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Parslow VR, Elmore SA, Cochran RZ, Bolon B, Mahler B, Sabio D, Lubeck BA. Histology Atlas of the Developing Mouse Respiratory System From Prenatal Day 9.0 Through Postnatal Day 30. Toxicol Pathol 2024:1926233241252114. [PMID: 39096105 DOI: 10.1177/01926233241252114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases are one of the leading causes of death and disability around the world. Mice are commonly used as models of human respiratory disease. Phenotypic analysis of mice with spontaneous, congenital, inherited, or treatment-related respiratory tract abnormalities requires investigators to discriminate normal anatomic features of the respiratory system from those that have been altered by disease. Many publications describe individual aspects of normal respiratory tract development, primarily focusing on morphogenesis of the trachea and lung. However, a single reference providing detailed low- and high-magnification, high-resolution images of routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections depicting all major structures of the entire developing murine respiratory system does not exist. The purpose of this atlas is to correct this deficiency by establishing one concise reference of high-resolution color photomicrographs from whole-slide scans of H&E-stained tissue sections. The atlas has detailed descriptions and well-annotated images of the developing mouse upper and lower respiratory tracts emphasizing embryonic days (E) 9.0 to 18.5 and major early postnatal events. The selected images illustrate the main structures and events at key developmental stages and thus should help investigators both confirm the chronological age of mouse embryos and distinguish normal morphology as well as structural (cellular and organ) abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan A Elmore
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert Z Cochran
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Beth Mahler
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Sabio
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Beth A Lubeck
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Yang X, Chen Y, Yang Y, Li S, Mi P, Jing N. The molecular and cellular choreography of early mammalian lung development. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2024; 4:192-206. [PMID: 38919401 PMCID: PMC11195428 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2023-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian lung development starts from a specific cluster of endodermal cells situated within the ventral foregut region. With the orchestrating of delicate choreography of transcription factors, signaling pathways, and cell-cell communications, the endodermal diverticulum extends into the surrounding mesenchyme, and builds the cellular and structural basis of the complex respiratory system. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current molecular insights of mammalian lung development, with a particular focus on the early stage of lung cell fate differentiation and spatial patterning. Furthermore, we explore the implications of several congenital respiratory diseases and the relevance to early organogenesis. Finally, we summarize the unprecedented knowledge concerning lung cell compositions, regulatory networks as well as the promising prospect for gaining an unbiased understanding of lung development and lung malformations through state-of-the-art single-cell omics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfa Yang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shiting Li
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Panpan Mi
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Naihe Jing
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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3
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Yang Y, Li S, Luo L. Responses of organ precursors to correct and incorrect inductive signals. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:484-495. [PMID: 37739814 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic development, the inductive molecules produced by local origins normally arrive at their target tissues in a nondirectional, diffusion manner. The target organ precursor cells must correctly interpret these inductive signals to ensure proper specification/differentiation, which is dependent on two prerequisites: (i) obtaining cell-intrinsic competence; and (ii) receiving correct inductive signals while resisting incorrect ones. Gain of intrinsic competence could avoid a large number of misinductions because the incompetent cells are nonresponsive to inductive signals. However, in cases of different precursor cells with similar competence and located in close proximity, resistance to incorrect inductive signals is essential for accurate determination of cell fate. Here we outline the mechanisms of how organ precursors respond to correct and incorrect inductive signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- Institute of Development Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Institute of Development Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingfei Luo
- Institute of Development Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Gaber W, Khalil F, Mohamedien D. Prenatal developmental sequences of the esophageal epithelium in the New Zealand white rabbits: Light and electron microscopic analysis. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:753-766. [PMID: 38053441 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Several morphogenetic sequences occur during esophageal development and birth defects occur due to defects in foregut morphogenesis. This work aimed to record the cellular events in the morphogenesis of rabbits' esophageal epithelium. On the 16th day of gestation, the esophageal epithelium varied from stratified ciliated columnar to stratified squamous type. The surface epithelium presented mucous cells with mucigen granules of various sizes occupying their supranuclear cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic vacuolation was evident in all layers of the esophageal epithelium at this age. On the 18th gestational day, some light cells could be detected in the middle portion of the epithelium, while others occupied the whole epithelial length. On the 21st day, mucous cells are more frequently observed at the apical esophageal part as well as at the surface epithelium. Numerous elongated dark cells could be distinguished embedded between the basal cells. On the 24th gestational day the number of the mucous cells reached its peak. Reaching the 30th gestational day, several lamellar bodies, a keratinized layer and mitotic divisions could be demonstrated, and the number of both mucous and dark cells was greatly decreased. Collectively, detection of surface mucous and dark cells together with the non-cornified surface in some regions of the rabbit esophageal epithelium at the end of gestation ensure a postnatal development to reach the adult epithelium essential to sustain the passage of the harsh raw food. Future immunohistochemical studies are recommended to investigate the components of secretions in mucous cells and functional studies to highlight the dark cells significance. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Esophageal epithelium of fetal rabbit was analyzed by light and transmission microscopy. Surface epithelium presented mucous cells with mucigen granules of various sizes. They reached their maximum number on 24th day then decreased. On the 16th day, cytoplasmic vacuolation was evident in all epithelial layers. On the 21st day, numerous elongated dark cells could be distinguished embedded between the basal cells. Before birth, several lamellar bodies, a keratinized layer and mitotic divisions could be demonstrated, and the number of both mucous and dark cells was greatly decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Gaber
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Fatma Khalil
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Dalia Mohamedien
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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5
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Abatti LE, Lado-Fernández P, Huynh L, Collado M, Hoffman M, Mitchell J. Epigenetic reprogramming of a distal developmental enhancer cluster drives SOX2 overexpression in breast and lung adenocarcinoma. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:10109-10131. [PMID: 37738673 PMCID: PMC10602899 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancer reprogramming has been proposed as a key source of transcriptional dysregulation during tumorigenesis, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Here, we identify an enhancer cluster required for normal development that is aberrantly activated in breast and lung adenocarcinoma. Deletion of the SRR124-134 cluster disrupts expression of the SOX2 oncogene, dysregulates genome-wide transcription and chromatin accessibility and reduces the ability of cancer cells to form colonies in vitro. Analysis of primary tumors reveals a correlation between chromatin accessibility at this cluster and SOX2 overexpression in breast and lung cancer patients. We demonstrate that FOXA1 is an activator and NFIB is a repressor of SRR124-134 activity and SOX2 transcription in cancer cells, revealing a co-opting of the regulatory mechanisms involved in early development. Notably, we show that the conserved SRR124 and SRR134 regions are essential during mouse development, where homozygous deletion results in the lethal failure of esophageal-tracheal separation. These findings provide insights into how developmental enhancers can be reprogrammed during tumorigenesis and underscore the importance of understanding enhancer dynamics during development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Abatti
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Lado-Fernández
- Laboratory of Cell Senescence, Cancer and Aging, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Physiology and Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Linh Huynh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manuel Collado
- Laboratory of Cell Senescence, Cancer and Aging, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Michael M Hoffman
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bottasso-Arias N, Burra K, Sinner D, Riede T. Disruption of BMP4 signaling is associated with laryngeal birth defects in a mouse model. Dev Biol 2023; 500:10-21. [PMID: 37230380 PMCID: PMC10330877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Laryngeal birth defects are considered rare, but they can be life-threatening conditions. The BMP4 gene plays an important role in organ development and tissue remodeling throughout life. Here we examined its role in laryngeal development complementing similar efforts for the lung, pharynx, and cranial base. Our goal was to determine how different imaging techniques contribute to a better understanding of the embryonic anatomy of the normal and diseased larynx in small specimens. Contrast-enhanced micro CT images of embryonic larynx tissue from a mouse model with Bmp4 deletion informed by histology and whole-mount immunofluorescence were used to reconstruct the laryngeal cartilaginous framework in three dimensions. Laryngeal defects included laryngeal cleft, laryngeal asymmetry, ankylosis and atresia. Results implicate BMP4 in laryngeal development and show that the 3D reconstruction of laryngeal elements provides a powerful approach to visualize laryngeal defects and thereby overcoming shortcomings of 2D histological sectioning and whole mount immunofluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bottasso-Arias
- Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - K Burra
- Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - D Sinner
- Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - T Riede
- Department of Physiology, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.
