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Rusciano D, Russo C. The Therapeutic Trip of Melatonin Eye Drops: From the Ocular Surface to the Retina. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:441. [PMID: 38675402 PMCID: PMC11054783 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule found in living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants and mammals. It possesses various properties, partly due to its robust antioxidant nature and partly owed to its specific interaction with melatonin receptors present in almost all tissues. Melatonin regulates different physiological functions and contributes to the homeostasis of the entire organism. In the human eye, a small amount of melatonin is also present, produced by cells in the anterior segment and the posterior pole, including the retina. In the eye, melatonin may provide antioxidant protection along with regulating physiological functions of ocular tissues, including intraocular pressure (IOP). Therefore, it is conceivable that the exogenous topical administration of sufficiently high amounts of melatonin to the eye could be beneficial in several instances: for the treatment of eye pathologies like glaucoma, due to the IOP-lowering and neuroprotection effects of melatonin; for the prevention of other dysfunctions, such as dry eye and refractive defects (cataract and myopia) mainly due to its antioxidant properties; for diabetic retinopathy due to its metabolic influence and neuroprotective effects; for macular degeneration due to the antioxidant and neuroprotective properties; and for uveitis, mostly owing to anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. This paper reviews the scientific evidence supporting the use of melatonin in different ocular districts. Moreover, it provides data suggesting that the topical administration of melatonin as eye drops is a real possibility, utilizing nanotechnological formulations that could improve its solubility and permeation through the eye. This way, its distribution and concentration in different ocular tissues may support its pleiotropic therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Rusciano
- Fidia Research Centre, c/o University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 89, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Russo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 89, 95123 Catania, Italy;
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Peng S, Guo M, Wu C, Liu J, Zou B, Chen Y, Su Y, Shi L, Zhu S, Xu S, Guo D, Ju R, Wei L, Wei Y, Liu C. Age and light damage influence Fzd5 regulation of ocular growth-related genes. Exp Eye Res 2024; 239:109769. [PMID: 38154732 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors can independently or coordinatively drive ocular axis growth. Mutations in FRIZZLED5 (FZD5) have been associated with microphthalmia, coloboma, and, more recently, high myopia. The molecular mechanism of how Fzd5 participates in ocular growth remains unknown. In this study, we compiled a list of human genes associated with ocular growth abnormalities based on public databases and a literature search. We identified a set of ocular growth-related genes from the list that was altered in the Fzd5 mutant mice by RNAseq analysis at different time points. The Fzd5 regulation of this set of genes appeared to be impacted by age and light damage. Further bioinformatical analysis indicated that these genes are extracellular matrix (ECM)-related; and meanwhile an altered Wnt signaling was detected. Altogether, the data suggest that Fzd5 may regulate ocular growth through regulating ECM remodeling, hinting at a genetic-environmental interaction in gene regulation of ocular axis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanzhen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Mingzhu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Bin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yingchun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shiyong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shujuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Dianlei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Rong Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Yanhong Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Chunqiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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Zeitz C, Roger JE, Audo I, Michiels C, Sánchez-Farías N, Varin J, Frederiksen H, Wilmet B, Callebert J, Gimenez ML, Bouzidi N, Blond F, Guilllonneau X, Fouquet S, Léveillard T, Smirnov V, Vincent A, Héon E, Sahel JA, Kloeckener-Gruissem B, Sennlaub F, Morgans CW, Duvoisin RM, Tkatchenko AV, Picaud S. Shedding light on myopia by studying complete congenital stationary night blindness. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 93:101155. [PMID: 36669906 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Myopia is the most common eye disorder, caused by heterogeneous genetic and environmental factors. Rare progressive and stationary inherited retinal disorders are often associated with high myopia. Genes implicated in myopia encode proteins involved in a variety of biological processes including eye morphogenesis, extracellular matrix organization, visual perception, circadian rhythms, and retinal signaling. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in animal models mimicking myopia are helpful in suggesting candidate genes implicated in human myopia. Complete congenital stationary night blindness (cCSNB) in humans and animal models represents an ON-bipolar cell signal transmission defect and is also associated with high myopia. Thus, it represents also an interesting model to identify myopia-related genes, as well as disease mechanisms. While the origin of night blindness is molecularly well established, further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of myopia development in subjects with cCSNB. Using whole transcriptome analysis on three different mouse models of cCSNB (in Gpr179-/-, Lrit3-/- and Grm6-/-), we identified novel actors of the retinal signaling cascade, which are also novel candidate genes for myopia. Meta-analysis of our transcriptomic data with published transcriptomic databases and genome-wide association studies from myopia cases led us to propose new biological/cellular processes/mechanisms potentially at the origin of myopia in cCSNB subjects. The results provide a foundation to guide the development of pharmacological myopia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Zeitz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.
| | - Jérome E Roger
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CERTO-Retina France, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Juliette Varin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Helen Frederiksen
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Baptiste Wilmet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Callebert
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, INSERM U942, Hospital Lariboisière, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Nassima Bouzidi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Blond
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Stéphane Fouquet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Vasily Smirnov
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Ajoy Vincent
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elise Héon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Florian Sennlaub
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Catherine W Morgans
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Robert M Duvoisin
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andrei V Tkatchenko
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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Huang Y, Chen X, Zhuang J, Yu K. The Role of Retinal Dysfunction in Myopia Development. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01309-1. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wahyuningsih E, Wigid D, Dewi A, Moehariadi H, Sujuti H, Anandita N. The Effect of Citicoline on the Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and Ki-67, and on the Thickness of Scleral Tissue of Rat Myopia Model. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2600. [PMID: 36289864 PMCID: PMC9599282 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Citicoline, presumed to be involved in the dopaminergic pathway, might play a role as a candidate agent in controlling myopia. However, its study with respect to myopia is limited. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the effect of citicoline on the expression of MMP-2, TGF-β1, and Ki-67, and on the thickness of scleral tissue of a rat myopia model. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the expression of MMP-2, TGF-β1, and Ki-67 as the markers for fibroblast proliferation. Hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to evaluate scleral thickness. An electronic digital caliper was used to evaluate the axial length. The treatment group administered with 200 mg/kg BW/day had the lowest mean MMP-2 expression, axial elongation, and fibroblast proliferation, but it had the highest mean scleral thickness. The treatment group administered with 300 mg/kg BW/day had the highest mean TGF-β1 expression. Citicoline is able to decrease MMP-2 expression and fibroblast proliferation and increase TGF-β1 expression and scleral tissue thickness significantly in the scleral tissue of rat models for myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eka Wahyuningsih
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang 65111, Indonesia
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Xu Z, Zhuang Y, Chen Z, Hou F, Chan LYL, Feng L, Ye Q, He Y, Zhou Y, Jia Y, Yuan J, Lu ZL, Li J. Assessing the contrast sensitivity function in myopic parafovea: A quick contrast sensitivity functions study. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:971009. [PMID: 36278008 PMCID: PMC9582454 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.971009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Compare peripheral contrast sensitivity functions (CSF) between myopes and emmetropes to reveal potential myogenic risks during emmetropization. Materials and methods This observational, cross-sectional, non-consecutive case study included data from 19 myopes (23.42 ± 4.03 years old) and 12 emmetropes (22.93 ± 2.91 years old) who underwent central and peripheral quick CSF (qCSF) measurements. Summary CSF metrics including the cut-off spatial frequency (cut-off SF), area under log CSF (AULCSF), low-, intermediate-, and high-spatial-frequency AULCSFs (l-, i-, and h-SF AULCSFs), and log CS at 19 SFs in the fovea and 15 peripheral locations (superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal quadrants at 6, 12, 18, and 24° eccentricities, excluding the physiological scotoma at 18°) were analyzed with 3-way and 4-way between-subjects analysis of variance (ANOVA) (α = 0.05). Results Three-way ANOVA showed that myopes had significantly increased AULCSF at 6° (mean difference, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.02–0.13; P = 0.007) and 12° (mean difference, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.03–0.14; P = 0.003). Log CS at all 19 SFs were higher in the myopia group compared to the normal group (mean differencesuperior, 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01–0.20; P = 0.02 and mean differenceinferior, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.02–0.21; P = 0.01) at 12°. The h-SF AULCSF at 6° (mean differenceinferior, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.32–2.22; P = 0.009) and i-SF AULCSF at 12° (mean differencesuperior, 5.31; 95% CI, 4.35–6.27; P < 0.001; mean differenceinferior, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.19–2.10; P = 0.02) were higher in myopia vs. normal group. Conclusion We found myopia increased contrast sensitivity in superior and inferior visual field locations at 6° parafoveal and 12° perifoveal regions of the retina. The observation of increased contrast sensitivities within the macula visual field in myopia might provide important insights for myopia control during emmetropization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijing Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Hou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lily Y. L. Chan
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunsi He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yusong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junpeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Lin Lu
- Division of Arts and Sciences, New York University (NYU) Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Center for Neural Science and Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- New York University-East China Normal University (NYU-ECNU) Institute of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhong-Lin Lu,
| | - Jinrong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Jinrong Li,
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Zhu Y, Bian JF, Lu DQ, To CH, Lam CSY, Li KK, Yu FJ, Gong BT, Wang Q, Ji XW, Zhang HM, Nian H, Lam TC, Wei RH. Alteration of EIF2 Signaling, Glycolysis, and Dopamine Secretion in Form-Deprived Myopia in Response to 1% Atropine Treatment: Evidence From Interactive iTRAQ-MS and SWATH-MS Proteomics Using a Guinea Pig Model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:814814. [PMID: 35153787 PMCID: PMC8832150 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.814814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Atropine, a non-selective muscarinic antagonist, effectively slows down myopia progression in human adolescents and several animal models. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. The current study investigated retinal protein changes of form-deprived myopic (FDM) guinea pigs in response to topical administration of 1% atropine gel (10 g/L). Methods: At the first stage, the differentially expressed proteins were screened using fractionated isobaric tags for a relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) approach, coupled with nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS/MS) (n = 24, 48 eyes) using a sample pooling technique. At the second stage, retinal tissues from another cohort with the same treatment (n = 12, 24 eyes) with significant ocular changes were subjected to label-free sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH-MS) proteomics for orthogonal protein target confirmation. The localization of Alpha-synuclein was verified using immunohistochemistry and confocal imaging. Results: A total of 1,695 proteins (8,875 peptides) were identified with 479 regulated proteins (FC ≥ 1.5 or ≤0.67) found from FDM eyes and atropine-treated eyes receiving 4-weeks drug treatment using iTRAQ-MS proteomics. Combining the iTRAQ-MS and SWATH-MS datasets, a total of 29 confident proteins at 1% FDR were consistently quantified and matched, comprising 12 up-regulated and 17 down-regulated proteins which differed between FDM eyes and atropine treated eyes (iTRAQ: FC ≥ 1.5 or ≤0.67, SWATH: FC ≥ 1.4 or ≤0.71, p-value of ≤0.05). Bioinformatics analysis using IPA and STRING databases of these commonly regulated proteins revealed the involvement of the three commonly significant pathways: EIF2 signaling; glycolysis; and dopamine secretion. Additionally, the most significantly regulated proteins were closely connected to Alpha-synuclein (SNCA). Using immunostaining (n = 3), SNCA was further confirmed in the inner margin of the inner nuclear layer (INL) and spread throughout the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the retina of guinea pigs. Conclusion: The molecular evidence using next-generation proteomics (NGP) revealed that retinal EIF2 signaling, glycolysis, and dopamine secretion through SNCA are implicated in atropine treatment of myopia in the FDM-induced guinea pig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Fang Bian
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Da Qian Lu
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Ho To
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Carly Siu-Yin Lam
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - King Kit Li
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Feng Juan Yu
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bo Teng Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao Wen Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Mei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Nian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Thomas Chuen Lam
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Hua Wei, ; Thomas Chuen Lam,
| | - Rui Hua Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Hua Wei, ; Thomas Chuen Lam,
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Shan SSW, Wang PF, Cheung JKW, Yu F, Zheng H, Luo S, Yip SP, To CH, LAM C. Transcriptional profiling of the chick retina identifies down-regulation of VIP and UTS2B genes during early lens-induced myopia. Mol Omics 2022; 18:449-459. [DOI: 10.1039/d1mo00407g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression of the chick retina was examined during the early development of lens-induced myopia (LIM) using whole transcriptome sequencing. Monocular treatment of the right eyes with −10 diopter (D)...
