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Montoro-Gámez C, Nolte H, Molinié T, Evangelista G, Tröder SE, Barth E, Popovic M, Trifunovic A, Zevnik B, Langer T, Rugarli EI. SARM1 deletion delays cerebellar but not spinal cord degeneration in an enhanced mouse model of SPG7 deficiency. Brain 2023; 146:4117-4131. [PMID: 37086482 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia is a neurological condition characterized by predominant axonal degeneration in long spinal tracts, leading to weakness and spasticity in the lower limbs. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-consuming enzyme SARM1 has emerged as a key executioner of axonal degeneration upon nerve transection and in some neuropathies. An increase in the nicotinamide mononucleotide/NAD+ ratio activates SARM1, causing catastrophic NAD+ depletion and axonal degeneration. However, the role of SARM1 in the pathogenesis of hereditary spastic paraplegia has not been investigated. Here, we report an enhanced mouse model for hereditary spastic paraplegia caused by mutations in SPG7. The eSpg7 knockout mouse carries a deletion in both Spg7 and Afg3l1, a redundant homologue expressed in mice but not in humans. The eSpg7 knockout mice recapitulate the phenotypic features of human patients, showing progressive symptoms of spastic-ataxia and degeneration of axons in the spinal cord as well as the cerebellum. We show that the lack of SPG7 rewires the mitochondrial proteome in both tissues, leading to an early onset decrease in mito-ribosomal subunits and a remodelling of mitochondrial solute carriers and transporters. To interrogate mechanisms leading to axonal degeneration in this mouse model, we explored the involvement of SARM1. Deletion of SARM1 delays the appearance of ataxic signs, rescues mitochondrial swelling and axonal degeneration of cerebellar granule cells and dampens neuroinflammation in the cerebellum. The loss of SARM1 also prevents endoplasmic reticulum abnormalities in long spinal cord axons, but does not halt the degeneration of these axons. Our data thus reveal a neuron-specific interplay between SARM1 and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by lack of SPG7 in hereditary spastic paraplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Montoro-Gámez
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Hendrik Nolte
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Thibaut Molinié
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Giovanna Evangelista
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Simon E Tröder
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne 50931, Germany
- in vivo Research Facility, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Esther Barth
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Milica Popovic
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Trifunovic
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Branko Zevnik
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne 50931, Germany
- in vivo Research Facility, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Thomas Langer
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne 50931, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Elena I Rugarli
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne 50931, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
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Wei X, Ding Y, Wang L, Zhang Q, Wang C, Chen C, You S, Wu M, Kuang F. TLR4-MyD88 signaling is involved in the spinal neurons during the full length of recovery from transection of the motor branch of the femoral nerve in mice. Neuroreport 2023; 34:655-663. [PMID: 37506317 PMCID: PMC10399940 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to see the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and downstream molecules including myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and interleukin 1-β (IL-1β) in the spinal cord as peripheral nerve injury recovered in mice. We established a model of femoral nerve injury (FNI) in C57BL/6 mice by transection of the motor branch of the femoral nerve, followed by retrograde labeling to show the according motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord pars lumbar. We observed the motor function recovery of the injured hind limbs using behavioral tests. The expression of TLR4, MyD88, and IL-1β was examined by immunofluorescent staining and western blot. According to the behavior test, the FNI animals fully recovered within 6-8 weeks. TLR4, MyD88, and IL-1β were expressed in the ventral horn of the spinal cord both at 72 h till 6 weeks after the femoral nerve transection surgery, and these proteins were mostly co-localized with neurons. IL-1β also tended to rise in the same surgery groups, but more intimate with microglia surrounding nearby retrograde labeled neurons. And western blot results were consistent with histological findings. The results indicate that peripheral nerve injury may induce innate immune reactions of the central neurons and critical signaling like TLR4/MyD88 in the spinal cord may reflect the recovery of the injury. These findings suggest that peripheral nerve injury triggered the TLR4/MyD88 signal in the soma of spinal neurons may be involved in function and nerve restoration through neuron-glia crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wei
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University
- School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an
| | - Yumeng Ding
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Lichao Wang
- Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qixingmao Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Chunhuai Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Siwei You
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Mingmei Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Fang Kuang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University
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Jakovcevski I, von Düring M, Lutz D, Vulović M, Hamad M, Reiss G, Förster E, Schachner M. Mice lacking perforin have improved regeneration of the injured femoral nerve. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1802-1808. [PMID: 35017441 PMCID: PMC8820721 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.332152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role that the immune system plays after injury of the peripheral nervous system is still not completely understood. Perforin, a natural killer cell- and T-lymphocyte-derived enzyme that mediates cytotoxicity, plays important roles in autoimmune diseases, infections and central nervous system trauma, such as spinal cord injury. To dissect the roles of this single component of the immune response to injury, we tested regeneration after femoral nerve injury in perforin-deficient (Pfp–/–) and wild-type control mice. Single frame motion analysis showed better motor recovery in Pfp–/– mice compared with control mice at 4 and 8 weeks after injury. Retrograde tracing of the motoneuron axons regrown into the motor nerve branch demonstrated more correctly projecting motoneurons in the spinal cord of Pfp–/– mice compared with wild-types. Myelination of regrown axons measured by g-ratio was more extensive in Pfp–/– than in wild-type mice in the motor branch of the femoral nerve. Pfp–/– mice displayed more cholinergic synaptic terminals around cell bodies of spinal motoneurons after injury than the injured wild-types. We histologically analyzed lymphocyte infiltration 10 days after surgery and found that in Pfp–/– mice the number of lymphocytes in the regenerating nerves was lower than in wild-types, suggesting a closed blood-nerve barrier in Pfp–/– mice. We conclude that perforin restricts motor recovery after femoral nerve injury owing to decreased survival of motoneurons and reduced myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Jakovcevski
- Institut für Anatomie und Klinische Morphologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Monika von Düring
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - David Lutz
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Maja Vulović
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Mohammad Hamad
- Institut für Anatomie und Klinische Morphologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Gebhard Reiss
- Institut für Anatomie und Klinische Morphologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Eckart Förster
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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4