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Li Q, Qiao Y, Wang F, Zhao J, Wu L, Ge H, Xu S. Prenatal triclosan exposure impairs mammalian lung branching morphogenesis through activating Bmp4 signaling. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114896. [PMID: 37054474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a commonly used antibacterial agent present in personal care and household products. Recently, there have been increasing concerns about the association between children's health and TCS exposure during gestation, but the toxicological effects of TCS exposure on embryonic lung development remain undetermined. In this study, through using an ex vivo lung explant culture system, we found that prenatal exposure to TCS resulted in impaired lung branching morphogenesis and altered proximal-distal airway patterning. These TCS-induced dysplasias are accompanied by significantly reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis within the developing lung, as a consequence of activated Bmp4 signaling. Inhibition of Bmp4 signaling by Noggin partially rescues the lung branching morphogenesis and cellular defects in TCS-exposed lung explants. In addition, we provided in vivo evidence that administration of TCS during gestation leads to compromised branching formation and enlarged airspace in the lung of offspring. Thus, this study provides novel toxicological information on TCS and indicated a strong/possible association between TCS exposure during pregnancy and lung dysplasia in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Li
- Institute of Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Yulong Qiao
- Institute of Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Institute of Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Institute of Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Honghua Ge
- Institute of Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Shengmin Xu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
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8
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Correia ACP, Straub D, Read M, Hoefnagel SJM, Romero-Pinedo S, Abadía-Molina AC, Clemons NJ, Wang K, Calpe S, Phillips W, Krishnadath KK. Inhibition of BMP2 and BMP4 Represses Barrett's Esophagus While Enhancing the Regeneration of Squamous Epithelium in Preclinical Models. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 15:1199-1217. [PMID: 36706916 PMCID: PMC10060764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Barrett's esophagus is considered to be a metaplastic lesion that predisposes for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Development of Barrett's esophagus is considered to be driven by sonic hedgehog mediated bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. We aimed to investigate in preclinical in vivo models whether targeting canonical BMP signaling could be an effective treatment for Barrett's esophagus. METHODS AND RESULTS Selective inhibition of BMP2 and BMP4 within an in vivo organoid model of Barrett's esophagus inhibited development of columnar Barrett's cells, while favoring expansion of squamous cells. Silencing of noggin, a natural antagonist of BMP2, BMP4, and BMP7, in a conditional knockout mouse model induced expansion of a Barrett's-like neo-columnar epithelium from multi-lineage glands. Conversely, in this model specific inhibition of BMP2 and BMP4 led to the development of a neo-squamous lineage. In an ablation model, inhibition of BMP2 and BMP4 resulted in the regeneration of neo-squamous epithelium after the cryoablation of columnar epithelium at the squamocolumnar junction. Through lineage tracing the generation of the neo-squamous mucosa was found to originate from K5+ progenitor squamous cells. CONCLUSIONS Here we demonstrate that specific inhibitors of BMP2 and BMP4 attenuate the development of Barrett's columnar epithelium, providing a novel potential strategy for the treatment of Barrett's esophagus and the prevention of esophageal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C P Correia
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Danielle Straub
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew Read
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sanne J M Hoefnagel
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Salvador Romero-Pinedo
- Biomedical Research Centre, CIBM, Institute of Biomedicine and Regenerative Investigation, IBIMER, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana C Abadía-Molina
- Biomedical Research Centre, CIBM, Institute of Biomedicine and Regenerative Investigation, IBIMER, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Nicholas J Clemons
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kenneth Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Silvia Calpe
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wayne Phillips
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Cancer Biology and Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kausilia K Krishnadath
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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9
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Anatomy and embryology of tracheo-esophageal fistula. Semin Pediatr Surg 2022; 31:151231. [PMID: 36459913 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2022.151231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Anomalies in tracheo-esophageal development result in a spectrum of congenital malformations ranging from, most commonly, esophageal atresia with or without trachea-esophageal fistula (EA+/-TEF) to esophageal web, duplication, stricture, tracheomalacia and tracheal agenesis. Despite the relative frequency of EA, however, the underlying etiology remains unknown and is likely due to a combination of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. In recent years, animal models have dramatically increased our understanding of the molecular and morphological processes involved in normal esophageal development during the key stages of anterior-posterior regionalization, dorsal-ventral patterning and morphogenic separation. Moreover, the use of animal models in conjunction with increasingly advanced techniques such as genomic sequencing, sophisticated live imaging studies and organoid models have more recently cast light on potential mechanisms involved in EA pathogenesis. This article aims to unravel some of the mysteries behind the anatomy and embryology of EA whilst providing insights into future directions for research.
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10
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Congenital lung malformations: Dysregulated lung developmental processes and altered signaling pathways. Semin Pediatr Surg 2022; 31:151228. [PMID: 36442455 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2022.151228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Congenital lung malformations comprise a diverse group of anomalies including congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM, previously known as congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation or CCAM), bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS), congenital lobar emphysema (CLE), bronchogenic cysts, and hybrid lesions. Little is known about the signaling pathways that underlie the pathophysiology of these lesions and the processes that may promote their malignant transformation. In the last decade, the use of transgenic/knockout animal models and the implementation of next generation sequencing on surgical lung specimens have increased our knowledge on the pathophysiology of these lesions. Herein, we provide an overview of normal lung development in humans and rodents, and we discuss the current state of knowledge on the pathophysiology and molecular pathways that are altered in each congenital lung malformation.
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11
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Raad S, David A, Sagniez M, Paré B, Orfi Z, Dumont NA, Smith MA, Faure C. iPSCs derived from esophageal atresia patients reveal SOX2 dysregulation at the anterior foregut stage. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049541. [PMID: 36317486 PMCID: PMC10655818 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of well-regulated cellular and molecular events result in the compartmentalization of the anterior foregut into the esophagus and trachea. Disruption of the compartmentalization process leads to esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF). The cause of EA/TEF remains largely unknown. Therefore, to mimic the early development of the esophagus and trachea, we differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from EA/TEF patients, and iPSCs and embryonic stem cells from healthy individuals into mature three-dimensional esophageal organoids. CXCR4, SOX17 and GATA4 expression was similar in both patient-derived and healthy endodermal cells. The expression of the key transcription factor SOX2 was significantly lower in the patient-derived anterior foregut. We also observed an abnormal expression of NKX2.1 (or NKX2-1) in the patient-derived mature esophageal organoids. At the anterior foregut stage, RNA sequencing revealed the critical genes GSTM1 and RAB37 to be significantly lower in the patient-derived anterior foregut. We therefore hypothesize that a transient dysregulation of SOX2 and the abnormal expression of NKX2.1 in patient-derived cells could be responsible for the abnormal foregut compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleen Raad
- Esophageal Development and Engineering Laboratory, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Anu David
- Esophageal Development and Engineering Laboratory, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Melanie Sagniez
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Bastien Paré
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Zakaria Orfi
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Nicolas A. Dumont
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Martin A. Smith
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Christophe Faure
- Esophageal Development and Engineering Laboratory, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
- Esophageal Atresia Clinic and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3715 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T1C5, Canada
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12
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Eenjes E, Tibboel D, Wijnen RM, Rottier RJ. Lung epithelium development and airway regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1022457. [PMID: 36299482 PMCID: PMC9589436 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1022457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung is composed of a highly branched airway structure, which humidifies and warms the inhaled air before entering the alveolar compartment. In the alveoli, a thin layer of epithelium is in close proximity with the capillary endothelium, allowing for an efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. During development proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells generates the lung architecture, and in the adult lung a proper function of progenitor cells is needed to regenerate after injury. Malfunctioning of progenitors during development results in various congenital lung disorders, such as Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) and Congenital Pulmonary Adenomatoid Malformation (CPAM). In addition, many premature neonates experience continuous insults on the lung caused by artificial ventilation and supplemental oxygen, which requires a highly controlled mechanism of airway repair. Malfunctioning of airway progenitors during regeneration can result in reduction of respiratory function or (chronic) airway diseases. Pathways that are active during development are frequently re-activated upon damage. Understanding the basic mechanisms of lung development and the behavior of progenitor cell in the ontogeny and regeneration of the lung may help to better understand the underlying cause of lung diseases, especially those occurring in prenatal development or in the immediate postnatal period of life. This review provides an overview of lung development and the cell types involved in repair of lung damage with a focus on the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Eenjes