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Chakraborty R, Landis EG, Mazade R, Yang V, Strickland R, Hattar S, Stone RA, Iuvone PM, Pardue MT. Melanopsin modulates refractive development and myopia. Exp Eye Res 2022; 214:108866. [PMID: 34838844 PMCID: PMC8792255 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Myopia, or nearsightedness, is the most common form of refractive abnormality and is characterized by excessive ocular elongation in relation to ocular power. Retinal neurotransmitter signaling, including dopamine, is implicated in myopic ocular growth, but the visual pathways that initiate and sustain myopia remain unclear. Melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs), which detect light, are important for visual function, and have connections with retinal dopamine cells. Here, we investigated how mRGCs influence normal and myopic refractive development using two mutant mouse models: Opn4-/- mice that lack functional melanopsin photopigments and intrinsic mRGC responses but still receive other photoreceptor-mediated input to these cells; and Opn4DTA/DTA mice that lack intrinsic and photoreceptor-mediated mRGC responses due to mRGC cell death. In mice with intact vision or form-deprivation, we measured refractive error, ocular properties including axial length and corneal curvature, and the levels of retinal dopamine and its primary metabolite, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPAC). Myopia was measured as a myopic shift, or the difference in refractive error between the form-deprived and contralateral eyes. We found that Opn4-/- mice had altered normal refractive development compared to Opn4+/+ wildtype mice, starting ∼4D more myopic but developing ∼2D greater hyperopia by 16 weeks of age. Consistent with hyperopia at older ages, 16 week-old Opn4-/- mice also had shorter eyes compared to Opn4+/+ mice (3.34 vs 3.42 mm). Opn4DTA/DTA mice, however, were more hyperopic than both Opn4+/+ and Opn4-/- mice across development ending with even shorter axial lengths. Despite these differences, both Opn4-/- and Opn4DTA/DTA mice had ∼2D greater myopic shifts in response to form-deprivation compared to Opn4+/+ mice. Furthermore, when vision was intact, dopamine and DOPAC levels were similar between Opn4-/- and Opn4+/+ mice, but higher in Opn4DTA/DTA mice, which differed with age. However, form-deprivation reduced retinal dopamine and DOAPC by ∼20% in Opn4-/- compared to Opn4+/+ mice but did not affect retinal dopamine and DOPAC in Opn4DTA/DTA mice. Lastly, systemically treating Opn4-/- mice with the dopamine precursor L-DOPA reduced their form-deprivation myopia by half compared to non-treated mice. Collectively our findings show that disruption of retinal melanopsin signaling alters the rate and magnitude of normal refractive development, yields greater susceptibility to form-deprivation myopia, and changes dopamine signaling. Our results suggest that mRGCs participate in the eye's response to myopigenic stimuli, acting partly through dopaminergic mechanisms, and provide a potential therapeutic target underling myopia progression. We conclude that proper mRGC function is necessary for correct refractive development and protection from myopia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjay Chakraborty
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365B Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA 30033, United States,College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Optometry and Vision Science, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5001, Adelaide, Australia,Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Erica G. Landis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365B Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA 30033, United States,Neuroscience Program, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Reece Mazade
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA 30033, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Victoria Yang
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA 30033, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Ryan Strickland
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA 30033, United States,Neuroscience Program, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Samer Hattar
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms, NIMH, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland, USA 20892
| | - Richard A. Stone
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - P. Michael Iuvone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365B Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States,Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365B Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Machelle T. Pardue
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA 30033, United States,Neuroscience Program, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
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10
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Gupta SK, Chakraborty R, Verkicharla PK. Electroretinogram responses in myopia: a review. Doc Ophthalmol 2021; 145:77-95. [PMID: 34787722 PMCID: PMC9470726 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-021-09857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The stretching of a myopic eye is associated with several structural and functional changes in the retina and posterior segment of the eye. Recent research highlights the role of retinal signaling in ocular growth. Evidence from studies conducted on animal models and humans suggests that visual mechanisms regulating refractive development are primarily localized at the retina and that the visual signals from the retinal periphery are also critical for visually guided eye growth. Therefore, it is important to study the structural and functional changes in the retina in relation to refractive errors. This review will specifically focus on electroretinogram (ERG) changes in myopia and their implications in understanding the nature of retinal functioning in myopic eyes. Based on the available literature, we will discuss the fundamentals of retinal neurophysiology in the regulation of vision-dependent ocular growth, findings from various studies that investigated global and localized retinal functions in myopia using various types of ERGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar Gupta
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ranjay Chakraborty
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Optometry and Vision Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Pavan Kumar Verkicharla
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
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11
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Zhang X, Fan Q, Zhang F, Liang G, Pan CW. Gene-environment Interaction in Spherical Equivalent and Myopia: An Evidence-based Review. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2021; 29:435-442. [PMID: 34546856 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2021.1958350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Association between gene-environment interaction and myopia/spherical equivalent has not been systematically reported. This paper reviewed nine studies concerning gene-environment interaction in myopia. METHODS We obtained relevant studies concerning gene-environment interaction in myopia by systematically searching the MEDLINE(PubMed), Cochrane, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang databases before 31 March 2020. Data were analyzed by STATA version 16.0 software, and figures were drawn by ArcGIS V.10.0 software. RESULTS Nine studies were included in this review concerning gene-environment interaction. Gene and education interaction in adult cohorts suggested a more significant genetic effect in higher education levels than lower education levels, using both candidate genes and PRS approaches. Several interacted genetic variants, including ZMAT4(rs2137277), GJD2(rs524952), TJP2 (rs11145488) from adult study and ZMAT4(rs7829127) from child study are pinpointed out, but the replication attempts were limited. Besides, the genetic effect was associated with a significant shift at a higher educational level (Pooled β = -0.15,95%CI = -0.19-0.11) towards myopia than that at a lower education level (Pooled β = -0.10,95%CI = -0.11-0.09). CONCLUSION This study summarizes the relationship between gene-environment interaction and myopia, and interaction effect of the gene or genetic risk score with the environment could be found in these studies. The effect of gene-environment (higher education) interaction substantially impacts myopia in adult studies. Evidence that environmental factors (Increased near-work time/decreased outdoor activities) increase the genetic risk is still limited, and specific SNPs contributing to gene-environment effect are not determined yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyan Zhang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health Promotion, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiao Fan
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Fengyun Zhang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health Promotion, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Chen-Wei Pan
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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12
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Summers JA, Schaeffel F, Marcos S, Wu H, Tkatchenko AV. Functional integration of eye tissues and refractive eye development: Mechanisms and pathways. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108693. [PMID: 34228967 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Refractive eye development is a tightly coordinated developmental process. The general layout of the eye and its various components are established during embryonic development, which involves a complex cross-tissue signaling. The eye then undergoes a refinement process during the postnatal emmetropization process, which relies heavily on the integration of environmental and genetic factors and is controlled by an elaborate genetic network. This genetic network encodes a multilayered signaling cascade, which converts visual stimuli into molecular signals that guide the postnatal growth of the eye. The signaling cascade underlying refractive eye development spans across all ocular tissues and comprises multiple signaling pathways. Notably, tissue-tissue interaction plays a key role in both embryonic eye development and postnatal eye emmetropization. Recent advances in eye biometry, physiological optics and systems genetics of refractive error have significantly advanced our understanding of the biological processes involved in refractive eye development and provided a framework for the development of new treatment options for myopia. In this review, we summarize the recent data on the mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying refractive eye development and discuss new evidence suggesting a wide-spread signal integration across different tissues and ocular components involved in visually guided eye growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody A Summers
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Frank Schaeffel
- Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Myopia Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susana Marcos
- Instituto de Óptica "Daza de Valdés", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Andrei V Tkatchenko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA.
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13
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Erdinest N, London N, Ovadia H, Levinger N. Nitric Oxide Interaction with the Eye. Vision (Basel) 2021; 5:29. [PMID: 34207828 PMCID: PMC8293394 DOI: 10.3390/vision5020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is acknowledged as a vital intercellular messenger in multiple systems in the body. Medicine has focused on its functions and therapeutic applications for decades, especially in cardiovascular and nervous systems, and its role in immunological responses. This review was composed to demonstrate the prevalence of NO in components of the ocular system, including corneal cells and multiple cells in the retina. It discussed NO's assistance during the immune, inflammation and wound-healing processes. NO is identified as a vascular endothelial relaxant that can alter the choroidal blood flow and prompt or suppress vascular changes in age-related macular degeneration and diabetes, as well as the blood supply to the optic nerve, possibly influencing the progression of glaucoma. It will provide a deeper understanding of the role of NO in ocular homeostasis, the delicate balance between overproduction or underproduction and the effect on the processes from aqueous outflow and subsequent intraocular pressure to axial elongation and the development of myopia. This review also recognized the research and investigation of therapies being developed to target the NO complex and treat various ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Erdinest
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (N.E.); (N.L.)
| | | | - Haim Ovadia
- Agnes Ginges, Center for Human Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
| | - Nadav Levinger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (N.E.); (N.L.)
