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Torosian TA, Barsukova AI, Chichkova NV, Vartapetian AB. Phytaspase Does Not Require Proteolytic Activity for Its Stress-Induced Internalization. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6729. [PMID: 38928451 PMCID: PMC11203471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytaspases differ from other members of the plant subtilisin-like protease family by having rare aspartate cleavage specificity and unusual localization dynamics. Phytaspases are secreted from healthy plant cells but are re-internalized upon perception of death-inducing stresses. Although proteolytic activity is required for the secretion of plant subtilases, its requirement for the retrograde transportation of phytaspases is currently unknown. To address this issue, we employed an approach to complement in trans the externalization of a prodomain-less form of Nicotiana tabacum phytaspase (NtPhyt) with the free prodomain in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells. Using this approach, the generation of the proteolytically active NtPhyt and its transport to the extracellular space at a level comparable to that of the native NtPhyt (synthesized as a canonical prodomain-containing precursor protein) were achieved. The application of this methodology to NtPhyt with a mutated catalytic Ser537 residue resulted in the secretion of the inactive, although processed (prodomain-free), protein as well. Notably, the externalized NtPhyt Ser537Ala mutant was still capable of retrograde transportation into plant cells upon the induction of oxidative stress. Our data thus indicate that the proteolytic activity of NtPhyt is dispensable for stress-induced retrograde transport of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatevik A. Torosian
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 199991, Russia; (T.A.T.); (A.I.B.)
| | - Anastasia I. Barsukova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 199991, Russia; (T.A.T.); (A.I.B.)
| | - Nina V. Chichkova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 199991, Russia;
| | - Andrey B. Vartapetian
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 199991, Russia;
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2
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Daldoul S, Hanzouli F, Boubakri H, Nick P, Mliki A, Gargouri M. Deciphering the regulatory networks involved in mild and severe salt stress responses in the roots of wild grapevine Vitis vinifera spp. sylvestris. PROTOPLASMA 2024; 261:447-462. [PMID: 37963978 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulatory networks are pivotal components of plant's response to salt stress. However, plant adaptation strategies varied as a function of stress intensity, which is mainly modulated by climate change. Here, we determined the gene regulatory networks based on transcription factor (TF) TF_gene co-expression, using two transcriptomic data sets generated from the salt-tolerant "Tebaba" roots either treated with 50 mM NaCl (mild stress) or 150 mM NaCl (severe stress). The analysis of these regulatory networks identified specific TFs as key regulatory hubs as evidenced by their multiple interactions with different target genes related to stress response. Indeed, under mild stress, NAC and bHLH TFs were identified as central hubs regulating nitrogen storage process. Moreover, HSF TFs were revealed as a regulatory hub regulating various aspects of cellular metabolism including flavonoid biosynthesis, protein processing, phenylpropanoid metabolism, galactose metabolism, and heat shock proteins. These processes are essentially linked to short-term acclimatization under mild salt stress. This was further consolidated by the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis showing structural and plant growth adjustment. Conversely, under severe salt stress, dramatic metabolic changes were observed leading to novel TF members including MYB family as regulatory hubs controlling isoflavonoid biosynthesis, oxidative stress response, abscisic acid signaling pathway, and proteolysis. The PPI network analysis also revealed deeper stress defense changes aiming to restore plant metabolic homeostasis when facing severe salt stress. Overall, both the gene co-expression and PPI network provided valuable insights on key transcription factor hubs that can be employed as candidates for future genetic crop engineering programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Daldoul
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, BP. 901, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia.
| | - Faouzia Hanzouli
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, BP. 901, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El-Manar, El Manar II, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Boubakri
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agrosystems, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, B.P 901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mliki
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, BP. 901, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Mahmoud Gargouri
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, BP. 901, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia.
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3
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Xia Y, Han Q, Shu J, Jiang S, Kang X. Stomatal density suppressor PagSDD1 is a "generalist" gene that promotes plant growth and improves water use efficiency. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129721. [PMID: 38296132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
The serine protease SDD1 regulates stomatal density, but its potential impact on plant vegetative growth is unclear. Our study reveals a substantial upregulation of SDD1 in triploid poplar apical buds and leaves, suggesting its possible role in their growth regulation. We cloned PagSDD1 from poplar 84 K (Populus alba × P. glandulosa) and found that overexpression in poplar, soybean, and lettuce led to decreased leaf stomatal density. Furthermore, PagSDD1 represses PagEPF1, PagEPF2, PagEPFL9, PagSPCH, PagMUTE, and PagFAMA expression. In contrast, PagSDD1 promotes the expression of its receptors, PagTMM and PagERECTA. PagSDD1-OE poplars showed stronger drought tolerance than wild-type poplars. Simultaneously, PagSDD1-OE poplar, soybean, and lettuce had vegetative growth advantages. RNA sequencing revealed a significant upregulation of genes PagLHCB2.1 and PagGRF5, correlating positively with photosynthetic rate, and PagCYCA3;4 and PagEXPA8 linked to cell division and differentiation in PagSDD1-OE poplars. This increase promoted leaf photosynthesis, boosted auxin and cytokinin accumulation, and enhanced vegetative growth. SDD1 overexpression can increase the biomass of poplar, soybean, and lettuce by approximately 70, 176, and 155 %, respectively, and increase the water use efficiency of poplar leaves by over 52 %, which is of great value for the molecular design and breeding of plants with growth and water-saving target traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Qiang Han
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China.
| | - Jianghai Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Shenxiu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiangyang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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4
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Yadav P, Sharma K, Tiwari N, Saxena G, Asif MH, Singh S, Kumar M. Comprehensive transcriptome analyses of Fusarium-infected root xylem tissues to decipher genes involved in chickpea wilt resistance. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:390. [PMID: 37942053 PMCID: PMC10630269 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt is the most destructive soil-borne disease that poses a major threat to chickpea production. To comprehensively understand the interaction between chickpea and Fusarium oxysporum, the xylem-specific transcriptome analysis of wilt-resistant (WR315) and wilt-susceptible (JG62) genotypes at an early timepoint (4DPI) was investigated. Differential expression analysis showed that 1368 and 348 DEGs responded to pathogen infection in resistant and susceptible genotypes, respectively. Both genotypes showed transcriptional reprogramming in response to Foc2, but the responses in WR315 were more severe than in JG62. Results of the KEGG pathway analysis revealed that most of the DEGS in both genotypes with enrichment in metabolic pathways, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, and carbon metabolism. Genes associated with defense-related metabolites synthesis such as thaumatin-like protein 1b, cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinases, MLP-like proteins, polygalacturonase inhibitor 2-like, ethylene-responsive transcription factors, glycine-rich cell wall structural protein-like, beta-galactosidase-like, subtilisin-like protease, thioredoxin-like protein, chitin elicitor receptor kinase-like, proline transporter-like, non-specific lipid transfer protein and sugar transporter were mostly up-regulated in resistant as compared to susceptible genotypes. The results of this study provide disease resistance genes, which would be helpful in understanding the Foc resistance mechanism in chickpea. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03803-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Yadav
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Kritika Sharma
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Nikita Tiwari
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Garima Saxena
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Mehar H. Asif
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Swati Singh
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
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5
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Hou Q, Wang L, Qi Y, Yan T, Zhang F, Zhao W, Wan X. A systematic analysis of the subtilase gene family and expression and subcellular localization investigation of anther-specific members in maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 203:108041. [PMID: 37722281 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Subtilases (SBTs), also known as Subtilisin-like serine proteases, are extracellular alkaline protease proteins. SBTs function in all stages of plant growth, development and stress responses. Maize (Zea mays L.) is a crop widely used worldwide as food, feed, and industrial materials. However, information about the members and their functions of the SBT proteins in maize is lacking. In this study, we identified 58 ZmSBT genes from the maize genome and conducted a comprehensive investigation of ZmSBTs by phylogenetic, gene duplication event, gene structure, and protein conserved motif analyses. The ZmSBT proteins were phylogenetically classified into seven groups, and collinearity analysis indicated that many ZmSBTs originate from tandem or segmental duplications. Structural and homolog protein comparison revealed ZmSBTs have conserved protein structures with reported subtilase proteins, suggesting the conserved functions. Further analysis showed that ZmSBTs are expressed in different tissues, and many are responses to specific abiotic stress. Analysis of the anther-specific ZmSBT genes showed their expression peaked at different developmental stages of maize anthers. Subcellular localization analysis of selected maize ZmSBTs showed they are located in different cellular compartments. The information provided in this study is valuable for further functional study of ZmSBTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quancan Hou
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi lnternational lnstitute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuchen Qi
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tingwei Yan
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiangyuan Wan
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi lnternational lnstitute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, 100192, China.
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6
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Zhao X, Goher F, Chen L, Song J, Zhao J. Genome-Wide Identification, Phylogeny and Expression Analysis of Subtilisin (SBT) Gene Family under Wheat Biotic and Abiotic Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3065. [PMID: 37687312 PMCID: PMC10489890 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The subtilisin-like protease (SBT) family is widely known for its role in stress resistance to a number of stressors in different plant species, but is rarely studied in wheat. Subtilisin-like serine proteases (SBTs) are serine proteolytic enzymes that hydrolyze proteins into small peptides, which bind to receptors as signal molecules or ligands and participate in signal transduction. In this study, we identified 255 putative SBT genes from the wheat reference genome and then divided these into seven clades. Subsequently, we performed syntenic relation analysis, exon-intron organization, motif composition, and cis-element analysis. Further, expression analysis based on RNA-seq and tissue-specific expression patterns revealed that TaSBT gene family expression has multiple intrinsic functions during various abiotic and biotic stresses. Analysis of RNA-seq expression assays and further validation through qRT PCR suggested that some of the TaSBT genes have significant changes in expression levels during Pst interaction. TaSBT7, TaSBT26, TaSBT102, and TaSBT193 genes showed increasing expression levels during compatible and non-compatible interactions, while the expression levels of TaSBT111 and TaSBT213 showed a decreasing trend, indicating that these members of the wheat SBT gene family may have a role in wheat's defense against pathogens. In conclusion, these results expand our understanding of the SBT gene family, and provide a valuable reference for future research on the stress resistance function and comprehensive data of wheat SBT members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Zhao
- School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (X.Z.); (L.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Farhan Goher
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (X.Z.); (L.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Jiancheng Song
- School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (X.Z.); (L.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Jiqiang Zhao
- School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (X.Z.); (L.C.); (J.S.)
