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Wu X, Luo D, Zhang Y, Jin L, Crabbe MJC, Qiao Q, Li G, Zhang T. Integrative analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome reveals the potential mechanism of fruit flavor formation in wild hawthorn ( Crataegus chungtienensis). PLANT DIVERSITY 2023; 45:590-600. [PMID: 37936817 PMCID: PMC10625895 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Hawthorns are important medicinal and edible plants with a long history of health protection in China. Besides cultivated hawthorn, other wild hawthorns may also have excellent medicinal and edible value, such as Crataeguschungtienensis, an endemic species distributed in the Southwest of China. In this study, by integrating the flavor-related metabolome and transcriptome data of the ripening fruit of C. chungtienensis, we have developed an understanding of the formation of hawthorn fruit quality. The results show that a total of 849 metabolites were detected in the young and mature fruit of C. chungtienensis, of which flavonoids were the most detected metabolites. Among the differentially accumulated metabolites, stachyose, maltotetraose and cis-aconitic acid were significantly increased during fruit ripening, and these may be important metabolites affecting fruit flavor change. Moreover, several flavonoids and terpenoids were reduced after fruit ripening compared with young fruit. Therefore, using the unripe fruit of C. chungtienensis may allow us to obtain more medicinal active ingredients such as flavonoids and terpenoids. Furthermore, we screened out some differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to fruit quality formation, which had important relationships with differentially accumulated sugars, acids, flavonoids and terpenoids. Our study provides new insights into flavor formation in wild hawthorn during fruit development and ripening, and at the same time this study lays the foundation for the improvement of hawthorn fruit flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xien Wu
- College of Chinese Material Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Dengli Luo
- College of Chinese Material Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yingmin Zhang
- College of Chinese Material Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Ling Jin
- College of Chinese Material Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - M. James C. Crabbe
- Wolfson College, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Science & Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Park Square, Luton, UK
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qin Qiao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Guodong Li
- College of Chinese Material Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Ticao Zhang
- College of Chinese Material Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
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Wang T, Wang Y, Zhao J, Kong J, Zhang L, Qi S, Chen J, Chen Z, Zeng W, Sun W. Identification, Characterization and Expression Profiling of the RS Gene Family during the Withering Process of White Tea in the Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis) Reveal the Transcriptional Regulation of CsRS8. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010202. [PMID: 36613645 PMCID: PMC9820808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Raffinose synthetase (RS) is a key enzyme in the process of raffinose (Raf) synthesis and is involved in plant development and stress responses through regulating Raf content. As a sweetener, Raf makes an important contribution to the sweet taste of white tea. However, studies on the identification, analysis and transcriptional regulation of CsRSs (Camellia sinensis RS genes) are still lacking. In this study, nine CsRSs were identified from the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) genome database. The CsRSs were classified into five groups in the phylogenetic tree. Expression level analysis showed that the CsRSs varied in different parts of the tea plant. Transcriptome data showed that CsRSs could respond to persistent drought and cold acclimation. Except for CsRS5 and CsRS9, the expression pattern of all CsRSs increased at 12 h and decreased at 30 h during the withering process of white tea, consistent with the change trend of the Raf content. Furthermore, combining yeast one-hybrid assays with expression analysis, we found that CsDBB could potentially regulate the expression of CsRS8. Our results provide a new perspective for further research into the characterization of CsRS genes and the formation of the white tea flavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiamin Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiumei Kong
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lingzhi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Siyu Qi
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhidan Chen
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (W.S.)
| | - Weijiang Sun
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (W.S.)
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Biochemical, Sensory, and Molecular Evaluation of Flavour and Consumer Acceptability in Australian Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Varieties. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116313. [PMID: 35682992 PMCID: PMC9181177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Inconsistency in flavour is one of the major challenges to the Australian papaya industry. However, objectively measurable standards of the compound profiles that provide preferable taste and aroma, together with consumer acceptability, have not been set. In this study, three red-flesh papayas (i.e., ‘RB1’, ‘RB4’, and ‘Skybury’) and two yellow-flesh papayas (i.e., ‘1B’ and ‘H13’) were presented to a trained sensory panel and a consumer panel to assess sensory profiles and liking. The papaya samples were also examined for sugar components, total soluble solids, and 14 selected volatile compounds. Additionally, the expression patterns of 10 genes related to sweetness and volatile metabolism were assessed. In general, red papaya varieties had higher sugar content and tasted sweeter than yellow varieties, while yellow varieties had higher concentrations of citrus floral aroma volatiles and higher aroma intensity. Higher concentrations of glucose, linalool oxide, and terpinolene were significantly associated with decreased consumer liking. Significant differences were observed in the expression profiles of all the genes assessed among the selected papaya varieties. Of these, cpGPT2 and cpBGLU31 were positively correlated to glucose production and were expressed significantly higher in ‘1B’ than in ‘RB1’ or ‘Skybury’. These findings will assist in the strategic selective breeding for papaya to better match consumer and, hence, market demand.
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de la Fuente Cantó C, Diouf MN, Ndour PMS, Debieu M, Grondin A, Passot S, Champion A, Barrachina C, Pratlong M, Gantet P, Assigbetsé K, Kane N, Cubry P, Diedhiou AG, Heulin T, Achouak W, Vigouroux Y, Cournac L, Laplaze L. Genetic control of rhizosheath formation in pearl millet. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9205. [PMID: 35655088 PMCID: PMC9163325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13234-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhizosheath, the layer of soil that adheres strongly to roots, influences water and nutrients acquisition. Pearl millet is a cereal crop that plays a major role for food security in arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa and India. We previously showed that root-adhering soil mass is a heritable trait in pearl millet and that it correlates with changes in rhizosphere microbiota structure and functions. Here, we studied the correlation between root-adhering soil mass and root hair development, root architecture, and symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and we analysed the genetic control of this trait using genome wide association (GWAS) combined with bulk segregant analysis and gene expression studies. Root-adhering soil mass was weakly correlated only to root hairs traits in pearl millet. Twelve QTLs for rhizosheath formation were identified by GWAS. Bulk segregant analysis on a biparental population validated five of these QTLs. Combining genetics with a comparison of global gene expression in the root tip of contrasted inbred lines revealed candidate genes that might control rhizosheath formation in pearl millet. Our study indicates that rhizosheath formation is under complex genetic control in pearl millet and suggests that it is mainly regulated by root exudation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M N Diouf
- Eco&Sols, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire Mixte International Intensification Écologique Des Sols Cultivés en Afrique de L'Ouest (IESOL), Dakar, Senegal.,Département de Biologie Végétale, Faculté Des Sciences Et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - P M S Ndour
- Eco&Sols, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire Mixte International Intensification Écologique Des Sols Cultivés en Afrique de L'Ouest (IESOL), Dakar, Senegal
| | - M Debieu
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - A Grondin
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation Des Plantes Et Microorganismes Associés Aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Centre de recherche de Bel-Air, Dakar, Senegal.,CERAAS, Thiès, Senegal
| | - S Passot
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - A Champion
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - M Pratlong
- Montpellier GenomiX, Montpellier, France
| | - P Gantet
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - K Assigbetsé
- Eco&Sols, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire Mixte International Intensification Écologique Des Sols Cultivés en Afrique de L'Ouest (IESOL), Dakar, Senegal
| | - N Kane
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation Des Plantes Et Microorganismes Associés Aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Centre de recherche de Bel-Air, Dakar, Senegal
| | - P Cubry
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - A G Diedhiou
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation Des Plantes Et Microorganismes Associés Aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Centre de recherche de Bel-Air, Dakar, Senegal.,Département de Biologie Végétale, Faculté Des Sciences Et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - T Heulin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LEMiRE, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere, ECCOREV FR 3098, 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - W Achouak
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LEMiRE, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere, ECCOREV FR 3098, 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Y Vigouroux
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - L Cournac
- Eco&Sols, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - L Laplaze
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France. .,Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation Des Plantes Et Microorganismes Associés Aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Centre de recherche de Bel-Air, Dakar, Senegal.