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Pujol C, Legrand A, Parodi L, Thomas P, Mochel F, Saracino D, Coarelli G, Croon M, Popovic M, Valet M, Villain N, Elshafie S, Issa M, Zuily S, Renaud M, Marelli-Tosi C, Legendre M, Trimouille A, Kemlin I, Mathieu S, Gleeson JG, Lamari F, Galatolo D, Alkouri R, Tse C, Rodriguez D, Ewenczyk C, Fellmann F, Kuntzer T, Blond E, El Hachimi KH, Darios F, Seyer A, Gazi AD, Giavalisco P, Perin S, Boucher JL, Le Corre L, Santorelli FM, Goizet C, Zaki MS, Picaud S, Mourier A, Steculorum SM, Mignot C, Durr A, Trifunovic A, Stevanin G. Implication of folate deficiency in CYP2U1 loss of function. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212651. [PMID: 34546337 PMCID: PMC8480666 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias are heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders. Understanding of their pathogenic mechanisms remains sparse, and therapeutic options are lacking. We characterized a mouse model lacking the Cyp2u1 gene, loss of which is known to be involved in a complex form of these diseases in humans. We showed that this model partially recapitulated the clinical and biochemical phenotypes of patients. Using electron microscopy, lipidomic, and proteomic studies, we identified vitamin B2 as a substrate of the CYP2U1 enzyme, as well as coenzyme Q, neopterin, and IFN-α levels as putative biomarkers in mice and fluids obtained from the largest series of CYP2U1-mutated patients reported so far. We also confirmed brain calcifications as a potential biomarker in patients. Our results suggest that CYP2U1 deficiency disrupts mitochondrial function and impacts proper neurodevelopment, which could be prevented by folate supplementation in our mouse model, followed by a neurodegenerative process altering multiple neuronal and extraneuronal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Pujol
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute ICM, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Départements Médico-Universitaires Neuroscience 6, Paris, France.,Pasteur Institute, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR 3691, Paris, France
| | - Anne Legrand
- Paris University, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Centre de Référence des Maladies Vasculaires Rares - Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U97, Paris, France
| | - Livia Parodi
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute ICM, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Départements Médico-Universitaires Neuroscience 6, Paris, France
| | - Priscilla Thomas
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute ICM, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Départements Médico-Universitaires Neuroscience 6, Paris, France.,Pasteur Institute, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR 3691, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Mochel
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute ICM, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Départements Médico-Universitaires Neuroscience 6, Paris, France
| | - Dario Saracino
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute ICM, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Départements Médico-Universitaires Neuroscience 6, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Coarelli
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute ICM, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Départements Médico-Universitaires Neuroscience 6, Paris, France
| | - Marijana Croon
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Milica Popovic
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Manon Valet
- Sorbonne University, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Villain
- Sorbonne University, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, Paris, France
| | - Shahira Elshafie
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Issa
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Stephane Zuily
- University of Lorraine, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U 1116, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Mathilde Renaud
- University of Lorraine, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U 1256, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Cécilia Marelli-Tosi
- Mécanismes Moléculaires dans les Démences Neurodégénératives, University of Montpellier, École pratique des hautes études, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Montpellier, France; Expert Center for Neurogenetic Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Montpellier, France
| | - Marine Legendre
- Genetics Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurélien Trimouille
- Genetics Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Kemlin
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Groupe Hôpitaux Universitaires Est Parisien, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Mathieu
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Groupe Hôpitaux Universitaires Est Parisien, Paris, France
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Foudil Lamari
- Metabolic Biochemistry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Daniele Galatolo
- Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rana Alkouri
- Metabolic Biochemistry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Tse
- Metabolic Biochemistry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Diana Rodriguez
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Groupe Hôpitaux Universitaires Est Parisien, Paris, France
| | - Claire Ewenczyk
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute ICM, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Départements Médico-Universitaires Neuroscience 6, Paris, France
| | - Florence Fellmann
- University of Lausanne, Service de Génétique médicale, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Kuntzer
- University of Lausanne, Nerve-Muscle Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Blond
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Khalid H El Hachimi
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute ICM, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Départements Médico-Universitaires Neuroscience 6, Paris, France.,Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, École pratique des hautes études, Neurogenetics Unit, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Darios
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute ICM, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Départements Médico-Universitaires Neuroscience 6, Paris, France
| | | | - Anastasia D Gazi
- Pasteur Institute, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR 3691, Paris, France
| | | | - Silvina Perin
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Boucher
- Paris Descartes University, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR 8601, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Le Corre
- Paris Descartes University, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR 8601, Paris, France
| | - Filippo M Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cyril Goizet
- Genetics Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne University, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Mourier
- Bordeaux University, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Marie Steculorum
- Group Neurocircuit and Function, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cyril Mignot
- Genetics and Cytogenetics Department, Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Durr
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute ICM, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Départements Médico-Universitaires Neuroscience 6, Paris, France
| | - Aleksandra Trifunovic
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute ICM, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Départements Médico-Universitaires Neuroscience 6, Paris, France.,Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, École pratique des hautes études, Neurogenetics Unit, Paris, France
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5
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Ddhd1 knockout mouse as a model of locomotive and physiological abnormality in familial spastic paraplegia. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:227847. [PMID: 33600578 PMCID: PMC7921290 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20204171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported a novel homozygous 4-bp deletion in DDHD1 as the responsible variant for spastic paraplegia type 28 (SPG28; OMIM#609340). The variant causes a frameshift, resulting in a functionally null allele in the patient. DDHD1 encodes phospholipase A1 (PLA1) catalyzing phosphatidylinositol to lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI). To clarify the pathogenic mechanism of SPG28, we established Ddhd1 knockout mice (Ddhd1[-/-]) carrying a 5-bp deletion in Ddhd1, resulting in a premature termination of translation at a position similar to that of the patient. We observed a significant decrease in foot-base angle (FBA) in aged Ddhd1(-/-) (24 months of age) and a significant decrease in LPI 20:4 (sn-2) in Ddhd1(-/-) cerebra (26 months of age). These changes in FBA were not observed in 14 months of age. We also observed significant changes of expression levels of 22 genes in the Ddhd1(-/-) cerebra (26 months of age). Gene Ontology (GO) terms relating to the nervous system and cell-cell communications were significantly enriched. We conclude that the reduced signaling of LPI 20:4 (sn-2) by PLA1 dysfunction is responsible for the locomotive abnormality in SPG28, further suggesting that the reduction of downstream signaling such as GPR55 which is agonized by LPI is involved in the pathogenesis of SPG28.