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7
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Xue T, Liu L, Zhang X, Li Z, Sheng M, Ge X, Xu W, Su Z. Genome-Wide Investigation and Co-Expression Network Analysis of SBT Family Gene in Gossypium. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065760. [PMID: 36982835 PMCID: PMC10056545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Subtilases (SBTs), which belong to the serine peptidases, control plant development by regulating cell wall properties and the activity of extracellular signaling molecules, and affect all stages of the life cycle, such as seed development and germination, and responses to biotic and abiotic environments. In this study, 146 Gossypium hirsutum, 138 Gossypium barbadense, 89 Gossypium arboreum and 84 Gossypium raimondii SBTs were identified and divided into six subfamilies. Cotton SBTs are unevenly distributed on chromosomes. Synteny analysis showed that the members of SBT1 and SBT4 were expanded in cotton compared to Arabidopsis thaliana. Co-expression network analysis showed that six Gossypium arboreum SBT gene family members were in a network, among which five SBT1 genes and their Gossypium hirsutum and Arabidopsis thaliana direct homologues were down-regulated by salt treatment, indicating that the co-expression network might share conserved functions. Through co-expression network and annotation analysis, these SBTs may be involved in the biological processes of auxin transport, ABA signal transduction, cell wall repair and root tissue development. In summary, this study provides valuable information for the study of SBT genes in cotton and excavates SBT genes in response to salt stress, which provides ideas for cotton breeding for salinity resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lisen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhongqiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Minghao Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Wenying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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8
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Zhen Z, Dongying F, Yue S, Lipeng Z, Jingjing L, Minying L, Yuanyuan X, Juan H, Shiren S, Yi R, Bin H, Chao M. Translational profile of coding and non-coding RNAs revealed by genome wide profiling of ribosome footprints in grapevine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1097846. [PMID: 36844052 PMCID: PMC9944039 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1097846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Translation is a crucial process during plant growth and morphogenesis. In grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), many transcripts can be detected by RNA sequencing; however, their translational regulation is still largely unknown, and a great number of translation products have not yet been identified. Here, ribosome footprint sequencing was carried out to reveal the translational profile of RNAs in grapevine. A total of 8291 detected transcripts were divided into four parts, including the coding, untranslated regions (UTR), intron, and intergenic regions, and the 26 nt ribosome-protected fragments (RPFs) showed a 3 nt periodic distribution. Furthermore, the predicted proteins were identified and classified by GO analysis. More importantly, 7 heat shock-binding proteins were found to be involved in molecular chaperone DNA J families participating in abiotic stress responses. These 7 proteins have different expression patterns in grape tissues; one of them was significantly upregulated by heat stress according to bioinformatics research and was identified as DNA JA6. The subcellular localization results showed that VvDNA JA6 and VvHSP70 were both localized on the cell membrane. Therefore, we speculate that DNA JA6 may interact with HSP70. In addition, overexpression of VvDNA JA6 and VvHSP70, reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, improved the antioxidant enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), increased the content of proline, an osmolyte substance, and affected the expression of the high-temperature marker genes VvHsfB1, VvHsfB2A, VvHsfC and VvHSP100. In summary, our study proved that VvDNA JA6 and the heat shock protein VvHSP70 play a positive role in the response to heat stress. This study lays a foundation for further exploring the balance between gene expression and protein translation in grapevine under heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Zhen
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Dongying
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Yue
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhang Lipeng
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Liu Jingjing
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Liu Minying
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Yuanyuan
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - He Juan
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Shiren
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ren Yi
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Bin
- Changli Research Institute of Fruit Trees, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Changli, Hebei, China
| | - Ma Chao
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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9
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De Meyer F, Carlier A. Ecotin: A versatile protease inhibitor of bacteria and eukaryotes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1114690. [PMID: 36760512 PMCID: PMC9904509 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1114690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors are a large family of proteins involved in important pathways and processes, such as inflammatory responses and blood clotting. Most are characterized by a precise mode of action, thereby targeting a narrow range of protease substrates. However, the serine-protease inhibitor ecotin is able to inhibit a broad range of serine proteases that display a wide range of specificities. This specificity is driven by special structural features which allow unique flexibility upon binding to targets. Although frequently observed in many human/animal-associated bacteria, ecotin homologs may also be found in plant-associated taxa and environmental species. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the biological importance, role in host-microbe interactions, and evolutionary relationship between ecotin orthologs isolated from Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic species across the Tree of Life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric De Meyer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aurélien Carlier
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France,*Correspondence: Aurélien Carlier, ✉
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10
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Cui H, Zhou G, Ruan H, Zhao J, Hasi A, Zong N. Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of the Maize Serine Peptidase S8 Family Genes in Response to Drought at Seedling Stage. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:369. [PMID: 36679082 PMCID: PMC9865268 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Subtilisin-like proteases (subtilases) are found in almost all plant species and are involved in regulating various biotic and abiotic stresses. Although the literature on subtilases in different plant species is vast, the gene function of the serine peptidase S8 family and its maize subfamily is still unknown. Here, a bioinformatics analysis of this gene family was conducted by describing gene structure, conserved motifs, phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal distributions, gene duplications, and promoter cis-elements. In total, we identified 18 ZmSPS8 genes in maize, distributed on 7 chromosomes, and half of them were hydrophilic. Most of these proteins were located at the cell wall and had similar secondary and tertiary structures. Prediction of cis-regulatory elements in promoters illustrated that they were mainly associated with hormones and abiotic stress. Maize inbred lines B73, Zheng58, and Qi319 were used to analyze the spatial-temporal expression patterns of ZmSPS8 genes under drought treatment. Seedling drought results showed that Qi319 had the highest percent survival after 14 d of withholding irrigation, while B73 was the lowest. Leaf relative water content (LRWC) declined more rapidly in B73 and to lower values, and the nitrotetrazolium blue chloride (NBT) contents of leaves were higher in Qi319 than in the other inbreds. The qPCR results indicated that 6 serine peptidase S8 family genes were positively or negatively correlated with plant tolerance to drought stress. Our study provides a detailed analysis of the ZmSPS8s in the maize genome and finds a link between drought tolerance and the family gene expression, which was established by using different maize inbred lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Cui
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Guyi Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongqiang Ruan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Agula Hasi
- Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Na Zong
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Hooker JC, Nissan N, Luckert D, Charette M, Zapata G, Lefebvre F, Mohr RM, Daba KA, Warkentin TD, Hadinezhad M, Barlow B, Hou A, Golshani A, Cober ER, Samanfar B. A Multi-Year, Multi-Cultivar Approach to Differential Expression Analysis of High- and Low-Protein Soybean ( Glycine max). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010222. [PMID: 36613666 PMCID: PMC9820483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is among the most valuable crops based on its nutritious seed protein and oil. Protein quality, evaluated as the ratio of glycinin (11S) to β-conglycinin (7S), can play a role in food and feed quality. To help uncover the underlying differences between high and low protein soybean varieties, we performed differential expression analysis on high and low total protein soybean varieties and high and low 11S soybean varieties grown in four locations across Eastern and Western Canada over three years (2018-2020). Simultaneously, ten individual differential expression datasets for high vs. low total protein soybeans and ten individual differential expression datasets for high vs. low 11S soybeans were assessed, for a total of 20 datasets. The top 15 most upregulated and the 15 most downregulated genes were extracted from each differential expression dataset and cross-examination was conducted to create shortlists of the most consistently differentially expressed genes. Shortlisted genes were assessed for gene ontology to gain a global appreciation of the commonly differentially expressed genes. Genes with roles in the lipid metabolic pathway and carbohydrate metabolic pathway were differentially expressed in high total protein and high 11S soybeans in comparison to their low total protein and low 11S counterparts. Expression differences were consistent between East and West locations with the exception of one, Glyma.03G054100. These data are important for uncovering the genes and biological pathways responsible for the difference in seed protein between high and low total protein or 11S cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. Hooker
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
- Department of Biology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Nour Nissan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
- Department of Biology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Doris Luckert
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Martin Charette
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Gerardo Zapata
- Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics, 740 Dr. Penfield Ave, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - François Lefebvre
- Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics, 740 Dr. Penfield Ave, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Ramona M. Mohr
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2701 Grand Valley Road, Brandon, MB R7A 5Y3, Canada
| | - Ketema A. Daba
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Thomas D. Warkentin
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Mehri Hadinezhad
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Brent Barlow
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Anfu Hou
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Ashkan Golshani
- Department of Biology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Elroy R. Cober
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Bahram Samanfar
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
- Department of Biology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Correspondence:
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12
