin poisoning, a highly sensitive and robust monoclonal antibody (mAb) against phallotoxins was produced for the first time. The half-maximum inhibition concentration (IC50) values of the mAb-based indirect competitive ELISAs for phallacidin (PCD) and phalloidin (PHD) detection were 0.31 ng mL-1 and 0.35 ng mL-1, respectively. In response to the demand for rapid screening of the type of poisoning and accurate determination of the severity of poisoning, colloidal gold nanoparticle (GNP) and time-resolved fluorescent nanosphere (TRFN) based lateral flow assays (LFA) were developed. The GNP-LFA has a visual cut-off value of 3.0 ng mL-1 for phallotoxins in human urine sample. The TRFN-LFA provides a quantitative readout signal with detection limit of 0.1 ng mL-1 in human urine sample. In this study, urine samples without pretreatment were used directly for the LFA strip tests, and both two LFAs were able to accomplish analysis within 10 min. The results demonstrated that LFAs based on the newly produced, highly sensitive, and robust mAb were able to be used for both rapid qualitative screening of the type of poisoning and accurate quantitative determination of the severity of poisoning after accidental ingestion by patients of toxic mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Leina Dou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiafei Mi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Minggang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuezhi Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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22
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Toxic Effects of Amanitins: Repurposing Toxicities toward New Therapeutics. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060417. [PMID: 34208167 PMCID: PMC8230822 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of mushrooms has become increasingly popular, partly due to their nutritional and medicinal properties. This has increased the risk of confusion during picking, and thus of intoxication. In France, about 1300 cases of intoxication are observed each year, with deaths being mostly attributed to Amanita phalloides poisoning. Among amatoxins, α- and β-amanitins are the most widely studied toxins. Hepatotoxicity is the hallmark of these compounds, leading to hepatocellular failure within three days of ingestion. The toxic mechanisms of action mainly include RNA polymerase II inhibition and oxidative stress generation, leading to hepatic cell apoptosis or necrosis depending on the doses ingested. Currently, there is no international consensus concerning Amanita phalloides poisoning management. However, antidotes with antioxidant properties remain the most effective therapeutics to date suggesting the predominant role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology. The partially elucidated mechanisms of action may reveal a suitable target for the development of an antidote. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the knowledge on amanitins, including the latest advances that could allow the proposal of new innovative and effective therapeutics.
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23
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In vivo and in vitro α-amanitin metabolism studies using molecular networking. Toxicol Lett 2021; 346:1-6. [PMID: 33872745 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Amanitin poisonings are among the most life-threatening mushroom poisonings, and are mainly caused by the genus Amanita. Hepatotoxicity is the hallmark of amanitins, powerful toxins contained in these mushrooms, and can require liver transplant. Among amatoxins, α-amanitin is the most studied. However, the hypothesis of a possible metabolism of amanitins is still controversial in this pathophysiology. Therefore, there is a need of clarification using cutting-edge tools allowing metabolism study. Molecular network has emerged as powerful tool allowing metabolism study through organization and representation of untargeted tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data in a graphical form. The aim of this study is to investigate amanitin metabolism using molecular networking. In vivo (four positive amanitin urine samples) and in vitro (differentiated HepaRG cells supernatant incubated with α-amanitin 2 μM for 24 h) samples were extracted and analyzed by LC-HRMS/MS using a Q Exactive™ Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Using molecular networking on both in vitro and in vivo, we have demonstrated that α-amanitin does not undergo metabolism in human. Thus, we provide solid evidence that a possible production of amanitin metabolites cannot be involved in its toxicity pathways. These findings can help to settle the debate on amanitin metabolism and toxicity.