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Ni D, Chen Z, Tian Y, Xu W, Zhang W, Kim BG, Mu W. Comprehensive utilization of sucrose resources via chemical and biotechnological processes: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:107990. [PMID: 35640819 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sucrose, one of the most widespread disaccharides in nature, has been available in daily human life for many centuries. As an abundant and cheap sweetener, sucrose plays an essential role in our diet and the food industry. However, it has been determined that many diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, etc., directly relate to the overconsumption of sucrose. It arouses many explorations for the conversion of sucrose to high-value chemicals. Production of valuable substances from sucrose by chemical methods has been studied since a half-century ago. Compared to chemical processes, biotechnological conversion approaches of sucrose are more environmentally friendly. Many enzymes can use sucrose as the substrate to generate functional sugars, especially those from GH68, GH70, GH13, and GH32 families. In this review, enzymatic catalysis and whole-cell fermentation of sucrose for the production of valuable chemicals were reviewed. The multienzyme cascade catalysis and metabolic engineering strategies were addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yuqing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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6
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Zhang Y, Li D, Dirk LMA, Downie AB, Zhao T. ZmAGA1 Hydrolyzes RFOs Late during the Lag Phase of Seed Germination, Shifting Sugar Metabolism toward Seed Germination Over Seed Aging Tolerance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11606-11615. [PMID: 34553917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are accumulated during the late stage of seed development and hydrolyzed during seed germination. The process of raffinose hydrolysis during seed germination and how this process affects seed vigor remains unknown. We report here that maize alkaline α-galactosidase 1 (ZmAGA1) protein is translationally induced and is capable of hydrolyzing RFOs as well as a precursor, galactinol, during seed germination. Constitutively overexpressing ZmAGA1 in Arabidopsis decreased both RFOs and galactinol contents of mature, desiccated, and 30 hours after imbibition (HAI) seeds, yet enhanced the seed germination percentage under either salt or somewhat osmotic-stress conditions at earlier times during the time course. However, ZmAGA1 overexpression also decreased the seed aging tolerance of mature, desiccated seeds as compared with wild type (WT) or those overexpressing GFP. Compared to that of WT control seeds, the atsip2 (mutant of Arabidopsis AtSIP2 (seed imbibition protein 2, encoding alkaline α-galactosidase)) seeds have similar RFOs and galactinol contents in mature, desiccated seeds but significantly increased the amount of these metabolites at 30 HAI. This retention of RFOs and galactinol in atsip2 results in seeds that exhibit lowered seed germination percentage under either salt or osmotic stress conditions, and yet, increased seed aging tolerance relative to WT. Similarly, when maize seeds were imbibed in the presence of a specific α-galactosidase inhibitor (1-deoxygalactonojirimycin) as compared to those imbibed in water, greater amounts of raffinose and galactinol were detected; the seeds exhibited decreased seed germination percentages but increased seed aging tolerance. Taken together, these data suggest that both maize seed germination and seed aging tolerance can be simultaneously regulated through careful temporal manipulation of ZmAGA1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Areas of the Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Areas of the Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lynnette M A Dirk
- Department of Horticulture, Seed Biology Group, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - A Bruce Downie
- Department of Horticulture, Seed Biology Group, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Tianyong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Areas of the Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Kannan U, Sharma R, Gangola MP, Ganeshan S, Båga M, Chibbar RN. Sequential expression of raffinose synthase and stachyose synthase corresponds to successive accumulation of raffinose, stachyose and verbascose in developing seeds of Lens culinaris Medik. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 265:153494. [PMID: 34454370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Raffinose, stachyose and verbascose form the three major members of the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) accumulated during seed development. Raffinose synthase (RS; EC 2.4.1.82) and stachyose synthase (STS; EC 2.4.1.67) have been associated with raffinose and stachyose synthesis, but the precise mechanism for verbascose synthesis is not well understood. In this study, full-length RS (2.7 kb) and STS (2.6 kb) clones were isolated by screening a cDNA library prepared from developing lentil seeds (18, 20, 22 and 24 days after flowering [DAF]) to understand the roles of RS and STS in RFO accumulation in developing lentil seeds. The nucleotide sequences of RS and STS genes were similar to those reported for Pisum sativum. Patterns of transcript accumulation, enzyme activities and RFO concentrations were also comparable to P. sativum. However, during lentil seed development raffinose, stachyose and verbascose accumulation corresponded to transcript accumulation for RS and STS, with peak transcript abundance occurring at about 22-24 DAF, generally followed by a sequential increase in raffinose, stachyose and verbascose concentrations followed by a steady level thereafter. Enzyme activities for RS, STS and verbascose synthase (VS) also indicated a sudden increase at around 24-26 DAF, but with an abrupt decline again coinciding with the subsequent steady state increase in the RFO. Galactan:galactan galactosyl transferase (GGT), the galactinol-independent pathway enzyme, however, exhibited steady increase in activity from 24 DAF onwards before abruptly decreasing at 34 DAF. Although GGT activity was detected, isolation of a GGT sequence from the cDNA library was not successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udhaya Kannan
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture & Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Roopam Sharma
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture & Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Manu P Gangola
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture & Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Seedhabadee Ganeshan
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture & Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Monica Båga
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture & Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Ravindra N Chibbar
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture & Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada.
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Novel and emerging prebiotics: Advances and opportunities. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2021; 95:41-95. [PMID: 33745516 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Consumers are conscientiously changing their eating preferences toward healthier options, such as functional foods enriched with pre- and probiotics. Prebiotics are attractive bioactive compounds with multidimensional beneficial action on both human and animal health, namely on the gastrointestinal tract, cardiometabolism, bones or mental health. Conventionally, prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates which generally present favorable organoleptic properties, temperature and acidic stability, and are considered interesting food ingredients. However, according to the current definition of prebiotics, application categories other than food are accepted, as well as non-carbohydrate substrates and bioactivity at extra-intestinal sites. Regulatory issues are considered a major concern for prebiotics since a clear understanding and application of these compounds among the consumers, regulators, scientists, suppliers or manufacturers, health-care providers and standards or recommendation-setting organizations are of utmost importance. Prebiotics can be divided in several categories according to their development and regulatory status. Inulin, galactooligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides and lactulose are generally classified as well established prebiotics. Xylooligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, chitooligosaccharides and lactosucrose are classified as "emerging" prebiotics, while raffinose, neoagaro-oligosaccharides and epilactose are "under development." Other substances, such as human milk oligosaccharides, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, protein hydrolysates and peptides are considered "new candidates." This chapter will encompass actual information about the non-established prebiotics, mainly their physicochemical properties, market, legislation, biological activity and possible applications. Generally, there is a lack of clear demonstrations about the effective health benefits associated with all the non-established prebiotics. Overcoming this limitation will undoubtedly increase the demand for these compounds and their market size will follow the consumer's trend.
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9
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Keller I, Rodrigues CM, Neuhaus HE, Pommerrenig B. Improved resource allocation and stabilization of yield under abiotic stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 257:153336. [PMID: 33360492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sugars are the main building blocks for carbohydrate storage, but also serve as signaling molecules and protective compounds during abiotic stress responses. Accordingly, sugar transport proteins fulfill multiple roles as they mediate long distance sugar allocation, but also shape the subcellular and tissue-specific carbohydrate profiles by balancing the levels of these molecules in various compartments. Accordingly, transporter activity represents a target by classical or directed breeding approaches, to either, directly increase phloem loading or to increase sink strength in crop species. The relative subcellular distribution of sugars is critical for molecular signaling affecting yield-relevant processes like photosynthesis, onset of flowering and stress responses, while controlled long-distance sugar transport directly impacts development and productivity of plants. However, long-distance transport is prone to become unbalanced upon adverse environmental conditions. Therefore, we highlight the influence of stress stimuli on sucrose transport in the phloem and include the role of stress induced cellular carbohydrate sinks, like raffinose or fructans, which possess important roles to build up tolerance against challenging environmental conditions. In addition, we report on recent breeding approaches that resulted in altered source and sink capacities, leading to increased phloem sucrose shuttling in crops. Finally, we present strategies integrating the need of cellular stress-protection into the general picture of long-distance transport under abiotic stress, and point to possible approaches improving plant performance and resource allocation under adverse environmental conditions, leading to stabilized or even increased crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Keller
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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10
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Minen RI, Martinez MP, Iglesias AA, Figueroa CM. Biochemical characterization of recombinant UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase and galactinol synthase from Brachypodium distachyon. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:780-788. [PMID: 32866791 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Raffinose (Raf) protects plant cells during seed desiccation and under different abiotic stress conditions. The biosynthesis of Raf starts with the production of UDP-galactose by UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase (USPPase) and continues with the synthesis of galactinol by galactinol synthase (GolSase). Galactinol is then used by Raf synthase to produce Raf. In this work, we report the biochemical characterization of USPPase (BdiUSPPase) and GolSase 1 (BdiGolSase1) from Brachypodium distachyon. The catalytic efficiency of BdiUSPPase was similar with galactose 1-phosphate and glucose 1-phosphate, but 5- to 17-fold lower with other sugar 1-phosphates. The catalytic efficiency of BdiGolSase1 with UDP-galactose was three orders of magnitude higher than with UDP-glucose. A structural model of BdiGolSase1 allowed us to determine the residues putatively involved in the binding of substrates. Among these, we found that Cys261 lies within the putative catalytic pocket. BdiGolSase1 was inactivated by oxidation with diamide and H2O2. The activity of the diamide-oxidized enzyme was recovered by reduction with dithiothreitol or E. coli thioredoxin, suggesting that BdiGolSase1 is redox-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina I Minen
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María P Martinez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carlos M Figueroa
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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11