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Yang L, Yan C, Peng S, Chen L, Guo J, Lu Y, Li L, Ji Z. Broad-spectrum resistance mechanism of serine protease Sp1 in Bacillus licheniformis W10 via dual comparative transcriptome analysis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:974473. [PMID: 36267189 PMCID: PMC9577198 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.974473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonistic microorganisms are considered to be the most promising biological controls for plant disease. However, they are still not as popular as chemical pesticides due to complex environmental factors in the field. It is urgent to exploit their potential genetic characteristics and excellent properties to develop biopesticides with antimicrobial substances as the main components. Here, the serine protease Sp1 isolated from the Bacillus licheniformis W10 strain was confirmed to have a broad antifungal and antibacterial spectrum. Sp1 treatment significantly inhibited fungal vegetative growth and damaged the structure of hyphae, in accordance with that caused by W10 strain. Furthermore, Sp1 could activate the systemic resistance of peach twigs, fruits and tobacco. Dual comparative transcriptome analysis uncovered how Sp1 resisted the plant pathogenic fungus Phomopsis amygdali and the potential molecular resistance mechanisms of tobacco. In PSp1 vs. P. amygdali, RNA-seq identified 150 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were upregulated and 209 DEGs that were downregulated. Further analysis found that Sp1 might act on the energy supply and cell wall structure to inhibit the development of P. amygdali. In TSp1 vs. Xanthi tobacco, RNA-seq identified that 5937 DEGs were upregulated and 2929 DEGs were downregulated. DEGs were enriched in the metabolic biosynthesis pathways of secondary metabolites, plant hormone signal transduction, plant–pathogen interactions, and MAPK signaling pathway–plant and further found that the genes of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways were highly expressed and the contents of SA and JA increased significantly, suggesting that systemic resistance induced by Sp1 shares features of SAR and ISR. In addition, Sp1 might induce the plant defense responses of tobacco. This study provides insights into the broad-spectrum resistance molecular mechanism of Sp1, which could be used as a potential biocontrol product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chun Yan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Peng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lili Chen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Guo
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yihe Lu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lianwei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhaolin Ji
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhaolin Ji,
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Chen X, Li X, Duan Y, Pei Z, Liu H, Yin W, Huang J, Luo C, Chen X, Li G, Xie K, Hsiang T, Zheng L. A secreted fungal subtilase interferes with rice immunity via degradation of SUPPRESSOR OF G2 ALLELE OF skp1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1474-1489. [PMID: 35861434 PMCID: PMC9516721 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Serine protease subtilase, found widely in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, participates in various biological processes. However, how fungal subtilase regulates plant immunity is a major concern. Here, we identified a secreted fungal subtilase, UvPr1a, from the rice false smut (RFS) fungus Ustilaginoidea virens. We characterized UvPr1a as a virulence effector localized to the plant cytoplasm that inhibits plant cell death induced by Bax. Heterologous expression of UvPr1a in rice (Oryza sativa) enhanced plant susceptibility to rice pathogens. UvPr1a interacted with the important rice protein SUPPRESSOR OF G2 ALLELE OF skp1 (OsSGT1), a positive regulator of innate immunity against multiple rice pathogens, degrading OsSGT1 in a protease activity-dependent manner. Furthermore, host-induced gene silencing of UvPr1a compromised disease resistance of rice plants. Our work reveals a previously uncharacterized fungal virulence strategy in which a fungal pathogen secretes a subtilase to interfere with rice immunity through degradation of OsSGT1, thereby promoting infection. These genetic resources provide tools for introducing RFS resistance and further our understanding of plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuhang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhangxin Pei
- Wuhan Institute of Landscape Architecture, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Weixiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chaoxi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guotian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kabin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology/Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
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Mandal MK, Kronenberger T, Zulka MI, Windshügel B, Schiermeyer A. Structure-based discovery of small molecules improving stability of human broadly-neutralizing anti-HIV antibody 2F5 in plant suspension cells. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2100266. [PMID: 35075794 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The production of biopharmaceuticals in engineered plant-based systems is a promising technology that has proven its suitability for the production of various recombinant glyco-proteins that are currently undergoing clinical trials. However, compared to mammalian cell lines, the productivity of plant-based systems still requires further improvement. A major obstacle is the proteolytic degradation of recombinant target proteins by endogenous plant proteases mainly from the subtilisin family of serine proteases. In the present study, the authors screened for putative small molecule inhibitors for subtilases that are secreted from tobacco BY-2 suspension cells using an in silico approach. The effectiveness of the substances identified in this screen was subsequently tested in degradation assays using the human broadly-neutralizing anti-HIV monoclonal antibody 2F5 (mAb2F5) and spent BY-2 culture medium as a model system. Among 16 putative inhibitors identified by in silico studies, three naphthalene sulfonic acid derivatives showed inhibitory activity in in vitro degradation assays and are similar to or even more effective than phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), a classical inhibitor of serine proteases, which served as positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Mandal
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biotechnology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thales Kronenberger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Discovery Research ScreeningPort, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie I Zulka
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biotechnology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Björn Windshügel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Discovery Research ScreeningPort, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schiermeyer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biotechnology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
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Priyanatha C, Torkamaneh D, Rajcan I. Genome-Wide Association Study of Soybean Germplasm Derived From Canadian × Chinese Crosses to Mine for Novel Alleles to Improve Seed Yield and Seed Quality Traits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:866300. [PMID: 35419011 PMCID: PMC8996715 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.866300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association study (GWAS) has emerged in the past decade as a viable tool for identifying beneficial alleles from a genomic diversity panel. In an ongoing effort to improve soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], which is the third largest field crop in Canada, a GWAS was conducted to identify novel alleles underlying seed yield and seed quality and agronomic traits. The genomic panel consisted of 200 genotypes including lines derived from several generations of bi-parental crosses between modern Canadian × Chinese cultivars (CD-CH). The genomic diversity panel was field evaluated at two field locations in Ontario in 2019 and 2020. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) was conducted and yielded almost 32 K high-quality SNPs. GWAS was conducted using Fixed and random model Circulating Probability Unification (FarmCPU) model on the following traits: seed yield, seed protein concentration, seed oil concentration, plant height, 100 seed weight, days to maturity, and lodging score that allowed to identify five QTL regions controlling seed yield and seed oil and protein content. A candidate gene search identified a putative gene for each of the three traits. The results of this GWAS study provide insight into potentially valuable genetic resources residing in Chinese modern cultivars that breeders may use to further improve soybean seed yield and seed quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davoud Torkamaneh
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Istvan Rajcan
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Istvan Rajcan,
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16
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Jin X, Liu Y, Hou Z, Zhang Y, Fang Y, Huang Y, Cai H, Qin Y, Cheng Y. Genome-Wide Investigation of SBT Family Genes in Pineapple and Functional Analysis of AcoSBT1.12 in Floral Transition. Front Genet 2021; 12:730821. [PMID: 34557223 PMCID: PMC8452990 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.730821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SBT (Subtilisin-like serine protease), a clan of serine proteolytic enzymes, plays a versatile role in plant growth and defense. Although SBT family genes have been obtained from studies of dicots such as Arabidopsis, little is known about the potential functions of SBT in the monocots. In this study, 54 pineapple SBT genes (AcoSBTs) were divided into six subfamilies and then identified to be experienced strong purifying selective pressure and distributed on 25 chromosomes unevenly. Cis-acting element analysis indicated that almost all AcoSBTs promoters contain light-responsive elements. Further, the expression pattern via RNA-seq data showed that different AcoSBTs were preferentially expressed in different above-ground tissues. Transient expression in tobacco showed that AcoSBT1.12 was located in the plasma membrane. Moreover, Transgenic Arabidopsis ectopically overexpressing AcoSBT1.12 exhibited delayed flowering time. In addition, under the guidance of bioinformatic prediction, we found that AcoSBT1.12 could interact with AcoCWF19L, AcoPUF2, AcoCwfJL, Aco012905, and AcoSZF1 by yeast-two hybrid (Y2H). In summary, this study provided valuable information on pineapple SBT genes and illuminated the biological function of AcoSBT1.12 in floral transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhimin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yunying Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Youmei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hanyang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Transcriptome analysis reveals key genes associated with root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei resistance in chickpea. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17491. [PMID: 34471168 PMCID: PMC8410808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96906-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei, is one of the major plant-parasitic nematode species causing significant yield losses in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). In order to identify the underlying mechanisms of resistance to P. thornei, the transcriptomes of control and inoculated roots of three chickpea genotypes viz. D05253 > F3TMWR2AB001 (resistant advanced breeding line), PBA HatTrick (moderately resistant cultivar), and Kyabra (susceptible cultivar) were studied at 20 and 50 days post inoculation using the RNA-seq approach. On analyzing the 633.3 million reads generated, 962 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Comparative analysis revealed that the majority of DEGs upregulated in the resistant genotype were downregulated in the moderately resistant and susceptible genotypes. Transcription factor families WRKY and bZIP were uniquely expressed in the resistant genotype. The genes Cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinase 10, Protein lifeguard-like, Protein detoxification, Bidirectional sugar transporter Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters1 (SWEET1), and Subtilisin-like protease were found to play cross-functional roles in the resistant chickpea genotype against P. thornei. The identified candidate genes for resistance to P. thornei in chickpea can be explored further to develop markers and accelerate the introgression of P. thornei resistance into elite chickpea cultivars.
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Ku YS, Wang Z, Duan S, Lam HM. Rhizospheric Communication through Mobile Genetic Element Transfers for the Regulation of Microbe-Plant Interactions. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060477. [PMID: 34071379 PMCID: PMC8227670 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Rhizosphere, where microbes and plants coexist, is a hotspot of mobile genetic element (MGE) transfers. It was suggested that ancient MGE transfers drove the evolution of both microbes and plants. On the other hand, recurrent MGE transfers regulate microbe-plant interaction and the adaptation of microbes and plants to the environment. The studies of MGE transfers in the rhizosphere provide useful information for the research on pathogenic/ beneficial microbe-plant interaction. In addition, MGE transfers between microbes and the influence by plant root exudates on such transfers provide useful information for the research on bioremediation. Abstract The transfer of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) has been known as a strategy adopted by organisms for survival and adaptation to the environment. The rhizosphere, where microbes and plants coexist, is a hotspot of MGE transfers. In this review, we discuss the classic mechanisms as well as novel mechanisms of MGE transfers in the rhizosphere. Both intra-kingdom and cross-kingdom MGE transfers will be addressed. MGE transfers could be ancient events which drove evolution or recurrent events which regulate adaptations. Recent findings on MGE transfers between plant and its interacting microbes suggest gene regulations brought forth by such transfers for symbiosis or defense mechanisms. In the natural environment, factors such as temperature and soil composition constantly influence the interactions among different parties in the rhizosphere. In this review, we will also address the effects of various environmental factors on MGE transfers in the rhizosphere. Besides environmental factors, plant root exudates also play a role in the regulation of MGE transfer among microbes in the rhizosphere. The potential use of microbes and plants for bioremediation will be discussed.