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24
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Hambira CM, Matinkhoo K, Pryyma A, Patrick BO, Perrin DM. Scaling Amatoxin Synthesis with an Improved Route to (2 S,3 R,4 R)-Dihydroxyisoleucine Exemplified by a Toxic, Clickable α-Amanitin Analogue. J Org Chem 2021; 86:5362-5370. [PMID: 33710901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c03022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a scalable synthesis of the key amino acid residue, (2S,3R,4R)-4,5-dihydroxyisoleucine (DHIle) in α-amanitin, that in turn enables the scalable synthesis of an equipotent analogue, Asn(N-ethylazide)-S,6'-dideoxy-α-amanitin, suitable for CuAAC conjugation to empower studies on therapeutic antibody-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chido M Hambira
- Chemistry Department, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z1, Canada
| | - Kaveh Matinkhoo
- Chemistry Department, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z1, Canada
| | - Alla Pryyma
- Chemistry Department, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z1, Canada
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Chemistry Department, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z1, Canada
| | - David M Perrin
- Chemistry Department, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z1, Canada
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Kim D, Kim S, Na AY, Sohn CH, Lee S, Lee HS. Identification of Decrease in TRiC Proteins as Novel Targets of Alpha-Amanitin-Derived Hepatotoxicity by Comparative Proteomic Analysis In Vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030197. [PMID: 33803263 PMCID: PMC7999322 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-amanitin (α-AMA) is a cyclic peptide and one of the most lethal mushroom amatoxins found in Amanita phalloides. α-AMA is known to cause hepatotoxicity through RNA polymerase II inhibition, which acts in RNA and DNA translocation. To investigate the toxic signature of α-AMA beyond known mechanisms, we used quantitative nanoflow liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis coupled with tandem mass tag labeling to examine proteome dynamics in Huh-7 human hepatoma cells treated with toxic concentrations of α-AMA. Among the 1828 proteins identified, we quantified 1563 proteins, which revealed that four subunits in the T-complex protein 1-ring complex protein decreased depending on the α-AMA concentration. We conducted bioinformatics analyses of the quantified proteins to characterize the toxic signature of α-AMA in hepatoma cells. This is the first report of global changes in proteome abundance with variations in α-AMA concentration, and our findings suggest a novel molecular regulation mechanism for hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doeun Kim
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (D.K.); (A.-Y.N.)
| | - Sunjoo Kim
- BK21 Four-Sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea;
| | - Ann-Yae Na
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (D.K.); (A.-Y.N.)
| | - Chang Hwan Sohn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (D.K.); (A.-Y.N.)
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (H.S.L.); Tel.: +82-53-950-8571 (S.L.); +82-2-2164-4061 (H.S.L.)
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- BK21 Four-Sponsored Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (H.S.L.); Tel.: +82-53-950-8571 (S.L.); +82-2-2164-4061 (H.S.L.)
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26
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Flament E, Guitton J, Gaulier JM, Gaillard Y. Human Poisoning from Poisonous Higher Fungi: Focus on Analytical Toxicology and Case Reports in Forensic Toxicology. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E454. [PMID: 33322477 PMCID: PMC7764321 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several families of higher fungi contain mycotoxins that cause serious or even fatal poisoning when consumed by humans. The aim of this review is to inventory, from an analytical point of view, poisoning cases linked with certain significantly toxic mycotoxins: orellanine, α- and β-amanitin, muscarine, ibotenic acid and muscimol, and gyromitrin. Clinicians are calling for the cases to be documented by toxicological analysis. This document is therefore a review of poisoning cases involving these mycotoxins reported in the literature and carries out an inventory of the analytical techniques available for their identification and quantification. It seems indeed that these poisonings are only rarely documented by toxicological analysis, due mainly to a lack of analytical methods in biological matrices. There are many reasons for this issue: the numerous varieties of mushroom involved, mycotoxins with different chemical structures, a lack of knowledge about distribution and metabolism. To sum up, we are faced with (i) obstacles to the documentation and interpretation of fatal (or non-fatal) poisoning cases and (ii) a real need for analytical methods of identifying and quantifying these mycotoxins (and their metabolites) in biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Flament
- Laboratory LAT LUMTOX, 07800 La Voulte sur Rhône, France; (E.F.); (Y.G.)
| | - Jérôme Guitton
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Lyon-Sud University Hospital–Hospices Civil de Lyon, 69002 Pierre Bénite, France
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Claude Bernard, 69622 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaulier
- Department of Toxicology and Genopathy, Lille University Hospital, 59000 Lille, France;
| | - Yvan Gaillard
- Laboratory LAT LUMTOX, 07800 La Voulte sur Rhône, France; (E.F.); (Y.G.)