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rene M.H. Wijnen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robbert J. Rottier
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Robbert J. Rottier,
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13
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Lewis ZR, Kerney R, Hanken J. Developmental basis of evolutionary lung loss in plethodontid salamanders. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo6108. [PMID: 35977024 PMCID: PMC9385146 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo6108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One or more members of four living amphibian clades have independently dispensed with pulmonary respiration and lack lungs, but little is known of the developmental basis of lung loss in any taxon. We use morphological, molecular, and experimental approaches to examine the Plethodontidae, a dominant family of salamanders, all of which are lungless as adults. We confirm an early anecdotal report that plethodontids complete early stages of lung morphogenesis: Transient embryonic lung primordia form but regress by apoptosis before hatching. Initiation of pulmonary development coincides with expression of the lung-specification gene Wnt2b in adjacent mesoderm, and the lung rudiment expresses pulmonary markers Nkx2.1 and Sox9. Lung developmental-genetic pathways are at least partially conserved despite the absence of functional adult lungs for at least 25 and possibly exceeding 60 million years. Adult lung loss appears associated with altered expression of signaling molecules that mediate later stages of tracheal and pulmonary development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R. Lewis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan Kerney
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
| | - James Hanken
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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14
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Zhong G, Ahimaz P, Edwards NA, Hagen JJ, Faure C, Lu Q, Kingma P, Middlesworth W, Khlevner J, El Fiky M, Schindel D, Fialkowski E, Kashyap A, Forlenza S, Kenny AP, Zorn AM, Shen Y, Chung WK. Identification and validation of candidate risk genes in endocytic vesicular trafficking associated with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistulas. HGG ADVANCES 2022; 3:100107. [PMID: 35519826 PMCID: PMC9065433 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2022.100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal atresias/tracheoesophageal fistulas (EA/TEF) are rare congenital anomalies caused by aberrant development of the foregut. Previous studies indicate that rare or de novo genetic variants significantly contribute to EA/TEF risk, and most individuals with EA/TEF do not have pathogenic genetic variants in established risk genes. To identify the genetic contributions to EA/TEF, we performed whole genome sequencing of 185 trios (probands and parents) with EA/TEF, including 59 isolated and 126 complex cases with additional congenital anomalies and/or neurodevelopmental disorders. There was a significant burden of protein-altering de novo coding variants in complex cases (p = 3.3 × 10-4), especially in genes that are intolerant of loss-of-function variants in the population. We performed simulation analysis of pathway enrichment based on background mutation rate and identified a number of pathways related to endocytosis and intracellular trafficking that as a group have a significant burden of protein-altering de novo variants. We assessed 18 variants for disease causality using CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis in Xenopus and confirmed 13 with tracheoesophageal phenotypes. Our results implicate disruption of endosome-mediated epithelial remodeling as a potential mechanism of foregut developmental defects. Our results suggest significant genetic heterogeneity of EA/TEF and may have implications for the mechanisms of other rare congenital anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Zhong
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Priyanka Ahimaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole A. Edwards
- Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jacob J. Hagen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christophe Faure
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Qiao Lu
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Kingma
- Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - William Middlesworth
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julie Khlevner
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mahmoud El Fiky
- Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - David Schindel
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, UT Southwestern School of Medicine Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fialkowski
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Adhish Kashyap
- Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sophia Forlenza
- Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alan P. Kenny
- Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aaron M. Zorn
- Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wendy K. Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Abstract
The trachea is a long tube that enables air passage between the larynx and the bronchi. C-shaped cartilage rings on the ventral side stabilise the structure. On its esophagus-facing dorsal side, deformable smooth muscle facilitates the passage of food in the esophagus. While the symmetry break along the dorsal-ventral axis is well understood, the molecular mechanism that results in the periodic Sox9 expression pattern that translates into the cartilage rings has remained elusive. Here, we review the molecular regulatory interactions that have been elucidated, and discuss possible patterning mechanisms. Understanding the principles of self-organisation is important, both to define biomedical interventions and to enable tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Iber
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Dagmar Iber,
| | - Malte Mederacke
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Bottasso-Arias N, Leesman L, Burra K, Snowball J, Shah R, Mohanakrishnan M, Xu Y, Sinner D. BMP4 and Wnt signaling interact to promote mouse tracheal mesenchyme morphogenesis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 322:L224-L242. [PMID: 34851738 PMCID: PMC8794023 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00255.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tracheobronchomalacia and complete tracheal rings are congenital malformations of the trachea associated with morbidity and mortality for which the etiology remains poorly understood. Epithelial expression of Wls (a cargo receptor mediating Wnt ligand secretion) by tracheal cells is essential for patterning the embryonic mouse trachea's cartilage and muscle. RNA sequencing indicated that Wls differentially modulated the expression of BMP signaling molecules. We tested whether BMP signaling, induced by epithelial Wnt ligands, mediates cartilage formation. Deletion of Bmp4 from respiratory tract mesenchyme impaired tracheal cartilage formation that was replaced by ectopic smooth muscle, recapitulating the phenotype observed after epithelial deletion of Wls in the embryonic trachea. Ectopic muscle was caused in part by anomalous differentiation and proliferation of smooth muscle progenitors rather than tracheal cartilage progenitors. Mesenchymal deletion of Bmp4 impaired expression of Wnt/β-catenin target genes, including targets of WNT signaling: Notum and Axin2. In vitro, recombinant (r)BMP4 rescued the expression of Notum in Bmp4-deficient tracheal mesenchymal cells and induced Notum promoter activity via SMAD1/5. RNA sequencing of Bmp4-deficient tracheas identified genes essential for chondrogenesis and muscle development coregulated by BMP and WNT signaling. During tracheal morphogenesis, WNT signaling induces Bmp4 in mesenchymal progenitors to promote cartilage differentiation and restrict trachealis muscle. In turn, Bmp4 differentially regulates the expression of Wnt/β-catenin targets to attenuate mesenchymal WNT signaling and to further support chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bottasso-Arias
- 1Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lauren Leesman
- 1Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kaulini Burra
- 1Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - John Snowball
- 1Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ronak Shah
- 1Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio,2University of Cincinnati Honors Program, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Megha Mohanakrishnan
- 1Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio,2University of Cincinnati Honors Program, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yan Xu
- 1Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio,3Universtiy of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Debora Sinner
- 1Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio,3Universtiy of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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17
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Abnormalities in esophageal smooth muscle induced by mutations in collagen XIX. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 157:205-216. [PMID: 34993640 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-02059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Collagen XIX is a nonfibrillar collagen that localizes in restricted tissues at very low amounts. A previous study on Col19a1 null mice revealed that collagen XIX is involved in esophageal muscle physiology and morphogenesis. Here, we use histological analysis to show that mice with a Col19a1 mutant lacking the NC3 domain and seven collagen triplets display abnormal transition of smooth to striated muscle in the abdominal segment of esophagus, and a widened esophagus with age. With two newly prepared antibodies, we analyzed the expression of collagen XIX in the mouse esophagus and show that collagen XIX colocalizes with α-smooth muscle actin. By immunoelectron microscopy, we confirmed the localization of collagen XIX in esophageal smooth muscle cells. Col19a1 mutant mice contained reduced levels of mutated Col19a1 mRNA. Interestingly, hepatocyte growth factor, which has an important role in esophageal striated muscle development, was reduced in the esophagus of the Col19a1 mutant mice. These findings suggest that collagen XIX may be critical for the function of esophageal smooth muscle cells as a scaffold for anteroposterior migration of esophagus-striated muscle cells.