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Ebbinghaus M, Tuchscherr L, Segond von Banchet G, Liebmann L, Adams V, Gajda M, Hübner CA, Kurth I, Schaible HG. Gain-of-function mutation in SCN11A causes itch and affects neurogenic inflammation and muscle function in Scn11a+/L799P mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237101. [PMID: 32817686 PMCID: PMC7440628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the genes encoding for voltage-gated sodium channels cause profound sensory disturbances and other symptoms dependent on the distribution of a particular channel subtype in different organs. Humans with the gain-of-function mutation p.Leu811Pro in SCN11A (encoding for the voltage-gated Nav1.9 channel) exhibit congenital insensitivity to pain, pruritus, self-inflicted injuries, slow healing wounds, muscle weakness, Charcot-like arthropathies, and intestinal dysmotility. As already shown, knock-in mice (Scn11a+/L799P) carrying the orthologous mutation p.Leu799Pro replicate reduced pain sensitivity and show frequent tissue lesions. In the present study we explored whether Scn11a+/L799P mice develop also pruritus, muscle weakness, and changes in gastrointestinal transit time. Furthermore, we analyzed morphological and functional differences in nerves, skeletal muscle, joints and small intestine from Scn11a+/L799P and Scn11a+/+ wild type mice. Compared to Scn11a+/+ mice, Scn11a+/L799P mice showed enhanced scratching bouts before skin lesions developed, indicating pruritus. Scn11a+/L799P mice exhibited reduced grip strength, but no disturbances in motor coordination. Skeletal muscle fiber types and joint architecture were unaltered in Scn11a+/L799P mice. Their gastrointestinal transit time was unaltered. The small intestine from Scn11a+/L799P showed a small shift towards less frequent peristaltic movements. Similar proportions of lumbar dorsal root ganglion neurons from Scn11a+/L799P and Scn11a+/+ mice were calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP-) positive, but isolated sciatic nerves from Scn11a+/L799P mice exhibited a significant reduction of the capsaicin-evoked release of CGRP indicating reduced neurogenic inflammation. These data indicate important Nav1.9 channel functions in several organs in both humans and mice. They support the pathophysiological relevance of increased basal activity of Nav1.9 channels for sensory abnormalities (pain and itch) and suggest resulting malfunctions of the motor system and of the gastrointestinal tract. Scn11a+/L799P mice are suitable to investigate the role of Nav1.9, and to explore the pathophysiological changes and mechanisms which develop as a consequence of Nav1.9 hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ebbinghaus
- Institute of Physiology 1/Neurophysiology, University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lorena Tuchscherr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Gisela Segond von Banchet
- Institute of Physiology 1/Neurophysiology, University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lutz Liebmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Volker Adams
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mieczyslaw Gajda
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian A. Hübner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty - RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Schaible
- Institute of Physiology 1/Neurophysiology, University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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7
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Heinzel JC, Hercher D, Redl H. The course of recovery of locomotor function over a 10-week observation period in a rat model of femoral nerve resection and autograft repair. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01580. [PMID: 32097542 PMCID: PMC7177579 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A great extent of knowledge on peripheral nerve regeneration has been gathered using the rat sciatic nerve model. The femoral nerve model of the rat offers an interesting alternative, as it lacks disadvantageous features such as automutilation. For the analysis of locomotor behavior in rats after sciatic nerve injury, the CatWalk™ XT Gait Analysis System is often used. However, lesions of the femoral nerve in the rat have yet remained unstudied with this method. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ten male Sprague Dawley rats were evaluated with the CatWalk XT to study their gait after a 6-mm resection of the right femoral nerve and reconstruction with an autologous nerve graft. Animals were observed for 10 weeks after surgery. RESULTS Print Area, Print Length, Swing Speed, and Duty Cycle decreased to a minimum of 40% of baseline 2 weeks after surgery. Swing Time was elevated more than twofold at this time point. However, all these parameters recovered back to >90% of baseline values at 10 weeks after surgery. This degree of functional recovery has not been reported after sciatic nerve resection and autograft repair. Base of support varied minimally postoperatively in contrast to a strong decrement after sciatic nerve resection and repair. CONCLUSION We hereby provide a comprehensive in-depth analysis of how to study functional recovery after injury of the femoral nerve in the rat via the CatWalk XT. We place special emphasis on highlighting the differences between the femoral nerve and sciatic nerve injury model in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Christoph Heinzel
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Trauma Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Hercher
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Trauma Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Trauma Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Koch N, Koch D, Krueger S, Tröger J, Sabanov V, Ahmed T, McMillan LE, Wolf D, Montag D, Kessels MM, Balschun D, Qualmann B. Syndapin I Loss-of-Function in Mice Leads to Schizophrenia-Like Symptoms. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:4306-4324. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions thought to reflect imbalances in neurotransmission systems. Recent screenings suggested that lack of (functional) syndapin I (PACSIN1) may be linked to schizophrenia. We therefore studied syndapin I KO mice to address the suggested causal relationship to schizophrenia and to analyze associated molecular, cellular, and neurophysiological defects. Syndapin I knockout (KO) mice developed schizophrenia-related behaviors, such as hyperactivity, reduced anxiety, reduced response to social novelty, and an exaggerated novel object response and exhibited defects in dendritic arborization in the cortex. Neuromorphogenic deficits were also observed for a schizophrenia-associated syndapin I mutant in cultured neurons and coincided with a lack of syndapin I–mediated membrane recruitment of cytoskeletal effectors. Syndapin I KO furthermore caused glutamatergic hypofunctions. Syndapin I regulated both AMPAR and NMDAR availabilities at synapses during basal synaptic activity and during synaptic plasticity—particularly striking were a complete lack of long-term potentiation and defects in long-term depression in syndapin I KO mice. These synaptic plasticity defects coincided with alterations of postsynaptic actin dynamics, synaptic GluA1 clustering, and GluA1 mobility. Both GluA1 and GluA2 were not appropriately internalized. Summarized, syndapin I KO led to schizophrenia-like behavior, and our analyses uncovered associated molecular and cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Koch