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27
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Xu F, Gong B, Xu Z, Wang J. Reverse-phase/phenylboronic-acid-type magnetic microspheres to eliminate the matrix effects in amatoxin and phallotoxin determination via ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2020; 332:127394. [PMID: 32610259 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present the preparation of a new reverse-phase/phenylboronic-acid (RP/PBA)-type mixed-mode magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbent for use in the cleanup of amatoxin- and phallotoxin-containing samples intended for ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis. Further, the RP/PBA magnetic microspheres have phenyl and phenylboronic acid groups on their surfaces that selectively adsorb amatoxins and phallotoxins through hydrophobic, π-π, and boronate affinity, significantly reducing matrix effects in UPLC-MS/MS analysis. After systematic optimization, all the standard calibration curves expressed satisfactory linearity (r > 0.9930), limits of detection (0.3 μg/kg), and recovery (97.6%-114.2%). Compared with other reported methods, this method also has the advantages of simple, fast, and efficient operation using relatively small amounts of the MSPE adsorbent. Furthermore, the method was successfully applied in a poisoning incident caused by Lepiota brunneoincarnata Chodat & C. Martín ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Physical and Chemical Laboratory of Ningxia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Bolin Gong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Zhixia Xu
- Emergency Department of General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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Tan L, Li Y, Deng F, Pan X, Yu H, Marina ML, Jiang Z. Highly sensitive determination of amanita toxins in biological samples using β-cyclodextrin collaborated molecularly imprinted polymers coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1630:461514. [PMID: 32898756 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a β-cyclodextrin functional vinyl monomer was synthesized and the common moiety of five amanita toxins was used as the template for preparing molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Chemical calculation was used to evaluate and describe the binding interactions between the template and the functional monomer. The preparation conditions were optimized and the resultant MIPs were characterized and employed as solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbents. The SPE conditions including the amount of sorbent, extraction solution, and eluting solution were also optimized for the enrichment of the five toxins. Using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), detection limits ranging from 0.34-0.42 µg/L, 0.16-0.33 µg/L, and 0.035-0.056 µg/kg were achieved for the five toxins in serum, urine and liver samples, respectively. The proposed method was further applied to the determination of the amanita toxins in suspected samples and showed great potential in the diagnosis of mushroom poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China; Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yongxian Li
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Fenfang Deng
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Xinhong Pan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Zhengjin Jiang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Chen X, Shao B, Yu C, Yao Q, Ma P, Li H, Cai W, Fu H, Li B, Sun C. The cyclopeptide <alpha>-amatoxin induced hepatic injury via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway associated with oxidative stress. Peptides 2020; 129:170314. [PMID: 32387737 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In order to explore the role of apoptosis in alpha-amatoxin (α-AMA) induced liver injury and probable upstream activation signals, we established animal and cellular models, respectively, for this pathophysiological condition. To this end, we evaluated the survival rate and serum biochemical parameters in BALB/c mice exposed to α-AMA at different time periods, along with the levels of oxidative and antioxidant enzymes in the liver tissue of these mice and proteins involved in apoptosis-related pathways. Our results reveal that α-AMA-induced apoptosis occurs primarily through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and is associated with oxidative damage. Further, in order to verify the key nodes and important upstream activators in this apoptotic pathway, we estimated the levels of p53 protein and downstream mitochondrial apoptotic pathway-related proteins in L-02 cells, all of which were found to change significantly. We also found that the levels of total and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in L-02 cells increased with time. Collectively, our findings suggest that α-AMA affects many cellular processes, including the expression of p53 independent of transcription and the expression of Bax and Bcl-2, thereby activating the subsequent caspase cascade pathways. In addition, we identified ROS to be an upstream signaling molecule involved in the α-AMA-induced apoptosis of mouse liver cells and L-02 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bing Shao
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Chengmin Yu
- The People's Hospital of ChuXiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, ChuXiong 675000, China
| | - Qunmei Yao
- The People's Hospital of ChuXiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, ChuXiong 675000, China
| | - Peibin Ma
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Haijiao Li
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wenjian Cai
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hao Fu
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bin Li
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Chengye Sun
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
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30