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Redekar NR, Glover NM, Biyashev RM, Ha BK, Raboy V, Maroof MAS. Genetic interactions regulating seed phytate and oligosaccharides in soybean (Glycine max L.). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235120. [PMID: 32584851 PMCID: PMC7316244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two low-phytate soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) mutant lines- V99-5089 (mips mutation on chromosome 11) and CX-1834 (mrp-l and mrp-n mutations on chromosomes 19 and 3, respectively) have proven to be valuable resources for breeding of low-phytate, high-sucrose, and low-raffinosaccharide soybeans, traits that are highly desirable from a nutritional and environmental standpoint. A recombinant inbred population derived from the cross CX1834 x V99-5089 provides an opportunity to study the effect of different combinations of these three mutations on soybean phytate and oligosaccharides levels. Of the 173 recombinant inbred lines tested, 163 lines were homozygous for various combinations of MIPS and two MRP loci alleles. These individuals were grouped into eight genotypic classes based on the combination of SNP alleles at the three mutant loci. The two genotypic classes that were homozygous mrp-l/mrp-n and either homozygous wild-type or mutant at the mips locus (MIPS/mrp-l/mrp-n or mips/mrp-l/mrp-n) displayed relatively similar ~55% reductions in seed phytate, 6.94 mg g -1 and 6.70 mg g-1 respectively, as compared with 15.2 mg g-1 in the wild-type MIPS/MRP-L/MRP-N seed. Therefore, in the presence of the double mutant mrp-l/mrp-n, the mips mutation did not cause a substantially greater decrease in seed phytate level. However, the nutritionally-desirable high-sucrose/low-stachyose/low-raffinose seed phenotype originally observed in soybeans homozygous for the mips allele was reversed in the presence of mrp-l/mrp-n mutations: homozygous mips/mrp-l/mrp-n seed displayed low-sucrose (7.70%), high-stachyose (4.18%), and the highest observed raffinose (0.94%) contents per gram of dry seed. Perhaps the block in phytic acid transport from its cytoplasmic synthesis site to its storage site, conditioned by mrp-l/mrp-n, alters myo-inositol flux in mips seeds in a way that restores to wild-type levels the mips conditioned reductions in raffinosaccharides. Overall this study determined the combinatorial effects of three low phytic acid causing mutations on regulation of seed phytate and oligosaccharides in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam R. Redekar
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Natasha M. Glover
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ruslan M. Biyashev
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Bo-Keun Ha
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics & Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Victor Raboy
- National Small Grains Germplasm Center, USDA-ARS, Aberdeen, Idaho, United States of America
| | - M. A. Saghai Maroof
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
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12
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You R, Wang L, Shi C, Chen H, Zhang S, Hu M, Tao Y. Efficient production of myo-inositol in Escherichia coli through metabolic engineering. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:109. [PMID: 32448266 PMCID: PMC7247202 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biosynthesis of high value-added compounds using metabolically engineered strains has received wide attention in recent years. Myo-inositol (inositol), an important compound in the pharmaceutics, cosmetics and food industries, is usually produced from phytate via a harsh set of chemical reactions. Recombinant Escherichia coli strains have been constructed by metabolic engineering strategies to produce inositol, but with a low yield. The proper distribution of carbon flux between cell growth and inositol production is a major challenge for constructing an efficient inositol-synthesis pathway in bacteria. Construction of metabolically engineered E. coli strains with high stoichiometric yield of inositol is desirable. RESULTS In the present study, we designed an inositol-synthesis pathway from glucose with a theoretical stoichiometric yield of 1 mol inositol/mol glucose. Recombinant E. coli strains with high stoichiometric yield (> 0.7 mol inositol/mol glucose) were obtained. Inositol was successfully biosynthesized after introducing two crucial enzymes: inositol-3-phosphate synthase (IPS) from Trypanosoma brucei, and inositol monophosphatase (IMP) from E. coli. Based on starting strains E. coli BW25113 (wild-type) and SG104 (ΔptsG::glk, ΔgalR::zglf, ΔpoxB::acs), a series of engineered strains for inositol production was constructed by deleting the key genes pgi, pfkA and pykF. Plasmid-based expression systems for IPS and IMP were optimized, and expression of the gene zwf was regulated to enhance the stoichiometric yield of inositol. The highest stoichiometric yield (0.96 mol inositol/mol glucose) was achieved from recombinant strain R15 (SG104, Δpgi, Δpgm, and RBSL5-zwf). Strain R04 (SG104 and Δpgi) reached high-density in a 1-L fermenter when using glucose and glycerol as a mixed carbon source. In scaled-up fed-batch bioconversion in situ using strain R04, 0.82 mol inositol/mol glucose was produced within 23 h, corresponding to a titer of 106.3 g/L (590.5 mM) inositol. CONCLUSIONS The biosynthesis of inositol from glucose in recombinant E. coli was optimized by metabolic engineering strategies. The metabolically engineered E. coli strains represent a promising method for future inositol production. This study provides an essential reference to obtain a suitable distribution of carbon flux between glycolysis and inositol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran You
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Congrong Shi
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Meirong Hu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Yong Tao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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13
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Wang H, Blakeslee JJ, Jones ML, Chapin LJ, Dami IE. Exogenous abscisic acid enhances physiological, metabolic, and transcriptional cold acclimation responses in greenhouse-grown grapevines. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 293:110437. [PMID: 32081274 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the freezing tolerance (FT) of grapevine was enhanced by foliar application of exogenous abscisic acid (exo-ABA), a treatment which might be incorporated into cultural practices to mitigate cold damage in vineyards. To investigate the underlying mechanisms of this response, a two-year (2017 and 2018) study was conducted to characterize the effects of exo-ABA on greenhouse-grown 'Cabernet franc' grapevine. In control grapevines, both physiological (deeper dormancy) and biochemical (sugar accumulation in buds) changes occurred, indicating that grapevines initiated cold acclimation in the greenhouse. Compared to control, exo-ABA decreased stomatal conductance 2 h after application. Two weeks post application, exo-ABA treated grapevines showed accelerated transition of grapevine physiology during cold acclimation (increased depth of dormancy, decreased bud water content and enhanced bud FT), relative to control. Exo-ABA induced the accumulation of several sugars in buds including the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), and the RFO precursor, galactinol. The expression of raffinose and galactinol synthase genes was higher in exo-ABA treated grapevine buds, compared to control. The new findings from this study have advanced our understanding of the role of ABA in grapevine FT, which will be useful to develop future strategies to protect grapevines from cold damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Wang
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, OARDC/The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Joshua J Blakeslee
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, OARDC/The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Metabolite Analysis Cluster, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Michelle L Jones
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, OARDC/The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Laura J Chapin
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, OARDC/The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Imed E Dami
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, OARDC/The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA.
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14
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Cui LH, Byun MY, Oh HG, Kim SJ, Lee J, Park H, Lee H, Kim WT. Poaceae Type II Galactinol Synthase 2 from Antarctic Flowering Plant Deschampsia antarctica and Rice Improves Cold and Drought Tolerance by Accumulation of Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides in Transgenic Rice Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:88-104. [PMID: 31513272 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Deschampsia antarctica is a Poaceae grass that has adapted to and colonized Antarctica. When D. antarctica plants were subjected to cold and dehydration stress both in the Antarctic field and in laboratory experiments, galactinol, a precursor of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) and raffinose were highly accumulated, which was accompanied by upregulation of galactinol synthase (GolS). The Poaceae monocots have a small family of GolS genes, which are divided into two distinct groups called types I and II. Type II GolSs are highly expanded in cold-adapted monocot plants. Transgenic rice plants, in which type II D. antarctica GolS2 (DaGolS2) and rice GolS2 (OsGolS2) were constitutively expressed, were markedly tolerant to cold and drought stress as compared to the wild-type rice plants. The RFO contents and GolS enzyme activities were higher in the DaGolS2- and OsGolS2-overexpressing progeny than in the wild-type plants under both normal and stress conditions. DaGolS2 and OsGolS2 overexpressors contained reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) relative to the wild-type plants after cold and drought treatments. Overall, these results suggest that Poaceae type II GolS2s play a conserved role in D. antarctica and rice in response to drought and cold stress by inducing the accumulation of RFO and decreasing ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hua Cui
- Division of Life Science, Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Mi Young Byun
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea
| | - Hyeong Geun Oh
- Division of Life Science, Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sung Jin Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea
| | - Jungeun Lee
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea
- Polar Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea
- Polar Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Hyoungseok Lee
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea
- Polar Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Woo Taek Kim
- Division of Life Science, Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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15
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Zhang Y, Sun Q, Zhang C, Hao G, Wang C, Dirk LMA, Downie AB, Zhao T. Maize VIVIPAROUS1 Interacts with ABA INSENSITIVE5 to Regulate GALACTINOL SYNTHASE2 Expression Controlling Seed Raffinose Accumulation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4214-4223. [PMID: 30915847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Raffinose, an oligosaccharide found in many seeds, plays an important role in seed vigor; however, the regulatory mechanism governing raffinose biosynthesis remains unclear. We report here that maize W22 wild type (WT) seeds, but not W22 viviparous1 ( zmvp1) mutant seeds, start accumulating galactinol and raffinose 28 days after pollination (DAP). Transcriptome analysis of the zmvp1 embryo showed that the expression of GALACTINOL SYNTHASE2 ( GOLS2) was down-regulated relative to WT. Further experiments showed that the expression of ZmGOLS2 was up-regulated by ZmABI5 but not by ZmVP1, and it was further increased by the coexpression of ZmABI5 and ZmVP1 in maize protoplasts. ZmABI5 interacted with ZmVP1, while ZmABI5, but not ZmVP1, directly binds to the ZmGOLS2 promoter. Together, all of the findings suggest that ZmVP1 interacts with ZmABI5 and regulates ZmGOLS2 expression and raffinose accumulation in maize seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lynnette M A Dirk
- Department of Horticulture, Seed Biology, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40546 , United States
| | - A Bruce Downie
- Department of Horticulture, Seed Biology, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40546 , United States
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16