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dennis Koch
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah Krueger
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jessica Tröger
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Victor Sabanov
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Brain & Cognition, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tariq Ahmed
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Brain & Cognition, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura E McMillan
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - David Wolf
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Montag
- Neurogenetics Lab, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39116 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael M Kessels
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Detlef Balschun
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Brain & Cognition, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Britta Qualmann
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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9
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Hercher D, Kerbl M, Schuh CMAP, Heinzel J, Gal L, Stainer M, Schmidhammer R, Hausner T, Redl H, Nógrádi A, Hacobian A. Spatiotemporal Differences in Gene Expression Between Motor and Sensory Autografts and Their Effect on Femoral Nerve Regeneration in the Rat. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:182. [PMID: 31139050 PMCID: PMC6519304 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the outcome after autologous nerve grafting in the clinic, it is important to understand the limiting variables such as distinct phenotypes of motor and sensory Schwann cells. This study investigated the properties of phenotypically different autografts in a 6 mm femoral nerve defect model in the rat, where the respective femoral branches distally of the inguinal bifurcation served as homotopic, or heterotopic autografts. Axonal regeneration and target reinnervation was analyzed by gait analysis, electrophysiology, and wet muscle mass analysis. We evaluated regeneration-associated gene expression between 5 days and 10 weeks after repair, in the autografts as well as the proximal, and distal segments of the femoral nerve using qRT-PCR. Furthermore we investigated expression patterns of phenotypically pure ventral and dorsal roots. We identified highly significant differences in gene expression of a variety of regeneration-associated genes along the central – peripheral axis in healthy femoral nerves. Phenotypically mismatched grafting resulted in altered spatiotemporal expression of neurotrophic factor BDNF, GDNF receptor GFRα1, cell adhesion molecules Cadm3, Cadm4, L1CAM, and proliferation associated Ki67. Although significantly higher quadriceps muscle mass following homotopic nerve grafting was measured, we did not observe differences in gait analysis, and electrophysiological parameters between treatment paradigms. Our study provides evidence for phenotypic commitment of autologous nerve grafts after injury and gives a conclusive overview of temporal expression of several important regeneration-associated genes after repair with sensory or motor graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hercher
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Kerbl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina M A P Schuh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Johannes Heinzel
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - László Gal
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Michaela Stainer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Schmidhammer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Hausner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antal Nógrádi
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ara Hacobian
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Raslan A, Salem MAM, Al‐Hussaini A, Guntinas‐Lichius O, Irintchev A. Brief Electrical Stimulation Improves Functional Recovery After Femoral But Not After Facial Nerve Injury in Rats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1304-1313. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Raslan
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyJena University Hospital Jena Germany
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyAssiut University Assiut Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Andrey Irintchev
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyJena University Hospital Jena Germany
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11
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de Freitas CM, Krum BN, Chiapinotto Ceretta AP, Schaffer LF, de Moraes Reis E, Schwerz JP, Barbosa CP, Soares FAA, Fachinetto R. Silymarin recovers 6-hydroxydopamine-induced motor deficits in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:549-556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Rink S, Bendella H, Alsolivany K, Meyer C, Woehler A, Jansen R, Isik Z, Stein G, Wennmachers S, Nakamura M, Angelov DN. Constitutively reduced sensory capacity promotes better recovery after spinal cord-injury (SCI) in blind rats of the dystrophic RCS strain. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 36:397-416. [DOI: 10.3233/rnn-170789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Rink
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Habib Bendella
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Carolin Meyer
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Ramona Jansen
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Zeynep Isik
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Gregor Stein
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Helios Klinikum Siegburg, Germany
| | | | - Makoto Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
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13
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Guseva D, Jakovcevski I, Irintchev A, Leshchyns’ka I, Sytnyk V, Ponimaskin E, Schachner M. Cell Adhesion Molecule Close Homolog of L1 (CHL1) Guides the Regrowth of Regenerating Motor Axons and Regulates Synaptic Coverage of Motor Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:174. [PMID: 29881335 PMCID: PMC5976800 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The close homolog of L1 (CHL1) is a cell adhesion molecule involved in regulation of neuronal differentiation and survival, neurite outgrowth and axon guidance during development. In the mature nervous system, CHL1 regulates synaptic activity and plasticity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of CHL1 on peripheral nerve regeneration after trauma. Using the established model of mouse femoral nerve regeneration, CHL1 knock-out mice were investigated in comparison to the wild type littermates. First, non-injured mice of both genotypes were compared regarding the synaptic phenotypes in the corresponding spinal cord segment. While no differences in phenotypes were detectable in the femoral nerve, corresponding segments in the spinal cord were observed to differ in that inhibitory perisomatic innervation of motor neurons was increased in CHL1-deficient mice, and numbers of perisomatic