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Liu J, Chen Y, Gao Y, Walline JH, Lu X, Yu S, Zhao L, Ge Z, Li Y. N-acetylcysteine as a treatment for amatoxin poisoning: a systematic review. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2020; 58:1015-1022. [PMID: 32609548 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1784428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Amatoxin leads to the majority of deaths by mushroom poisoning around the world. Amatoxin causes gastrointestinal disturbances and multiple organ dysfunction, including liver and renal failure. As a potential treatment for amatoxin poisoning, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been used for decades but its benefit is still unproven.Objectives: We undertook a systematic review to evaluate the performance and safety of N-acetylcysteine on patients suffering amatoxin intoxication.Methods: We searched Pubmed, EMBASE, CENTRAL and SinoMed databases, from inception to August 31, 2019. Articles were eligible if there were five or more patients with amatoxin poisoning and N-acetylcysteine was included in the therapeutic regimen. Mortality rate including liver transplant cases (MRLTi) was the primary outcome. Mortality rate not including liver transplant cases, liver and renal function, clinical complications, as well as any adverse reactions to intravenous NAC were secondary outcomes.Results: Thirteen studies with a total of 506 patients were included. The MRLTi of amatoxin-poisoning patients with NAC treatment was 11% (57/506), and a MRLTe of 7.9% (40/506) and a liver transplantation rate of 4.3% (22/506). Transaminase concentrations generally peaked around 3 days after ingestion, prothrombin time/International Normalized Ratio (PT/INR) generally worsened during the first 3-4 days after ingestion before returning to normal four to 7 days after ingestion, and Factor V levels normalized in about 4-5 days after ingestion in patients treated with NAC. Renal failure was reported in 3% (3/101) and acute kidney injury was reported in 19% (5/27). Gastrointestinal bleeding occurred in 21% (15/71). Anaphylactoid reactions were the principle adverse reaction to NAC treatment in amatoxin-poisoning patients with an incidence of 5% (4/73).Conclusions: NAC treatment combined with other therapies appears to be beneficial and safe in patients with amatoxin poisoning. Until further data emerge, it is reasonable to use NAC in addition to other treatments for amatoxin poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxia Gao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Joseph Harold Walline
- Accident and Emergency Medicine Academic Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyuan Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengzheng Ge
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Scott Chialvo CH, Griffin LH, Reed LK, Ciesla L. Exhaustive extraction of cyclopeptides from Amanita phalloides: Guidelines for working with complex mixtures of secondary metabolites. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4233-4240. [PMID: 32489592 PMCID: PMC7246195 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding plant-insect interactions is an active area of research in both ecology and evolution. Much attention has been focused on the impact of secondary metabolites in the host plant or fungi on these interactions. Plants and fungi contain a variety of biologically active compounds, and the secondary metabolite profile can vary significantly between individual samples. However, many experiments characterize the biological effects of only a single secondary metabolite or a subset of these compounds.Here, we develop an exhaustive extraction protocol using an accelerated solvent extraction protocol to recover the complete suite of cyclopeptides and other secondary metabolites found in Amanita phalloides (death cap mushrooms) and compare its efficacy to the "Classic" extraction method used in earlier works.We demonstrate that our extraction protocol recovers the full suite of cyclopeptides and other secondary metabolites in A. phalloides unlike the "Classic" method that favors polar cyclopeptides.Based on these findings, we provide recommendations for how to optimize protocols to ensure exhaustive extracts and also the best practices when using natural extracts in ecological experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare H. Scott Chialvo
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlabamaTuscaloosaALUSA
- Department of BiologyAppalachian State UniversityBooneNCUSA
| | - Logan H. Griffin
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlabamaTuscaloosaALUSA
| | - Laura K. Reed
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlabamaTuscaloosaALUSA
| | - Lukasz Ciesla
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlabamaTuscaloosaALUSA
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32
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Siegert MJ, Knittel CH, Süssmuth RD. A Convergent Total Synthesis of the Death Cap Toxin α-Amanitin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5500-5504. [PMID: 31846557 PMCID: PMC7154671 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The toxic bicyclic octapeptide α-amanitin is mostly found in different species of the mushroom genus Amanita, with the death cap (Amanita phalloides) as one of the most prominent members. Due to its high selective inhibition of RNA polymerase II, which is directly linked to its high toxicity, particularly to hepatocytes, α-amanitin received an increased attention as a toxin-component of antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) in cancer research. Furthermore, the isolation of α-amanitin from mushrooms as the sole source severely restricts compound supply as well as further investigations, as structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Based on a straightforward access to the non-proteinogenic amino acid dihydroxyisoleucine, we herein present a robust total synthesis of α-amanitin providing options for production at larger scale as well as future structural diversifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary‐Ann J. Siegert
- Institute of ChemistryTechnische Universität BerlinStraße des 17. Juni 12410623BerlinGermany
| | - Caroline H. Knittel
- Institute of ChemistryTechnische Universität BerlinStraße des 17. Juni 12410623BerlinGermany
| | - Roderich D. Süssmuth
- Institute of ChemistryTechnische Universität BerlinStraße des 17. Juni 12410623BerlinGermany
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33
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Siegert MJ, Knittel CH, Süssmuth RD. Eine konvergente Totalsynthese des Pilztoxins α‐Amanitin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary‐Ann J. Siegert
- Institut für Chemie Technische Universität Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Caroline H. Knittel
- Institut für Chemie Technische Universität Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Roderich D. Süssmuth
- Institut für Chemie Technische Universität Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Deutschland
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34