- Enaim Refractive Surgery Center, Jerusalem 9438307, Israel
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14
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Chakraborty R, Micic G, Thorley L, Nissen TR, Lovato N, Collins MJ, Lack LC. Myopia, or near-sightedness, is associated with delayed melatonin circadian timing and lower melatonin output in young adult humans. Sleep 2021; 44:5919543. [PMID: 33030546 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Myopia, or near-sightedness, is the most common refractive vision disorder and predisposes the eye to many blinding conditions in adulthood. Recent research has suggested that myopia is associated with increased endogenous melatonin production. Here we investigated the differences in melatonin circadian timing and output in young adult myopes and non-myopes (or emmetropes) as a pathogenesis for myopia. METHODS A total of 18 myopic (refractive error [mean ± standard deviation] -4.89 ± 2.16 dioptres) and 14 emmetropic participants (-0.09 ± 0.13 dioptres), aged 22.06 ± 2.35 years were recruited. Circadian timing was assessed using salivary dim light melatonin onset (DLMO), collected half-hourly for 7 h, beginning 5 h before and finishing 2 h after individual average sleep onset in a sleep laboratory. Total melatonin production was assessed via aMT6s levels from urine voids collected from 06:00 pm and until wake-up time the following morning. Objective measures of sleep timing were acquired a week prior to the sleep laboratory visit using an actigraphy device. RESULTS Myopes (22:19 ± 1.8 h) exhibited a DLMO phase-delay of 1 hr 12 min compared with emmetropes (21:07 ± 1.4 h), p = 0.026, d = 0.73. Urinary aMT6s melatonin levels were significantly lower among myopes (29.17 ± 18.67) than emmetropes (42.51 ± 23.97, p = 0.04, d = 0.63). Myopes also had a significant delay in sleep onset, greater sleep onset latency, shorter sleep duration, and more evening-type diurnal preference than emmetropes (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a potential association between circadian rhythms and myopia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjay Chakraborty
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Optometry and Vision Science, Sturt North, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gorica Micic
- Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health: A Flinders Centre of Research Excellence, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lisa Thorley
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Taylah R Nissen
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nicole Lovato
- Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health: A Flinders Centre of Research Excellence, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael J Collins
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leon C Lack
- Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health: A Flinders Centre of Research Excellence, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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15
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Zhang XD, Wang CX, Jiang HH, Jing SL, Zhao JY, Yu ZY. Trends in research related to high myopia from 2010 to 2019: a bibliometric and knowledge mapping analysis. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:589-599. [PMID: 33875953 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.04.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the global trends in and explore hotspots of high myopia (HM) research. METHODS This bibliometric analysis was used to reveal the publication trends in HM research field based on the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). VOSviewer version 1.6.13 software was used to analyze the data and construct a knowledge map including the yearly publication number, journals, countries, international collaborations, authors, research hotspots, and intellectual base in HM. RESULTS The search engine found 3544 peer-reviewed publications on HM between 2010 and 2019, and the yearly research output substantially elevated over the past decade. China is the top publishing country, and Sun Yat-sen University was the most active academic institution. Jonas JB is the top publishing scientist, and Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (IOVS) was the most productive journal. The highest cited references mainly focused on epidemiology and management. The keywords formed 6 clusters: 1) refractive surgery; 2) etiology and clinical characteristics; 3) the mechanism of eye growth; 4) management for myopic maculopathy; 5) vitrectomy surgical treatment; 6) myopia-associated glaucoma-like optic neuropathy. CONCLUSION The evaluation of development trends based on the data extracted from WoSCC can provide valuable information and guidance for ophthalmologists and public health researchers to improve management procedures in HM field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University; Eye Hospital of China Medical University; Key Lens Research Laboratory of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110005, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chun-Xia Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University; Eye Hospital of China Medical University; Key Lens Research Laboratory of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110005, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hong-Hu Jiang
- China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shuo-Lan Jing
- China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jiang-Yue Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University; Eye Hospital of China Medical University; Key Lens Research Laboratory of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110005, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zi-Yan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University; Eye Hospital of China Medical University; Key Lens Research Laboratory of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110005, Liaoning Province, China
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16
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Morgan IG, Rose KA. Myopia: is the nature‐nurture debate finally over? Clin Exp Optom 2021; 102:3-17. [DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Morgan
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia,
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Division of Preventive Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐Sen University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Kathryn A Rose
- Discipline of Orthoptics, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia,
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17
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Zhang H, Wong CL, Shan SW, Li KK, Cheng AK, Lee KL, Ge J, To CH, Do CW. Characterisation of Cl‐ transporter and channels in experimentally induced myopic chick eyes. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 94:528-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2011.00611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hengli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐Sen University, China
- The Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry and the
| | - Chun Lung Wong
- The Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry and the
| | - Sze Wan Shan
- The Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry and the
| | - King Kit Li
- The Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry and the
| | - Angela K Cheng
- The Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry and the
| | - Kam Len Lee
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China, E‐mail:
| | - Jian Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐Sen University, China
| | - Chi Ho To
- The Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry and the
| | - Chi Wai Do
- The Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry and the
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18
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Wang WY, Chen C, Chang J, Chien L, Shih YF, Lin LLK, Pang CP, Wang IJ. Pharmacotherapeutic candidates for myopia: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:111092. [PMID: 33378986 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides insights into the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of myopia and potential targets for clinical intervention. Although the etiology of myopia involves both environmental and genetic factors, recent evidence has suggested that the prevalence and severity of myopia appears to be affected more by environmental factors. Current pharmacotherapeutics are aimed at inhibiting environmentally induced changes in visual input and subsequent changes in signaling pathways during myopia pathogenesis and progression. Recent studies on animal models of myopia have revealed specific molecules potentially involved in the regulation of eye development. Among them, the dopamine receptor plays a critical role in controlling myopia. Subsequent studies have reported pharmacotherapeutic treatments to control myopia progression. In particular, atropine treatment yielded favorable outcomes and has been extensively used; however, current studies are aimed at optimizing its efficacy and confirming its safety. Furthermore, future studies are required to assess the efficacy of combinatorial use of low-dose atropine and contact lenses or orthokeratology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Camille Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Justine Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lillian Chien
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Feng Shih
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Luke L K Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, KLN, Hong Kong, China.
| | - I-Jong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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19
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Bilbao-Malavé V, Recalde S, Bezunartea J, Hernandez-Sanchez M, González-Zamora J, Maestre-Rellan L, Ruiz-Moreno JM, Araiz-Iribarren J, Arias L, Ruiz-Medrano J, Flores-Moreno I, Llorente-González S, Fernández-Sanz G, Berrozpe-Villabona C, Velazquez-Villoria A, Carreño E, Fernandez-Robredo P, Garcia-Layana A. Genetic and environmental factors related to the development of myopic maculopathy in Spanish patients. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236071. [PMID: 32730261 PMCID: PMC7392267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High myopia and the subsequent degenerative changes of the retina, choroid, and sclera, known as myopic maculopathy (MM), are a serious visual problem in many Asian countries, and are beginning to be so in the south of Europe, especially in the Mediterranean. It is therefore necessary to carry out genetic and environmental studies to determine the possible causes of this disease. This study aims to verify if the genetic factors that have been most related to Asian populations are also associated in two Spanish cohorts. Eight SNPs from six genes (PAX6, SCO2, CCDC102B, BLID, chromosome 15q14, and COL8A1) along with demographic, ophthalmic and environmental factors were analysed in two cohorts from a total of 365 highly myopic subjects and 177 control subjects. The genetic analysis showed that COL8A1 SNP rs13095226 was associated with the development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and also seems to play an important role in the increase of axial length. The SNP rs634990 of chromosome 15q14 also showed a significant association with MM, although this was lost after the Bonferroni correction. Additional demographic and environmental factors, namely age, sex, smoking status, and pregnancy history, were also found to be associated with MM and CNV in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bilbao-Malavé
- Ophthalmology Experimental Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Sergio Recalde
- Ophthalmology Experimental Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud: ‘‘Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment of the Prevalent Degenerative and Chronic Ocular Pathology” from (RD16/0008/0021), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaione Bezunartea
- Ophthalmology Experimental Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Hernandez-Sanchez
- Ophthalmology Experimental Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud: ‘‘Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment of the Prevalent Degenerative and Chronic Ocular Pathology” from (RD16/0008/0021), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge González-Zamora
- Ophthalmology Experimental Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leyre Maestre-Rellan
- Ophthalmology Experimental Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José María Ruiz-Moreno
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud: ‘‘Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment of the Prevalent Degenerative and Chronic Ocular Pathology” from (RD16/0008/0021), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro de Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Vissum Corporación Oftalmológica, Alicante, Spain
| | - Javier Araiz-Iribarren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto Clínico Quirúrgico de Oftalmología, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital San Eloy, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luis Arias
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud: ‘‘Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment of the Prevalent Degenerative and Chronic Ocular Pathology” from (RD16/0008/0021), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Ruiz-Medrano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro de Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Flores-Moreno
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud: ‘‘Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment of the Prevalent Degenerative and Chronic Ocular Pathology” from (RD16/0008/0021), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro de Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Llorente-González
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud: ‘‘Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment of the Prevalent Degenerative and Chronic Ocular Pathology” from (RD16/0008/0021), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Fernández-Sanz
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud: ‘‘Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment of the Prevalent Degenerative and Chronic Ocular Pathology” from (RD16/0008/0021), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Berrozpe-Villabona
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud: ‘‘Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment of the Prevalent Degenerative and Chronic Ocular Pathology” from (RD16/0008/0021), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ester Carreño
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernandez-Robredo
- Ophthalmology Experimental Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud: ‘‘Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment of the Prevalent Degenerative and Chronic Ocular Pathology” from (RD16/0008/0021), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Garcia-Layana
- Ophthalmology Experimental Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud: ‘‘Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment of the Prevalent Degenerative and Chronic Ocular Pathology” from (RD16/0008/0021), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Kuo YC, Wang JH, Chiu CJ. Comparison of open-field autorefraction, closed-field autorefraction, and retinoscopy for refractive measurements of children and adolescents in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 119:1251-1258. [PMID: 32354691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the accuracy and effectiveness of noncycloplegic and cycloplegic autorefraction using two types of autorefractors (ARs) compared with retinoscopy in children and adolescents. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 308 students (6-17 years old) from eastern Taiwan. Noncycloplegic and cycloplegic refractive measurements were obtained using open-field AR (Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001), closed-field AR (Topcon KR-800), and cycloplegic retinoscopy. Three optical components emerged from the measurements: spherical equivalent (M) and two Jackson cross-cylinder values (J0 and J45). Agreement between both ARs and retinoscopy was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficient. Measurement discrepancies from retinoscopy among different ARs and cycloplegic status were compared using repeated measures ANOVA and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS Compared with retinoscopy, measurements obtained before and after cycloplegia with both ARs showed excellent reliability for evaluating M and J0 and fair to good results for J45. More myopic results were obtained using KR-800 before cycloplegia; more hyperopic results were obtained using KR-800 and NVision-K 5001 after cycloplegia(all p < 0.05). J45 data obtained using NVision-K 5001 were closest to those obtained by retinoscopy; J0 data obtained using both ARs were comparable with retinoscopy after cycloplegia. NVision-K 5001 outperformed KR-800 in refractive measurements, particularly in hyperopia diagnosis among younger children. CONCLUSIONS Both autorefractors showed great agreement with retinoscopy. Results obtained using NVision-K 5001 without cycloplegia were most similar to those by retinoscopy, especially for oblique astigmatism and hyperopia detection in younger children. For large vision screening in elementary school, Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001 might be a more suitable autorefractor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hung Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Jen Chiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.