cholinergic synapses on motor neuronal somata were reduced. Regarding the femoral nerve after injury, CHL1-deficient mice demonstrated preferential motor axon regrowth into the saphenous vs. quadriceps branch after nerve transection upstream of the nerve bifurcation by 8 weeks after transection, indicating decreased preferential motor re-innervation. Furthermore, in injured wild-type mice, enhanced CHL1 expression was observed in regenerating axons in the proximal nerve stump upstream of the bifurcation at days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14, and in the distal stump at days 7 and 14 after injury, when compared to non-injured mice. Injury-related upregulation of CHL1 expression was more pronounced in axons than in Schwann cells. Despite a more pronounced capacity for preferential motor axon regrowth in wild-type vs. mutant mice, only a tendency for difference in recovery of motor functions was observed between genotypes, without statistical significance Taken together, these results indicate that CHL1 is involved in peripheral nerve regeneration, because it guides regrowing axons into the appropriate nerve branch and regulates synaptic coverage in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Guseva
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Igor Jakovcevski
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Experimental Neurophysiology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrey Irintchev
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Iryna Leshchyns’ka
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, South Western Sydney Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vladimir Sytnyk
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, South Western Sydney Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Evgeni Ponimaskin
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- *Correspondence: Melitta Schachner
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14
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Manthou M, Abdulla DSY, Pavlov SP, Jansen R, Bendella H, Nohroudi K, Stein G, Meyer C, Ozsoy O, Ozsoy U, Behram Kandemir Y, Sarikcioglu L, Semler O, Schoenau E, Dunlop S, Angelov DN. Whole body vibration (WBV) following spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats: Timing of intervention. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2017; 35:185-216. [DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Manthou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Ramona Jansen
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Habib Bendella
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Gregor Stein
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Carolin Meyer
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Ozlem Ozsoy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Umut Ozsoy
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - Levent Sarikcioglu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | | | - Sarah Dunlop
- Experimental and Regenerative Neuroscience, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
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15
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Kataria H, Lutz D, Chaudhary H, Schachner M, Loers G. Small Molecule Agonists of Cell Adhesion Molecule L1 Mimic L1 Functions In Vivo. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:4461-83. [PMID: 26253722 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lack of permissive mechanisms and abundance of inhibitory molecules in the lesioned central nervous system of adult mammals contribute to the failure of functional recovery after injury, leading to severe disabilities in motor functions and pain. Peripheral nerve injury impairs motor, sensory, and autonomic functions, particularly in cases where nerve gaps are large and chronic nerve injury ensues. Previous studies have indicated that the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 constitutes a viable target to promote regeneration after acute injury. We screened libraries of known drugs for small molecule agonists of L1 and evaluated the effect of hit compounds in cell-based assays in vitro and in mice after femoral nerve and spinal cord injuries in vivo. We identified eight small molecule L1 agonists and showed in cell-based assays that they stimulate neuronal survival, neuronal migration, and neurite outgrowth and enhance Schwann cell proliferation and migration and myelination of neurons in an L1-dependent manner. In a femoral nerve injury mouse model, enhanced functional regeneration and remyelination after application of the L1 agonists were observed. In a spinal cord injury mouse model, L1 agonists improved recovery of motor functions, being paralleled by enhanced remyelination, neuronal survival, and monoaminergic innervation, reduced astrogliosis, and activation of microglia. Together, these findings suggest that application of small organic compounds that bind to L1 and stimulate the beneficial homophilic L1 functions may prove to be a valuable addition to treatments of nervous system injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Kataria
- Institut für Biosynthese Neuraler Strukturen, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum-Hamburg Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Lutz
- Institut für Biosynthese Neuraler Strukturen, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum-Hamburg Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harshita Chaudhary
- Institut für Biosynthese Neuraler Strukturen, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum-Hamburg Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China.
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Institut für Biosynthese Neuraler Strukturen, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum-Hamburg Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Neuron-Specific Deletion of the Nf2 Tumor Suppressor Impairs Functional Nerve Regeneration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159718. [PMID: 27467574 PMCID: PMC4965074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to axons of the central nervous system (CNS), axons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) show better, but still incomplete and often slow regeneration following injury. The tumor suppressor protein merlin, mutated in the hereditary tumor syndrome Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), has recently been shown to have RhoA regulatory functions in PNS neurons—in addition to its well-characterized, growth-inhibitory activity in Schwann cells. Here we report that the conditional knockout of merlin in PNS neurons leads to impaired functional recovery of mice following sciatic nerve crush injury, in a gene-dosage dependent manner. Gross anatomical or electrophysiological alterations of sciatic nerves could not be detected. However, correlating with attenuated RhoA activation due to merlin deletion, ultrastructural analysis of nerve samples indicated enhanced sprouting of axons with reduced caliber size and increased myelination compared to wildtype animals. We conclude that deletion of the tumor suppressor merlin in the neuronal compartment of peripheral nerves results in compromised functional regeneration after injury. This mechanism could explain the clinical observation that NF2 patients suffer from higher incidences of slowly recovering facial nerve paralysis after vestibular schwannoma surgery.