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Pan G. Roles of Hepatic Drug Transporters in Drug Disposition and Liver Toxicity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:293-340. [PMID: 31571168 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic drug transporters are mainly distributed in parenchymal liver cells (hepatocytes), contributing to drug's liver disposition and elimination. According to their functions, hepatic transporters can be roughly divided into influx and efflux transporters, translocating specific molecules from blood into hepatic cytosol and mediating the excretion of drugs and metabolites from hepatic cytosol to blood or bile, respectively. The function of hepatic transport systems can be affected by interspecies differences and inter-individual variability (polymorphism). In addition, some drugs and disease can redistribute transporters from the cell surface to the intracellular compartments, leading to the changes in the expression and function of transporters. Hepatic drug transporters have been associated with the hepatic toxicity of drugs. Gene polymorphism of transporters and altered transporter expressions and functions due to diseases are found to be susceptible factors for drug-induced liver injury (DILI). In this chapter, the localization of hepatic drug transporters, their regulatory factors, physiological roles, and their roles in drug's liver disposition and DILI are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, Shanghai, China.
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35
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Yin X, Yang AA, Gao JM. Mushroom Toxins: Chemistry and Toxicology. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5053-5071. [PMID: 30986058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mushroom consumption is a global tradition that is still gaining popularity. However, foraging for wild mushrooms and accidental ingestion of toxic mushrooms can result in serious illness and even death. The early diagnosis and treatment of mushroom poisoning are quite difficult, as the symptoms are similar to those caused by common diseases. Chemically, mushroom poisoning is related to very powerful toxins, suggesting that the isolation and identification of toxins have great research value, especially in determining the lethal components of toxic mushrooms. In contrast, most of these toxins have remarkable physiological properties that could promote advances in chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology. Although more than 100 toxins have been elucidated, there are a number of lethal mushrooms that have not been fully investigated. This review provides information on the chemistry (including chemical structures, total synthesis, and biosynthesis) and the toxicology of these toxins, hoping to inspire further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemistry Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy , Northwest A & F University , Yangling 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - An-An Yang
- Department of Pathology , The 969th Hospital of PLA , Hohhot , Inner Mongolia 010000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemistry Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy , Northwest A & F University , Yangling 712100 , People's Republic of China
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36
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Lin HC, Hewage RT, Lu YC, Chooi YH. Biosynthesis of bioactive natural products from Basidiomycota. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:1027-1036. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02774a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The club fungi, Basidioycota, produce a wide range of bioactive compounds. Here, we describe recent studies on the biosynthetic pathways and enzymes of bioactive natural products from these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Ching Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 115
- Republic of China
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program
| | - Ranuka T. Hewage
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program
- Taiwan International Graduate Program
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 115
- Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Chun Lu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 115
- Republic of China
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences
| | - Yit-Heng Chooi
- School of Molecular Sciences
- The University of Western Australia
- Perth
- Australia
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37
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Sun J, Zhang YT, Niu YM, Li HJ, Yin Y, Zhang YZ, Ma PB, Zhou J, Lu JJ, Zhang HS, Sun CY. Effect of Biliary Drainage on the Toxicity and Toxicokinetics of Amanita exitialis in Beagles. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10060215. [PMID: 29799455 PMCID: PMC6024615 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10060215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amatoxin poisoning induces delayed-onset acute liver failure, which are responsible for more than 90% of deaths in mushroom poisoning. It has been postulated from animal and human studies that biliary drainage interrupting enterohepatic amatoxin circulation may affect amatoxin poisoning. Dogs were randomly divided into four groups of six animals each. In 20 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg with biliary drainage groups, after accepting bile drainage operation, beagles were fed Amanita exitialis powder (20 or 60 mg/kg) in starch capsules. In control and bile drainage groups, the beagle dogs were fed with empty capsules. They were assessed for toxicity signs, biochemical and pathological changes, and peptide toxins in plasma, urine and bile. The data were directly compared with those from our published studies on Amanita exitialis-exposed beagles without biliary drainage. Amatoxins were rapidly absorbed and eliminated from plasma after Amanita exitialis ingestion. Amatoxins in 0–1-day urine accounted for more than 90% of the total urine excretion, and amatoxins in bile accounted for less than 20% of the total urine and bile excretion. The dogs with biliary drainage showed less severe toxicity signs and biochemical and pathological changes and much lower internal exposure than dogs without biliary drainage. Biliary drainage caused a more than 70% reduction in intestinal amatoxin absorption and could reduce amatoxin absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
- Institute of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Yu-Tao Zhang
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yu-Min Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China.