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21
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Yu FJ, Lam TC, Sze AYH, Li KK, Chun RKM, Shan SW, To CH. Alteration of retinal metabolism and oxidative stress may implicate myopic eye growth: Evidence from discovery and targeted proteomics in an animal model. J Proteomics 2020; 221:103684. [PMID: 32061809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myopia, the most common cause of impaired vision, may induce sight- threatening diseases or ocular complications due to axial elongation. The exact mechanisms underlying myopia development have received much attention and understanding of these is necessary for clinical prevention or therapeutics. In this study, quantitative proteomics using Isotope Coded Protein Label (ICPL) was applied to identify differentially regulated proteins in the retinas of myopic chicks and, from their presence, infer the possible pathogenesis of excessive ocular elongation. Newly hatched white leghorn chicks (n = 15) wore -10D and + 10D lenses bilaterally for 3 and 7 days, respectively, to develop progressive lens-induced myopia (LIM) and hyperopia (LIH). Retinal proteins were quantified with nano-liquid chromatography electrospray ionization coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS). Bioinformatics analysis of differentially regulated proteins revealed that the majority originated from the cytoplasmic region and were related to various metabolic, glycolytic, or oxidative processes. The fold changes of four proteins of interest (vimentin, apolipoprotein A1, interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein, and glutathione S-transferase) were further confirmed by a novel high-resolution multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-HR) using a label-free approach. SIGNIFICANCE: Discovery of effective protein biomarkers of myopia has been extensively studied to inhibit myopia progression. This study first applied lens-induced hyperopia and myopia in the same chick to maximize the inter-ocular differences, aiming to discover more protein biomarker candidates. The findings provided new evidence that myopia was metabolism related, accompanied by altered energy generation and oxidative stress at retinal protein levels. The results in the retina were also compared to our previous study in vitreous using ICPL quantitative technology. We have now presented the protein changes in these two adjacent tissues, which may provide extra information of protein changes during ocular growth in myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Juan Yu
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Thomas Chuen Lam
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Andes Ying-Hon Sze
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - King-Kit Li
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Rachel Ka-Man Chun
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sze-Wan Shan
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ho To
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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22
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Cao Y, Lan W, Wen L, Li X, Pan L, Wang X, Yang Z. An effectiveness study of a wearable device (Clouclip) intervention in unhealthy visual behaviors among school-age children: A pilot study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e17992. [PMID: 31914011 PMCID: PMC6959882 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000017992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of an intervention for unhealthy visual behaviors of school-age children using a wearable device (Clouclip). METHOD The design was a self-controlled prospective study. Clouclip, with the vibration alert disabled, was first applied to measure baseline near-work behaviors in the first week. The vibration alert was then enabled to signal unhealthy visual behaviors (near-work distance < 30 cm and >5 seconds, or near-work distance <60 cm for >45 minutes) for 3 weeks. Near-work behaviors were measured again at the first week and the first month after intervention, respectively. The changes in behaviors between the baseline and the first week and the first month after intervention were analyzed. RESULTS Sixty-seven subjects were eligible for this experiment (the mean age 10.45 ± 0.50 years, 34 boys). Children who logged sufficient wearing time (12.30 ± 0.18 hours on weekdays and 12.16 ± 0.23 hours on weekends) were included for analysis. The average daily near-work distance was significantly increased after the vibration intervention. The time ratio of near-work activity <30 cm to the total <60 cm and the frequency of continuous near-work (distance <60 cm and continuous time >30 minutes) were significantly decreased after the intervention. Although some of the effects were reversed with time following the intervention, some were observed to be maintained until the end of the observation period, and the improvement of the behaviors was more prominent in children who had a shorter near-work distance (<30 cm) at baseline. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, Clouclip can significantly modify near-work behaviors in school-age children and it can last a certain period of time. If these behaviors are causes of myopia development and progression, Clouclip might provide a strategy for managing myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingpin Cao
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
| | - Weizhong Lan
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- Aier School of Optometry and Vision Science, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, Hunan, the People's Republic of China
| | - Longbo Wen
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- Aier School of Optometry and Vision Science, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, Hunan, the People's Republic of China
| | - Lun Pan
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, Hunan, the People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, Hunan, the People's Republic of China
| | - Zhikuan Yang
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- Aier School of Optometry and Vision Science, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, Hunan, the People's Republic of China
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23
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Update on Myopia Risk Factors and Microenvironmental Changes. J Ophthalmol 2019; 2019:4960852. [PMID: 31781378 PMCID: PMC6875023 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4960852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of this update is to emphasize the recent advances in the pathogenesis and various molecular key approaches associated with myopia in order to reveal new potential therapeutic targets. We review the current evidence for its complex genetics and evaluate the known or candidate genes and loci. In addition, we discuss recent investigations regarding the role of environmental factors. This paper also covers current research aimed at elucidating the signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of myopia.
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24
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Rasool S, Dar R, Bhat AA, Ayub SG, Rehman MU, Rashid S, Jan T, Andrabi KI. A novel G26A variation in 5' half of TGIF1 gene associates with high myopia in ethnic Kashmiri population from India. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2019; 10:294-297. [PMID: 33437604 PMCID: PMC7787093 DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo_16_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to look at novel variations in TGIF1 gene and explores their potential association with high myopia in an ethnic population from Kashmir (India). Genomic DNA was genotyped for polymorphic variations, and allele frequencies were tested for the Hardy–Weinberg disequilibrium in 240 ethnic Kashmiri cases with high myopia with a spherical equivalent of >−6 diopters (D) and compared with emmetropic controls with spherical equivalent within −0.5D in one or both eyes represented by a sample size of 228. In this study, we found a novel sequence variation G26A (GAT to AAT) in 5′ half of TGIF1 gene (p. aspartic acid >asparagine) at a frequency of 62% (148/240, P ≤ 0.0001). Variation appears to associate with high myopia significantly (P ≤ 0.001) as it happens to be present only in high myopia affected individuals. Further, it shows statistical significance for its association with gender and the degree of myopia (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, in silico predictions show that variation likely has an impact on the structure and functional properties of the protein. The assessment of the I-TASSER protein structure showed higher energy for a wild-type protein (−5820.186 kJ/mol) as compared to mutant protein (−6595.593 kJ/mol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabhat Rasool
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rubiya Dar
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Arif Akbar Bhat
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Shiekh Gazalla Ayub
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Muneeb U Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabia Rashid
- Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Tariq Jan
- Department of Statistics, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Tkatchenko TV, Shah RL, Nagasaki T, Tkatchenko AV. Analysis of genetic networks regulating refractive eye development in collaborative cross progenitor strain mice reveals new genes and pathways underlying human myopia. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:113. [PMID: 31362747 PMCID: PMC6668126 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population studies suggest that genetic factors play an important role in refractive error development; however, the precise role of genetic background and the composition of the signaling pathways underlying refractive eye development remain poorly understood. METHODS Here, we analyzed normal refractive development and susceptibility to form-deprivation myopia in the eight progenitor mouse strains of the Collaborative Cross (CC). We used RNA-seq to analyze gene expression in the retinae of these mice and reconstruct genetic networks and signaling pathways underlying refractive eye development. We also utilized genome-wide gene-based association analysis to identify mouse genes and pathways associated with myopia in humans. RESULTS Genetic background strongly influenced both baseline refractive development and susceptibility to environmentally-induced myopia. Baseline refractive errors ranged from - 21.2 diopters (D) in 129S1/svlmj mice to + 22.0 D in CAST/EiJ mice and represented a continuous distribution typical of a quantitative genetic trait. The extent of induced form-deprivation myopia ranged from - 5.6 D in NZO/HILtJ mice to - 20.0 D in CAST/EiJ mice and also followed a continuous distribution. Whole-genome (RNA-seq) gene expression profiling in retinae from CC progenitor strains identified genes whose expression level correlated with either baseline refractive error or susceptibility to myopia. Expression levels of 2,302 genes correlated with the baseline refractive state of the eye, whereas 1,917 genes correlated with susceptibility to induced myopia. Genome-wide gene-based association analysis in the CREAM and UK Biobank human cohorts revealed that 985 of the above genes were associated with myopia in humans, including 847 genes which were implicated in the development of human myopia for the first time. Although the gene sets controlling baseline refractive development and those regulating susceptibility to myopia overlapped, these two processes appeared to be controlled by largely distinct sets of genes. CONCLUSIONS Comparison with data for other animal models of myopia revealed that the genes identified in this study comprise a well-defined set of retinal signaling pathways, which are highly conserved across different vertebrate species. These results identify major signaling pathways involved in refractive eye development and provide attractive targets for the development of anti-myopia drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rupal L. Shah
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Andrei V. Tkatchenko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
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26
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Troilo D, Smith EL, Nickla DL, Ashby R, Tkatchenko AV, Ostrin LA, Gawne TJ, Pardue MT, Summers JA, Kee CS, Schroedl F, Wahl S, Jones L. IMI - Report on Experimental Models of Emmetropization and Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:M31-M88. [PMID: 30817827 PMCID: PMC6738517 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of many studies in a variety of species have significantly advanced our understanding of the role of visual experience and the mechanisms of postnatal eye growth, and the development of myopia. This paper surveys and reviews the major contributions that experimental studies using animal models have made to our thinking about emmetropization and development of myopia. These studies established important concepts informing our knowledge of the visual regulation of eye growth and refractive development and have transformed treatment strategies for myopia. Several major findings have come from studies of experimental animal models. These include the eye's ability to detect the sign of retinal defocus and undergo compensatory growth, the local retinal control of eye growth, regulatory changes in choroidal thickness, and the identification of components in the biochemistry of eye growth leading to the characterization of signal cascades regulating eye growth and refractive state. Several of these findings provided the proofs of concepts that form the scientific basis of new and effective clinical treatments for controlling myopia progression in humans. Experimental animal models continue to provide new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of eye growth control, including the identification of potential new targets for drug development and future treatments needed to stem the increasing prevalence of myopia and the vision-threatening conditions associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Troilo
- SUNY College of Optometry, State University of New York, New York, New York, United States
| | - Earl L. Smith
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Debora L. Nickla
- Biomedical Sciences and Disease, New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Regan Ashby
- Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Andrei V. Tkatchenko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Lisa A. Ostrin
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Timothy J. Gawne
- School of Optometry, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Machelle T. Pardue
- Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States31
| | - Jody A. Summers
- College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Chea-su Kee
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Falk Schroedl
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Zeiss Vision Science Laboratory, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lyndon Jones
- CORE, School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Abstract
Myopia occurs in more than 50% of the population in many industrialized countries and is expected to increase; complications associated with axial elongation from myopia are the sixth leading cause of blindness. Thus, understanding its etiology, epidemiology, and the results of various treatment regiments may modify current care and result in a reduction in morbidity from progressive myopia. This rapid increase cannot be explained by genetics alone. Current animal and human research demonstrates that myopia development is a result of the interplay between genetic and the environmental factors. The prevalence of myopia is higher in individuals whose both parents are myopic, suggesting that genetic factors are clearly involved in myopia development. At the same time, population studies suggest that development of myopia is associated with education and the amount time spent doing near work; hence, activities increase the exposure to optical blur. Recently, there has been an increase in efforts to slow the progression of myopia because of its relationship to the development of serious pathological conditions such as macular degeneration, retinal detachments, glaucoma, and cataracts. We reviewed meta-analysis and other of current treatments that include: atropine, progressive addition spectacle lenses, orthokeratology, and multifocal contact lenses.