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18
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Lohoff T, Ghazanfar S, Missarova A, Koulena N, Pierson N, Griffiths JA, Bardot ES, Eng CHL, Tyser RCV, Argelaguet R, Guibentif C, Srinivas S, Briscoe J, Simons BD, Hadjantonakis AK, Göttgens B, Reik W, Nichols J, Cai L, Marioni JC. Integration of spatial and single-cell transcriptomic data elucidates mouse organogenesis. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:74-85. [PMID: 34489600 PMCID: PMC8763645 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-01006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular profiling of single cells has advanced our knowledge of the molecular basis of development. However, current approaches mostly rely on dissociating cells from tissues, thereby losing the crucial spatial context of regulatory processes. Here, we apply an image-based single-cell transcriptomics method, sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization (seqFISH), to detect mRNAs for 387 target genes in tissue sections of mouse embryos at the 8-12 somite stage. By integrating spatial context and multiplexed transcriptional measurements with two single-cell transcriptome atlases, we characterize cell types across the embryo and demonstrate that spatially resolved expression of genes not profiled by seqFISH can be imputed. We use this high-resolution spatial map to characterize fundamental steps in the patterning of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB) and the developing gut tube. We uncover axes of cell differentiation that are not apparent from single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data, such as early dorsal-ventral separation of esophageal and tracheal progenitor populations in the gut tube. Our method provides an approach for studying cell fate decisions in complex tissues and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lohoff
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Ghazanfar
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Missarova
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - N Koulena
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - N Pierson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J A Griffiths
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Genomics Plc, Cambridge, UK
| | - E S Bardot
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - C-H L Eng
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - R C V Tyser
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R Argelaguet
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - C Guibentif
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Srinivas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Briscoe
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - B D Simons
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A-K Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Göttgens
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - W Reik
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - J Nichols
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - L Cai
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - J C Marioni
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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19
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Guided Self-Assembly of ES-Derived Lung Progenitors into Biomimetic Tube Structures That Impact Cell Differentiation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8120209. [PMID: 34940362 PMCID: PMC8698605 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8120209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into defined cell types is a potent strategy for creating regenerative tissue models and cell therapies. In vitro observations suggest that physical cues can augment directed differentiation. We recently demonstrated that confining human PSC-derived lung progenitor cells in a tube with a diameter that mimics those observed during lung development results in the alteration of cell differentiation towards SOX2−SOX9+ lung cells. Here we set out to assess the robustness of this geometric confinement effect with respect to different culture parameters in order to explore the corresponding changes in cell morphometry and determine the feasibility of using such an approach to enhance directed differentiation protocols. Culture of progenitor cells in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) tubes reliably induced self-organization into tube structures and was insensitive to a variety of extracellular matrix coatings. Cellular morphology and differentiation status were found to be sensitive to the diameter of tube cells that were cultured within but not to seeding density. These data suggest that geometric cues impose constraints on cells, homogenize cellular morphology, and influence fate status.
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20
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Kiyokawa H, Morimoto M. Molecular crosstalk in tracheal development and its recurrence in adult tissue regeneration. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1552-1567. [PMID: 33840142 PMCID: PMC8596979 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The trachea is a rigid air duct with some mobility, which comprises the upper region of the respiratory tract and delivers inhaled air to alveoli for gas exchange. During development, the tracheal primordium is first established at the ventral anterior foregut by interactions between the epithelium and mesenchyme through various signaling pathways, such as Wnt, Bmp, retinoic acid, Shh, and Fgf, and then segregates from digestive organs. Abnormalities in this crosstalk result in lethal congenital diseases, such as tracheal agenesis. Interestingly, these molecular mechanisms also play roles in tissue regeneration in adulthood, although it remains less understood compared with their roles in embryonic development. In this review, we discuss cellular and molecular mechanisms of trachea development that regulate the morphogenesis of this simple tubular structure and identities of individual differentiated cells. We also discuss how the facultative regeneration capacity of the epithelium is established during development and maintained in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Kiyokawa
- Laboratory for Lung Development and RegenerationRIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Mitsuru Morimoto
- Laboratory for Lung Development and RegenerationRIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
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21
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Brosens E, Brouwer RWW, Douben H, van Bever Y, Brooks AS, Wijnen RMH, van IJcken WFJ, Tibboel D, Rottier RJ, de Klein A. Heritability and De Novo Mutations in Oesophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula Aetiology. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101595. [PMID: 34680991 PMCID: PMC8535313 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TOF) is a congenital anomaly for which the cause is unknown in the majority of patients. OA/TOF is a variable feature in many (often mono-) genetic syndromes. Research using animal models targeting genes involved in candidate pathways often result in tracheoesophageal phenotypes. However, there is limited overlap in the genes implicated by animal models and those found in OA/TOF-related syndromic anomalies. Knowledge on affected pathways in animal models is accumulating, but our understanding on these pathways in patients lags behind. If an affected pathway is associated with both animals and patients, the mechanisms linking the genetic mutation, affected cell types or cellular defect, and the phenotype are often not well understood. The locus heterogeneity and the uncertainty of the exact heritability of OA/TOF results in a relative low diagnostic yield. OA/TOF is a sporadic finding with a low familial recurrence rate. As parents are usually unaffected, de novo dominant mutations seems to be a plausible explanation. The survival rates of patients born with OA/TOF have increased substantially and these patients start families; thus, the detection and a proper interpretation of these dominant inherited pathogenic variants are of great importance for these patients and for our understanding of OA/TOF aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Brosens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (H.D.); (Y.v.B.); (A.S.B.); (A.d.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rutger W. W. Brouwer
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biomics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.W.W.B.); (W.F.J.v.I.)
| | - Hannie Douben
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (H.D.); (Y.v.B.); (A.S.B.); (A.d.K.)
| | - Yolande van Bever
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (H.D.); (Y.v.B.); (A.S.B.); (A.d.K.)
| | - Alice S. Brooks
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (H.D.); (Y.v.B.); (A.S.B.); (A.d.K.)
| | - Rene M. H. Wijnen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.M.H.W.); (D.T.)
| | - Wilfred F. J. van IJcken
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biomics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.W.W.B.); (W.F.J.v.I.)
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.M.H.W.); (D.T.)
| | - Robbert J. Rottier
- Departments of Pediatric Surgery & Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Annelies de Klein
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (H.D.); (Y.v.B.); (A.S.B.); (A.d.K.)
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22
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Funk EC, Breen C, Sanketi BD, Kurpios N, McCune A. Changes in Nkx2.1, Sox2, Bmp4, and Bmp16 expression underlying the lung-to-gas bladder evolutionary transition in ray-finned fishes. Evol Dev 2021; 22:384-402. [PMID: 33463017 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The key to understanding the evolutionary origin and modification of phenotypic traits is revealing the responsible underlying developmental genetic mechanisms. An important organismal trait of ray-finned fishes is the gas bladder, an air-filled organ that, in most fishes, functions for buoyancy control, and is homologous to the lungs of lobe-finned fishes. The critical morphological difference between lungs and gas bladders, which otherwise share many characteristics, is the general direction of budding during development. Lungs bud ventrally and the gas bladder buds dorsally from the anterior foregut. We investigated the genetic underpinnings of this ventral-to-dorsal shift in budding direction by studying the expression patterns of known lung genes (Nkx2.1, Sox2, and Bmp4) during the development of lungs or gas bladder in three fishes: bichir, bowfin, and zebrafish. Nkx2.1 and Sox2 show reciprocal dorsoventral expression patterns during tetrapod lung development and are important regulators of lung budding; their expression during bichir lung development is conserved. Surprisingly, we find during gas bladder development, Nkx2.1 and Sox2 expression are inconsistent with the hypothesis that they regulate the direction of gas bladder budding. Bmp4 is expressed ventrally during lung development in bichir, akin to the pattern during mouse lung development. During gas bladder development, Bmp4 is not expressed. However, Bmp16, a paralogue of Bmp4, is expressed dorsally in the developing gas bladder of bowfin. Bmp16 is present in the known genomes of Actinopteri (ray-finned fishes excluding bichir) but absent from mammalian genomes. We hypothesize that Bmp16 was recruited to regulate gas bladder development in the Actinopteri in place of Bmp4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Funk
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.,Animal Science Department, Genomic Variation Lab, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Catriona Breen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Bhargav D Sanketi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Natasza Kurpios
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Amy McCune
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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23
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Kishimoto K, Morimoto M. Mammalian tracheal development and reconstruction: insights from in vivo and in vitro studies. Development 2021; 148:dev198192. [PMID: 34228796 PMCID: PMC8276987 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The trachea delivers inhaled air into the lungs for gas exchange. Anomalies in tracheal development can result in life-threatening malformations, such as tracheoesophageal fistula and tracheomalacia. Given the limitations of current therapeutic approaches, development of technologies for the reconstitution of a three-dimensional trachea from stem cells is urgently required. Recently, single-cell sequencing technologies and quantitative analyses from cell to tissue scale have been employed to decipher the cellular basis of tracheal morphogenesis. In this Review, recent advances in mammalian tracheal development and the generation of tracheal tissues from pluripotent stem cells are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Kishimoto
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe 650-0047, Japan
- RIKEN BDR–CuSTOM Joint Laboratory, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Perinatal Institute, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Mitsuru Morimoto
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe 650-0047, Japan
- RIKEN BDR–CuSTOM Joint Laboratory, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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24
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Hayakawa Y, Nakagawa H, Rustgi AK, Que J, Wang TC. Stem cells and origins of cancer in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1343-1361. [PMID: 34129814 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The esophagus and stomach, joined by a unique transitional zone, contain actively dividing epithelial stem cells required for organ homeostasis. Upon prolonged inflammation, epithelial cells in both organs can undergo a cell fate switch leading to intestinal metaplasia, predisposing to malignancy. Here we discuss the biology of gastroesophageal stem cells and their role as cells of origin in cancer. We summarize the interactions between the stromal niche and gastroesophageal stem cells in metaplasia and early expansion of mutated stem-cell-derived clones during carcinogenesis. Finally, we review new approaches under development to better study gastroesophageal stem cells and advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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25
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Archer F, Bobet-Erny A, Gomes M. State of the art on lung organoids in mammals. Vet Res 2021; 52:77. [PMID: 34078444 PMCID: PMC8170649 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The number and severity of diseases affecting lung development and adult respiratory function have stimulated great interest in developing new in vitro models to study lung in different species. Recent breakthroughs in 3-dimensional (3D) organoid cultures have led to new physiological in vitro models that better mimic the lung than conventional 2D cultures. Lung organoids simulate multiple aspects of the real organ, making them promising and useful models for studying organ development, function and disease (infection, cancer, genetic disease). Due to their dynamics in culture, they can serve as a sustainable source of functional cells (biobanking) and be manipulated genetically. Given the differences between species regarding developmental kinetics, the maturation of the lung at birth, the distribution of the different cell populations along the respiratory tract and species barriers for infectious diseases, there is a need for species-specific lung models capable of mimicking mammal lungs as they are of great interest for animal health and production, following the One Health approach. This paper reviews the latest developments in the growing field of lung organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Archer
- UMR754, IVPC, INRAE, EPHE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007, Lyon, France.