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Yang Y, Zhang F, Zhou T, Fang A, Yu Y, Bi C, Xiao S. In Silico Identification of the Full Complement of Subtilase-Encoding Genes and Characterization of the Role of TaSBT1.7 in Resistance Against Stripe Rust in Wheat. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:398-407. [PMID: 32720876 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-20-0176-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant subtilases (SBTs) or subtilisin-like proteases comprise a very diverse family of serine peptidases that participates in a broad spectrum of biological functions. Despite increasing evidence for roles of SBTs in plant immunity in recent years, little is known about wheat (Triticum aestivum) SBTs (TaSBTs). Here, we identified 255 TaSBT genes from bread wheat using the latest version 2.0 of the reference genome sequence. The SBT family can be grouped into five clades, from TaSBT1 to TaSBT5, based on a phylogenetic tree constructed with deduced protein sequences. In silico protein-domain analysis revealed the existence of considerable sequence diversification of the TaSBT family which, together with the local clustered gene distribution, suggests that TaSBT genes have undergone extensive functional diversification. Among those TaSBT genes whose expression was altered by biotic factors, TaSBT1.7 was found to be induced in wheat leaves by chitin and flg22 elicitors, as well as six examined pathogens, implying a role for TaSBT1.7 in plant defense. Transient overexpression of TaSBT1.7 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves resulted in necrotic cell death. Moreover, knocking down TaSBT1.7 in wheat using barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing compromised the hypersensitive response and resistance against Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the causal agent of wheat stripe rust. Taken together, this study defined the full complement of wheat SBT genes and provided evidence for a positive role of one particular member, TaSBT1.7, in the incompatible interaction between wheat and a stripe rust pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, U.S.A
| | - Fengfeng Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tianyu Zhou
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Anfei Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chaowei Bi
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A
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20
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Chai S, Yao Q, Zhang X, Xiao X, Fan X, Zeng J, Sha L, Kang H, Zhang H, Li J, Zhou Y, Wang Y. The semi-dwarfing gene Rht-dp from dwarf polish wheat (Triticum polonicum L.) is the "Green Revolution" gene Rht-B1b. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:63. [PMID: 33468043 PMCID: PMC7814455 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The wheat dwarfing gene increases lodging resistance, the grain number per spike and harvest index. Dwarf Polish wheat (Triticum polonicum L., 2n = 4x = 28, AABB, DPW), initially collected from Tulufan, Xinjiang, China, carries a semi-dwarfing gene Rht-dp on chromosome 4BS. However, Rht-dp and its dwarfing mechanism are unknown. Results Homologous cloning and mapping revealed that Rht-dp is the ‘Green Revolution’ gene Rht-B1b. A haplotype analysis in 59 tetraploid wheat accessions showed that Rht-B1b was only present in T. polonicum. Transcriptomic analysis of two pairs of near-isogenic lines (NILs) of DPW × Tall Polish wheat (Triticum polonicum L., 2n = 4x = 28, AABB, TPW) revealed 41 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as potential dwarfism-related genes. Among them, 28 functionally annotated DEGs were classed into five sub-groups: hormone-related signalling transduction genes, transcription factor genes, cell wall structure-related genes, reactive oxygen-related genes, and nitrogen regulation-related genes. Conclusions These results indicated that Rht-dp is Rht-B1b, which regulates pathways related to hormones, reactive oxygen species, and nitrogen assimilation to modify the cell wall structure, and then limits cell wall loosening and inhibits cell elongation, thereby causing dwarfism in DPW. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07367-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyue Chai
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qin Yao
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lina Sha
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Houyang Kang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Haiqin Zhang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Li
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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21
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Xu L, Wang H, Zhang C, Wang J, Chen A, Chen Y, Ma Z. System-wide characterization of subtilases reveals that subtilisin-like protease FgPrb1 of Fusarium graminearum regulates fungal development and virulence. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 144:103449. [PMID: 32890707 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Subtilases represent the second largest subfamily of serine proteases, and are important for various biological processes. However, the biological function of subtilases has not been systematically characterized in plant pathogens. In present study, 32 subtilases were identified in the genome of wheat scab fungus Fusarium graminearum, a devastating cereal plant pathogen. Deletion mutants of each subtilase were obtained and functionally characterized. Among them, the deletion of FgPrb1 resulted in greatly reduced virulence of F. graminearum. The regulatory mechanisms of FgPrb1 in virulence were investigated in details. Our results showed that the loss of FgPrb1 led to defects in deoxynivalenol (DON) production, responses to environmental stimuli, and lipid metabolism. Additionally, we found that FgPrb1 was involved in autophagy regulation. Taken together, the systematic functional characterization of subtilases showed that the FgPrb1 of F. graminearum is critical for plant infection by regulating multiple different cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luona Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongkai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chengqi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jinli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ahai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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22
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Caro MDP, Holton N, Conti G, Venturuzzi AL, Martínez‐Zamora MG, Zipfel C, Asurmendi S, Díaz‐Ricci JC. The fungal subtilase AsES elicits a PTI-like defence response in Arabidopsis thaliana plants independently of its enzymatic activity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:147-159. [PMID: 31769595 PMCID: PMC6988430 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acremonium strictum elicitor subtilisin (AsES) is a 34-kDa serine-protease secreted by the strawberry fungal pathogen A. strictum. On AsES perception, a set of defence reactions is induced, both locally and systemically, in a wide variety of plant species and against pathogens of alternative lifestyles. However, it is not clear whether AsES proteolytic activity is required for triggering a defence response or if the protein itself acts as an elicitor. To investigate the necessity of the protease activity to activate the defence response, AsES coding sequences of the wild-type gene and a mutant on the active site (S226A) were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Our data show that pretreatment of Arabidopsis plants with inactive proteins, i.e. inhibited with phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF) and mutant, resulted in an increased systemic resistance to Botrytis cinerea and expression of defence-related genes in a temporal manner that mimics the effect already reported for the native AsES protein. The data presented in this study indicate that the defence-eliciting property exhibited by AsES is not associated with its proteolytic activity. Moreover, the enhanced expression of some immune marker genes, seedling growth inhibition and the involvement of the co-receptor BAK1 observed in plants treated with AsES suggests that AsES is being recognized as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern by a leucine-rich repeat receptor. The understanding of the mechanism of action of AsES will contribute to the development of new breeding strategies to confer durable resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Pilar Caro
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET‐UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica “Dr. Bernabé Bloj”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNTSan Miguel de TucumánArgentina
| | - Nicholas Holton
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research Park, NorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Conti
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular – IABiMo – INTA – CONICET, Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología AgropecuariaHurlinghamArgentina
| | - Andrea Laura Venturuzzi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular – IABiMo – INTA – CONICET, Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología AgropecuariaHurlinghamArgentina
| | - Martin Gustavo Martínez‐Zamora
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET‐UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica “Dr. Bernabé Bloj”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNTSan Miguel de TucumánArgentina
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research Park, NorwichUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Sebastian Asurmendi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular – IABiMo – INTA – CONICET, Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología AgropecuariaHurlinghamArgentina
| | - Juan Carlos Díaz‐Ricci
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET‐UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica “Dr. Bernabé Bloj”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNTSan Miguel de TucumánArgentina
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23
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Mehdi C, Virginie L, Audrey G, Axelle B, Colette L, Hélène R, Elisabeth J, Fabienne G, Mathilde FA. Cell Wall Proteome of Wheat Grain Endosperm and Outer Layers at Two Key Stages of Early Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010239. [PMID: 31905787 PMCID: PMC6981528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall is an important compartment in grain cells that fulfills both structural and functional roles. It has a dynamic structure that is constantly modified during development and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Non-structural cell wall proteins (CWPs) are key players in the remodeling of the cell wall during events that punctuate the plant life. Here, a subcellular and quantitative proteomic approach was carried out to identify CWPs possibly involved in changes in cell wall metabolism at two key stages of wheat grain development: the end of the cellularization step and the beginning of storage accumulation. Endosperm and outer layers of wheat grain were analyzed separately as they have different origins (maternal and seed) and functions in grains. Altogether, 734 proteins with predicted signal peptides were identified (CWPs). Functional annotation of CWPs pointed out a large number of proteins potentially involved in cell wall polysaccharide remodeling. In the grain outer layers, numerous proteins involved in cutin formation or lignin polymerization were found, while an unexpected abundance of proteins annotated as plant invertase/pectin methyl esterase inhibitors were identified in the endosperm. In addition, numerous CWPs were accumulating in the endosperm at the grain filling stage, thus revealing strong metabolic activities in the cell wall during endosperm cell differentiation, while protein accumulation was more intense at the earlier stage of development in outer layers. Altogether, our work gives important information on cell wall metabolism during early grain development in both parts of the grain, namely the endosperm and outer layers. The wheat cell wall proteome is the largest cell wall proteome of a monocot species found so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherkaoui Mehdi
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; (C.M.); (L.V.); (G.A.); (B.A.); (L.C.); (R.H.); (G.F.)
| | - Lollier Virginie
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; (C.M.); (L.V.); (G.A.); (B.A.); (L.C.); (R.H.); (G.F.)
| | - Geairon Audrey
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; (C.M.); (L.V.); (G.A.); (B.A.); (L.C.); (R.H.); (G.F.)
| | - Bouder Axelle
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; (C.M.); (L.V.); (G.A.); (B.A.); (L.C.); (R.H.); (G.F.)
| | - Larré Colette
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; (C.M.); (L.V.); (G.A.); (B.A.); (L.C.); (R.H.); (G.F.)
| | - Rogniaux Hélène
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; (C.M.); (L.V.); (G.A.); (B.A.); (L.C.); (R.H.); (G.F.)
| | - Jamet Elisabeth
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France;
| | - Guillon Fabienne
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; (C.M.); (L.V.); (G.A.); (B.A.); (L.C.); (R.H.); (G.F.)
| | - Francin-Allami Mathilde
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France; (C.M.); (L.V.); (G.A.); (B.A.); (L.C.); (R.H.); (G.F.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Tian D, Liu Y, Tian L, Wan M, Zheng B, Shi X. Involvement of Populus CLEL peptides in root development. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1907-1921. [PMID: 31384947 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As one of the major groups of small post-translationally modified peptides, the CLV3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED (CLE)-like (CLEL) peptide family has been reported to regulate root growth, lateral root development and plant gravitropic responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we identified 12 CLEL genes in Populus trichocarpa and performed a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis on these genes. Among them, five P. trichocarpa CLELs (PtrCLELs) were revised with new gene models. All of these PtrCLEL proteins were structurally similar to the A. thaliana CLELs (AtCLELs), including an N-terminal signal peptide, a conserved C-terminal 13-amino-acid CLEL motif and a variable intermediate region. In silico and quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that PtrCLELs were widely expressed in various tissues, including roots, leaves, buds and stems. Exogenous application of chemically synthesized PtrCLEL peptides resulted in wavy or curly roots and reduced lateral root formation in A. thaliana. Moreover, germinating Populus deltoides seedlings on a growth medium containing these peptides caused the roots to thicken and to form abnormal lateral roots, in many cases in clusters. Anatomical and histological changes in thickened roots were further investigated by treating Populus 717 cuttings with the PtrCLEL10 peptide. We observed that root thickening was mainly due to an increased number of cells in the epidermis, hypodermis and cortex. The results of our study suggested that PtrCLEL and AtCLEL genes encode proteins with similar protein structures, sequences of peptide motif and peptide activities on developing roots. The activities of PtrCLEL peptides in root development were species-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan street number 1, Hongshan district, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yueyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan street number 1, Hongshan district, Wuhan 430070, China
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang road number 1, Xuanwu district, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lidan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan street number 1, Hongshan district, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mengjie Wan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan street number 1, Hongshan district, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan street number 1, Hongshan district, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan street number 1, Hongshan district, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xueping Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan street number 1, Hongshan district, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan street number 1, Hongshan district, Wuhan 430070, China
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25
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Choudhury S, Larkin P, Xu R, Hayden M, Forrest K, Meinke H, Hu H, Zhou M, Fan Y. Genome wide association study reveals novel QTL for barley yellow dwarf virus resistance in wheat. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:891. [PMID: 31752676 PMCID: PMC6873737 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) is an important virus disease that causes significant reductions in wheat yield. For effective control of Barley yellow dwarf virus through breeding, the identification of genetic sources of resistance is key to success. In this study, 335 geographically diverse wheat accessions genotyped using an Illumina iSelect 90 K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) bead chip array were used to identify new sources of resistance to BYD in different environments. Results A genome-wide association study (GWAS) performed using all the generalised and mixed linkage models (GLM and MLM, respectively) identified a total of 36 significant marker-trait associations, four of which were consistently detected in the K model. These four novel quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified on chromosomes 2A, 2B, 6A and 7A and associated with markers IWA3520, IWB24938, WB69770 and IWB57703, respectively. These four QTL showed an additive effect with the average visual symptom score of the lines containing resistance alleles of all four QTL being much lower than those with less favorable alleles. Several Chinese landraces, such as H-205 (Baimazha) and H-014 (Dahongmai) which have all four favorable alleles, showed consistently higher resistance in different field trials. None of them contained the previously described Bdv2, Bdv3 or Bdv4 genes for BYD resistance. Conclusions This study identified multiple novel QTL for BYD resistance and some resistant wheat genotypes. These will be useful for breeders to generate combinations with and/or without Bdv2 to achieve higher levels and more stable BYD resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shormin Choudhury
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, TAS, Australia.,Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Rugen Xu
- Barley Research Institution of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Matthew Hayden
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kerrie Forrest
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Holger Meinke
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, TAS, Australia
| | - Hongliang Hu
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, TAS, Australia
| | - Meixue Zhou
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, TAS, Australia.
| | - Yun Fan
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, TAS, Australia.