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28
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Tedja MS, Wojciechowski R, Hysi PG, Eriksson N, Furlotte NA, Verhoeven VJ, Iglesias AI, Meester-Smoor MA, Tompson SW, Fan Q, Khawaja AP, Cheng CY, Höhn R, Yamashiro K, Wenocur A, Grazal C, Haller T, Metspalu A, Wedenoja J, Jonas JB, Wang YX, Xie J, Mitchell P, Foster PJ, Klein BE, Klein R, Paterson AD, Hosseini SM, Shah RL, Williams C, Teo YY, Tham YC, Gupta P, Zhao W, Shi Y, Saw WY, Tai ES, Sim XL, Huffman JE, Polašek O, Hayward C, Bencic G, Rudan I, Wilson JF, Joshi PK, Tsujikawa A, Matsuda F, Whisenhunt KN, Zeller T, van der Spek PJ, Haak R, Meijers-Heijboer H, van Leeuwen EM, Iyengar SK, Lass JH, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Vingerling JR, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari OT, Biino G, Concas MP, Schwantes-An TH, Igo RP, Cuellar-Partida G, Martin NG, Craig JE, Gharahkhani P, Williams KM, Nag A, Rahi JS, Cumberland PM, Delcourt C, Bellenguez C, Ried JS, Bergen AA, Meitinger T, Gieger C, Wong TY, Hewitt AW, Mackey DA, Simpson CL, Pfeiffer N, Pärssinen O, Baird PN, Vitart V, Amin N, van Duijn CM, Bailey-Wilson JE, Young TL, Saw SM, Stambolian D, MacGregor S, Guggenheim JA, Tung JY, Hammond CJ, Klaver CC. Genome-wide association meta-analysis highlights light-induced signaling as a driver for refractive error. Nat Genet 2018; 50:834-848. [PMID: 29808027 PMCID: PMC5980758 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Refractive errors, including myopia, are the most frequent eye disorders worldwide and an increasingly common cause of blindness. This genome-wide association meta-analysis in 160,420 participants and replication in 95,505 participants increased the number of established independent signals from 37 to 161 and showed high genetic correlation between Europeans and Asians (>0.78). Expression experiments and comprehensive in silico analyses identified retinal cell physiology and light processing as prominent mechanisms, and also identified functional contributions to refractive-error development in all cell types of the neurosensory retina, retinal pigment epithelium, vascular endothelium and extracellular matrix. Newly identified genes implicate novel mechanisms such as rod-and-cone bipolar synaptic neurotransmission, anterior-segment morphology and angiogenesis. Thirty-one loci resided in or near regions transcribing small RNAs, thus suggesting a role for post-transcriptional regulation. Our results support the notion that refractive errors are caused by a light-dependent retina-to-sclera signaling cascade and delineate potential pathobiological molecular drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milly S. Tedja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Wojciechowski
- Department of Epidemiology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Virginie J.M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana I. Iglesias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Magda A. Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stuart W. Tompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Qiao Fan
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, DUKE-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anthony P. Khawaja
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, DUKE-National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Ocular Epidemiology Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - René Höhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kenji Yamashiro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Adam Wenocur
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Clare Grazal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jost B. Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Xing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul J. Foster
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Barbara E.K. Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrew D. Paterson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. Mohsen Hosseini
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rupal L. Shah
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Cathy Williams
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Yik Ying Teo
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yih Chung Tham
- Ocular Epidemiology Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Preeti Gupta
- Department of Health Service Research, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Wanting Zhao
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, DUKE-National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Statistics Support Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Yuan Shi
- Statistics Support Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Woei-Yuh Saw
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - E-Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xue Ling Sim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Goran Bencic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sisters of Mercy University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James F. Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - Peter K. Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Akitaka Tsujikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kristina N. Whisenhunt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Roxanna Haak
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanne Meijers-Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M. van Leeuwen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sudha K. Iyengar
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Lass
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.HChan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, the Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, the Hague, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, the Hague, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tae-Hwi Schwantes-An
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert P. Igo
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jamie E. Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Puya Gharahkhani
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katie M. Williams
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Abhishek Nag
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jugnoo S. Rahi
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Cécile Delcourt
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team LEHA, UMR 1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Céline Bellenguez
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1167, RID-AGE - Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, Lille, France
- Université de Lille, U1167 - Excellence Laboratory LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Janina S. Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Arthur A. Bergen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Institute for Neurosciences (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Academic Medicine Research Institute, Singapore
- Retino Center, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Claire L. Simpson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tenessee
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Olavi Pärssinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Paul N. Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joan E. Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Terri L. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Myopia Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline C.W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Wu Y, Lam CSY, Tse DYY, To CH, Liu Q, McFadden SA, Chun RKM, Li KK, Bian J, Lam C. Early quantitative profiling of differential retinal protein expression in lens-induced myopia in guinea pig using fluorescence difference two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5571-5580. [PMID: 29436656 PMCID: PMC5865996 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the differential protein expression in guinea pig retinas in response to lens-induced myopia (LIM) before fully compensated eye growth. Four days old guinea pigs (n=5) were subjected to −4D LIM for 8 days. Refractive errors were measured before and at the end of the lens wear period. Ocular dimensions were also recorded using high-frequency A-scan ultrasonography. After the LIM treatment, retinas of both eyes were harvested and soluble proteins were extracted. Paired retinal protein expressions in each animal were profiled and compared using a sensitive fluorescence difference two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The quantitative retinal proteomes of myopic and control eye were analysed using computerised DeCyder software. Those proteins that were consistently changed with at least 1.2-fold difference (P<0.05) in the same direction in all five animals were extracted, trypsin digested and identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Significant myopia was induced in guinea pigs after 8 days of lens wear. The vitreous chamber depth in lens-treated eyes was found to be significantly elongated. Typically, more than 1,000 protein spots could be detected from each retina. Thirty-two of them showed differential expression between myopic and untreated retina. Among these proteins, 21 spots were upregulated and 11 were downregulated. Eight protein spots could be successfully identified which included β-actin, enolase 1, cytosolic malate dehydrogenase, Ras-related protein Rab-11B, protein-L-isoaspartate (D-aspartate) O-methyltransferase, PKM2 protein, X-linked eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A and ACP1 protein. The present study serves as the first report to uncover the retinal 2D proteome expressions in mammalian guinea pig myopia model using a top-down fluorescent dyes labelling gel approach. The results showed a downregulation in glycolytic enzymes that may suggest a significant alteration of glycolysis during myopia development. Other protein candidates also suggested multiple pathways which could provide new insights for further study of the myopic eye growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Carly Siu-Yin Lam
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Dennis Yan-Yin Tse
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Chi Ho To
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Sally A McFadden
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science and IT, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Rachel Ka-Man Chun
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - King Kit Li
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Jianfang Bian
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Chuen Lam
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
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Yu FJ, Lam TC, Liu LQ, Chun RKM, Cheung JKW, Li KK, To CH. Isotope-coded protein label based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals significant up-regulation of apolipoprotein A1 and ovotransferrin in the myopic chick vitreous. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12649. [PMID: 28978931 PMCID: PMC5627271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study used isotope-coded protein label (ICPL) quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics analysis to examine changes in vitreous protein content and associated pathways during lens-induced eye growth. First, the vitreous protein profile of normal 7-day old chicks was characterized by nano-liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 341 unique proteins were identified. Next, myopia and hyperopia were induced in the same chick by attaching -10D lenses to the right eye and +10D lenses to the left eye, for 3 and 7 days. Protein expression in lens-induced ametropic eyes was analyzed using the ICPL approach coupled to LCMS. Four proteins (cystatin, apolipoprotein A1, ovotransferrin, and purpurin) were significantly up-regulated in the vitreous after 3 days of wearing -10D lenses relative to +10D lens contralateral eyes. The differences in protein expression were less pronounced after 7 days when the eyes approached full compensation. In a different group of chicks, western blot confirmed the up-regulation of apolipoprotein A1 and ovotransferrin in the myopic vitreous relative to both contralateral lens-free eyes and hyperopic eyes in separate animals wearing +10D lenses. Bioinformatics analysis suggested oxidative stress and lipid metabolism as pathways involved in compensated ocular elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Juan Yu
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Thomas Chuen Lam
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Long-Qian Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Rachel Ka-Man Chun
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jimmy Ka-Wai Cheung
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - King-Kit Li
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ho To
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Morgan IG, French AN, Ashby RS, Guo X, Ding X, He M, Rose KA. The epidemics of myopia: Aetiology and prevention. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 62:134-149. [PMID: 28951126 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 568] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is an epidemic of myopia in East and Southeast Asia, with the prevalence of myopia in young adults around 80-90%, and an accompanying high prevalence of high myopia in young adults (10-20%). This may foreshadow an increase in low vision and blindness due to pathological myopia. These two epidemics are linked, since the increasingly early onset of myopia, combined with high progression rates, naturally generates an epidemic of high myopia, with high prevalences of "acquired" high myopia appearing around the age of 11-13. The major risk factors identified are intensive education, and limited time outdoors. The localization of the epidemic appears to be due to the high educational pressures and limited time outdoors in the region, rather than to genetically elevated sensitivity to these factors. Causality has been demonstrated in the case of time outdoors through randomized clinical trials in which increased time outdoors in schools has prevented the onset of myopia. In the case of educational pressures, evidence of causality comes from the high prevalence of myopia and high myopia in Jewish boys attending Orthodox schools in Israel compared to their sisters attending religious schools, and boys and girls attending secular schools. Combining increased time outdoors in schools, to slow the onset of myopia, with clinical methods for slowing myopic progression, should lead to the control of this epidemic, which would otherwise pose a major health challenge. Reforms to the organization of school systems to reduce intense early competition for accelerated learning pathways may also be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Morgan