| | - Alexandra Bobet-Erny
- UMR754, IVPC, INRAE, EPHE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Maryline Gomes
- UMR754, IVPC, INRAE, EPHE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007, Lyon, France
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26
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Sher ZA, Liu KJ. Congenital tracheal defects: embryonic development and animal models. AIMS GENETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3934/genet.2016.1.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tracheal anomalies are potentially catastrophic congenital defects. As a newborn begins to breathe, the trachea needs to maintain an appropriate balance of elasticity and rigidity. If the tracheal cartilages are disorganized or structurally weak, the airways can collapse, obstructing breathing. Cartilage rings that are too small or too rigid can also obstruct breathing. These anomalies are frequently associated with craniofacial syndromes, and, despite the importance, are poorly understood. In this review, we summarize the spectrum of pathological phenotypes of the trachea and correlate them with the molecular events uncovered in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenab Arooj Sher
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Floor 27, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, SE1 9RT
| | - Karen J Liu
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Floor 27, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, SE1 9RT
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27
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Sachdeva UM, Shimonosono M, Flashner S, Cruz-Acuña R, Gabre JT, Nakagawa H. Understanding the cellular origin and progression of esophageal cancer using esophageal organoids. Cancer Lett 2021; 509:39-52. [PMID: 33838281 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) organoids are a novel tool to model epithelial cell biology and human diseases of the esophagus. 3D organoid culture systems have been utilized to investigate the pathobiology of esophageal cancer, including both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Additional organoid-based approaches for study of esophageal development and benign esophageal diseases have provided key insights into esophageal keratinocyte differentiation and mucosal regeneration. These investigations have implications for the identification of esophageal cancer stem cells, as well as the potential to halt malignant progression through induction of differentiation pathways. Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) from human tissue samples allow for unique and faithful in vitro modeling of esophageal cancers, and provide an exciting platform for investigation into personalized medicine and targeted treatment approaches, as well as new models for understanding therapy resistance and recurrent disease. Future directions include high-throughput genomic screening using PDOs, and study of tumor-microenvironmental interactions through co-culture with immune and stromal cells and novel extracellular matrix complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma M Sachdeva
- Divison of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Masataka Shimonosono
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel Flashner
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ricardo Cruz-Acuña
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joel T Gabre
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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28
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Frum T, Spence JR. hPSC-derived organoids: models of human development and disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:463-473. [PMID: 32857169 PMCID: PMC7914270 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have emerged as important models for investigating human-specific aspects of development and disease. Here we discuss hPSC-derived organoids through the lens of development-highlighting how stages of human development align with the development of hPSC-derived organoids in the tissue culture dish. Using hPSC-derived lung and intestinal organoids as examples, we discuss the value and application of such systems for understanding human biology, as well as strategies for enhancing organoid complexity and maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Frum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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29
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Zhang Y, Bailey D, Yang P, Kim E, Que J. The development and stem cells of the esophagus. Development 2021; 148:148/6/dev193839. [PMID: 33782045 PMCID: PMC8034879 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The esophagus is derived from the anterior portion of the foregut endoderm, which also gives rise to the respiratory system. As it develops, the esophageal lining is transformed from a simple columnar epithelium into a stratified squamous cell layer, accompanied by the replacement of unspecified mesenchyme with layers of muscle cells. Studies in animal models have provided significant insights into the roles of various signaling pathways in esophageal development. More recent studies using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) further demonstrate that some of these signaling pathways are conserved in human esophageal development. In addition, a combination of mouse genetics and hPSC differentiation approaches have uncovered new players that control esophageal morphogenesis. In this Review, we summarize these new findings and discuss how the esophagus is established and matures throughout different stages, including its initial specification, respiratory-esophageal separation, epithelial morphogenesis and maintenance. We also discuss esophageal muscular development and enteric nervous system innervation, which are essential for esophageal structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China,Authors for correspondence (; )
| | - Dominique Bailey
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Patrick Yang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eugene Kim
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Authors for correspondence (; )
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30
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Abstract
Branching morphogenesis generates epithelial trees which facilitate gas exchange, filtering, as well as secretion processes with their large surface to volume ratio. In this review, we focus on the developmental mechanisms that control the early stages of lung branching morphogenesis. Lung branching morphogenesis involves the stereotypic, recurrent definition of new branch points, subsequent epithelial budding, and lung tube elongation. We discuss current models and experimental evidence for each of these steps. Finally, we discuss the role of the mesenchyme in determining the organ-specific shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Iber
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Basel, Switzerland.
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31
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Novel In Vivo Mouse Cryoablation Model to Explore Unique Therapeutic Approaches for Premalignant Columnar Lesions. Methods Protoc 2021; 4:mps4010006. [PMID: 33526760 PMCID: PMC7838933 DOI: 10.3390/mps4010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with epithelial metaplasias have an increased risk of developing malignancies. In Barrett’s esophagus, neo-columnar epithelium develops proximal to the squamous-columnar junction (SCJ) in the esophagus as the result of prolonged exposure to bile and acid reflux. Patients require lifetime periodic surveillance, due to lack of effective eradication therapies. The shortage of innovative treatment options is mostly attributable to the paucity of adequate in vivo models of neo-columnar epithelium regeneration. This protocol describes the generation of a cryoablation model to study regeneration of neo-epithelia at the SCJ. Cryoablation of the columnar and squamous mucosa at the SCJ was achieved through local application of liquid N2O in wild-type and reporter mice in combination with acid suppression. Acid suppression alone, showed restoration of the SCJ with normal histological features of both the neo-columnar and neo-squamous epithelium within 14 days. As a proof of principle, mice were treated with mNoggin, an inhibitor of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are involved in the development of columnar epithelia. Local application of mNoggin to the ablated area at the SCJ significantly reduced the development of the neo-columnar mucosa. Although this model does not faithfully recapitulate the exact characteristics of Barrett’s esophagus, it is a well-suited tool to study the mechanisms of therapeutic inhibition of neo-columnar regeneration. It therefore represents an efficient and easy platform to test novel pharmacological therapies for treatment of neo-epithelial lesions at the SCJ.