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17
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Lutz D, Kataria H, Kleene R, Loers G, Chaudhary H, Guseva D, Wu B, Jakovcevski I, Schachner M. Myelin Basic Protein Cleaves Cell Adhesion Molecule L1 and Improves Regeneration After Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:3360-3376. [PMID: 26081148 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Myelin basic protein (MBP) is a serine protease that cleaves neural cell adhesion molecule L1 and generates a transmembrane L1 fragment which facilitates L1-dependent functions in vitro, such as neurite outgrowth, neuronal cell migration and survival, myelination by Schwann cells as well as Schwann cell proliferation, migration, and process formation. Ablation and blocking of MBP or disruption of its proteolytic activity by mutation of a proteolytically active serine residue abolish L1-dependent cellular responses. In utero injection of adeno-associated virus encoding proteolytically active MBP into MBP-deficient shiverer mice normalizes differentiation, myelination, and synaptogenesis in the developing postnatal spinal cord, in contrast to proteolytically inactive MBP. Application of active MBP to the injured wild-type spinal cord and femoral nerve augments levels of a transmembrane L1 fragment, promotes remyelination, and improves functional recovery after injury. Application of MBP antibody impairs recovery. Virus-mediated expression of active MBP in the lesion site after spinal cord injury results in improved functional recovery, whereas injection of virus encoding proteolytically inactive MBP fails to do so. The present study provides evidence for a novel L1-mediated function of MBP in the developing spinal cord and in the injured adult mammalian nervous system that leads to enhanced recovery after acute trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lutz
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hardeep Kataria
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kleene
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harshita Chaudhary
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daria Guseva
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bin Wu
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Igor Jakovcevski
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Melitta Schachner, Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China.
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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18
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Fricker L, Penna V, Lampert F, Stark GB, Witzel C, Koulaxouzidis G. A self-made, low-cost infrared system for evaluating the sciatic functional index in mice. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:829-34. [PMID: 27335570 PMCID: PMC4904477 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.182712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The sciatic functional index (SFI) is a popular parameter for peripheral nerve evaluation that relies on footprints obtained with ink and paper. Drawbacks include smearing artefacts and a lack of dynamic information during measurement. Modern applications use digitized systems that can deliver results with less analytical effort and fewer mice. However, the systems are expensive (€40,000). This study aimed to evaluate the applicability and precision of a self-made, low-cost infrared system for evaluating SFI in mice. Mice were subjected to unilateral sciatic nerve crush injury (crush group; n = 7) and sham operation (sham group; n = 4). They were evaluated on the day before surgery, the 2nd, 4th and 6th days after injury, and then every day up to the 23rd day after injury. We compared two SFI evaluation methods, i.e., conventional ink-and-paper SFI (C-SFI) and our infrared system (I-SFI). Our apparatus visualized footprints with totally internally reflected infrared light (950 nm) and a camera that can only detect this wavelength. Additionally we performed an analysis with the ladder beam walking test (LBWT) as a reference test. I-SFI assessment reduced the standard deviation by about 33 percent, from 11.6 to 7.8, and cut the variance around the baseline to 21 percent. The system thus requires fewer measurement repetitions and fewer animals, and cuts the cost of keeping the animals. The apparatus cost €321 to build. Our results show that the process of obtaining the SFI can be made more precise via digitization with a self-made, low-cost infrared system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Fricker
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Penna
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Lampert
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - G Bjoern Stark
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Witzel
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georgios Koulaxouzidis
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Ezra M, Bushman J, Shreiber D, Schachner M, Kohn J. Porous and Nonporous Nerve Conduits: The Effects of a Hydrogel Luminal Filler With and Without a Neurite-Promoting Moiety. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 22:818-26. [PMID: 27102571 PMCID: PMC4876540 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve conduits prefilled with hydrogels are frequently explored in an attempt to promote nerve regeneration. This study examines the interplay in vivo between the porosity of the conduit wall and the level of bioactivity of the hydrogel used to fill the conduit. Nerve regeneration in porous (P) or nonporous (NP) conduits that were filled with either collagen only or collagen enhanced with a covalently attached neurite-promoting peptide mimic of the glycan human natural killer cell antigen-1 (m-HNK) were compared in a 5 mm critical size defect in the mouse femoral nerve repair model. Although collagen is a cell-friendly matrix that does not differentiate between neural and nonneural cells, the m-HNK-enhanced collagen specifically promotes axon growth and appropriate motor neuron targeting. In this study, animals treated with NP conduits filled with collagen grafted with m-HNK (CollagenHNK) had the best overall functional recovery, based on a range of histomorphometric observations and parameters of functional recovery. Our data indicate that under some conditions, the use of generally cell friendly fillers such as collagen may limit nerve regeneration. This finding is significant, considering the frequent use of collagen-based hydrogels as fillers of nerve conduits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Ezra
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jared Bushman
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - David Shreiber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Melitta Schachner
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Joachim Kohn
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
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Lee YS, Griffin J, Masand SN, Shreiber DI, Uhrich KE. Salicylic acid-based poly(anhydride-ester) nerve guidance conduits: Impact of localized drug release on nerve regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:975-82. [PMID: 26691691 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) can serve as physical scaffolds aligning and supporting regenerating cells while preventing scar tissue formation that often interferes with the regeneration process. Numerous studies have focused on functionalizing NGCs with neurotrophic factors, for example, to support nerve regeneration over longer gaps, but few directly incorporate therapeutic agents. Herein, we fabricated NGCs from a polyanhydride comprised of salicylic acid (SA), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, then performed in vitro and in vivo assays. In vitro studies included cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory response, and NGC porosity measurements. To prepare for implantation, type I collagen hydrogels were used as NGC luminal fillers to further enhance the axonal regeneration process. For the in vivo studies, SA-NGCs were implanted in femoral nerves of mice for 16 weeks and evaluated for functional recovery. The SA-based NGCs functioned as both a drug delivery vehicle capable of reducing inflammation and scar tissue formation because of SA release as well as a tissue scaffold that promotes peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong S Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Jeremy Griffin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Shirley N Masand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - David I Shreiber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Kathryn E Uhrich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854