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La Mantia J, Unda F, Douglas CJ, Mansfield SD, Hamelin R. Overexpression of AtGolS3 and CsRFS in poplar enhances ROS tolerance and represses defense response to leaf rust disease. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:457-470. [PMID: 28981890 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to pathogens through an orchestration of signaling events that coordinate modifications to transcriptional profiles and physiological processes. Resistance to necrotrophic pathogens often requires jasmonic acid, which antagonizes the salicylic acid dependent biotrophic defense response. Recently, myo-inositol has been shown to negatively impact salicylic acid (SA) levels and signaling, while galactinol enhances jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent induced systemic resistance to necrotrophic pathogens. To investigate the function of these compounds in biotrophic pathogen defense, we characterized the defense response of Populus alba × grandidentata overexpressing Arabidopsis GALACTINOL SYNTHASE3 (AtGolS) and Cucumber sativus RAFFINOSE SYNTHASE (CsRFS) challenged with Melampsora aecidiodes, a causative agent of poplar leaf rust disease. Relative to wild-type leaves, the overexpression of AtGolS3 and CsRFS increased accumulation of galactinol and raffinose and led to increased leaf rust infection. During the resistance response, inoculated wild-type leaves displayed reduced levels of galactinol and repressed transcript abundance of two endogenous GolS genes compared to un-inoculated wild-type leaves prior to the up-regulation of NON-EXPRESSOR OF PR1 and PATHOGENESIS-RELATED1. Transcriptome analysis and qRT-PCR validation also revealed the repression of genes participating in calcium influx, phosphatidic acid biosynthesis and signaling, and salicylic acid signaling in the transgenic lines. In contrast, enhanced tolerance to H2O2 and up-regulation of antioxidant biosynthesis genes were exhibited in the overexpression lines. Thus, we conclude that overexpression of AtGolS and CsRFS antagonizes the defense response to poplar leaf rust disease through repressing reactive oxygen species and attenuating calcium and phosphatidic acid signaling events that lead to SA defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan La Mantia
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- United States Department of Agriculture, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Faride Unda
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Carl J Douglas
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Richard Hamelin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Natural Resources Canada, Laurentian Forestry Center 1055 rue du P.E.P.S., Québec G1V 4C7, Canada
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17
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Salvi P, Kamble NU, Majee M. Stress-Inducible Galactinol Synthase of Chickpea (CaGolS) is Implicated in Heat and Oxidative Stress Tolerance Through Reducing Stress-Induced Excessive Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:155-166. [PMID: 29121266 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) participate in various aspects of plant physiology, and galactinol synthase (GolS; EC 2.4.1.123) catalyzes the key step of RFO biosynthesis. Stress-induced accumulation of RFOs, in particular galactinol and raffinose, has been reported in a few plants; however, their precise role and mechanistic insight in stress adaptation remain elusive. In the present study, we have shown that the GolS activity as well as galactinol and raffinose content are significantly increased in response to various abiotic stresses in chickpea. Transcriptional analysis indicated that the CaGolS1 and CaGolS2 genes are induced in response to different abiotic stresses. Interestingly, heat and oxidative stress preferentially induce CaGolS1 over CaGolS2. In silco analysis revealed several common yet distinct cis-acting regulatory elements in their 5'-upstream regulatory sequences. Further, in vitro biochemical analysis revealed that the CaGolS1 enzyme functions better in stressful conditions than the CaGolS2 enzyme. Finally, Arabidopsis transgenic plants constitutively overexpressing CaGolS1 or CaGolS2 exhibit not only significantly increased galactinol but also raffinose content, and display better growth responses than wild-type or vector control plants when exposed to heat and oxidative stress. Further, improved tolerance of transgenic lines is associated with reduced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequent lipid peroxidation as compared with control plants. Collectively, our data imply that GolS enzyme activity and consequent galactinol and raffinose content are significantly increased in response to stresses to mitigate stress-induced growth inhibition by restricting excessive ROS accumulation and consequent lipid peroxidation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prafull Salvi
- MM LAB, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Nitin Uttam Kamble
- MM LAB, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Manoj Majee
- MM LAB, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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18
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Pilcher W, Zandkamiri H, Arceneaux K, Harrison S, Baisakh N. Genome-wide microarray analysis leads to identification of genes in response to herbicide, metribuzin in wheat leaves. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189639. [PMID: 29228046 PMCID: PMC5724888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbicides are an important component of weed management in wheat, particularly in the southeastern US where weeds actively compete with wheat throughout the winter for nutrients and reduce tillering and ultimately the yield of the crop. Some wheat varieties are sensitive to metribuzin, a low-cost non-selective herbicide, leading to leaf chlorosis, stand loss, and decreased yield. Knowledge of the genetics of herbicide tolerance in wheat is very limited and most new varieties have not been screened for metribuzin tolerance. The identification of genes associated with metribuzin tolerance will lead to the development of molecular markers for use in screening breeding lines for metribuzin tolerance. AGS 2035 and AGS 2060 were identified as resistant and sensitive to metribuzin in several previous field screening experiments as well as controlled condition screening of nine varieties in the present study. Genome-wide transcriptome profiling of the genes in AGS 2035 and AGS 2060 through microarray analysis identified 169 and 127 genes to be significantly (2-fold, P>0.01) up- and down-regulated, respectively in response to metribuzin. Functional annotation revealed that genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis, photosynthesis and sucrose metabolism were highly responsive to metribuzin application. (Semi)quantitative RT-PCR of seven selected differentially expressed genes (DEGs) indicated that a gene coding for alkaline alpha-galactosidase 2 (AAG2) was specifically expressed in resistant varieties only after one and two weeks of metribuzin application. Integration of the DEGs into our ongoing mapping effort and identification of the genes within the QTL region showing significant association with resistance in future will aid in development of functional markers for metribuzin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Pilcher
- School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Hana Zandkamiri
- School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Kelly Arceneaux
- School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Stephen Harrison
- School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NB); (SH)
| | - Niranjan Baisakh
- School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NB); (SH)
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19
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Knoch D, Riewe D, Meyer RC, Boudichevskaia A, Schmidt R, Altmann T. Genetic dissection of metabolite variation in Arabidopsis seeds: evidence for mQTL hotspots and a master regulatory locus of seed metabolism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1655-1667. [PMID: 28338798 PMCID: PMC5444479 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To gain insight into genetic factors controlling seed metabolic composition and its relationship to major seed properties, an Arabidopsis recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, derived from accessions Col-0 and C24, was studied using an MS-based metabolic profiling approach. Relative intensities of 311 polar primary metabolites were used to identify associated genomic loci and to elucidate their interactions by quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. A total of 786 metabolic QTLs (mQTLs) were unequally distributed across the genome, forming several hotspots. For the branched-chain amino acid leucine, mQTLs and candidate genes were elucidated in detail. Correlation studies displayed links between metabolite levels, seed protein content, and seed weight. Principal component analysis revealed a clustering of samples, with PC1 mapping to a region on the short arm of chromosome IV. The overlap of this region with mQTL hotspots indicates the presence of a potential master regulatory locus of seed metabolism. As a result of database queries, a series of candidate regulatory genes, including bZIP10, were identified within this region. Depending on the search conditions, metabolic pathway-derived candidate genes for 40-61% of tested mQTLs could be determined, providing an extensive basis for further identification and characterization of hitherto unknown genes causal for natural variation of Arabidopsis seed metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Knoch
- Department of Molecular Genetics/Heterosis, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, D-06466 Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - David Riewe
- Department of Molecular Genetics/Heterosis, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, D-06466 Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Rhonda Christiane Meyer
- Department of Molecular Genetics/Heterosis, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, D-06466 Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Anastassia Boudichevskaia
- Department of Breeding Research/Genome Plasticity, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, D-06466 Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Renate Schmidt
- Department of Breeding Research/Genome Plasticity, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, D-06466 Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Thomas Altmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics/Heterosis, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, D-06466 Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
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20
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Li W, Yu S, Zhang T, Jiang B, Mu W. Synthesis of raffinose by transfructosylation using recombinant levansucrase from Clostridium arbusti SL206. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:43-49. [PMID: 27417332 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Raffinose, a functional trisaccharide of α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-fructofuranoside, is a prebiotic that shows promise for use as a food ingredient. RESULTS In this study, the production of raffinose from melibiose and sucrose was studied using whole recombinant Escherichia coli cells harboring the levansucrase from Clostridium arbusti SL206. The reaction conditions were optimized for raffinose synthesis. The optimal pH, temperature and washed cell concentration were pH 6.5 (sodium phosphate buffer, 50 mmol L-1 ), 55 °C and 3% (w/v), respectively. High substrate concentrations, which led to low water activity and thus reduced levansucrase hydrolysis activity, strongly favored the production of raffinose through the fructosyl transfer reaction. Additionally, high concentrations of excess acceptor and donor glycosides favored raffinose production. When 30% (w/v) sucrose and 30% (w/v) melibiose were catalyzed using 3% (w/v) whole cells at pH 6.5 (sodium phosphate buffer, 50 mmol L-1 ) and 55 °C, the highest raffinose yield was 222 g L-1 after a 6 h reaction. The conversion ratio from each substrate to raffinose was 50%. CONCLUSION Raffinose could be effectively produced with melibiose as an acceptor and with sucrose as a fructosyl donor by whole recombinant E. coli cells harboring C. arbusti levansucrase. The yield from E. coli was significantly higher than those of the previously reported Bacillus subtilis levansucrase and fungal α-galactosidases. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Shuhuai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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Differentially expressed galactinol synthase(s) in chickpea are implicated in seed vigor and longevity by limiting the age induced ROS accumulation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35088. [PMID: 27725707 PMCID: PMC5057127 DOI: 10.1038/srep35088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Galactinol synthase (GolS) catalyzes the first and rate limiting step of Raffinose Family Oligosaccharide (RFO) biosynthetic pathway, which is a highly specialized metabolic event in plants. Increased accumulation of galactinol and RFOs in seeds have been reported in few plant species, however their precise role in seed vigor and longevity remain elusive. In present study, we have shown that galactinol synthase activity as well as galactinol and raffinose content progressively increase as seed development proceeds and become highly abundant in pod and mature dry seeds, which gradually decline as seed germination progresses in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Furthermore, artificial aging also stimulates galactinol synthase activity and consequent galactinol and raffinose accumulation in seed. Molecular analysis revealed that GolS in chickpea are encoded by two divergent genes (CaGolS1 and CaGolS2) which potentially encode five CaGolS isoforms through alternative splicing. Biochemical analysis showed that only two isoforms (CaGolS1 and CaGolS2) are biochemically active with similar yet distinct biochemical properties. CaGolS1 and CaGolS2 are differentially regulated in different organs, during seed development and germination however exhibit similar subcellular localization. Furthermore, seed-specific overexpression of CaGolS1 and CaGolS2 in Arabidopsis results improved seed vigor and longevity through limiting the age induced excess ROS and consequent lipid peroxidation.