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32
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Histological, immunohistochemical and transcriptomic characterization of human tracheoesophageal fistulas. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242167. [PMID: 33201890 PMCID: PMC7671559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) are relatively frequently occurring foregut malformations. EA/TEF is thought to have a strong genetic component. Not much is known regarding the biological processes disturbed or which cell type is affected in patients. This hampers the detection of the responsible culprits (genetic or environmental) for the origin of these congenital anatomical malformations. Therefore, we examined gene expression patterns in the TEF and compared them to the patterns in esophageal, tracheal and lung control samples. We studied tissue organization and key proteins using immunohistochemistry. There were clear differences between TEF and control samples. Based on the number of differentially expressed genes as well as histological characteristics, TEFs were most similar to normal esophagus. The BMP-signaling pathway, actin cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix pathways are downregulated in TEF. Genes involved in smooth muscle contraction are overexpressed in TEF compared to esophagus as well as trachea. These enriched pathways indicate myofibroblast activated fibrosis. TEF represents a specific tissue type with large contributions of intestinal smooth muscle cells and neurons. All major cell types present in esophagus are present-albeit often structurally disorganized-in TEF, indicating that its etiology should not be sought in cell fate specification.
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33
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Pinzon-Guzman C, Sangadala S, Riera KM, Popova EY, Manning E, Huh WJ, Alexander MS, Shelton JS, Boden SD, Goldenring JR. Noggin regulates foregut progenitor cell programming, and misexpression leads to esophageal atresia. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:4396-4410. [PMID: 32427591 PMCID: PMC7410075 DOI: 10.1172/jci123597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal atresia (EA/TEF) is a common congenital abnormality present in 1 of 4000 births. Here we show that atretic esophagi lack Noggin (NOG) expression, resulting in immature esophagus that contains respiratory glands. Moreover, when using mouse esophageal organoid units (EOUs) or tracheal organoid units (TOUs) as a model of foregut development and differentiation in vitro, NOG determines whether foregut progenitors differentiate toward esophageal or tracheal epithelium. These results indicate that NOG is a critical regulator of cell fate decisions between esophageal and pulmonary morphogenesis, and its lack of expression results in EA/TEF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katherine M. Riera
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Evgenya Y. Popova
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth Manning
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Won Jae Huh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Matthew S. Alexander
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Department of Surgery, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Julia S. Shelton
- University of Iowa Stead Family Children’s Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Scott D. Boden
- Department of Orthopedics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James R. Goldenring
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Cell & Developmental Biology, and
- the Epithelial Biology Center and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- The Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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34
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Raad S, David A, Que J, Faure C. Genetic Mouse Models and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Studying Tracheal-Esophageal Separation and Esophageal Development. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:953-966. [PMID: 32515280 PMCID: PMC9839344 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophagus and trachea arise from a common origin, the anterior foregut tube. The compartmentalization process of the foregut into the esophagus and trachea is still poorly understood. Esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) is one of the most common gastrointestinal congenital defects with an incidence rate of 1 in 2,500 births. EA/TEF is linked to the disruption of the compartmentalization process of the foregut tube. In EA/TEF patients, other organ anomalies and disorders have also been reported. Over the last two decades, animal models have shown the involvement of multiple signaling pathways and transcription factors in the development of the esophagus and trachea. Use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to understand organogenesis has been a valuable tool for mimicking gastrointestinal and respiratory organs. This review focuses on the signaling mechanisms involved in esophageal development and the use of iPSCs to model and understand it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleen Raad
- Esophageal Development and Engineering Laboratory, Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anu David
- Esophageal Development and Engineering Laboratory, Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jianwen Que
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Human Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christophe Faure
- Esophageal Development and Engineering Laboratory, Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Esophageal Atresia Clinic and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, CHU Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Address correspondence to: Dr. Christophe Faure, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sainte-Justine Hospital, 3715 Côte Sainte Catherine, Montreal H3T1C5, Quebec, Canada
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35
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Huycke TR, Miller BM, Gill HK, Nerurkar NL, Sprinzak D, Mahadevan L, Tabin CJ. Genetic and Mechanical Regulation of Intestinal Smooth Muscle Development. Cell 2020; 179:90-105.e21. [PMID: 31539501 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is enveloped by concentric and orthogonally aligned layers of smooth muscle; however, an understanding of the mechanisms by which these muscles become patterned and aligned in the embryo has been lacking. We find that Hedgehog acts through Bmp to delineate the position of the circumferentially oriented inner muscle layer, whereas localized Bmp inhibition is critical for allowing formation of the later-forming, longitudinally oriented outer layer. Because the layers form at different developmental stages, the muscle cells are exposed to unique mechanical stimuli that direct their alignments. Differential growth within the early gut tube generates residual strains that orient the first layer circumferentially, and when formed, the spontaneous contractions of this layer align the second layer longitudinally. Our data link morphogen-based patterning to mechanically controlled smooth muscle cell alignment and provide a mechanistic context for potentially understanding smooth muscle organization in a wide variety of tubular organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Huycke
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bess M Miller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hasreet K Gill
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nandan L Nerurkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - David Sprinzak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - L Mahadevan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Clifford J Tabin
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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36
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Maynard TM, Zohn IE, Moody SA, LaMantia AS. Suckling, Feeding, and Swallowing: Behaviors, Circuits, and Targets for Neurodevelopmental Pathology. Annu Rev Neurosci 2020; 43:315-336. [PMID: 32101484 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-100419-100636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All mammals must suckle and swallow at birth, and subsequently chew and swallow solid foods, for optimal growth and health. These initially innate behaviors depend critically upon coordinated development of the mouth, tongue, pharynx, and larynx as well as the cranial nerves that control these structures. Disrupted suckling, feeding, and swallowing from birth onward-perinatal dysphagia-is often associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders that subsequently alter complex behaviors. Apparently, a broad range of neurodevelopmental pathologic mechanisms also target oropharyngeal and cranial nerve differentiation. These aberrant mechanisms, including altered patterning, progenitor specification, and neurite growth, prefigure dysphagia and may then compromise circuits for additional behavioral capacities. Thus, perinatal dysphagia may be an early indicator of disrupted genetic and developmental programs that compromise neural circuits and yield a broad range of behavioral deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Maynard
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, USA;
| | - Irene E Zohn
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Sally A Moody
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Anthony-S LaMantia
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, USA; .,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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37
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Zhang Y, Que J. BMP Signaling in Development, Stem Cells, and Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Annu Rev Physiol 2020; 82:251-273. [PMID: 31618602 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway is essential for the morphogenesis of multiple organs in the digestive system. Abnormal BMP signaling has also been associated with disease initiation and progression in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and associated organs. Recent studies using animal models, tissue organoids, and human pluripotent stem cells have significantly expanded our understanding of the roles played by BMPs in the development and homeostasis of GI organs. It is clear that BMP signaling regulates GI function and disease progression that involve stem/progenitor cells and inflammation in a tissue-specific manner. In this review we discuss these new findings with a focus on the esophagus, stomach, and intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Zhang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; .,Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; .,Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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38