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21
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Jahic A, Khundadze M, Jaenisch N, Schüle R, Klimpe S, Klebe S, Frahm C, Kassubek J, Stevanin G, Schöls L, Brice A, Hübner CA, Beetz C. The spectrum of KIAA0196 variants, and characterization of a murine knockout: implications for the mutational mechanism in hereditary spastic paraplegia type SPG8. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:147. [PMID: 26572744 PMCID: PMC4647479 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are rare neurodegenerative gait disorders which are genetically highly heterogeneous. For each single form, eventual consideration of therapeutic strategies requires an understanding of the mechanism by which mutations confer pathogenicity. SPG8 is a dominantly inherited HSP, and associated with rather early onset and rapid progression. A total of nine mutations in KIAA0196, which encodes the WASH regulatory complex (SHRC) member strumpellin, have been reported in SPG8 patients so far. Based on biochemical and cell biological approaches, they have been suggested to act via loss of function-mediated haploinsufficiency. Methods We generated a deletion-based knockout allele for E430025E21Rik, i.e. the murine homologue of KIAA0196. The consequences on mRNA and protein levels were analyzed by qPCR and Western-blotting, respectively. Motor performance was evaluated by the foot-base angle paradigm. Axon outgrowth and relevant organelle compartments were investigated in primary neuron cultures and primary fibroblast cultures, respectively. A homemade multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assay enabling identification of large inactivating KIAA0196 deletion alleles was applied to DNA from 240 HSP index patients. Results Homozygous but not heterozygous mice showed early embryonic lethality. No transcripts from the knockout allele were detected, and the previously suggested compensation by the wild-type allele upon heterozygosity was disproven. mRNA expression of genes encoding other SHRC members was unaltered, while there was evidence for reduced SHRC abundance at protein level. We did, however, neither observe HSP-related in vivo and ex vivo phenotypes, nor alterations affecting endosomal, lysosomal, or autophagic compartments. KIAA0196 copy number screening excluded large inactivating deletion mutations in HSP patients. The consequences of monoallelic KIAA0196/E430025E21Rik activation thus differ from those observed for dominant HSP genes for which a loss-of-function mechanism is well established. Conclusions Our data do not support the current view that heterozygous loss of strumpellin/SHRC function leads to haploinsufficiency and, in turn, to HSP. The lethality of homozygous knockout mice, i.e. the effect of complete loss of function, also argues against a dominant negative effect of mutant on wild-type strumpellin in patients. Toxic gain-of-function represents a potential alternative explanation. Confirmation of this therapeutically relevant hypothesis in vivo, however, will require availability of appropriate knockin models. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-015-0359-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Jahic
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mukhran Khundadze
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Nadine Jaenisch
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sven Klimpe
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Klebe
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Frahm
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- INSERM U1127, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR_S1127, CNRS UMR7225, EPHE, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexis Brice
- INSERM U1127, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR_S1127, CNRS UMR7225, EPHE, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | | | - Christian Beetz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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22
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Navarro X. Functional evaluation of peripheral nerve regeneration and target reinnervation in animal models: a critical overview. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 43:271-86. [PMID: 26228942 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries usually lead to severe loss of motor, sensory and autonomic functions in the patients. Due to the complex requirements for adequate axonal regeneration, functional recovery is often poorly achieved. Experimental models are useful to investigate the mechanisms related to axonal regeneration and tissue reinnervation, and to test new therapeutic strategies to improve functional recovery. Therefore, objective and reliable evaluation methods should be applied for the assessment of regeneration and function restitution after nerve injury in animal models. This review gives an overview of the most useful methods to assess nerve regeneration, target reinnervation and recovery of complex sensory and motor functions, their values and limitations. The selection of methods has to be adequate to the main objective of the research study, either enhancement of axonal regeneration, improving regeneration and reinnervation of target organs by different types of nerve fibres, or increasing recovery of complex sensory and motor functions. It is generally recommended to use more than one functional method for each purpose, and also to perform morphological studies of the injured nerve and the reinnervated targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
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23
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Oliveira CVD, Grigoletto J, Funck VR, Ribeiro LR, Royes LFF, Fighera MR, Furian AF, Oliveira MS. Evaluation of potential gender-related differences in behavioral and cognitive alterations following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in C57BL/6 mice. Physiol Behav 2015; 143:142-50. [PMID: 25749198 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Together with pharmacoresistant seizures, the quality of life of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients is negatively impacted by behavioral comorbidities including but not limited to depression, anxiety and cognitive deficits. The pilocarpine model of TLE has been widely used to study characteristics of human TLE, including behavioral comorbidities. Since the outcomes of pilocarpine-induced TLE might vary depending on several experimental factors, we sought to investigate potential gender-related differences regarding selected behavioral alterations in C57BL6 mice. We found that epileptic mice, independent of gender, displayed increased anxiety-like behavior in the open-field test. In the object recognition test, epileptic mice, regardless of gender, showed a decreased recognition index at 24 (but not at 4) hours after training. On the other hand, no significant differences were found regarding mice learning and memory performance in the Barnes maze paradigm. Motor coordination and balance as assessed by the beam walk and rotarod tests were not impaired in epileptic mice of both genders. However, female mice, independent of epilepsy, performed the beam walk and rotarod tasks better than their male counterparts. We also found that only male epileptic mice displayed disturbed behavior in the forced swim test, but the mice of both genders displayed anhedonia-like behavior in the taste preference test. Lastly, we found that the extent of hilar cell loss is similar in both genders. In summary, both genders can be successfully employed to study behavioral comorbidities of TLE; however, taking the potential gender differences into account may help choose the more appropriated gender for a given task, which may be of value for the minimization of the number of animals used during the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jéssica Grigoletto