| | - Hai-Jiao Li
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yu Yin
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yi-Zhe Zhang
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Pei-Bin Ma
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Jing Zhou
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Jun-Jia Lu
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Hong-Shun Zhang
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Cheng-Ye Sun
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
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38
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Ye Y, Liu Z. Management of Amanita phalloides poisoning: A literature review and update. J Crit Care 2018; 46:17-22. [PMID: 29627659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Amanita phalloides poisoning with a high mortality is a serious health problem in the world. The typical clinical manifestations are usually characterized by the absence of any symptoms followed by severe gastrointestinal disorders and acute liver failure. Inhibition of RNA polymeraseII (RNAP II) activity, apoptosis, and oxidative stress are considered as the major mechanism of amatoxins intoxication. The current treatment measures mainly include prevention of amatoxins absorption, elimination of absorbed amatoxins, potential antidotes therapy, and liver transplantation. Nevertheless, there are no widely accepted treatment criteria for Amanita phalloides poisoning. This paper will focus on the treatment measures based on the previous studies and provide the currently available information for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhuang Ye
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Zhenning Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
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39
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Reichman H, Rozenberg P, Munitz A. Mouse Eosinophils: Identification, Isolation, and Functional Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 119:14.43.1-14.43.22. [PMID: 29091265 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are bone marrow-derived cells that differentiate in the bone marrow and migrate into the peripheral blood primarily under the regulation of interleukin (IL)-5. Eosinophil levels in the blood are relatively low. However, under steady-state conditions and in settings of allergic inflammation, parasite infections, or even cancer, they migrate and mainly reside in mucosal tissues where they have key effector and immune-modulating functions. Functional studies using eosinophils are not simple, since these cells are terminally differentiated and rapidly die in vitro. Thus, establishing simple methods to characterize, obtain, and functionally assess eosinophil activities is important. In this unit, we describe methodology for identifying tissue eosinophils by flow cytometry. In addition, we provide detailed methods for isolating eosinophils and for differentiating them from bone marrow cells for further functional studies. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Reichman
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Perri Rozenberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Ariel Munitz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
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40
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Sun J, Li HJ, Zhang HS, Zhang YZ, Xie JW, Ma PB, Guo C, Sun CY. Investigating and analyzing three cohorts of mushroom poisoning caused by Amanita exitialis in Yunnan, China. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017; 37:665-678. [PMID: 28830233 DOI: 10.1177/0960327117721960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Amanita exitialis is a lethal mushroom found in China. Knowledge regarding taxonomic characterization, toxin detection, general poisoning conditions, clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, and clinical treatments for this species is currently lacking. We investigated three A. exitialis mushroom poisoning cohorts in Yunnan Province in 2014 and 2015, involving 10 patients. Mushroom samples were identified by morphological and molecular studies. Ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was used to detect the peptide toxins in the mushroom samples. Epidemiological information, clinical data, and results of laboratory examinations were collected and analyzed. The mushroom samples were all identified as A. exitialis. The average toxin concentration decreased from the cap to the stipe to the volva, and the average concentration of the peptide toxins decreased in the order of α-amanitin > phallacidin > β-amanitin > γ-amanitin. The latency period between ingestion and the onset of symptoms was 13.9 ± 2.1 h, and the time from ingestion to hospitalization was 49.6 ± 8.5 h. The most common symptoms were nausea and vomiting (100%). Four patients died from fulminant hepatic failure. Laboratory examinations showed that the alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time levels peaked on the third day post-ingestion. Total bilirubin and direct bilirubin values peaked on day 7. The death group and the survival group had a similar variation trend of serological indexes, but the death group had a greater change. A. exitialis is an extremely dangerous mushroom and there is a need to educate the public to avoid picking and eating wild mushrooms that have not been definitively identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sun
- 1 National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,2 Yinchuan City Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - H-J Li
- 1 National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - H-S Zhang
- 1 National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Y-Z Zhang
- 1 National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - J-W Xie
- 3 State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - P-B Ma
- 1 National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - C Guo
- 4 Tengchong Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - C Y Sun