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Gangl R, Tenhaken R. Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides Act As Galactose Stores in Seeds and Are Required for Rapid Germination of Arabidopsis in the Dark. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1115. [PMID: 27507985 PMCID: PMC4960254 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Raffinose synthase 5 (AtRS5, At5g40390) was characterized from Arabidopsis as a recombinant enzyme. It has a far higher affinity for the substrates galactinol and sucrose than any other raffinose synthase previously reported. In addition raffinose synthase 5 is also working as a galactosylhydrolase, degrading galactinol, and raffinose under certain conditions. Together with raffinose synthase 4, which is predominantly a stachyose synthase, both enzymes contribute to the raffinose family oligosaccharide (RFO) accumulation in seeds. A double knockout in raffinose synthase 4 and raffinose synthase 5 (ΔAtRS4,5) was generated, which is devoid of RFOs in seeds. Unstressed leaves of 4 week old ΔAtRS4,5 plants showed drastically 23.8-fold increased concentrations of galactinol. Unexpectedly, raffinose appeared again in drought stressed ΔAtRS4,5 plants, but not under other abiotic stress conditions. Drought stress leads to novel transcripts of raffinose synthase 6 suggesting that this isoform is a further stress inducible raffinose synthase in Arabidopsis. ΔAtRS4,5 seeds showed a 5 days delayed germination phenotype in darkness and an elevated expression of the transcription factor phytochrome interacting factor 1 (AtPIF1) target gene AtPIF6, being a repressor of germination. This prolonged dormancy is not seen during germination in the light. Exogenous galactose partially promotes germination of ΔAtRS4,5 seeds in the dark suggesting that RFOs act as a galactose store and repress AtPIF6 transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raimund Tenhaken
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Plant Physiology, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
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de Souza Vidigal D, Willems L, van Arkel J, Dekkers BJW, Hilhorst HWM, Bentsink L. Galactinol as marker for seed longevity. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 246:112-118. [PMID: 26993241 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Reduced seed longevity or storability is a major problem in seed storage and contributes to increased costs in crop production. Here we investigated whether seed galactinol contents could be predictive for seed storability behavior in Arabidopsis, cabbage and tomato. The analyses revealed a positive correlation between galactinol content and seed longevity in the three species tested, which indicates that this correlation is conserved in the Brassicaceae and beyond. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping in tomato revealed a co-locating QTL for galactinol content and seed longevity on chromosome 2. A candidate for this QTL is the GALACTINOL SYNTHASE gene (Solyc02g084980.2.1) that is located in the QTL interval. GALACTINOL SYNTHASE is a key enzyme of the raffinose family oligosaccharide (RFO) pathway. To investigate the role of enzymes in the RFO pathway in more detail, we applied a reverse genetics approach using T-DNA knock-out lines in genes encoding enzymes of this pathway (GALACTINOL SYNTHASE 1, GALACTINOL SYNTHASE 2, RAFFINOSE SYNTHASE, STACHYOSE SYNTHASE and ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE) and overexpressors of the cucumber GALACTINOL SYNTHASE 2 gene in Arabidopsis. The galactinol synthase 2 mutant and the galactinol synthase 1 galactinol synthase 2 double mutant contained the lowest seed galactinol content which coincided with lower seed longevity. These results show that galactinol content of mature dry seed can be used as a biomarker for seed longevity in Brassicaceae and tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah de Souza Vidigal
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Leo Willems
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen van Arkel
- Plant Research International, Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bas J W Dekkers
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Henk W M Hilhorst
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Leónie Bentsink
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Van den Ende W, Coopman M, Vergauwen R, Van Laere A. Presence of Inulin-Type Fructo-Oligosaccharides and Shift from Raffinose Family Oligosaccharide to Fructan Metabolism in Leaves of Boxtree (Buxus sempervirens). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:209. [PMID: 26973663 PMCID: PMC4771763 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fructans are known to occur in 15% of flowering plants and their accumulation is often associated with stress responses. Typically, particular fructan types occur within particular plant families. The family of the Buxaceae, harboring Pachysandra terminalis, an accumulator of graminan- and levan-type fructans, also harbors boxtree (Buxus sempervirens), a cold and drought tolerant species. Surprisingly, boxtree leaves do not accumulate the expected graminan- and levan-type fructans, but small inulin fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS: 1-kestotriose and nystose) and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs: raffinose and stachyose) instead. The seasonal variation in concentrations of glucose, fructose, sucrose, FOS and RFOs were followed. Raffinose and stachyose peaked during the winter months, while FOS peaked at a very narrow time-interval in spring, immediately preceded by a prominent sucrose accumulation. Sucrose may function as a reserve carbohydrate in winter and early spring leaves. The switch from RFO to fructan metabolism in spring strongly suggests that fructans and RFOs fulfill distinct roles in boxtree leaves. RFOs may play a key role in the cold acclimation of winter leaves while temporal fructan biosynthesis in spring might increase sink strength to sustain the formation of new shoots.
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Ramalingam A, Kudapa H, Pazhamala LT, Garg V, Varshney RK. Gene Expression and Yeast Two-Hybrid Studies of 1R-MYB Transcription Factor Mediating Drought Stress Response in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1117. [PMID: 26734027 PMCID: PMC4689849 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress has been one of the serious constraints affecting chickpea productivity to a great extent. Genomics-assisted breeding has a potential to accelerate breeding precisely and efficiently. In order to do so, understanding the molecular mechanisms for drought tolerance and identification of candidate genes are crucial. Transcription factors (TFs) have important roles in the regulation of plant stress related genes. In this context, quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to study the differential gene expression of selected TFs, identified from large-scale expressed sequence tags (ESTs) analysis, in contrasting drought responsive genotypes. Root tissues of ICC 4958 (tolerant), ICC 1882 (sensitive), JG 11 (elite), and JG 11+ (introgression line) were used for the study. Subsequently, a candidate single repeat MYB (1R-MYB) transcript that was remarkably induced in the drought tolerant genotypes under drought stress was cloned (coding sequence region for the 1R-MYB protein) and subjected to yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) analysis. The screening of a root cDNA library with Y2H using the 1R-MYB bait protein, identified three CDS encoding peptides namely, galactinol-sucrose galactosyltransferase 2, CBL (Calcineurin B-like)-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 25, and ABA responsive 17-like, which were confirmed by co-transformation in yeast. These findings provide preliminary insights into the ability of this 1R-MYB transcription factor to co-regulate drought tolerance mechanism in chickpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Ramalingam
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)Hyderabad, India
| | - Himabindu Kudapa
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)Hyderabad, India
| | - Lekha T. Pazhamala
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)Hyderabad, India
| | - Vanika Garg
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)Hyderabad, India
- School of Plant Biology and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
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Gangl R, Behmüller R, Tenhaken R. Molecular cloning of AtRS4, a seed specific multifunctional RFO synthase/galactosylhydrolase in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:789. [PMID: 26483807 PMCID: PMC4587089 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Stachyose is among the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) one of the major water-soluble carbohydrates next to sucrose in seeds of a number of plant species. Especially in leguminous seeds, e.g. chickpea, stachyose is reported as the major component. In contrast to their ambiguous potential as essential source of carbon for germination, RFOs are indigestible for humans and can contribute to diverse abdominal disorders. In the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana, six putative raffinose synthase genes are reported, whereas little is known about these putative raffinose synthases and their biochemical characteristics or their contribution to the RFO physiology in A. thaliana. In this paper, we report on the molecular cloning, functional expression in Escherichia coli and purification of recombinant AtRS4 from A. thaliana and the biochemical characterisation of the putative stachyose synthase (AtSTS, At4g01970) as a raffinose and high affinity stachyose synthase (Km for raffinose 259.2 ± 21.15 μM) as well as stachyose and galactinol specific galactosylhydrolase. A T-DNA insertional mutant in the AtRS4 gene was isolated. Only semi-quantitative PCR from WT siliques showed a specific transcriptional AtRS4 PCR product. Metabolite measurements in seeds of ΔAtRS4 mutant plants revealed a total loss of stachyose in ΔAtRS4 mutant seeds. We conclude that AtRS4 is the only stachyose synthase in the genome of A. thaliana that AtRS4 represents a key regulation mechanism in the RFO physiology of A. thaliana due to its multifunctional enzyme activity and that AtRS4 is possibly the second seed specific raffinose synthase beside AtRS5, which is responsible for Raf accumulation under abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raimund Tenhaken
- *Correspondence: Raimund Tenhaken, Division of Plant Physiology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria,
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Sengupta S, Mukherjee S, Basak P, Majumder AL. Significance of galactinol and raffinose family oligosaccharide synthesis in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:656. [PMID: 26379684 PMCID: PMC4549555 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress induces differential expression of genes responsible for the synthesis of raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs) in plants. RFOs are described as the most widespread D-galactose containing oligosaccharides in higher plants. Biosynthesis of RFOs begin with the activity of galactinol synthase (GolS; EC 2.4.1.123), a GT8 family glycosyltransferase that galactosylates myo-inositol to produce galactinol. Raffinose and the subsequent higher molecular weight RFOs (Stachyose, Verbascose, and Ajugose) are synthesized from sucrose by the subsequent addition of activated galactose moieties donated by Galactinol. Interestingly, GolS, the key enzyme of this pathway is functional only in the flowering plants. It is thus assumed that RFO synthesis is a specialized metabolic event in higher plants; although it is not known whether lower plant groups synthesize any galactinol or RFOs. In higher plants, several functional importance of RFOs have been reported, e.g., RFOs protect the embryo from maturation associated desiccation, are predominant transport carbohydrates in some plant families, act as signaling molecule following pathogen attack and wounding and accumulate in vegetative tissues in response to a range of abiotic stresses. However, the loss-of-function mutants reported so far fail to show any perturbation in those biological functions. The role of RFOs in biotic and abiotic stress is therefore still in debate and their specificity and related components remains to be demonstrated. The present review discusses the biology and stress-linked regulation of this less studied extension of inositol metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Sengupta