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26
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Molecular evidence for origin, diversification and ancient gene duplication of plant subtilases (SBTs). Sci Rep 2019; 9:12485. [PMID: 31462749 PMCID: PMC6713707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48664-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant subtilases (SBTs) are a widely distributed family of serine proteases which participates in plant developmental processes and immune responses. Although SBTs are divided into seven subgroups in plants, their origin and evolution, particularly in green algae remain elusive. Here, we present a comprehensive large-scale evolutionary analysis of all subtilases. The plant subtilases SBT1-5 were found to be monophyletic, nested within a larger radiation of bacteria suggesting that they originated from bacteria by a single horizontal gene transfer (HGT) event. A group of bacterial subtilases comprising representatives from four phyla was identified as a sister group to SBT1-5. The phylogenetic analyses, based on evaluation of novel streptophyte algal genomes, suggested that the recipient of the HGT of bacterial subtilases was the common ancestor of Coleochaetophyceae, Zygnematophyceae and embryophytes. Following the HGT, the subtilase gene duplicated in the common ancestor and the two genes diversified into SBT2 and SBT1, 3–5 respectively. Comparative structural analysis of homology-modeled SBT2 proteins also showed their conservation from bacteria to embryophytes. Our study provides the first molecular evidence about the evolution of plant subtilases via HGT followed by a first gene duplication in the common ancestor of Coleochaetophyceae, Zygnematophyceae, and embryophytes, and subsequent expansion in embryophytes.
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27
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Natali L, Vangelisti A, Guidi L, Remorini D, Cotrozzi L, Lorenzini G, Nali C, Pellegrini E, Trivellini A, Vernieri P, Landi M, Cavallini A, Giordani T. How Quercus ilex L. saplings face combined salt and ozone stress: a transcriptome analysis. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:872. [PMID: 30514212 PMCID: PMC6278050 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Similar to other urban trees, holm oaks (Quercus ilex L.) provide a physiological, ecological and social service in the urban environment, since they remove atmospheric pollution. However, the urban environment has several abiotic factors that negatively influence plant life, which are further exacerbated due to climate change, especially in the Mediterranean area. Among these abiotic factors, increased uptake of Na + and Cl - usually occurs in trees in the urban ecosystem; moreover, an excess of the tropospheric ozone concentration in Mediterranean cities further affects plant growth and survival. Here, we produced and annotated a de novo leaf transcriptome of Q. ilex as well as transcripts over- or under-expressed after a single episode of O3 (80 nl l-1, 5 h), a salt treatment (150 mM for 15 days) or a combination of these treatments, mimicking a situation that plants commonly face, especially in urban environments. RESULTS Salinity dramatically changed the profile of expressed transcripts, while the short O3 pulse had less effect on the transcript profile. However, the short O3 pulse had a very strong effect in inducing over- or under-expression of some genes in plants coping with soil salinity. Many differentially regulated genes were related to stress sensing and signalling, cell wall remodelling, ROS sensing and scavenging, photosynthesis and to sugar and lipid metabolism. Most differentially expressed transcripts revealed here are in accordance with a previous report on Q. ilex at the physiological and biochemical levels, even though the expression profiles were overall more striking than those found at the biochemical and physiological levels. CONCLUSIONS We produced for the first time a reference transcriptome for Q. ilex, and performed gene expression analysis for this species when subjected to salt, ozone and a combination of the two. The comparison of gene expression between the combined salt + ozone treatment and salt or ozone alone showed that even though many differentially expressed genes overlap all treatments, combined stress triggered a unique response in terms of gene expression modification. The obtained results represent a useful tool for studies aiming to investigate the effects of environmental stresses in urban-adapted tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Natali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Vangelisti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Damiano Remorini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alice Trivellini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Vernieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavallini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Giordani
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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28
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Hoernstein SNW, Fode B, Wiedemann G, Lang D, Niederkrüger H, Berg B, Schaaf A, Frischmuth T, Schlosser A, Decker EL, Reski R. Host Cell Proteome of Physcomitrella patens Harbors Proteases and Protease Inhibitors under Bioproduction Conditions. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:3749-3760. [PMID: 30226384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Host cell proteins are inevitable contaminants of biopharmaceuticals. Here, we performed detailed analyses of the host cell proteome of moss ( Physcomitrella patens) bioreactor supernatants using mass spectrometry and subsequent bioinformatics analysis. Distinguishing between the apparent secretome and intracellular contaminants, a complex extracellular proteolytic network including subtilisin-like proteases, metallo-proteases, and aspartic proteases was identified. Knockout of a subtilisin-like protease affected the overall extracellular proteolytic activity. Besides proteases, also secreted protease-inhibiting proteins such as serpins were identified. Further, we confirmed predicted cleavage sites of 40 endogenous signal peptides employing an N-terminomics approach. The present data provide novel aspects to optimize both product stability of recombinant biopharmaceuticals as well as their maturation along the secretory pathway. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD009517.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian N W Hoernstein
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology , University of Freiburg , Schaenzlestrasse 1 , D-79104 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Benjamin Fode
- Greenovation Biotech GmbH , Hans-Bunte-Strasse 19 , D-79108 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Gertrud Wiedemann
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology , University of Freiburg , Schaenzlestrasse 1 , D-79104 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Daniel Lang
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology , University of Freiburg , Schaenzlestrasse 1 , D-79104 Freiburg , Germany.,Plant Genome and System Biology , Helmholtz Center Munich , D-85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Holger Niederkrüger
- Greenovation Biotech GmbH , Hans-Bunte-Strasse 19 , D-79108 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Birgit Berg
- Greenovation Biotech GmbH , Hans-Bunte-Strasse 19 , D-79108 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Andreas Schaaf
- Greenovation Biotech GmbH , Hans-Bunte-Strasse 19 , D-79108 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Thomas Frischmuth
- Greenovation Biotech GmbH , Hans-Bunte-Strasse 19 , D-79108 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Andreas Schlosser
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center for Experimental Biomedicine , University of Wuerzburg , D-97080 Wuerzburg , Germany
| | - Eva L Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology , University of Freiburg , Schaenzlestrasse 1 , D-79104 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology , University of Freiburg , Schaenzlestrasse 1 , D-79104 Freiburg , Germany.,BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies , University of Freiburg , D-79104 Freiburg , Germany
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29
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Yang Y, Liu Z, Zhang T, Zhou G, Duan Z, Li B, Dou S, Liang X, Tu J, Shen J, Yi B, Fu T, Dai C, Ma C. Mechanism of Salt-Induced Self-Compatibility Dissected by Comparative Proteomic Analysis in Brassica napus L. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1652. [PMID: 29865276 PMCID: PMC6032146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) in plants genetically prevents self-fertilization to promote outcrossing and genetic diversity. Its hybrids in Brassica have been widely cultivated due to the propagation of SI lines by spraying a salt solution. We demonstrated that suppression of Brassica napus SI from edible salt solution treatment was ascribed to sodium chloride and independent of S haplotypes, but it did not obviously change the expression of SI-related genes. Using the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technique, we identified 885 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) in Brassica napus stigmas of un-pollinated (UP), pollinated with compatible pollen (PC), pollinated with incompatible pollen (PI), and pollinated with incompatible pollen after edible salt solution treatment (NA). Of the 307 DAPs in NA/UP, 134 were unique and 94 were shared only with PC/UP. In PC and NA, some salt stress protein species, such as glyoxalase I, were induced, and these protein species were likely to participate in the self-compatibility (SC) pathway. Most of the identified protein species were related to metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, ribosome, and so on. A systematic analysis implied that salt treatment-overcoming SI in B.napus was likely conferred by at least five different physiological mechanisms: (i) the use of Ca2+ as signal molecule; (ii) loosening of the cell wall to allow pollen tube penetration; (iii) synthesis of compatibility factor protein species for pollen tube growth; (iv) depolymerization of microtubule networks to facilitate pollen tube movement; and (v) inhibition of protein degradation pathways to restrain the SI response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhiquan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Tong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Guilong Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Duan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Bing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Shengwei Dou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xiaomei Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Cheng Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Wilson KA, Tan-Wilson A. Proteases catalyzing vicilin cleavage in developing pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 224-225:86-94. [PMID: 29609123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Legume species differ in whether or not the 7S globulins stored in seeds undergo proteolytic processing during seed development, while preserving the bicupin structure and trimeric assembly necessary for accumulation and packing into protein storage vacuoles. Two such cleavage sites have been documented for the vicilins in pea cotyledons: one in the linker region between the two cupin domains, and another in an exposed loop in the C-terminal cupin. In this report, we explain the occurrence of vicilin cleavage in developing pea by showing that the storage vacuoles are already acidified before germination, in contrast to soybean and peanut where acidification occurs only after germination. We also show that the two cleavage reactions are catalyzed by two different proteases. The vicilin cleavage at the linker region was inhibited by AEBSF (4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride), indicative of a serine protease. The cleavage in the C-terminal cupin domain was sensitive to the sulfhydryl-reactive reagents p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate and iodoacetate, but not to E-64 (N-[N-(L-3-transcarboxyirane-2-carbonyl)-l-leucyl]-agmatine), characteristic of the legumain class of cysteine proteases. During seed development, we found the predominant vicilin cleavage in this pea cultivar (Knight) to be at the site in the second cupin domain; but after germination, both sites were cleaved at about the same rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl A Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States.
| | - Anna Tan-Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States.