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Ma J, Meng C, Feng Z, Han X, Liu S, Liu N, Zhu W. Clinical Analysis of Congenital Deficient Tracheal Cartilage Rings: Six Case Reports and a Literature Review. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:548089. [PMID: 33194888 PMCID: PMC7606407 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.548089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital deficiency of tracheal rings is a rare tracheal malformation that can cause central airway obstruction. Herein we reported the clinical data of six patients with symptomatic congenital deficient tracheal rings. There were five cases, with isolated short-segment absent cartilage ring located on the distal trachea (three cases), cervical trachea (one case), and distal trachea combined with bilateral bronchi (one case). Among them, four (4/5) received surgical tracheal resection, three fully recovered, and one died of severe infection. Besides that, one patient, who could not be weaned off the mechanical ventilation, died after rejecting surgery. One case had episodes of recurrent dyspnea and extubation failure due to long-segment tracheomalacia after repair of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. For this patient, deficient cartilage rings were suspected and confirmed at the age of 26 months. Moreover, the clinical characteristics of 12 cases with congenital deficient tracheal cartilage rings reported in previous literature were reviewed. The different characteristics between short- and long-segment deficient cartilage rings were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Respiratory Intervention, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chen Meng
- Department of Respiratory Intervention, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiyu Feng
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaorong Han
- Department of Respiratory Intervention, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuaishuai Liu
- Department of Respiratory Intervention, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Respiratory Intervention, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Sui P, Li R, Zhang Y, Tan C, Garg A, Verheyden JM, Sun X. E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2 acts through p53 to control respiratory progenitor cell number and lung size. Development 2019; 146:dev.179820. [PMID: 31767619 DOI: 10.1242/dev.179820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory lineage initiates from the specification of NKX2-1+ progenitor cells that ultimately give rise to a vast gas-exchange surface area. How the size of the progenitor pool is determined and whether this directly impacts final lung size remains poorly understood. Here, we show that epithelium-specific inactivation of Mdm2, which encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase, led to lethality at birth with a striking reduction of lung size to a single vestigial lobe. Intriguingly, this lobe was patterned and contained all the appropriate epithelial cell types. The reduction of size can be traced to the progenitor stage, when p53, a principal MDM2 protein degradation target, was transiently upregulated. This was followed by a brief increase of apoptosis. Inactivation of the p53 gene in the Mdm2 mutant background effectively reversed the lung size phenotype, allowing survival at birth. Together, these findings demonstrate that p53 protein turnover by MDM2 is essential for the survival of respiratory progenitors. Unlike in the liver, in which genetic reduction of progenitors triggered compensation, in the lung, respiratory progenitor number is a key determinant factor for final lung size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Sui
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.,Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200231, China
| | - Rongbo Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.,Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.,Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Chunting Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
| | - Ankur Garg
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
| | - Jamie M Verheyden
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92130, USA .,Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92130, USA .,Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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40
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Isl1 Regulation of Nkx2.1 in the Early Foregut Epithelium Is Required for Trachea-Esophageal Separation and Lung Lobation. Dev Cell 2019; 51:675-683.e4. [PMID: 31813798 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The esophagus and trachea arise from the dorsal and ventral aspects of the anterior foregut, respectively. Abnormal trachea-esophageal separation leads to the common birth defect esophageal atresia with or without trachea-esophageal fistula (EA/TEF). Yet the underlying cellular mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we combine Xenopus and mouse genetic models to identify that the transcription factor Isl1 orchestrates trachea-esophageal separation through modulating a specific epithelial progenitor cell population (midline epithelial cells [MECs], Isl1+ Nkx2.1+ Sox2+) located at the dorsal-ventral boundary of the foregut. Lineage tracing experiments show that MECs contribute to both tracheal and esophageal epithelium, and Isl1 is required for Nkx2.1 transcription in MECs. Deletion of the chromosomal region spanning the ISL1 gene has been found in patients with abnormal trachea-esophageal separation. Our studies thus provide definitive evidence that ISL1 is a critical player in the process of foregut morphogenesis, acting in a small progenitor population of boundary cells.
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Sivakumar A, Frank DB. Paradigms that define lung epithelial progenitor cell fate in development and regeneration. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2019; 5:133-144. [PMID: 32587809 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-019-00166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Throughout the lifespan, lung injury impedes the primary critical function essential for life-respiration. To repair quickly and efficiently is critical and is orchestrated by a diverse repertoire of progenitor cells and their niche. This review incorporates knowledge gained from early studies in lung epithelial morphogenesis and cell fate and explores its relevance to more recent findings of lung progenitor and stem cells in development and regeneration. Recent Findings Cell fate in the lung is organized into an early specification phase and progressive differentiation phase in lung development. The advent of single cell analysis combined with lineage analysis and projections is uncovering new functional cell types in the lung providing a topographical atlas for progenitor cell lineage commitment during development, homeostasis, and regeneration. Summary Lineage commitment of lung progenitor cells is spatiotemporally regulated during development. Single cell sequencing technologies have significantly advanced our understanding of the similarities and differences between developmental and regenerative cell fate trajectories. Subsequent unraveling of the molecular mechanisms underlying these cell fate decisions will be essential to manipulating progenitor cells for regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Sivakumar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David B Frank
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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42
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Frank DB, Morrisey EE. Hedgehog and WNT Signaling Hubs in Tracheal Morphogenesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 200:1202-1204. [PMID: 31291547 PMCID: PMC6857488 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201907-1285ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David B Frank
- Department of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvaniaand
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of MedicinePerelman School of Medicine at University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania
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Rochman M, Azouz NP, Rothenberg ME. Epithelial origin of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 142:10-23. [PMID: 29980278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, allergen-driven inflammatory disease of the esophagus characterized predominantly by eosinophilic inflammation, leading to esophageal dysfunction. Converging data have placed the esophageal epithelium at the center of disease pathogenesis. In particular, the main EoE disease susceptibility loci at 2p23 and 5p22 encode for gene products that are produced by the esophageal epithelium: the intracellular protease calpain 14 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, respectively. Furthermore, genetic and functional data establish a primary role for impaired epithelial barrier function in disease susceptibility and pathoetiology. Additionally, the EoE transcriptome, a set of genes dysregulated in the esophagi of patients with EoE, is enriched in genes that encode for proteins involved in esophageal epithelial cell differentiation. This transcriptome has a high proportion of esophagus-specific epithelial genes that are notable for the unexpected enrichment in genes encoding for proteases and protease inhibitors, as well as in IL-1 family genes, demonstrating a previously unappreciated role for innate immunity responses in the esophagus under homeostatic conditions. Among these pathways, basal production of the serine protease inhibitor, Kazal-type 7 (SPINK7) has been demonstrated to be part of the normal differentiation program of esophageal epithelium. Profound lost expression of SPINK7 occurs in patients with EoE and is sufficient for unleashing increased proteolytic activity (including urokinase plasminogen activator), impaired barrier function, and production of large quantities of proinflammatory and proallergic cytokines, including thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Collectively, we put forth a model in which the esophagus is normally equipped as an anti-inflammatory sensing organ and that defects in this pathway, mediated by epithelial protease/protease inhibitor imbalances, unleash inflammatory responses resulting in disorders, such as EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rochman
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nurit P Azouz
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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44
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Que J, Garman KS, Souza RF, Spechler SJ. Pathogenesis and Cells of Origin of Barrett's Esophagus. Gastroenterology 2019; 157:349-364.e1. [PMID: 31082367 PMCID: PMC6650338 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE), metaplastic columnar mucosa containing epithelial cells with gastric and intestinal features replaces esophageal squamous mucosa damaged by gastroesophageal reflux disease. This condition is estimated to affect 5.6% of adults in the United States, and is a major risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Despite the prevalence and importance of BE, its pathogenesis is incompletely understood and there are disagreements over the cells of origin. We review mechanisms of BE pathogenesis, including transdifferentiation and transcommitment, and discuss potential cells of origin, including basal cells of the squamous epithelium, cells of esophageal submucosal glands and their ducts, cells of the proximal stomach, and specialized populations of cells at the esophagogastric junction (residual embryonic cells and transitional basal cells). We discuss the concept of metaplasia as a wound-healing response, and how cardiac mucosa might be the precursor of the intestinal metaplasia of BE. Finally, we discuss shortcomings in current diagnostic criteria for BE that have important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Que
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York.
| | - Katherine S. Garman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine. Durham, NC
| | - Rhonda F. Souza
- Center for Esophageal Diseases, Department of Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas, and Center for Esophageal Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX
| | - Stuart Jon Spechler
- Center for Esophageal Diseases, Department of Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas; Center for Esophageal Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas.