- *Correspondence: Arun L. Majumder and Sonali Sengupta, Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12, C.I.T. Road, Scheme - VIIM, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India, ;
| | - Sritama Mukherjee
- †Present address: Sritama Mukherjee, Department of Botany, Bethune College, Kolkata 700006, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Arun L. Majumder
- *Correspondence: Arun L. Majumder and Sonali Sengupta, Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12, C.I.T. Road, Scheme - VIIM, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India, ;
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Rahman H, Jagadeeshselvam N, Valarmathi R, Sachin B, Sasikala R, Senthil N, Sudhakar D, Robin S, Muthurajan R. Transcriptome analysis of salinity responsiveness in contrasting genotypes of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) through RNA-sequencing. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 85:485-503. [PMID: 24838653 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) is a hardy cereal known for its superior level of tolerance against drought, salinity, diseases and its nutritional properties. In this study, attempts were made to unravel the physiological and molecular basis of salinity tolerance in two contrasting finger millet genotypes viz., CO 12 and Trichy 1. Physiological studies revealed that the tolerant genotype Trichy 1 had lower Na(+) to K(+) ratio in leaves and shoots, higher growth rate (osmotic tolerance) and ability to accumulate higher amount of total soluble sugar in leaves under salinity stress. We sequenced the salinity responsive leaf transcriptome of contrasting finger millet genotypes using IonProton platform and generated 27.91 million reads. Mapping and annotation of finger millet transcripts against rice gene models led to the identification of salinity responsive genes and genotype specific responses. Several functional groups of genes like transporters, transcription factors, genes involved in cell signaling, osmotic homeostasis and biosynthesis of compatible solutes were found to be highly up-regulated in the tolerant Trichy 1. Salinity stress inhibited photosynthetic capacity and photosynthesis related genes in the susceptible genotype CO 12. Several genes involved in cell growth and differentiation were found to be up-regulated in both the genotypes but more specifically in tolerant genotype. Genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were found to be down-regulated specifically in the salinity tolerant Trichy 1. This study provides a genome-wide transcriptional analysis of two finger millet genotypes differing in their level of salinity tolerance during a gradually progressing salinity stress under greenhouse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hifzur Rahman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, India
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Sui XL, Meng FZ, Wang HY, Wei YX, Li RF, Wang ZY, Hu LP, Wang SH, Zhang ZX. Molecular cloning, characteristics and low temperature response of raffinose synthase gene in Cucumis sativus L. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1883-91. [PMID: 22985990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Raffinose synthase (RS, EC2.4.1.82) is one of the key enzymes that channels sucrose into the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) biosynthetic pathway. However, the gene encoding RS is poorly characterized in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), which is a typical RFOs-translocating plant species. Here we isolated the gene encoding RS (CsRS) from the leaves of cucumber plants. The complete cDNA of CsRS consisted of 2552 nucleotides with an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 784 amino acid residues. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and RNA hybridization analysis revealed that expression of CsRS was the highest in leaves followed by roots, fruits, and stems. The RS activity was up-regulated and the raffinose content was high in the leaves of transgenic tobacco with over-expression of CsRS, while both the RS activity and the raffinose content decreased in the transgenic cucumber plants with anti-sense expression of CsRS. The expression of CsRS could be induced by low temperature and exogenous phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). In cucumber growing under low temperature stress, CsRS expression, RS activity and raffinose content increased gradually in the leaves, the fruits, the stems and the roots. The most notable increase was observed in the leaves. Similarly, the expression of CsRS was induced in cucumber leaves and fruits with 200 μM and 150 μM ABA treatments, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-lei Sui
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Daudé D, Remaud-Siméon M, André I. Sucrose analogs: an attractive (bio)source for glycodiversification. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:945-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np20054f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Mondego JMC, Vidal RO, Carazzolle MF, Tokuda EK, Parizzi LP, Costa GGL, Pereira LFP, Andrade AC, Colombo CA, Vieira LGE, Pereira GAG. An EST-based analysis identifies new genes and reveals distinctive gene expression features of Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:30. [PMID: 21303543 PMCID: PMC3045888 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coffee is one of the world's most important crops; it is consumed worldwide and plays a significant role in the economy of producing countries. Coffea arabica and C. canephora are responsible for 70 and 30% of commercial production, respectively. C. arabica is an allotetraploid from a recent hybridization of the diploid species, C. canephora and C. eugenioides. C. arabica has lower genetic diversity and results in a higher quality beverage than C. canephora. Research initiatives have been launched to produce genomic and transcriptomic data about Coffea spp. as a strategy to improve breeding efficiency. RESULTS Assembling the expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of C. arabica and C. canephora produced by the Brazilian Coffee Genome Project and the Nestlé-Cornell Consortium revealed 32,007 clusters of C. arabica and 16,665 clusters of C. canephora. We detected different GC3 profiles between these species that are related to their genome structure and mating system. BLAST analysis revealed similarities between coffee and grape (Vitis vinifera) genes. Using KA/KS analysis, we identified coffee genes under purifying and positive selection. Protein domain and gene ontology analyses suggested differences between Coffea spp. data, mainly in relation to complex sugar synthases and nucleotide binding proteins. OrthoMCL was used to identify specific and prevalent coffee protein families when compared to five other plant species. Among the interesting families annotated are new cystatins, glycine-rich proteins and RALF-like peptides. Hierarchical clustering was used to independently group C. arabica and C. canephora expression clusters according to expression data extracted from EST libraries, resulting in the identification of differentially expressed genes. Based on these results, we emphasize gene annotation and discuss plant defenses, abiotic stress and cup quality-related functional categories. CONCLUSION We present the first comprehensive genome-wide transcript profile study of C. arabica and C. canephora, which can be freely assessed by the scientific community at http://www.lge.ibi.unicamp.br/coffea. Our data reveal the presence of species-specific/prevalent genes in coffee that may help to explain particular characteristics of these two crops. The identification of differentially expressed transcripts offers a starting point for the correlation between gene expression profiles and Coffea spp. developmental traits, providing valuable insights for coffee breeding and biotechnology, especially concerning sugar metabolism and stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge MC Mondego
- Centro de Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, CP 28, 13001-970, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Ramon O Vidal
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6109, 13083-970, Campinas-SP, Brazil
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), CP 6192, 13083-970, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Carazzolle
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6109, 13083-970, Campinas-SP, Brazil
- Centro Nacional de Processamento de Alto Desempenho em São Paulo, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6141, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Eric K Tokuda
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6109, 13083-970, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas P Parizzi
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6109, 13083-970, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo GL Costa
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6109, 13083-970, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz FP Pereira
- Embrapa Café - Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, CP 481, 86001-970, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Alan C Andrade
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia-NTBio, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, CP 02372, 70770-900, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Colombo
- Centro de Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, CP 28, 13001-970, Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz GE Vieira
- Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, CP 481, CEP 86001-970, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Gonçalo AG Pereira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6109, 13083-970, Campinas-SP, Brazil
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Vanhaecke M, Dyubankova N, Lescrinier E, Van den Ende W. Metabolism of galactosyl-oligosaccharides in Stellaria media--discovery of stellariose synthase, a novel type of galactosyltransferase. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:1095-103. [PMID: 20452631 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), including raffinose (Gal-alpha(1-->6)-Glc-alpha(1-->2)beta-Fru), stachyose (Gal-alpha(1-->6)-Gal-alpha(1-->6)-Glc-alpha(1-->2)beta-Fru) and higher degree of polymerization RFOs are the most widespread galactosyl-oligosaccharides (GOS) in the plant kingdom. Stellaria media is a typical representative of the Caryophyllaceae, a plant family lacking stachyose and the typical galactosyl extensions of stachyose. During cold treatment raffinose, lychnose (Gal-alpha(1-->6)-Glc-alpha(1-->2)beta-Fru-alpha(1-->1)-Gal) and stellariose (Gal-alpha(1-->6)-[Gal-alpha(1-->4)]-Glc-alpha(1-->2)beta-Fru-alpha(1-->1)-Gal) were found to accumulate in S. media stems. Next to these prominent oligosaccharides, two extra GOS were discovered. Biochemical analyses (enzymatic incubations and mild acid hydrolysis) and mass spectrometry identified the first, most abundant oligosaccharide as Glc-alpha(1-->2)beta-Fru-alpha(1-->1)-Gal, a breakdown product of lychnose. The structure of this trisaccharide was confirmed by full NMR characterization. The second, less abundant compound (termed mediose) was identified as Gal-alpha(1-->6)-[Gal-alpha(1-->4)]Glc-alpha(1-->2)beta-Fru after biochemical analyses. By partial enzyme purification the presence of discrete lychnose synthase (raffinose:raffinose 1(Fru) galactosyltransferase) and stellariose synthase (raffinose:lychnose 4(Glc) galactosyltransferase) activities were shown. A model is presented explaining the structural diversity of GOS in S. media. In the absence of stachyose, raffinose is further elongated by lychnose synthase and stellariose synthase to produce lychnose, mediose and stellariose. Most likely, these compounds are also subject to partial trimming by endogenous alpha-galactosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Vanhaecke