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Schaller A, Stintzi A, Rivas S, Serrano I, Chichkova NV, Vartapetian AB, Martínez D, Guiamét JJ, Sueldo DJ, van der Hoorn RAL, Ramírez V, Vera P. From structure to function - a family portrait of plant subtilases. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:901-915. [PMID: 28467631 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 901 I. Introduction 901 II. Biochemistry and structure of plant SBTs 902 III. Phylogeny of plant SBTs and family organization 903 IV. Physiological roles of plant SBTs 905 V. Conclusions and outlook 911 Acknowledgements 912 References 912 SUMMARY: Subtilases (SBTs) are serine peptidases that are found in all three domains of life. As compared with homologs in other Eucarya, plant SBTs are more closely related to archaeal and bacterial SBTs, with which they share many biochemical and structural features. However, in the course of evolution, functional diversification led to the acquisition of novel, plant-specific functions, resulting in the present-day complexity of the plant SBT family. SBTs are much more numerous in plants than in any other organism, and include enzymes involved in general proteolysis as well as highly specific processing proteases. Most SBTs are targeted to the cell wall, where they contribute to the control of growth and development by regulating the properties of the cell wall and the activity of extracellular signaling molecules. Plant SBTs affect all stages of the life cycle as they contribute to embryogenesis, seed development and germination, cuticle formation and epidermal patterning, vascular development, programmed cell death, organ abscission, senescence, and plant responses to their biotic and abiotic environments. In this article we provide a comprehensive picture of SBT structure and function in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schaller
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70593, Germany
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70593, Germany
| | - Susana Rivas
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Irene Serrano
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Nina V Chichkova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey B Vartapetian
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dana Martínez
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Juan J Guiamét
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Daniela J Sueldo
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Vicente Ramírez
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Pablo Vera
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-CSIC, Valencia, 46022, Spain
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Proteomic approach to understand the molecular physiology of symbiotic interaction between Piriformospora indica and Brassica napus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5773. [PMID: 29636503 PMCID: PMC5893561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23994-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have been now focused on the promising approach of fungal endophytes to protect the plant from nutrient deficiency and environmental stresses along with better development and productivity. Quantitative and qualitative protein characteristics are regulated at genomic, transcriptomic, and posttranscriptional levels. Here, we used integrated in-depth proteome analyses to characterize the relationship between endophyte Piriformospora indica and Brassica napus plant highlighting its potential involvement in symbiosis and overall growth and development of the plant. An LC-MS/MS based label-free quantitative technique was used to evaluate the differential proteomics under P. indica treatment vs. control plants. In this study, 8,123 proteins were assessed, of which 46 showed significant abundance (34 downregulated and 12 upregulated) under high confidence conditions (p-value ≤ 0.05, fold change ≥2, confidence level 95%). Mapping of identified differentially expressed proteins with bioinformatics tools such as GO and KEGG pathway analysis showed significant enrichment of gene sets involves in metabolic processes, symbiotic signaling, stress/defense responses, energy production, nutrient acquisition, biosynthesis of essential metabolites. These proteins are responsible for root's architectural modification, cell remodeling, and cellular homeostasis during the symbiotic growth phase of plant's life. We tried to enhance our knowledge that how the biological pathways modulate during symbiosis?
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Figueiredo J, Sousa Silva M, Figueiredo A. Subtilisin-like proteases in plant defence: the past, the present and beyond. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1017-1028. [PMID: 28524452 PMCID: PMC6638164 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Subtilisin-like proteases (or subtilases) are a very diverse family of serine peptidases present in many organisms, but mostly in plants. With a broad spectrum of biological functions, ranging from protein turnover and plant development to interactions with the environment, subtilases have been gaining increasing attention with regard to their involvement in plant defence responses against the most diverse pathogens. Over the last 5 years, the number of published studies associating plant subtilases with pathogen resistance and plant immunity has increased tremendously. In addition, the observation of subtilases and serine protease inhibitors secreted by pathogens has also gained prominence. In this review, we focus on the active participation of subtilases in the interactions established by plants with the environment, highlighting their role in plant-pathogen communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Figueiredo
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI)Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaLisbon 1749‐016Portugal
- Laboratório de FTICR e Espectrometria de Massa EstruturalFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaLisbon 1749‐016Portugal
- Centro de Química e BioquímicaFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaLisbon 1749‐016Portugal
| | - Marta Sousa Silva
- Laboratório de FTICR e Espectrometria de Massa EstruturalFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaLisbon 1749‐016Portugal
- Centro de Química e BioquímicaFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaLisbon 1749‐016Portugal
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI)Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaLisbon 1749‐016Portugal
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Chichkova NV, Galiullina RA, Mochalova LV, Trusova SV, Sobri ZM, Gallois P, Vartapetian AB. Arabidopsis thaliana phytaspase: identification and peculiar properties. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:171-179. [PMID: 32291031 DOI: 10.1071/fp16321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytaspases are plant cell death-related proteases of the subtilisin-like protease family that possess an unusual aspartate cleavage specificity. Although phytaspase activity is widespread in plants, phytaspase of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. has escaped detection and identification thus far. Here, we show that a single gene (At4 g10540) out of 56 A. thaliana subtilisin-like protease genes encodes a phytaspase. The recombinant phytaspase was overproduced in Nicotiana benthamiana Domin leaves, isolated, and its substrate specificity and properties were characterised. At pH 5.5, at physiological mildly acidic reaction conditions, the Arabidopsis phytaspase was shown to be strictly Asp-specific. The strongly preferred cleavage motifs of the enzyme out of a panel of synthetic peptide substrates were YVAD and IETD, while the VEID-based substrate preferred by the tobacco and rice phytaspases was almost completely resistant to hydrolysis. At neutral pH, however, the Arabidopsis phytaspase could hydrolyse peptide substrates after two additional amino acid residues, His and Phe, in addition to Asp. This observation may indicate that the repertoire of Arabidopsis phytaspase targets could possibly be regulated by the conditions of the cellular environment. Similar to tobacco and rice phytaspases, the Arabidopsis enzyme was shown to accumulate in the apoplast of epidermal leaf cells. However, in stomatal cells Arabidopsis phytaspase was observed inside the cells, possibly co-localising with vacuole. Our study thus demonstrates that the Arabidopsis phytaspase possesses both important similarities with and distinctions from the already known phytaspases, and is likely to be the most divergent member of the phytaspase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina V Chichkova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Raisa A Galiullina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Larisa V Mochalova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana V Trusova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Zulfazli M Sobri
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Patrick Gallois
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Andrey B Vartapetian
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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Morales-Navarro S, Pérez-Díaz R, Ortega A, de Marcos A, Mena M, Fenoll C, González-Villanueva E, Ruiz-Lara S. Overexpression of a SDD1-Like Gene From Wild Tomato Decreases Stomatal Density and Enhances Dehydration Avoidance in Arabidopsis and Cultivated Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:940. [PMID: 30022991 PMCID: PMC6039981 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are microscopic valves formed by two guard cells flanking a pore, which are located on the epidermis of most aerial plant organs and are used for water and gas exchange between the plant and the atmosphere. The number, size and distribution of stomata are set during development in response to changing environmental conditions, allowing plants to minimize the impact of a stressful environment. In Arabidopsis, STOMATAL DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION 1 (AtSDD1) negatively regulates stomatal density and optimizes transpiration and water use efficiency (WUE). Despite this, little is known about the function of AtSDD1 orthologs in crop species and their wild stress-tolerant relatives. In this study, SDD1-like from the stress-tolerant wild tomato Solanum chilense (SchSDD1-like) was identified through its close sequence relationship with SDD1-like from Solanum lycopersicum and AtSDD1. Both Solanum SDD1-like transcripts accumulated in high levels in young leaves, suggesting that they play a role in early leaf development. Arabidopsis sdd1-3 plants transformed with SchSDD1-like under a constitutive promoter showed a significant reduction in stomatal leaf density compared with untransformed sdd1-3 plants. Additionally, a leaf dehydration shock test demonstrated that the reduction in stomatal abundance of transgenic plants was sufficient to slow down dehydration. Overexpression of SchSDD1-like in cultivated tomato plants decreased the stomatal index and density of the cotyledons and leaves, and resulted in higher dehydration avoidance. Taken together, these results indicate that SchSDD1-like functions in a similar manner to AtSDD1 and suggest that Arabidopsis and tomatoes share this component of the stomatal development pathway that impinges on water status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alfonso Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales Y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Alberto de Marcos
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales Y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Montaña Mena
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales Y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Carmen Fenoll
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales Y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Simón Ruiz-Lara
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- *Correspondence: Simón Ruiz-Lara,
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Stührwohldt N, Hohl M, Schardon K, Stintzi A, Schaller A. Post-translational maturation of IDA, a peptide signal controlling floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis. Commun Integr Biol 2017. [PMCID: PMC5824936 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2017.1395119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The abscission of sepals, petals and stamens in Arabidopsis flowers is controlled by a peptide signal called IDA (Inflorescence Deficient in Abscission). IDA belongs to the large group of small post-translationally modified signaling peptides that are synthesized as larger precursors and require proteolytic processing and specific side chain modifications for signal biogenesis. Using tissue-specific expression of proteinase inhibitors as a novel approach for loss-of-function analysis, we recently identified the peptidases responsible for IDA maturation within the large family of subtilisin-like proteinases (subtilases; SBTs). Further biochemical and physiological assays identified three SBTs (AtSBT5.2, AtSBT4.12, AtSBT4.13) that cleave the IDA precursor to generate the N-terminus of the mature peptide. The C-terminal processing enzyme(s) remain(s) to be identified. While proline hydroxylation was suggested as additional post-translational modification required for IDA maturation, hydroxylated and non-hydroxylated IDA peptides were found to be equally active in bioassays for abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Stührwohldt
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mathias Hohl
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katharina Schardon
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Kaźmierczak A, Doniak M, Kunikowska A. Proteolytic activities in cortex of apical parts of Vicia faba ssp. minor seedling roots during kinetin-induced programmed cell death. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:2273-2285. [PMID: 28501974 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a crucial process in plant development. In this paper, proteolytically related aspects of kinetin-induced PCD in cortex cells of Vicia faba ssp. minor seedlings were examined using morphological, fluorometric, spectrophotometric, and fluorescence microscopic analyses. Cell viability estimation after 46 μM kinetin treatment of seedling roots showed that the number of dying cortex cells increased with treatment duration, reaching maximum after 72 h. Weight of the apical root segments increased with time and was about 2.5-fold greater after 96 h, while the protein content remained unchanged, compared to the control. The total and cysteine-dependent proteolytic activities fluctuated during 1-96-h treatment, which was not accompanied by the changes in the protein amount, indicating that the absolute protein amounts decreased during kinetin-induced PCD. N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), and Z-Leu-Leu-Nva-H (MG115), the respective cysteine, serine, and proteasome inhibitors, suppressed kinetin-induced PCD. PMSF significantly decreased serine-dependent proteolytic activities without changing the amount of proteins, unlike NEM and MG115. More pronounced effect of PMSF over NEM indicated that in the root apical segments, the most important proteolytic activity during kinetin-induced PCD was that of serine proteases, while that of cysteine proteases may be important for protein degradation in the last phase of the process. Both NEM and PMSF inhibited apoptotic-like structure formation during kinetin-induced PCD. The level of caspase-3-like activity of β1 proteasome subunit increased after kinetin treatment. Addition of proteasome inhibitor MG-115 reduced the number of dying cells, suggesting that proteasomes might play an important role during kinetin-induced PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kaźmierczak