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Amanda N French
- Discipline of Orthoptics, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Regan S Ashby
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Biomedical Sciences, Faulty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Xinxing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, China; Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaohu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingguang He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, China; Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathryn A Rose
- Discipline of Orthoptics, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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Wenbo L, Congxia B, Hui L. Genetic and environmental-genetic interaction rules for the myopia based on a family exposed to risk from a myopic environment. Gene 2017; 626:305-308. [PMID: 28552714 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantitatively assess the role of heredity and environmental factors in myopia based on the family with enough exposed to risk from myopic environment for establishment of environmental and genetic index (EGI). METHODS A pedigree analysis unit was defined as one child (university student), father, and mother. Information pertaining to visual acuity, experience in participating in the college entrance examination in mainland of China (regarded as a strong environmental risk for myopia), and occupation for pedigree analysis units were obtained. The difference between effect of both genetic and environmental factors (myopia prevalence in children with two myopic parents) and environmental factors (myopia prevalence in children of whom neither parent was myopic) was defined as the EGI. Multiple regression analysis was performed for 114 pedigree using diopters of father, mother, average diopters in parents, maximum and minimum diopters in father and mother as variables. A total of 353 farmers and 162 farmer families were used as a control group. RESULTS A distinct difference in myopia rate (96.2% versus 57.7%) was observed for children from parents with myopia and parents without myopia (EGI=0.385). The maximum diopter was included to regression equation which was statistically significant. The prevalence of myopia was 9.9% in the farmer. The prevalence in children is similar between the farmer and other families. CONCLUSION A new genetic rule that myopia in children was directly related with maximum diopters in father and mother may be suggested. Environmental factors may play a leading role in the formation of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wenbo
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Bai Congxia
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Liu Hui
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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Tkatchenko AV, Luo X, Tkatchenko TV, Vaz C, Tanavde VM, Maurer-Stroh S, Zauscher S, Gonzalez P, Young TL. Large-Scale microRNA Expression Profiling Identifies Putative Retinal miRNA-mRNA Signaling Pathways Underlying Form-Deprivation Myopia in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162541. [PMID: 27622715 PMCID: PMC5021328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of myopia is associated with large-scale changes in ocular tissue gene expression. Although differential expression of coding genes underlying development of myopia has been a subject of intense investigation, the role of non-coding genes such as microRNAs in the development of myopia is largely unknown. In this study, we explored myopia-associated miRNA expression profiles in the retina and sclera of C57Bl/6J mice with experimentally induced myopia using microarray technology. We found a total of 53 differentially expressed miRNAs in the retina and no differences in miRNA expression in the sclera of C57BL/6J mice after 10 days of visual form deprivation, which induced -6.93 ± 2.44 D (p < 0.000001, n = 12) of myopia. We also identified their putative mRNA targets among mRNAs found to be differentially expressed in myopic retina and potential signaling pathways involved in the development of form-deprivation myopia using miRNA-mRNA interaction network analysis. Analysis of myopia-associated signaling pathways revealed that myopic response to visual form deprivation in the retina is regulated by a small number of highly integrated signaling pathways. Our findings highlighted that changes in microRNA expression are involved in the regulation of refractive eye development and predicted how they may be involved in the development of myopia by regulating retinal gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V. Tkatchenko
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AVT); (TLY)
| | - Xiaoyan Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tatiana V. Tkatchenko
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Candida Vaz
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vivek M. Tanavde
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stefan Zauscher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Pedro Gonzalez
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Terri L. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AVT); (TLY)
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Jin GM, Zhao XJ, Chen AM, Chen YX, Li Q. Association of COL1A1 polymorphism with high myopia: a Meta-analysis. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:604-9. [PMID: 27162737 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.04.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the association between collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1) gene and high myopia. METHODS In this Meta-analysis, we examined 5 published case-control studies that involved 1942 high myopia cases and 2929 healthy controls to assess the association between the COL1A1 rs2075555 polymorphism and high myopia risk. We calculated the pooled odds ratios (ORs) of COL1A1 rs2075555 polymorphism in high myopia cases vs healthy controls to evaluate the strength of the association. RESULTS Overall, there was no significant difference both in the genotype and allele distributions of COL1A1 rs2075555 polymorphism between high myopia cases and healthy controls: CC vs AA OR=1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.76-1.58; AC vs AA OR=0.98, 95%CI 0.80-1.20; CC/AC vs AA/OR=1.01, 95%CI 0.84-1.22; CC vs AC/AA OR=1.06, 95%CI=0.93-1.20; C vs A OR=1.06, 95%CI 0.91-1.23). In addition, in the stratified analyses by ethnicity, no significant associations were found in any genetic model both in European and Asia cohorts. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the COL1A1 rs2075555 polymorphism may not affect susceptibility to high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Ming Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ai-Ming Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yong-Xing Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen 529030, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
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Goldberg LA, Rucker FJ. Opposing effects of atropine and timolol on the color and luminance emmetropization mechanisms in chicks. Vision Res 2016; 122:1-11. [PMID: 26971621 PMCID: PMC4861675 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the luminance and color emmetropization response in chicks treated with the nonselective parasympathetic antagonist atropine and the sympathetic β-receptor blocker timolol. Chicks were binocularly exposed (8h/day) for 4days to one of three illumination conditions: 2Hz sinusoidal luminance flicker, 2Hz sinusoidal blue/yellow color flicker, or steady light (mean 680lux). Atropine experiments involved monocular daily injections of either 20μl of atropine (18nmol) or 20μl of phosphate-buffered saline. Timolol experiments involved monocular daily applications of 2 drops of 0.5% timolol or 2 drops of distilled H2O. Changes in the experimental eye were compared with those in the fellow eye after correction for the effects of saline/water treatments. Atropine caused a reduction in axial length with both luminance flicker (-0.078±0.021mm) and color flicker (-0.054±0.017mm), and a reduction in vitreous chamber depth with luminance flicker (-0.095±0.023mm), evoking a hyperopic shift in refraction (3.40±1.77D). Timolol produced an increase in axial length with luminance flicker (0.045±0.030mm) and a myopic shift in refraction (-4.07±0.92D), while color flicker caused a significant decrease in axial length (-0.046±0.017mm) that was associated with choroidal thinning (-0.046±0.015mm). The opposing effects on growth and refraction seen with atropine and timolol suggest a balancing mechanism between the parasympathetic and β-receptor mediated sympathetic system through stimulation of the retina with luminance and color contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Goldberg
- New England College of Optometry, 424 Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Frances J Rucker
- New England College of Optometry, 424 Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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Song AP, Yu T, Wang JR, Liu W, Sun Y, Ma SX. Multifocal electroretinogram in non-pathological myopic subjects: correlation with optical coherence tomography. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:286-91. [PMID: 26949653 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.02.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the changes of retinal function in non-pathological myopic subjects using multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) and to correlate the data with the central macular thickness obtained using optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS One hundred and thirteen subjects (113 eyes) with age range from 18 to 35y were enrolled in the study. The subjects were divided into four groups according to spherical equivalent (SE) and axial length (AL): emmetropia group (EG, n=31; SE: +0.75 to -0.50 D; AL: 22 to 24 mm), low and medium myopia group (LMMG, n=26; SE: >-0.50 to -6.00 D; AL: >24 to 26 mm), high myopia group (HMG, n=34; SE: >-6.00 to -10.00 D; AL: >26 to 28 mm) and super high myopia group (SHMG, n=22; SE: >-10.00 D; AL:>28 mm). The P1 amplitude density, P1 amplitude, and P1 implicit time of the first-order kernel mfERG responses were obtained and grouped into five rings. The central subfield macular thickness (CST) was obtained using macular cube 512×218 scan of Cirrus HD-OCT. RESULTS With the increasing of eccentricity, the first positive peak (P1) amplitude density (P=0.0000, 0.0001, 0.0021 in ring 1-3 respectively) and P1 amplitude (all P=0.0000 in ring 1-5) of each group decreased. With the increasing of myopia, P1 implicit time gradually extended (all P=0.0000 in ring 1-3). The average CST in four diagnostic groups was 241.56±12.72 µm, 244.56±12.19 µm, 254.33±11.61 µm, 261.75±11.83 µm respectively. With the increasing of myopia, CST increased (P<0.001). There was negative relationship between CST and P1 amplitude, P1 amplitude density (r=-0.402, P<0.001; r=-0.261, P=0.003). There was positive relationship between CST and P1 implicit time (r=0.34, P<0.001). CONCLUSION With the increasing of myopia, P1 amplitude density and P1 amplitude of the first-order reaction gradually reduced. This showed potential decline in retinal function in myopia. To some extent it may reflect the functional disorder or depression of the visual cells. The exact mechanism needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ping Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second People's Hospital, Jinan 250001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second People's Hospital, Jinan 250001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jian-Rong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second People's Hospital, Jinan 250001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second People's Hospital, Jinan 250001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second People's Hospital, Jinan 250001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Su-Xiang Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second People's Hospital, Jinan 250001, Shandong Province, China
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Munro RJ, Fulton AB, Chui TYP, Moskowitz A, Ramamirtham R, Hansen RM, Prabhu SP, Akula JD. Eye growth in term- and preterm-born eyes modeled from magnetic resonance images. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:3121-31. [PMID: 26024095 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We generated a model of eye growth and tested it against an eye known to develop abnormally, one with a history of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS We reviewed extant magnetic resonance images (MRIs) from term and preterm-born patients for suitable images (n = 129). We binned subjects for analysis based upon postmenstrual age at birth (in weeks) and ROP history ("Term" ≥ 37, "Premature" ≤ 32 with no ROP, "ROP" ≤ 32 with ROP). We measured the axial positions and curvatures of the cornea, anterior and posterior lens, and inner retinal surface. We fit anterior chamber depth (ACD), posterior segment depth (PSD), axial length (AL), and corneal and lenticular curvatures with logistic growth curves that we then evaluated for significant differences. We also measured the length of rays from the centroid to the surface of the eye at 5° intervals, and described the length versus age relationship of each ray, L(ray)(x), using the same logistic growth curve. We determined the rate of ray elongation, E(ray)(x), from L(ray)dy/dx. Then, we estimated the scleral growth that accounted for E(ray)(x), G(x), at every age and position. RESULTS Relative to Term, development of ACD, PSD, AL, and corneal and lenticular curvatures was delayed in ROP eyes, but not Premature eyes. In Term infants, G(x) was fast and predominantly equatorial; in age-matched ROP eyes, maximal G(x) was offset by approximately 90°. CONCLUSIONS We produced a model of normal eye growth in term-born subjects. Relative to normal, the ROP eye is characterized by delayed, abnormal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Munro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Anne B Fulton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Toco Y P Chui
- Department of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, United States 4Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, New York, United States
| | - Anne Moskowitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ramkumar Ramamirtham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ronald M Hansen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sanjay P Prabhu
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 6Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - James D Akula