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, K.U.Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31 (2434), B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Baik SH. Synthesis of raffinose by fungal α-galacotosidase from Absidia corymbifera. Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Zhang Z, Wang D, Zhao Y, Gao H, Hu YH, Hu JF. Fructose-derived carbohydrates from Alisma orientalis. Nat Prod Res 2009; 23:1013-20. [PMID: 19521916 DOI: 10.1080/14786410802391120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nine fructose-derived carbohydrates were obtained from the methanol extract from the rhizome of Alisma orientalis. On the basis of spectroscopic analysis, their structures were determined to be alpha-D-fructofuranose (1), beta-D-fructofuranose (2), ethyl alpha-D-fructofuranoside (3), ethyl beta-D-fructofuranoside (4), 5-hydroxymethyl-furaldehyde (5), sucrose (6), raffinose (7), stachyose (8) and verbascose (9), along with two oligosaccharides of manninotriose (10) and verbascotetraose (11). Compounds 3, 4 and 7-11 were isolated from this plant for the first time. A hypothetical biosynthesis pathway among these isolated carbohydrates (1-11) was briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Natural Products for Chemical Genetic Research, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & SBFG), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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Van den Ende W, Valluru R. Sucrose, sucrosyl oligosaccharides, and oxidative stress: scavenging and salvaging? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:9-18. [PMID: 19036839 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In nature, no single plant completes its life cycle without encountering environmental stress. When plant cells surpass stress threshold stimuli, chemically reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated that can cause oxidative damage or act as signals. Plants have developed numerous ROS-scavenging systems to minimize the cytotoxic effects of ROS. The role of sucrosyl oligosaccharides (SOS), including fructans and the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), is well established during stress physiology. They are believed to act as important membrane protectors in planta. So far a putative role for sucrose and SOS during oxidative stress has largely been neglected, as has the contribution of the vacuolar compartment. Recent studies suggest a link between SOS and oxidative defence and/or scavenging. SOS might be involved in stabilizing membrane-associated peroxidases and NADPH oxidases, and SOS-derived radicals might fulfil an intermediate role in oxido-reduction reactions taking place in the vicinity of membranes. Here, these emerging features are discussed and perspectives for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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36
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Vanhaecke M, Van den Ende W, Lescrinier E, Dyubankova N. Isolation and characterization of a pentasaccharide from Stellaria media. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:1833-6. [PMID: 18855444 DOI: 10.1021/np800274k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
While classic raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) such as raffinose and stachyose are common in plants, stachyose is absent in the Caryophyllaceae. Instead the tetrasaccharide lychnose α-d-Gal-(1→6)α-d-Glc-(1→2)β-d-Fru-(1→1)α-d-Gal can accumulate. Stellaria media, a representative member of this family, was used to isolate α-d-Gal-(1→6)-[α-d-Gal-(1→4)]α-d-Glc-(1→2)β-d-Fru-(1→1)α-d-Gal, a novel pentasaccharide with a lychnose backbone. Complete NMR characterization using COSY, HSQC, HSQC-TOCSY, HMBC, and NOESY experiments was performed to unequivocally resolve its structure. This is the first report of a natural compound containing a Gal α(1→4)Glc linkage. The trivial name stellariose is proposed for this new pentasaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Vanhaecke
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, K. U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Nishizawa A, Yabuta Y, Shigeoka S. Galactinol and raffinose constitute a novel function to protect plants from oxidative damage. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:1251-63. [PMID: 18502973 PMCID: PMC2442551 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.122465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 625] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Galactinol synthase (GolS) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides that function as osmoprotectants in plant cells. In leaves of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants overexpressing heat shock transcription factor A2 (HsfA2), the transcription of GolS1, -2, and -4 and raffinose synthase 2 (RS2) was highly induced; thus, levels of galactinol and raffinose increased compared with those in wild-type plants under control growth conditions. In leaves of the wild-type plants, treatment with 50 mum methylviologen (MV) increased the transcript levels of not only HsfA2, but also GolS1, -2, -3, -4, and -8 and RS2, -4, -5, and -6, the total activities of GolS isoenzymes, and the levels of galactinol and raffinose. GolS1- or GolS2-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants (Ox-GolS1-11, Ox-GolS2-8, and Ox-GolS2-29) had increased levels of galactinol and raffinose in the leaves compared with wild-type plants under control growth conditions. High intracellular levels of galactinol and raffinose in the transgenic plants were correlated with increased tolerance to MV treatment and salinity or chilling stress. Galactinol and raffinose effectively protected salicylate from attack by hydroxyl radicals in vitro. These findings suggest the possibility that galactinol and raffinose scavenge hydroxyl radicals as a novel function to protect plant cells from oxidative damage caused by MV treatment, salinity, or chilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Nishizawa
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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Frank T, Meuleye BS, Miller A, Shu QY, Engel KH. Metabolite profiling of two low phytic acid (lpa) rice mutants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:11011-11019. [PMID: 18052121 DOI: 10.1021/jf0723559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Two low phytic acid (lpa) rice mutant lines, Os-lpa-XS110-1 and Os-lpa-XS110-2, were grown together with their parent wild-type variety Xiushui 110 in four field trials. HPLC analysis of inositol phosphates in the seeds produced demonstrated that compared to the wild-type, the reduction in phytic acid content in Os-lpa-XS110-1 (-46%) was more pronounced than that in Os-lpa-XS110-2 (-23%). Lower inositol phosphates (InsP 3, InsP 4, InsP 5) were not detected in the mutants. The lpa mutants and the wild-type rice were subjected to comparative metabolite profiling by capillary gas chromatography. On average, 34% (Os-lpa-XS110-1) and 42% (Os-lpa-XS110-2) of the detected peaks were statistically significantly different between wild-type and mutants. However, only a few of these differences could be consistently observed for all field trials. Identification and quantification of the consistently different metabolites revealed that contents of myo-inositol and raffinose were increased in Os-lpa-XS110-1 but decreased in Os-lpa-XS110-2 compared to the wild-type. In addition, Os-lpa-XS110-1 exhibited increased levels of galactose and galactinol. Consideration of these metabolic changes in light of the routes involved in the biosynthesis of phytic acid indicated a disturbance in the early biosynthetic pathway of phytic acid in Os-lpa-XS110-2 (similar to the lpa-1 type mutation in maize) and a mutation event affecting phosphorylation of myo-inositol in Os-lpa-XS110-1 (similar to the lpa-3-type mutation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Frank
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Li S, Li T, Kim WD, Kitaoka M, Yoshida S, Nakajima M, Kobayashi H. Characterization of raffinose synthase from rice (Oryza sativa L. var. Nipponbare). Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:635-40. [PMID: 17206375 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The putative raffinose synthase gene from rice was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The enzyme displayed an optimum activity at 45 degrees C and pH 7.0, and a sulfhydryl group was required for its activity. The enzyme was specific for galactinol and p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactoside as galactosyl donors, and sucrose, lactose, 4-beta-galactobiose, N-acetyl-D-lactosamine, trehalose and lacto-N-biose were recognized as galactosyl acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhong Li
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Vanhaecke M, Van den Ende W, Van Laere A, Herdewijn P, Lescrinier E. Complete NMR characterization of lychnose from Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:2744-50. [PMID: 16997290 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Revised: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lychnose (alpha-D-Gal-(1-->6)-alpha-D-Glc-(1-->2)-beta-D-Fru-(1-->1)-alpha-D-Gal) was isolated from Stellaria media, a representative member of the Caryophyllaceae plant family. Weak acid hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis and complete NMR characterization were performed to confirm the identity of the tetrasaccharide. All (1)H and (13)C resonances were unambiguously assigned and the conformation of the sugars was determined using one and two dimensional NMR techniques. Anomeric characterizations in lychnose were confirmed from HMBC and NOESY spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Vanhaecke
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Brouns SJJ, Smits N, Wu H, Snijders APL, Wright PC, de Vos WM, van der Oost J. Identification of a novel alpha-galactosidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:2392-9. [PMID: 16547025 PMCID: PMC1428385 DOI: 10.1128/jb.188.7.2392-2399.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfolobus solfataricus is an aerobic crenarchaeon that thrives in acidic volcanic pools. In this study, we have purified and characterized a thermostable alpha-galactosidase from cell extracts of S. solfataricus P2 grown on the trisaccharide raffinose. The enzyme, designated GalS, is highly specific for alpha-linked galactosides, which are optimally hydrolyzed at pH 5 and 90 degrees C. The protein consists of 74.7-kDa subunits and has been identified as the gene product of open reading frame Sso3127. Its primary sequence is most related to plant enzymes of glycoside hydrolase family 36, which are involved in the synthesis and degradation of raffinose and stachyose. Both the galS gene from S. solfataricus P2 and an orthologous gene from Sulfolobus tokodaii have been cloned and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli, and their activity was confirmed. At present, these Sulfolobus enzymes not only constitute a distinct type of thermostable alpha-galactosidases within glycoside hydrolase clan D but also represent the first members from the Archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan J J Brouns