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, The University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Doniak
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, The University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Anita Kunikowska
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, The University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
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Patel N, Mohd-Radzman NA, Corcilius L, Crossett B, Connolly A, Cordwell SJ, Ivanovici A, Taylor K, Williams J, Binos S, Mariani M, Payne RJ, Djordjevic MA. Diverse Peptide Hormones Affecting Root Growth Identified in the Medicago truncatula Secreted Peptidome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 17:160-174. [PMID: 29079721 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multigene families encoding diverse secreted peptide hormones play important roles in plant development. A need exists to efficiently elucidate the structures and post-translational-modifications of these difficult-to-isolate peptide hormones in planta so that their biological functions can be determined. A mass spectrometry and bioinformatics approach was developed to comprehensively analyze the secreted peptidome of Medicago hairy root cultures and xylem sap. We identified 759 spectra corresponding to the secreted products of twelve peptide hormones including four CEP (C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE), two CLE (CLV3/ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION RELATED) and six XAP (XYLEM SAP ASSOCIATED PEPTIDE) peptides. The MtCEP1, MtCEP2, MtCEP5 and MtCEP8 peptides identified differed in post-translational-modifications. Most were hydroxylated at conserved proline residues but some MtCEP1 derivatives were tri-arabinosylated. In addition, many CEP peptides possessed unexpected N- and C-terminal extensions. The pattern of these extensions suggested roles for endo- and exoproteases in CEP peptide maturation. Longer than expected, hydroxylated and homogeneously modified mono- and tri-arabinosylated CEP peptides corresponding to their in vivo structures were chemically synthesized to probe the effect of these post-translational-modifications on function. The ability of CEP peptides to elevate root nodule number was increased by hydroxylation at key positions. MtCEP1 peptides with N-terminal extensions or with tri-arabinosylation modification, however, were unable to impart increased nodulation. The MtCLE5 and MtCLE17 peptides identified were of precise size, and inhibited main root growth and increased lateral root number. Six XAP peptides, each beginning with a conserved DY sulfation motif, were identified including MtXAP1a, MtXAP1b, MtXAP1c, MtXAP3, MtXAP5 and MtXAP7. MtXAP1a and MtXAP5 inhibited lateral root emergence. Transcriptional analyses demonstrated peptide hormone gene expression in the root vasculature and tip. Since hairy roots can be induced on many plants, their corresponding root cultures may represent ideal source materials to efficiently identify diverse peptide hormones in vivo in a broad range of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Patel
- From the ‡Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nadiatul A Mohd-Radzman
- From the ‡Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Leo Corcilius
- §School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ben Crossett
- ¶Sydney Mass Spectrometry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Angela Connolly
- ¶Sydney Mass Spectrometry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart J Cordwell
- ¶Sydney Mass Spectrometry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,‖Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Ariel Ivanovici
- From the ‡Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Katia Taylor
- From the ‡Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - James Williams
- §School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Steve Binos
- **Thermo Fisher Scientific Pty. Ltd., 5 Caribbean Drive, Scoresby, VIC 3179, Australia
| | - Michael Mariani
- **Thermo Fisher Scientific Pty. Ltd., 5 Caribbean Drive, Scoresby, VIC 3179, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- §School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael A Djordjevic
- From the ‡Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia;
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Identification of Proteases and Protease Inhibitors in Allergenic and Non-Allergenic Pollen. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061199. [PMID: 28587253 PMCID: PMC5486022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollen is one of the most common causes of allergy worldwide, making the study of their molecular composition crucial for the advancement of allergy research. Despite substantial efforts in this field, it is not yet clear why some plant pollens strongly provoke allergies while others do not. However, proteases and protease inhibitors from allergen sources are known to play an important role in the development of pollen allergies. In this study, we aim to uncover differences in the transcriptional pattern of proteases and protease inhibitors in Betula verrucosa and Pinus sylvestris pollen as models for high and low allergenic potential, respectively. We applied RNA sequencing to Betula verrucosa and Pinus sylvestris pollen. After de-novo assembly we derived general functional profiles of the protein coding transcripts. By utilization of domain based functional annotation we identified potential proteases and protease inhibitors and compared their expression in the two types of pollen. Functional profiles are highly similar between Betula verrucosa and Pinus sylvestris pollen. Both pollen contain proteases and inhibitors from 53 and 7 Pfam families, respectively. Some of the members comprised within those families are implicated in facilitating allergen entry, while others are known allergens themselves. Our work revealed several candidate proteins which, with further investigation, represent exciting new leads in elucidating the process behind allergic sensitization.
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Taylor A, Qiu YL. Evolutionary History of Subtilases in Land Plants and Their Involvement in Symbiotic Interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:489-501. [PMID: 28353400 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-16-0218-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Subtilases, a family of proteases involved in a variety of developmental processes in land plants, are also involved in both mutualistic symbiosis and host-pathogen interactions in different angiosperm lineages. We examined the evolutionary history of subtilase genes across land plants through a phylogenetic analysis integrating amino acid sequence data from full genomes, transcriptomes, and characterized subtilases of 341 species of diverse green algae and land plants along with subtilases from 12 species of other eukaryotes, archaea, and bacteria. Our analysis reconstructs the subtilase gene phylogeny and identifies 11 new gene lineages, six of which have no previously characterized members. Two large, previously unnamed, subtilase gene lineages that diverged before the origin of angiosperms accounted for the majority of subtilases shown to be associated with symbiotic interactions. These lineages expanded through both whole-genome and tandem duplication, with differential neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization creating paralogs associated with different symbioses, including nodulation with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizae, and pathogenesis in different plant clades. This study demonstrates for the first time that a key gene family involved in plant-microbe interactions proliferated in size and functional diversity before the explosive radiation of angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Taylor
- University of Michigan, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - Yin-Long Qiu
- University of Michigan, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
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Roberts IN, Veliz CG, Criado MV, Signorini A, Simonetti E, Caputo C. Identification and expression analysis of 11 subtilase genes during natural and induced senescence of barley plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 211:70-80. [PMID: 28167368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Subtilases are one of the largest groups of the serine protease family and are involved in many aspects of plant development including senescence. In wheat, previous reports demonstrate an active participation of two senescence-induced subtilases, denominated P1 and P2, in nitrogen remobilization during whole plant senescence. The aim of the present study was to examine the participation of subtilases in senescence-associated proteolysis of barley leaves while comparing different senescence types. With this purpose, subtilase enzymatic activity, immunodetection with a heterologous antiserum and gene expression of 11 subtilase sequences identified in barley databases by homology to P1 were analyzed in barley leaves undergoing dark-induced or natural senescence at the vegetative or reproductive growth phase. Results showed that subtilase specific activity as well as two inmunoreactive bands representing putative subtilases increased in barley leaves submitted to natural and dark-induced senescence. Gene expression analysis showed that two of the eleven subtilase genes analyzed, HvSBT3 and HvSBT6, were up-regulated in all the senescence conditions tested while HvSBT2 was expressed and up-regulated only during dark-induced senescence. On the other hand, HvSBT1, HvSBT4 and HvSBT7 were down-regulated during senescence and two other subtilase genes (HvSBT10 and HvSBT11) showed no significant changes. The remaining subtilase genes were not detected. Results demonstrate an active participation of subtilases in protein degradation during dark-induced and natural leaf senescence of barley plants both at the vegetative and reproductive stage, and, based on their expression profile, postulate HvSBT3 and HvSBT6 as key components of senescence-associated proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma N Roberts
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA), CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Cintia G Veliz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA), CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Criado
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA), CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Signorini
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA), CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ester Simonetti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA), CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Caputo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA), CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Hohl M, Stintzi A, Schaller A. A novel subtilase inhibitor in plants shows structural and functional similarities to protease propeptides. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:6389-6401. [PMID: 28223360 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.775445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The propeptides of subtilisin-like serine proteinases (subtilases, SBTs) serve dual functions as intramolecular chaperones that are required for enzyme folding and as inhibitors of the mature proteases. SBT propeptides are homologous to the I9 family of protease inhibitors that have only been described in fungi. Here we report the identification and characterization of subtilisin propeptide-like inhibitor 1 (SPI-1) from Arabidopsis thaliana Sequence similarity and the shared β-α-β-β-α-β core structure identified SPI-1 as a member of the I9 inhibitor family and as the first independent I9 inhibitor in higher eukaryotes. SPI-1 was characterized as a high-affinity, tight-binding inhibitor of Arabidopsis subtilase SBT4.13 with Kd and Ki values in the picomolar range. SPI-1 acted as a stable inhibitor of SBT4.13 over the physiologically relevant range of pH, and its inhibitory profile included many other SBTs from plants but not bovine chymotrypsin or bacterial subtilisin A. Upon binding to SBT4.13, the C-terminal extension of SPI-1 was proteolytically cleaved. The last four amino acids at the newly formed C terminus of SPI-1 matched both the cleavage specificity of SBT4.13 and the consensus sequence of Arabidopsis SBTs at the junction of the propeptide with the catalytic domain. The data suggest that the C terminus of SPI-1 acts as a competitive inhibitor of target proteases as it remains bound to the active site in a product-like manner. SPI-1 thus resembles SBT propeptides with respect to its mode of protease inhibition. However, in contrast to SBT propeptides, SPI-1 could not substitute as a folding assistant for SBT4.13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hohl
- From the Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Annick Stintzi
- From the Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- From the Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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Schardon K, Hohl M, Graff L, Pfannstiel J, Schulze W, Stintzi A, Schaller A. Precursor processing for plant peptide hormone maturation by subtilisin-like serine proteinases. Science 2016; 354:1594-1597. [PMID: 27940581 DOI: 10.1126/science.aai8550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Peptide hormones that regulate plant growth and development are derived from larger precursor proteins by proteolytic processing. Our study addressed the role of subtilisin-like proteinases (SBTs) in this process. Using tissue-specific expression of proteinase inhibitors as a tool to overcome functional redundancy, we found that SBT activity was required for the maturation of IDA (INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION), a peptide signal for the abscission of floral organs in Arabidopsis We identified three SBTs that process the IDA precursor in vitro, and this processing was shown to be required for the formation of mIDA (the mature and bioactive form of IDA) as the endogenous signaling peptide in vivo. Hence, SBTs act as prohormone convertases in plants, and several functionally redundant SBTs contribute to signal biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schardon