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Tkatchenko AV, Tkatchenko TV, Guggenheim JA, Verhoeven VJM, Hysi PG, Wojciechowski R, Singh PK, Kumar A, Thinakaran G, Williams C. APLP2 Regulates Refractive Error and Myopia Development in Mice and Humans. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005432. [PMID: 26313004 PMCID: PMC4551475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is the most common vision disorder and the leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. However, gene variants identified to date explain less than 10% of the variance in refractive error, leaving the majority of heritability unexplained (“missing heritability”). Previously, we reported that expression of APLP2 was strongly associated with myopia in a primate model. Here, we found that low-frequency variants near the 5’-end of APLP2 were associated with refractive error in a prospective UK birth cohort (n = 3,819 children; top SNP rs188663068, p = 5.0 × 10−4) and a CREAM consortium panel (n = 45,756 adults; top SNP rs7127037, p = 6.6 × 10−3). These variants showed evidence of differential effect on childhood longitudinal refractive error trajectories depending on time spent reading (gene x time spent reading x age interaction, p = 4.0 × 10−3). Furthermore, Aplp2 knockout mice developed high degrees of hyperopia (+11.5 ± 2.2 D, p < 1.0 × 10−4) compared to both heterozygous (-0.8 ± 2.0 D, p < 1.0 × 10−4) and wild-type (+0.3 ± 2.2 D, p < 1.0 × 10−4) littermates and exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in susceptibility to environmentally induced myopia (F(2, 33) = 191.0, p < 1.0 × 10−4). This phenotype was associated with reduced contrast sensitivity (F(12, 120) = 3.6, p = 1.5 × 10−4) and changes in the electrophysiological properties of retinal amacrine cells, which expressed Aplp2. This work identifies APLP2 as one of the “missing” myopia genes, demonstrating the importance of a low-frequency gene variant in the development of human myopia. It also demonstrates an important role for APLP2 in refractive development in mice and humans, suggesting a high level of evolutionary conservation of the signaling pathways underlying refractive eye development. Gene variants identified by GWAS studies to date explain only a small fraction of myopia cases because myopia represents a complex disorder thought to be controlled by dozens or even hundreds of genes. The majority of genetic variants underlying myopia seems to be of small effect and/or low frequency, which makes them difficult to identify using classical genetic approaches, such as GWAS, alone. Here, we combined gene expression profiling in a monkey model of myopia, human GWAS, and a gene-targeted mouse model of myopia to identify one of the “missing” myopia genes, APLP2. We found that a low-frequency risk allele of APLP2 confers susceptibility to myopia only in children exposed to large amounts of daily reading, thus, providing an experimental example of the long-hypothesized gene-environment interaction between nearwork and genes underlying myopia. Functional analysis of APLP2 using an APLP2 knockout mouse model confirmed functional significance of APLP2 in refractive development and implicated a potential role of synaptic transmission at the level of glycinergic amacrine cells of the retina for the development of myopia. Furthermore, mouse studies revealed that lack of Aplp2 has a dose-dependent suppressive effect on susceptibility to form-deprivation myopia, providing a potential gene-specific target for therapeutic intervention to treat myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V. Tkatchenko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tatiana V. Tkatchenko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeremy A. Guggenheim
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Virginie J. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Wojciechowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Statistical Genetics Section, Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute (NIH), Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pawan Kumar Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gopal Thinakaran
- Departments of Neurobiology, Neurology, and Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Cathy Williams
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Oxidative stress in myopia. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:750637. [PMID: 25922643 PMCID: PMC4397465 DOI: 10.1155/2015/750637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Myopia affected approximately 1.6 billion people worldwide in 2000, and it is expected to increase to 2.5 billion by 2020. Although optical problems can be corrected by optics or surgical procedures, normal myopia and high myopia are still an unsolved medical problem. They frequently predispose people who have them to suffer from other eye pathologies: retinal detachment, glaucoma, macular hemorrhage, cataracts, and so on being one of the main causes of visual deterioration and blindness. Genetic and environmental factors have been associated with myopia. Nevertheless, lack of knowledge in the underlying physiopathological molecular mechanisms has not permitted an adequate diagnosis, prevention, or treatment to be found. Nowadays several pieces of evidence indicate that oxidative stress may help explain the altered regulatory pathways in myopia and the appearance of associated eye diseases. On the one hand, oxidative damage associated with hypoxia myopic can alter the neuromodulation that nitric oxide and dopamine have in eye growth. On the other hand, radical superoxide or peroxynitrite production damage retina, vitreous, lens, and so on contributing to the appearance of retinopathies, retinal detachment, cataracts and so on. The objective of this review is to suggest that oxidative stress is one of the key pieces that can help solve this complex eye problem.
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Nebbioso M, Plateroti AM, Pucci B, Pescosolido N. Role of the dopaminergic system in the development of myopia in children and adolescents. J Child Neurol 2014; 29:1739-46. [PMID: 24996871 DOI: 10.1177/0883073814538666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the experimental evidence that supports the role of dopamine in the regulation of ocular axial growth. The most important functions attributed to dopamine are light adaptation and regulation of the retinal circadian rhythm. An increase of the retinal levels of dopamine activates D1 and D2 dopaminergic receptors present throughout the retina, generating a signal that inhibits axial growth once the eye has reached emmetropization. Researchers induced form-deprivation myopia in animal models in order to assess the different changes of ocular axial growth. Other studies have shown that phenylethylamine is an endogenous precursor-neurotransmitter capable of modulating the activity of dopamine. Considering the role of the dopaminergic system in the development of myopia (in children and adolescents) and the fact that phenylethylamine improves the consequences of a dopamine deficit, it would be interesting to study the effect of phenylethylamine on the regulation of axial growth, which represents the genesis of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Nebbioso
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Bruna Pucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Pescosolido
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrology, Geriatric, and Anesthetic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Schmid KL, Rayner CL, Brown B. Hemi-field and full-field form-deprivation induce timing changes in multifocal ERG responses in chick. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2013; 33:257-66. [PMID: 23662959 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In animal models hemi-field deprivation results in localised, graded vitreous chamber elongation and presumably deprivation induced localised changes in retinal processing. The aim of this research was to determine if there are variations in ERG responses across the retina in normal chick eyes and to examine the effect of hemi-field and full-field deprivation on ERG responses across the retina and at earlier times than have previously been examined electrophysiologically. METHODS Chicks were either untreated, wore monocular full-diffusers or half-diffusers (depriving nasal retina) (n = 6-8 each group) from day 8. mfERG responses were measured using the VERIS mfERG system across the central 18.2º× 16.7º (H × V) field. The stimulus consisted of 61 unscaled hexagons with each hexagon modulated between black and white according to a pseudorandom binary m-sequence. The mfERG was measured on day 12 in untreated chicks, following 4 days of hemi-field diffuser wear, and 2, 48 and 96 h after application of full-field diffusers. RESULTS The ERG response of untreated chick eyes did not vary across the measured field; there was no effect of retinal location on the N1-P1 amplitude (p = 0.108) or on P1 implicit time (p > 0.05). This finding is consistent with retinal ganglion cell density of the chick varying by only a factor of two across the entire retina. Half-diffusers produced a ramped retina and a graded effect of negative lens correction (p < 0.0001); changes in retinal processing were localized. The untreated retina showed increasing complexity of the ERG waveform with development; form-deprivation prevented the increasing complexity of the response at the 2, 48 and 96 h measurement times and produced alterations in response timing. CONCLUSIONS Form-deprivation and its concomitant loss of image contrast and high spatial frequency images prevented development of the ERG responses, consistent with a disruption of development of retinal feedback systems. The characterisation of ERG responses in normal and deprived chick eyes across the retina allows the assessment of concurrent visual and retinal manipulations in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina L Schmid
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Health, and Vision Improvement Domain, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. k.schmid @qut.edu.au
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Optical coherence tomography: Imaging of the choroid and beyond. Surv Ophthalmol 2013; 58:387-429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Tkatchenko TV, Shen Y, Braun RD, Bawa G, Kumar P, Avrutsky I, Tkatchenko AV. Photopic visual input is necessary for emmetropization in mice. Exp Eye Res 2013; 115:87-95. [PMID: 23838522 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It was recently demonstrated that refractive errors in mice stabilize around emmetropic values during early postnatal development, and that they develop experimental myopia in response to both visual form deprivation and imposed optical defocus similar to other vertebrate species. Animal studies also suggest that photopic vision plays critical role in emmetropization in diurnal species; however, it is unknown whether refractive eye development is guided by photopic vision in the mouse, which is a nocturnal species. We used an infrared mouse photorefractor and a high-resolution MRI to clarify the role of photopic visual input in refractive eye development in the mouse. Refractive eye development and form-deprivation myopia in P21-P89 C57BL/6J mice were analyzed under 12:12 h light-dark cycle, constant light and constant darkness regimens. Animals in all experimental groups were myopic at P21 (-13.2 ± 1.6 D, light-dark cycle; -12.5 ± 0.9 D, constant light; -12.5 ± 2.0 D, constant dark). The mean refractive error in the light-dark-cycle-reared animals was -0.5 ± 1.3 D at P32 and, and did not change significantly until P40 (+0.3 ± 0.6 D, P40). Animals in this group became progressively hyperopic between P40 and P89 (+2.2 ± 0.6 D, P67; +3.7 ± 2.0 D, P89). The mean refractive error in the constant-light-reared mice was -1.0 ± 0.7 D at P32 and remained stable until P89 (+0.1 ± 0.6 D, P40; +0.3 ± 0.6 D, P67; 0.0 ± 0.4 D, P89). Dark-reared animals exhibited highly hyperopic refractive errors at P32 (+5.2 ± 1.8 D) and became progressively more hyperopic with age (+8.7 ± 1.9 D, P40; +11.2 ± 1.4 D, P67). MRI analysis revealed that emmetropization in the P40-P89 constant-light-reared animals was associated with larger eyes, a longer axial length and a larger vitreous chamber compared to the light-dark-cycle-reared mice. Constant-light-reared mice also developed 4 times higher degrees of form-deprivation myopia on average compared to light-dark-cycle-reared animals (-12.0 ± 1.4 D, constant light; -2.7 ± 0.7 D, light-dark cycle). Dark-rearing completely prevented the development of form-deprivation myopia (-0.3 ± 0.5 D). Thus, photopic vision plays important role in normal refractive eye development and ocular response to visual form deprivation in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Tkatchenko
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
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Next-generation sequencing analysis of gene regulation in the rat model of retinopathy of prematurity. Doc Ophthalmol 2013; 127:13-31. [PMID: 23775346 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-013-9396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify the genes, biochemical signaling pathways, and biological themes involved in the pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on the RNA transcriptome of rats with the Penn et al. (Pediatr Res 36:724-731, 1994) oxygen-induced retinopathy model of ROP at the height of vascular abnormality, postnatal day (P) 19, and normalized to age-matched, room-air-reared littermate controls. Eight custom-developed pathways with potential relevance to known ROP sequelae were evaluated for significant regulation in ROP: The three major Wnt signaling pathways, canonical, planar cell polarity (PCP), and Wnt/Ca(2+); two signaling pathways mediated by the Rho GTPases RhoA and Cdc42, which are, respectively, thought to intersect with canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling; nitric oxide signaling pathways mediated by two nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes, neuronal (nNOS) and endothelial (eNOS); and the retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway. Regulation of other biological pathways and themes was detected by gene ontology using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and the NIH's Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery's GO terms databases. RESULTS Canonical Wnt signaling was found to be regulated, but the non-canonical PCP and Wnt/Ca(2+) pathways were not. Nitric oxide signaling, as measured by the activation of nNOS and eNOS, was also regulated, as was RA signaling. Biological themes related to protein translation (ribosomes), neural signaling, inflammation and immunity, cell cycle, and cell death were (among others) highly regulated in ROP rats. CONCLUSIONS These several genes and pathways identified by NGS might provide novel targets for intervention in ROP.