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45
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Holmquist A, Granholm T, Ehrén H, Burgos CM. Closer location of the tracheoesophageal fistula to the carina in newborns with esophageal atresia and VACTERL association. J Pediatr Surg 2019; 54:1312-1315. [PMID: 30503021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND VACTERL is a complicated syndrome with an unknown etiology where many studies have failed to identify the cause. In esophageal atresia (EA) roughly 10%-23% also have concurrent anomalies that align with VACTERL disorder. The aim of this study is to investigate if there is a difference regarding localization of the tracheoesophageal fistula between patients with VACTERL and non-VACTERL patients. METHODS Retrospective chart review of newborn operated for esophageal atresia between 2006 and 2016 at our Institution was performed. Children with a C-type fistula according to Gross and reliable preoperative tracheoesophageal fistula to carina distance measurement at rigid tracheoscopy were included in the study. RESULTS A total of 90 patients were included in the study. Fifteen of those were diagnosed with VACTERL. Before and after adjusting for weight and gestational week patients with VACTERL had significantly shorter carina to fistula distance at perioperative rigid tracheoscopy (p = <0.001 nonadjusted, p = 0.016 adjusted). CONCLUSION Patients with VACTERL born with EA type C had shorter carina to fistula distance as shown at perioperative rigid tracheoscopy. The significantly shorter distance may not only present surgical difficulties but may also suggest a structural or molecular difference in the development of the esophageal atresia between the two groups. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Holmquist
- Department of pediatric surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Tina Granholm
- Department of pediatric surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ehrén
- Department of pediatric surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carmen Mesas Burgos
- Department of pediatric surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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46
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Cellular crosstalk in the development and regeneration of the respiratory system. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:551-566. [PMID: 31217577 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory system, including the peripheral lungs, large airways and trachea, is one of the most recently evolved adaptations to terrestrial life. To support the exchange of respiratory gases, the respiratory system is interconnected with the cardiovascular system, and this interconnective nature requires a complex interplay between a myriad of cell types. Until recently, this complexity has hampered our understanding of how the respiratory system develops and responds to postnatal injury to maintain homeostasis. The advent of new single-cell sequencing technologies, developments in cellular and tissue imaging and advances in cell lineage tracing have begun to fill this gap. The view that emerges from these studies is that cellular and functional heterogeneity of the respiratory system is even greater than expected and also highly adaptive. In this Review, we explore the cellular crosstalk that coordinates the development and regeneration of the respiratory system. We discuss both the classic cell and developmental biology studies and recent single-cell analysis to provide an integrated understanding of the cellular niches that control how the respiratory system develops, interacts with the external environment and responds to injury.
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47
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van Lennep M, Singendonk MMJ, Dall'Oglio L, Gottrand F, Krishnan U, Terheggen-Lagro SWJ, Omari TI, Benninga MA, van Wijk MP. Oesophageal atresia. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019; 5:26. [PMID: 31000707 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-019-0077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oesophageal atresia (EA) is a congenital abnormality of the oesophagus that is caused by incomplete embryonic compartmentalization of the foregut. EA commonly occurs with a tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TEF). Associated birth defects or anomalies, such as VACTERL association, trisomy 18 or 21 and CHARGE syndrome, occur in the majority of patients born with EA. Although several studies have revealed signalling pathways and genes potentially involved in the development of EA, our understanding of the pathophysiology of EA lags behind the improvements in surgical and clinical care of patients born with this anomaly. EA is treated surgically to restore the oesophageal interruption and, if present, ligate and divide the TEF. Survival is now ~90% in those born with EA with severe associated anomalies and even higher in those born with EA alone. Despite these achievements, long-term gastrointestinal and respiratory complications and comorbidities in patients born with EA are common and lead to decreased quality of life. Oesophageal motility disorders are probably ubiquitous in patients after undergoing EA repair and often underlie these complications and comorbidities. The implementation of several new diagnostic and screening tools in clinical care, including high-resolution impedance manometry, pH-multichannel intraluminal impedance testing and disease-specific quality of life questionnaires now provide better insight into these problems and may contribute to better long-term outcomes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinde van Lennep
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje M J Singendonk
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Dall'Oglio
- Digestive Endoscopy and Surgery Unit, Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fréderic Gottrand
- CHU Lille, University Lille, National Reference Center for Congenital Malformation of the Esophagus, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Lille, France
| | - Usha Krishnan
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suzanne W J Terheggen-Lagro
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Pediatric Pulmonology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taher I Omari
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Center for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marc A Benninga
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Michiel P van Wijk
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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48
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Abstract
In its most basic conception, a novelty is simply something new. However, when many previously proposed evolutionary novelties have been illuminated by genetic, developmental, and fossil data, they have refined and narrowed our concept of biological "newness." For example, they show that these novelties can occur at one or multiple levels of biological organization. Here, we review the identity of structures in the avian vocal organ, the syrinx, and bring together developmental data on airway patterning, structural data from across tetrapods, and mathematical modeling to assess what is novel. In contrast with laryngeal cartilages that support vocal folds in other vertebrates, we find no evidence that individual cartilage rings anchoring vocal folds in the syrinx have homology with any specific elements in outgroups. Further, unlike all other vertebrate vocal organs, the syrinx is not derived from a known valve precursor, and its origin involves a transition from an evolutionary "spandrel" in the respiratory tract, the site where the trachea meets the bronchi, to a target for novel selective regimes. We find that the syrinx falls into an unusual category of novel structures: those having significant functional overlap with the structures they replace. The syrinx, along with other evolutionary novelties in sensory and signaling modalities, may more commonly involve structural changes that contribute to or modify an existing function rather than those that enable new functions.
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49
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Trisno SL, Philo KED, McCracken KW, Catá EM, Ruiz-Torres S, Rankin SA, Han L, Nasr T, Chaturvedi P, Rothenberg ME, Mandegar MA, Wells SI, Zorn AM, Wells JM. Esophageal Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Delineate Sox2 Functions during Esophageal Specification. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:501-515.e7. [PMID: 30244869 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tracheal and esophageal disorders are prevalent in humans and difficult to accurately model in mice. We therefore established a three-dimensional organoid model of esophageal development through directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. Sequential manipulation of bone morphogenic protein (BMP), Wnt, and RA signaling pathways was required to pattern definitive endoderm into foregut, anterior foregut (AFG), and dorsal AFG spheroids. Dorsal AFG spheroids grown in a 3D matrix formed human esophageal organoids (HEOs), and HEO cells could be transitioned into two-dimensional cultures and grown as esophageal organotypic rafts. In both configurations, esophageal tissues had proliferative basal progenitors and a differentiated stratified squamous epithelium. Using HEO cultures to model human esophageal birth defects, we identified that Sox2 promotes esophageal specification in part through repressing Wnt signaling in dorsal AFG and promoting survival. Consistently, Sox2 ablation in mice causes esophageal agenesis. Thus, HEOs present a powerful platform for modeling human pathologies and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Trisno
- Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Katherine E D Philo
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kyle W McCracken
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Emily M Catá
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sonya Ruiz-Torres
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Scott A Rankin
- Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lu Han
- Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Talia Nasr
- Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Praneet Chaturvedi
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | | | - Susanne I Wells
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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50
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Zhang Y, Yang Y, Jiang M, Huang SX, Zhang W, Al Alam D, Danopoulos S, Mori M, Chen YW, Balasubramanian R, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Serra C, Bialecka M, Kim E, Lin S, Toste de Carvalho ALR, Riccio PN, Cardoso WV, Zhang X, Snoeck HW, Que J. 3D Modeling of Esophageal Development using Human PSC-Derived Basal Progenitors Reveals a Critical Role for Notch Signaling. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:516-529.e5. [PMID: 30244870 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) could provide a powerful system to model development of the human esophagus, whose distinct tissue organization compared to rodent esophagus suggests that developmental mechanisms may not be conserved between species. We therefore established an efficient protocol for generating esophageal progenitor cells (EPCs) from human PSCs. We found that inhibition of TGF-ß and BMP signaling is required for sequential specification of EPCs, which can be further purified using cell-surface markers. These EPCs resemble their human fetal counterparts and can recapitulate normal development of esophageal stratified squamous epithelium during in vitro 3D cultures and in vivo. Importantly, combining hPSC differentiation strategies with mouse genetics elucidated a critical role for Notch signaling in the formation of this epithelium. These studies therefore not only provide an efficient approach to generate EPCs, but also offer a model system to study the regulatory mechanisms underlying development of the human esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Zhang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ming Jiang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sarah Xuelian Huang
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wanwei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Denise Al Alam
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Soula Danopoulos
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Munemasa Mori
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Revathi Balasubramanian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Susana M Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carlos Serra
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Monika Bialecka
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eugene Kim
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sijie Lin
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ana Luisa Rodrigues Toste de Carvalho
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Paul N Riccio
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wellington V Cardoso
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hans-Willem Snoeck
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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