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mathias Hohl
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lucile Graff
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jens Pfannstiel
- Core Facility Hohenheim, Mass Spectrometry Unit, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Waltraud Schulze
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Plant Systems Biology, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Annick Stintzi
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Figueiredo J, Costa GJ, Maia M, Paulo OS, Malhó R, Sousa Silva M, Figueiredo A. Revisiting Vitis vinifera Subtilase Gene Family: A Possible Role in Grapevine Resistance against Plasmopara viticola. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1783. [PMID: 27933087 PMCID: PMC5122586 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Subtilisin-like proteases, also known as subtilases, are a very diverse family of serine peptidases present in many organisms. In grapevine, there are hints of the involvement of subtilases in defense mechanisms, but their role is not yet understood. The first characterization of the subtilase gene family was performed in 2014. However, simultaneously, the grapevine genome was re-annotated and several sequences were re-annotated or retrieved. We have performed a re-characterization of this family in grapevine and identified 82 genes coding for 97 putative proteins, as result of alternative splicing. All the subtilases identified present the characteristic S8 peptidase domain and the majority of them also have a pro-domain I9 inhibitor, a protease-associated (PA) domain, and a signal peptide for targeting to the secretory pathway. Phylogenetic studies revealed six subtilase groups denominated VvSBT1 to VvSBT6. As several evidences have highlighted the participation of plant subtilases in response to biotic stimulus, we have investigated subtilase participation in grapevine resistance to Plasmopara viticola, the causative agent of downy mildew. Fourteen grapevine subtilases presenting either high homology to P69C from tomato, SBT3.3 from Arabidopsis thaliana or located near the Resistance to P. viticola (RPV) locus were selected. Expression studies were conducted in the grapevine-P. viticola pathosystem with resistant and susceptible cultivars. Our results may indicate that some of grapevine subtilisins are potentially participating in the defense response against this biotrophic oomycete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Figueiredo
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório de FTICR e Espectrometria de Massa Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo J. Costa
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Marisa Maia
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório de FTICR e Espectrometria de Massa Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Octávio S. Paulo
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Malhó
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Sousa Silva
- Laboratório de FTICR e Espectrometria de Massa Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
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Zamyatnin AA. Plant Proteases Involved in Regulated Cell Death. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:1701-15. [PMID: 26878575 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915130064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Each plant genome encodes hundreds of proteolytic enzymes. These enzymes can be divided into five distinct classes: cysteine-, serine-, aspartic-, threonine-, and metalloproteinases. Despite the differences in their structural properties and activities, members of all of these classes in plants are involved in the processes of regulated cell death - a basic feature of eukaryotic organisms. Regulated cell death in plants is an indispensable mechanism supporting plant development, survival, stress responses, and defense against pathogens. This review summarizes recent advances in studies of plant proteolytic enzymes functioning in the initiation and execution of distinct types of regulated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Zamyatnin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Serrano I, Buscaill P, Audran C, Pouzet C, Jauneau A, Rivas S. A non canonical subtilase attenuates the transcriptional activation of defence responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27685353 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19755.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases play crucial physiological functions in all organisms by controlling the lifetime of proteins. Here, we identified an atypical protease of the subtilase family [SBT5.2(b)] that attenuates the transcriptional activation of plant defence independently of its protease activity. The SBT5.2 gene produces two distinct transcripts encoding a canonical secreted subtilase [SBT5.2(a)] and an intracellular protein [SBT5.2(b)]. Concomitant to SBT5.2(a) downregulation, SBT5.2(b) expression is induced after bacterial inoculation. SBT5.2(b) localizes to endosomes where it interacts with and retains the defence-related transcription factor MYB30. Nuclear exclusion of MYB30 results in its reduced transcriptional activation and, thus, suppressed resistance. sbt5.2 mutants, with abolished SBT5.2(a) and SBT5.2(b) expression, display enhanced defence that is suppressed in a myb30 mutant background. Moreover, overexpression of SBT5.2(b), but not SBT5.2(a), in sbt5.2 plants reverts the phenotypes displayed by sbt5.2 mutants. Overall, we uncover a regulatory mode of the transcriptional activation of defence responses previously undescribed in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Serrano
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre Buscaill
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Corinne Audran
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Cécile Pouzet
- Fédération de Recherche 3450, Plateforme Imagerie, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alain Jauneau
- Fédération de Recherche 3450, Plateforme Imagerie, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Susana Rivas
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Serrano I, Buscaill P, Audran C, Pouzet C, Jauneau A, Rivas S. A non canonical subtilase attenuates the transcriptional activation of defence responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27685353 PMCID: PMC5074803 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases play crucial physiological functions in all organisms by controlling the lifetime of proteins. Here, we identified an atypical protease of the subtilase family [SBT5.2(b)] that attenuates the transcriptional activation of plant defence independently of its protease activity. The SBT5.2 gene produces two distinct transcripts encoding a canonical secreted subtilase [SBT5.2(a)] and an intracellular protein [SBT5.2(b)]. Concomitant to SBT5.2(a) downregulation, SBT5.2(b) expression is induced after bacterial inoculation. SBT5.2(b) localizes to endosomes where it interacts with and retains the defence-related transcription factor MYB30. Nuclear exclusion of MYB30 results in its reduced transcriptional activation and, thus, suppressed resistance. sbt5.2 mutants, with abolished SBT5.2(a) and SBT5.2(b) expression, display enhanced defence that is suppressed in a myb30 mutant background. Moreover, overexpression of SBT5.2(b), but not SBT5.2(a), in sbt5.2 plants reverts the phenotypes displayed by sbt5.2 mutants. Overall, we uncover a regulatory mode of the transcriptional activation of defence responses previously undescribed in eukaryotes. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19755.001 Like animals, plants have evolved numerous ways to protect themselves from disease. When a plant detects an invading microbe, it massively changes which genes it expresses to establish a defensive response. This is possible thanks to the action of a type of protein, named transcription factors, which are able to bind to DNA in the cell nucleus and regulate gene expression. However, triggering such a response comes at a cost, and so plants must keep their defensive response in check such that they can allocate resources in a balanced way. In the model plant Arabidopsis, a protein named MYB30 is one transcription factor that is able to promote disease resistance. Previous research identified some proteins that can reduce the activity of this transcription factor to avoid triggering a response when it is not needed, for example, when no infectious microbes are present. However, it was likely that other proteins were also involved in the process. Now, Serrano et al. report that an enzyme called SBT5.2 is an additional negative regulator of MYB30 activity. SBT5.2 belongs to a family of protein-degrading enzymes called subtilases, which are typically localized outside cells. As such, it was unclear how SBT5.2 could interact and regulate a transcription factor that is found inside the nucleus of plant cells. Nevertheless, Serrano et al. found that the gene that encodes SBT5.2 actually gives rise to two distinct proteins. The first is a classical subtilase that is indeed located outside of the cell, and so cannot interact with MYB30 and does not affect its activity. The second protein is an atypical subtilase that localises to bubble-like compartments called vesicles within the cell and is able to highjack MYB30 on its way to the nucleus. When the atypical subtilase interacts with MYB30 at vesicles, it stops MYB30 from entering the nucleus. As a result, MYB30 cannot bind to the DNA nor activate its target genes. This means that the defensive response that normally depends on MYB30 is weakened. The work of Serrano et al. uncovers a new way to regulate the expression of defence-related genes. Further unravelling the molecular mechanisms involved in the fine-tuning of gene expression represents a challenging task for future research. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19755.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Serrano
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre Buscaill
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Corinne Audran
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Cécile Pouzet
- Fédération de Recherche 3450, Plateforme Imagerie, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alain Jauneau
- Fédération de Recherche 3450, Plateforme Imagerie, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Susana Rivas
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Proteases from Canavalia ensiformis: Active and Thermostable Enzymes with Potential of Application in Biotechnology. BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3427098. [PMID: 27630776 PMCID: PMC5005583 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3427098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Extracts of leaves, seeds, roots, and stem from a tropical legume, C. ensiformis, were prepared employing buffers and detergent in aqueous solution. Leaf extracts had the highest protein content and the most pronounced peptidase activity with optimal pH in the neutral to alkaline range. All extracts exhibited peaks of activity at various pH values, suggesting the presence of distinctive classes of proteases. N-α-Tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester hydrolysis was maximal at 30°C to 60°C and peptidase activity from all extracts presented very good thermal stability after 24 h incubation at 70°C. C. ensiformis proteases exhibited molecular masses of about 200–57, 40–37, and 20–15 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis. These enzymes cleaved hemoglobin, bovine serum albumin, casein, and gelatin at different levels. Serine and metalloproteases are the major proteases in C. ensiformis extracts, modulated by divalent cations, stable at 1% of surfactant Triton X-100 and at different concentrations of the reducing agent β-mercaptoethanol. Thus, C. ensiformis expresses a particular set of proteases in distinctive organs with high activity and stability, making this legume an important source of proteases with biotechnological potential.
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50
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Ghorbani S, Hoogewijs K, Pečenková T, Fernandez A, Inzé A, Eeckhout D, Kawa D, De Jaeger G, Beeckman T, Madder A, Van Breusegem F, Hilson P. The SBT6.1 subtilase processes the GOLVEN1 peptide controlling cell elongation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4877-87. [PMID: 27315833 PMCID: PMC4983112 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The GOLVEN (GLV) gene family encode small secreted peptides involved in important plant developmental programs. Little is known about the factors required for the production of the mature bioactive GLV peptides. Through a genetic suppressor screen in Arabidopsis thaliana, two related subtilase genes, AtSBT6.1 and AtSBT6.2, were identified that are necessary for GLV1 activity. Root and hypocotyl GLV1 overexpression phenotypes were suppressed by mutations in either of the subtilase genes. Synthetic GLV-derived peptides were cleaved in vitro by the affinity-purified SBT6.1 catalytic enzyme, confirming that the GLV1 precursor is a direct subtilase substrate, and the elimination of the in vitro subtilase recognition sites through alanine substitution suppressed the GLV1 gain-of-function phenotype in vivo Furthermore, the protease inhibitor Serpin1 bound to SBT6.1 and inhibited the cleavage of GLV1 precursors by the protease. GLV1 and its homolog GLV2 were expressed in the outer cell layers of the hypocotyl, preferentially in regions of rapid cell elongation. In agreement with the SBT6 role in GLV precursor processing, both null mutants for sbt6.1 and sbt6.2 and the Serpin1 overexpression plants had shorter hypocotyls. The biosynthesis of the GLV signaling peptides required subtilase activity and might be regulated by specific protease inhibitors. The data fit with a model in which the GLV1 signaling pathway participates in the regulation of hypocotyl cell elongation, is controlled by SBT6 subtilases, and is modulated locally by the Serpin1 protease inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarieh Ghorbani
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kurt Hoogewijs
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tamara Pečenková
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ana Fernandez
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelies Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Eeckhout
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dorota Kawa
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pierre Hilson
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, Saclay Plant Science, F-78026 Versailles, France
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