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Alterations of the tunica vasculosa lentis in the rat model of retinopathy of prematurity. Doc Ophthalmol 2013; 127:3-11. [PMID: 23748796 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-013-9392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the relationship between retinal and tunica vasculosa lentis (TVL) disease in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Although the clinical hallmark of ROP is abnormal retinal blood vessels, the vessels of the anterior segment, including the TVL, are also altered. METHODS ROP was induced in Long-Evans pigmented and Sprague Dawley albino rats; room-air-reared (RAR) rats served as controls. Then, fluorescein angiographic images of the TVL and retinal vessels were serially obtained with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope near the height of retinal vascular disease, ~20 days of age, and again at 30 and 64 days of age. Additionally, electroretinograms (ERGs) were obtained prior to the first imaging session. The TVL images were analyzed for percent coverage of the posterior lens. The tortuosity of the retinal arterioles was determined using Retinal Image multiScale Analysis (Gelman et al. in Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:4734-4738, 2005). RESULTS In the youngest ROP rats, the TVL was dense, while in RAR rats, it was relatively sparse. By 30 days, the TVL in RAR rats had almost fully regressed, while in ROP rats, it was still pronounced. By the final test age, the TVL had completely regressed in both ROP and RAR rats. In parallel, the tortuous retinal arterioles in ROP rats resolved with increasing age. ERG components indicating postreceptoral dysfunction, the b-wave, and oscillatory potentials were attenuated in ROP rats. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the retinal vascular abnormalities and, for the first time, show abnormal anterior segment vasculature in the rat model of ROP. There is delayed regression of the TVL in the rat model of ROP. This demonstrates that ROP is a disease of the whole eye.
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Choroidal thickness measurement in myopic eyes by enhanced depth optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 2013; 120:1909-14. [PMID: 23683921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure choroidal thickness (CT) in myopic eyes using enhanced depth imaging (EDI). DESIGN A cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-six consecutive patients with spherical equivalent refractive error of at least 6 diopters (D) were evaluated. METHODS Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (OCT) images were obtained by positioning the spectral-domain OCT device close enough to the eye to acquire an enhanced signal of the choroidal layer. Choroidal depth was measured as the distance between the outer reflective retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer and the inner sclera border. Measurements were made in a horizontal fashion across the fovea at 500-μm intervals of the sections. The CT was measured at the subfoveal region in a horizontal fashion, 3 mm temporal to fovea and 3 mm nasal to fovea. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Correlations among CT with age, refractive error in diopters, and visual acuity in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) were analyzed with linear mixed models. RESULTS The mean age of the 56 patients was 50.4 years (± 2.03 years standard deviation; interquartile range [IQR], 42-62 years), and the mean refractive error was -8.7 D (IQR, -6.1 to -11 D). The mean subfoveal CT was 118 μm (± 68 μm) and correlated negatively with age (P = 0.032) and refractive error (P = 0.011). Regression analysis suggested that subfoveal CT decreased by 11.9 μm for each decade of life and by 6.205 μm for each diopter of myopia. The subfoveal CT was inversely correlated with the logMAR visual acuity (P = 0.008), and visual acuity improved by 0.02 (logMAR) in a 10-μm increase in CT. CONCLUSIONS Choroidal thickness decreases with age and severity of myopia. Visual acuity decreases in line with decreasing subfoveal CT. A reduction in CT is related to aging and the severity of myopia, whereas visual acuity depends on subfoveal CT. Our study supports the theory that choroidal abnormality may play a key role in the pathogenesis of myopic degeneration. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
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Myopia prevention, near work, and visual acuity of college students: integrating the theory of planned behavior and self-determination theory. J Behav Med 2013; 37:369-80. [PMID: 23404136 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-013-9494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
There has been little research examining the psychological antecedents of safety-oriented behavior aimed at reducing myopia risk. This study utilizes self-determination theory (SDT) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to understand the role of motivational and social-cognitive factors on individuals' near-work behavior. Adopting a prospective design, undergraduate students (n = 107) completed an initial questionnaire based on SDT in week 1, a second questionnaire containing measures of TPB variables in week 2, and objective measures of reading distance and visual acuity in week 6. The data were analyzed by variance-based structural equation modeling. The results showed that perceived autonomy support and autonomous motivation from SDT significantly predicted attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control from the TPB. These social-cognitive factors were significantly associated with intention and intention significantly predicted reading distance. The relationships in the model held when controlling for visual acuity. In conclusion, the integrated model of SDT and the TPB may help explain myopia-preventive behaviors.
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Hawthorne FA, Young TL. Genetic contributions to myopic refractive error: Insights from human studies and supporting evidence from animal models. Exp Eye Res 2013; 114:141-9. [PMID: 23379998 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies of both population-based and recruited affected patient cohorts have identified a number of genomic regions and candidate genes that may contribute to myopic development. Scientists have developed animal models of myopia, as collection of affected tissues from patents is impractical. Recent advances in whole exome sequencing technology show promise for further elucidation of disease causing variants as in the recent identification of rare variants within ZNF644 segregating with pathological myopia. We present a review of the current research trends and findings on genetic contributions to myopic refraction including candidate loci for myopic development and their genomic convergence with expression studies of animal models inducing myopic development.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To examine predictive factors for visual acuity in highly myopic eyes. METHODS Consecutive patients with high myopia (≥6 diopters [D]) with no other pathology such as lacquer cracks in the fovea, choroidal neovascularization, or myopic macular schisis, were evaluated. The study was performed in 2 retina centers, one in the United States and the other in Japan. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography was obtained, and the central foveal, outer retinal hyporeflective layer and inner segment to retinal pigment epithelium aggregate, and the subfoveal choroidal thicknesses were measured. Correlations were calculated among the measured variables and visual acuity. Generalized estimating equation models were used to identify predictors of visual acuity. RESULTS The New York cohort was composed of 35 eyes of 25 patients who had a mean age of 57 years (standard deviation, ±18.1 years) and a mean refractive error of -10.9 D (±3.6 D). The Japanese cohort was composed of 110 eyes of 61 patients who had a mean age of 46.8 years (±14.7 years) and a mean refractive error of -9.2 D (±3.1 D) and a mean axial length of 27 mm (±1.4 mm). The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 113.3 μm (±53.9 μm) in the New York group and 172.9 μm (±72.8 μm) in the Japanese group. In each group, the subfoveal choroidal thickness showed a significant inverse correlation with age and myopic refractive spherical equivalent. The subfoveal choroidal thickness was inversely correlated with logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity (P = 0.041, New York group; P = 0.001, Japan group). The only significant predictor in the pooled data for logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity was subfoveal choroidal thickness (P ≤ 0.001). Clinic location was not a significant predictor. CONCLUSION Choroidal thickness in high myopia is inversely correlated with increasing age and myopic refractive error and is an important predictor of visual acuity. Given that myopia is increasing worldwide, these findings may have epidemiologic significance.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the relationship between parental smoking and childhood refractive errors in Singapore Chinese children aged 6-72 months recruited through the STrabismus, Amblyopia, and Refractive errors in Singaporean children study. METHODS A total of 4164 children were recruited, with a positive response rate of 72.3% (n=3009). Cycloplegic refraction measurements were obtained from all children by trained eye professionals. Parents underwent an interviewer-administered questionnaire with information on demographics, lifestyle, and parental smoking history being obtained. RESULTS Spherical equivalent readings were obtained for 87.7% of the children. In all, 52.1% were male (n=1375). The overall prevalence of myopia (at least -0.5 D) was 11.0%. Overall, 37.1% of the fathers interviewed gave a history of smoking. Among the mothers interviewed, 9.2% gave a history of smoking, 6.6% had smoked during the child's life, and 2.2% had smoked during the pregnancy. Maternal history of ever smoking, smoking during child's life, and smoking during pregnancy were associated with decreased odds ratio (OR) of childhood myopia (OR 0.50 (P=0.01), OR 0.39 (P=0.01), and OR 0.3 (P=0.14), respectively). Paternal history of smoking was associated with decreased OR of childhood myopia (OR of 0.72 (P=0.02)). CONCLUSION In light of this finding of an inverse association between parental smoking and childhood myopia, further studies are suggested to better understand the role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor pharmacology in ocular development. This may pave the way for the development of targeted treatment strategies for prevention of myopia.
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