- 1 National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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41
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Abstract
Mushrooms are known to produce over 140 natural products bearing an indole heterocycle. In this review, the isolation of these mushroom-derived indole alkaloids is discussed, along with their associated biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Homer
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland , 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Sperry
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland , 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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42
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Vo KT, Montgomery ME, Mitchell ST, Scheerlinck PH, Colby DK, Meier KH, Kim-Katz S, Anderson IB, Offerman SR, Olson KR, Smollin CG. Amanita phalloides Mushroom Poisonings - Northern California, December 2016. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2017; 66:549-553. [PMID: 28570504 PMCID: PMC5657817 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6621a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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43
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Gonzalez HC, Jafri SM, Gordon SC. Management of Acute Hepatotoxicity Including Medical Agents and Liver Support Systems. Clin Liver Dis 2017; 21:163-180. [PMID: 27842770 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) can be predictable or idiosyncratic and has an estimated incidence of approximately 20 cases per 100,000 persons per year. DILI is a common cause of acute liver failure in the United States. No accurate tests for diagnosing DILI exist, and its diagnosis is based on exclusion of other conditions. Managing DILI includes discontinuing the suspected causative agent and in selected cases administering an antidote. Liver support systems are used for long-term support or as a bridge to transplantation and are effective for improving encephalopathy, hyperbilirubinemia, and other liver-related conditions, but whether they improve survival remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto C Gonzalez
- Department of Transplant Surgery/Center of Advanced Liver Disease, Methodist University Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 1211 Union Avenue, Suite 340, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
| | - Syed-Mohammed Jafri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Stuart C Gordon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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44
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Xu XM, Cai ZX, Zhang JS, Chen Q, Huang BF, Ren YP. Screening of polypeptide toxins as adulteration markers in the food containing wild edible mushroom by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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45
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Křenová M, Pelclová D, Navrátil T. Survey of Amanita phalloides poisoning: clinical findings and follow-up evaluation. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 26:955-61. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327107085832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to evaluate the severity of hepatic and kidney damage with a focus on their reversibility, and to analyze the prognostic factors following Amanita phalloides poisoning based on calls made to the Czech Toxicological Information Centre. A variety of clinical and laboratory parameters were collected. Student’s t-test and Fisher’s test were used for statistical analysis. Amanita phalloides poisoning was verified in 34 cases (5 children, 29 adults). The following findings emerged: vomiting (76%), diarrhea (62%), hepatic failure (24%), and renal failure (11%). Two patients died on the fifth day after mushroom ingestion. In 18 patients, all serum levels normalized by the time of discharge; in 10 patients up to 7.3 months on average after discharge. Five patients did not comply with follow-up. Renal damage persisted in only one patient, 19 months after discharge. In conclusion, the interval to recovery from hepatic and renal damage by the time of discharge depended on a decrease in the prothrombin index and an increase in serum transaminase and bilirubin levels. Recovery was favorable in all subjects who survived the acute phase of poisoning, except in one patient with a solitary kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Křenová
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicological Information Centre, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D Pelclová
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicological Information Centre, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - T Navrátil
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, AS CR, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
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46
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Puschner B, Rose HH, Filigenzi MS. Diagnosis of Amanita Toxicosis in a Dog with Acute Hepatic Necrosis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 19:312-7. [PMID: 17459866 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poisoning with amanitin-containing hepatotoxic mushrooms demands extensive efforts from clinicians, toxicologists, and pathologists. Presumptive diagnoses are established by positive identification of the suspect mushroom along with the occurrence of consistent clinical signs. If the animal dies, hepatic lesions may suggest exposure to amanitin-containing mushrooms; however, lesions are nonspecific. A 15-week-old female Dachshund was presented to the referring veterinarian for acute onset of lethargy that quickly progressed to sternal recumbency. Despite supportive care, the dog remained lethargic and died approximately 12 hours after initial presentation. A pale tan liver was noted at necropsy. Microscopically, the liver showed panlobular coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes. A presumptive diagnosis of amanitin poisoning was based on suspect history of exposure to mushrooms, clinical signs, and pathologic findings. Exposure to amanitin was confirmed through detection of α-amanitin in the liver by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The objective of this case report is to illustrate the essential components to a successful diagnostic work-up of a suspect case of hepatotoxic mushroom poisoning. Although hepatotoxic mushroom poisoning has been documented in dogs before, confirmatory techniques for biologic specimens have not been used previously in diagnostic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Puschner