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Hesselink van Suchtelenweg 4, 6703 CT Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Amiard V, Morvan-Bertrand A, Billard JP, Huault C, Keller F, Prud'homme MP. Fructans, but not the sucrosyl-galactosides, raffinose and loliose, are affected by drought stress in perennial ryegrass. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 132:2218-29. [PMID: 12913176 PMCID: PMC181305 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.022335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2003] [Revised: 03/17/2003] [Accepted: 04/22/2003] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the putative role of the sucrosyl-galactosides, loliose [alpha-D-Gal (1,3) alpha-D-Glc (1,2) beta-D-Fru] and raffinose [alpha-D-Gal (1,6) alpha-D-Glc (1,2) beta-D-Fru], in drought tolerance of perennial ryegrass and to compare it with that of fructans. To that end, the loliose biosynthetic pathway was first established and shown to operate by a UDP-Gal: sucrose (Suc) 3-galactosyltransferase, tentatively termed loliose synthase. Drought stress increased neither the concentrations of loliose and raffinose nor the activities of loliose synthase and raffinose synthase (EC 2.4.1.82). Moreover, the concentrations of the raffinose precursors, myoinositol and galactinol, as well as the gene expressions of myoinositol 1-phosphate synthase (EC 5.5.1.4) and galactinol synthase (EC 2.4.1.123) were either decreased or unaffected by drought stress. Taken together, these data are not in favor of an obvious role of sucrosyl-galactosides in drought tolerance of perennial ryegrass at the vegetative stage. By contrast, drought stress caused fructans to accumulate in leaf tissues, mainly in leaf sheaths and elongating leaf bases. This increase was mainly due to the accumulation of long-chain fructans (degree of polymerization > 8) and was not accompanied by a Suc increase. Interestingly, Suc but not fructan concentrations greatly increased in drought-stressed roots. Putative roles of fructans and sucrosyl-galactosides are discussed in relation to the acquisition of stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Amiard
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Université de Caen-Basse Normandie, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Biochimie végétales, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée, Université, 14032 Caen cedex, France
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Peterbauer T, Lahuta LB, Blöchl A, Mucha J, Jones DA, Hedley CL, Gòrecki RJ, Richter A. Analysis of the raffinose family oligosaccharide pathway in pea seeds with contrasting carbohydrate composition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001. [PMID: 11743119 DOI: 10.1104/pp.010534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are synthesized by a set of galactosyltransferases, which sequentially add galactose units from galactinol to sucrose. The accumulation of RFOs was studied in maturing seeds of two pea (Pisum sativum) lines with contrasting RFO composition. Seeds of the line SD1 accumulated stachyose as the predominant RFO, whereas verbascose, the next higher homolog of stachyose, was almost absent. In seeds of the line RRRbRb, a high level of verbascose was accumulated alongside with stachyose. The increase in verbascose in developing RRRbRb seeds was associated with galactinol-dependent verbascose synthase activity. In addition, a galactinol-independent enzyme activity was detected, which catalyzed transfer of a galactose residue from one stachyose molecule to another. The two enzyme activities synthesizing verbascose showed an optimum at pH 7.0. Both activities were almost undetectable in SD1. Maximum activity of stachyose synthase was about 4-fold higher in RRRbRb compared with SD1, whereas the activities of galactinol synthase and raffinose synthase were only about 1.5-fold higher in RRRbRb. The levels of galactinol synthase and stachyose synthase activity were reflected by steady-state levels of corresponding mRNAs. We suggest that the accumulation of verbascose in RRRbRb was controlled by a coordinated up-regulation of the last steps of verbascose biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Peterbauer
- Chemical Physiology of Plants, Institute of Ecology, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Sprenger N, Keller F. Allocation of raffinose family oligosaccharides to transport and storage pools in Ajuga reptans: the roles of two distinct galactinol synthases. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 21:249-58. [PMID: 10758476 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are important phloem transport and storage carbohydrates for many plants. Ajuga reptans, a frost-hardy evergreen labiate, ideally combines these two physiological roles and served as our model plant to study the regulation and importance of RFO metabolism. Galactinol is the galactosyl donor for the synthesis of raffinose (RFO-trisaccharide) and stachyose (RFO-tetrasaccharide), and its synthesis by galactinol synthase (GolS) is the first committed step of the RFO biosynthetic pathway. Two cDNAs encoding two distinct GolS were isolated from A. reptans source and sink leaves, designated GolS-1 and GolS-2, respectively. Warm- and cold-grown sink and source leaves were compared, revealing both isoforms to be cold-inducible and GolS-1 to be source leaf-specific; GolS-1 expression correlated positively with GolS activity. Conversely, GolS-2 expression was comparatively much lower and its contribution to the total extractable GolS activity is most probably only minor. These observations, together with results from phloem exudation and leaf shading experiments suggest that GolS-1 is mainly involved in the synthesis of storage RFOs and GolS-2 in the synthesis of transport RFOs. Furthermore, in situ hybridization studies showed GolS-1 to be primarily expressed in the mesophyll, the site of RFO storage, and GolS-2 in the phloem-associated intermediary cells known for their role in RFO phloem loading. A model depicting the spatial compartmentation of the two GolS isoforms is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sprenger
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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Peterbauer T, Mucha J, Mayer U, Popp M, Glössl J, Richter A. Stachyose synthesis in seeds of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis): molecular cloning and functional expression of stachyose synthase. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 20:509-518. [PMID: 10652123 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stachyose is the major soluble carbohydrate in seeds of a number of important crop species. It is synthesized from raffinose and galactinol by the action of stachyose synthase (EC 2.4.1.67). We report here on the identification of a cDNA encoding stachyose synthase from seeds of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis Ohwi et Ohashi). Based on internal amino acid sequences of the enzyme purified from adzuki bean, oligonucleotides were designed and used to amplify corresponding sequences from adzuki bean cDNA by RT-PCR, followed by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE-PCR). The complete cDNA sequence comprised 3046 nucleotides and included an open reading frame which encoded a polypeptide of 857 amino acid residues. The entire coding region was amplified by PCR, engineered into the baculovirus expression vector pVL1393 and introduced into Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf21) insect cells for heterologous expression. The recombinant protein was immunologically reactive with polyclonal antibodies raised against stachyose synthase purified from adzuki bean and was shown to be a functional stachyose synthase with the same catalytic properties as its native counterpart. High levels of stachyose synthase mRNA were transiently accumulated midway through seed development, and the enzyme was also present in mature seeds and during germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Peterbauer
- Institute of Plant Physiology, University of Vienna, A-1091 Vienna, Austria
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Peterbauer T, Richter A. Galactosylononitol and stachyose synthesis in seeds of adzuki bean. Purification and characterization of stachyose synthase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 117:165-72. [PMID: 9576785 PMCID: PMC34999 DOI: 10.1104/pp.117.1.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/1997] [Accepted: 01/27/1998] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Stachyose synthase (STS) (EC 2.4.1.67) was purified to homogeneity from mature seeds of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis). Electrophoresis under denaturing conditions revealed a single polypeptide of 90 kD. Size-exclusion chromatography of the purified enzyme yielded two activity peaks with apparent molecular masses of 110 and 283 kD. By isoelectric focusing and chromatofocusing the protein was separated into several active forms with isoelectric point values between pH 4. 7 and 5.0. Purified STS catalyzed the transfer of the galactosyl group from galactinol to raffinose and myo-inositol. Additionally, the enzyme catalyzed the galactinol-dependent synthesis of galactosylononitol from D-ononitol. The synthesis of a galactosylcyclitol by STS is a new oberservation. Mutual competitive inhibition was observed when the enzyme was incubated with both substrates (raffinose and ononitol) simultaneously. Galactosylononitol could also substitute for galactinol in the synthesis of stachyose from raffinose. Although galactosylononitol was the less-efficient donor, the Michaelis constant value for raffinose was lower in the presence of galactosylononitol (13.2 mm) compared with that obtained in the presence of galactinol (38.6 mm). Our results indicate that STS catalyzes the biosynthesis of galactosylononitol, but may also mediate a redistribution of galactosyl residues from galactosylononitol to stachyose.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Peterbauer
- Institute of Plant Physiology, University of Vienna, A-1091 Vienna, Austria
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SHONO Y, YOSHIMURA M, KIMURA S, YAMAUCHI N. Sucrose Metabolism in Stored Green Peas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.3136/fsti9596t9798.3.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Schmitz K, Holthaus U. Are sucrosyl-oligosaccharides synthesized in mesophyll protoplasts of mature leaves of Cucumis melo? PLANTA 1986; 169:529-535. [PMID: 24232761 DOI: 10.1007/bf00392103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/1986] [Accepted: 07/15/1986] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of sucrosyl-oligosaccharides (raffinose, stachyose) was traced in source leaves of Cucumis melo after (14)C-photoassimilation. The main carbon compound exported was (14)C-labeled stachyose. No oligosaccharide synthesis was detected in young, importing leaves. Mesophyll protoplasts, isolated from mature leaves which had previously photosynthesized (14)CO2, did not contain (14)C-oligosaccharides but contained [(14)C]-sucrose and (14)C-hexoses. Isolated minor-vein-enriched fractions from the same leaves, however, showed nearly 30% of the (14)C of the neutral fraction to be in oligosaccharides. Isolated, viable mesophyll protoplasts incubated with NaH(14)CO3 also failed to incorporate radioactivity into oligosaccharides, although sucrose and galactinol synthesis was unimpaired. Galactinolsynthase activity in leaf extracts and in mesophyll protoplasts was 16.8 μmol·h(-1)·mg(-1) protein and 13.8 μmol·h(-1)·mg(-1) protein, respectively. Galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.67), which synthesizes stachyose from raffinose and galactinol, had an activity of 50 nmol·h(-1)·mg(-1) protein in leaf extracts and was also present in the minor-vein-enriched fraction, but could not be detected in mesophyll protoplast lysates. The results indicate that mesophyll cells may not be the site of stachyose synthesis although precursor compounds like sucrose and galactinol are synthesized there.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schmitz
- Botanisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Gyrhofstrasse 15, D-5000, Köln 41, Federal Republic of Germany
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