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Toxicology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, West Health Science Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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47
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Zhang S, Zhao Y, Li H, Zhou S, Chen D, Zhang Y, Yao Q, Sun C. A Simple and High-Throughput Analysis of Amatoxins and Phallotoxins in Human Plasma, Serum and Urine Using UPLC-MS/MS Combined with PRiME HLB μElution Platform. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8050128. [PMID: 27153089 PMCID: PMC4885043 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Amatoxins and phallotoxins are toxic cyclopeptides found in the genus Amanita and are among the predominant causes of fatal food poisoning in China. In the treatment of Amanita mushroom poisoning, an early and definite diagnosis is necessary for a successful outcome, which has prompted the development of protocols for the fast and confirmatory determination of amatoxins and phallotoxins in human biological fluids. For this purpose, a simple, rapid and sensitive multiresidue UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of α-amanitin, β-amanitin, γ-amanitin, phalloidin (PHD) and phallacidin (PCD) in human plasma, serum and urine was developed and validated. The diluted plasma, serum and urine samples were directly purified with a novel PRiME technique on a 96-well μElution plate platform, which allowed high-throughput sample processing and low reagent consumption. After purification, a UPLC-MS/MS analysis was performed using positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. This method fulfilled the requirements of a validation test, with good results for the limit of detection (LOD), lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), accuracy, intra- and inter-assay precision, recovery and matrix effects. All of the analytes were confirmed and quantified in authentic plasma, serum and urine samples obtained from cases of poisoning using this method. Using the PRiME μElution technique for quantification reduces labor and time costs and represents a suitable method for routine toxicological and clinical emergency analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Haijiao Li
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Shuang Zhou
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Dawei Chen
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Yizhe Zhang
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Qunmei Yao
- The People's Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Chuxiong 675000, China.
| | - Chengye Sun
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
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48
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Amanita phalloides poisoning: Mechanisms of toxicity and treatment. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:41-55. [PMID: 26375431 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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49
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A breakthrough on Amanita phalloides poisoning: an effective antidotal effect by polymyxin B. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:2305-23. [PMID: 26385100 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1582-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Amanita phalloides is responsible for more than 90 % of mushroom-related fatalities, and no effective antidote is available. α-Amanitin, the main toxin of A. phalloides, inhibits RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), causing hepatic and kidney failure. In silico studies included docking and molecular dynamics simulation coupled to molecular mechanics with generalized Born and surface area method energy decomposition on RNAP II. They were performed with a clinical drug that shares chemical similarities to α-amanitin, polymyxin B. The results show that polymyxin B potentially binds to RNAP II in the same interface of α-amanitin, preventing the toxin from binding to RNAP II. In vivo, the inhibition of the mRNA transcripts elicited by α-amanitin was efficiently reverted by polymyxin B in the kidneys. Moreover, polymyxin B significantly decreased the hepatic and renal α-amanitin-induced injury as seen by the histology and hepatic aminotransferases plasma data. In the survival assay, all animals exposed to α-amanitin died within 5 days, whereas 50 % survived up to 30 days when polymyxin B was administered 4, 8, and 12 h post-α-amanitin. Moreover, a single dose of polymyxin B administered concomitantly with α-amanitin was able to guarantee 100 % survival. Polymyxin B protects RNAP II from inactivation leading to an effective prevention of organ damage and increasing survival in α-amanitin-treated animals. The present use of clinically relevant concentrations of an already human-use-approved drug prompts the use of polymyxin B as an antidote for A. phalloides poisoning in humans.
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50
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Garcia J, Carvalho AT, Dourado DF, Baptista P, de Lourdes Bastos M, Carvalho F. New in silico insights into the inhibition of RNAP II by α-amanitin and the protective effect mediated by effective antidotes. J Mol Graph Model 2014; 51:120-7. [PMID: 24879323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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