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Rafael Funck
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | | | - Michele Rechia Fighera
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Furian
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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24
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Schaakxs D, Kalbermatten DF, Pralong E, Raffoul W, Wiberg M, Kingham PJ. Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate strips seeded with regenerative cells are effective promoters of peripheral nerve repair. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:812-821. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Schaakxs
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology; Umeå University; Sweden
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, CHUV; University Hospital of Lausanne; Switzerland
| | - Daniel F. Kalbermatten
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery; University Hospital of Basel; Switzerland
| | - Etienne Pralong
- Department of Neurosurgery; University Hospital of Lausanne; Switzerland
| | - Wassim Raffoul
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, CHUV; University Hospital of Lausanne; Switzerland
| | - Mikael Wiberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology; Umeå University; Sweden
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences; Umeå University; Sweden
| | - Paul J. Kingham
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology; Umeå University; Sweden
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25
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Mehanna A, Szpotowicz E, Schachner M, Jakovcevski I. Improved regeneration after femoral nerve injury in mice lacking functional T- and B-lymphocytes. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:147-55. [PMID: 24967682 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The immune system plays important functional roles in regeneration after injury to the mammalian central and peripheral nervous systems. After damage to the peripheral nerve several types of immune cells, invade the nerve within hours after the injury. To gain insights into the contribution of T- and B-lymphocytes to recovery from injury we used the mouse femoral nerve injury paradigm. RAG2-/- mice lacking mature T- and B-lymphocytes due to deletion of the recombination activating gene 2 were subjected to resection and surgical reconstruction of the femoral nerve, with the wild-type mice of the same inbred genetic background serving as controls. According to single frame motion analyses, RAG2-/- mice showed better motor recovery in comparison to control mice at four and eight weeks after injury. Retrograde tracing of regrown/sprouted axons of spinal motoneurons showed increased numbers of correctly projecting motoneurons in the lumbar spinal cord of RAG2-/- mice compared with controls. Whereas there was no difference in the motoneuron soma size between genotypes, RAG2-/- mice displayed fewer cholinergic and inhibitory synaptic terminals around somata of spinal motoneurons both prior to and after injury, compared with wild-type mice. Extent of myelination of regrown axons in the motor branch of the femoral nerve measured as g-ratio was more extensive in RAG2-/- than in control mice eight weeks after injury. We conclude that activated T- and B-lymphocytes restrict motor recovery after femoral nerve injury, associated with the increased survival of motoneurons and improved remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mehanna
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Lebanese International University School of Arts & Sciences, P.O. Box: 146404 Mazraa, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Emanuela Szpotowicz
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou 515041, PR China.
| | - Igor Jakovcevski
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Experimental Neurophysiology, University Hospital Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, 50931 Köln, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175 Bonn, Germany.
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26
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Kruspe M, Thieme H, Guntinas-Lichius O, Irintchev A. Motoneuron regeneration accuracy and recovery of gait after femoral nerve injuries in rats. Neuroscience 2014; 280:73-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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A Fab fragment directed against the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 enhances functional recovery after injury of the adult mouse spinal cord. Biochem J 2014; 460:437-46. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20131677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant monovalent Fab fragment recognizing a functional epitope within the third fibronectin type III domain of murine cell adhesion molecule L1 induces neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival in vitro and enhances functional recovery after spinal cord injury in mice.
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28
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de Oliveira CV, Grigoletto J, Funck VR, Ribeiro LR, Royes LFF, Fighera MR, Furian AF, Oliveira MS. WITHDRAWN: Evaluation of potential gender-related differences in behavioral and cognitive alterations following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in C57BL/6 mice. Physiol Behav 2014:S0031-9384(14)00128-0. [PMID: 24625817 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jéssica Grigoletto
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Rafael Funck
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | | | - Michele Rechia Fighera
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Furian
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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29
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Guseva D, Loers G, Schachner M. Function-triggering antibodies to the adhesion molecule L1 enhance recovery after injury of the adult mouse femoral nerve. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112984. [PMID: 25393007 PMCID: PMC4231121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
L1 is among the few adhesion molecules that favors repair after trauma in the adult central nervous system of vertebrates by promoting neuritogenesis and neuronal survival, among other beneficial features. In the peripheral nervous system, L1 is up-regulated in Schwann cells and regrowing axons after nerve damage, but the functional consequences of this expression remain unclear. Our previous study of L1-deficient mice in a femoral nerve injury model showed an unexpected improved functional recovery, attenuated motoneuronal cell death, and enhanced Schwann cell proliferation, being attributed to the persistent synthesis of neurotrophic factors. On the other hand, transgenic mice over-expressing L1 in neurons led to improved remyelination, but not improved functional recovery. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether the monoclonal L1 antibody 557 that triggers beneficial L1 functions in vitro would trigger these also in femoral nerve repair. We analyzed femoral nerve regeneration in C57BL/6J mice that received this antibody in a hydrogel filled conduit connecting the cut and sutured nerve before its bifurcation, leading to short-term release of antibody by diffusion. Video-based quantitative analysis of motor functions showed improved recovery when compared to mice treated with conduits containing PBS in the hydrogel scaffold, as a vehicle control. This improved recovery was associated with attenuated motoneuron loss, remyelination and improved precision of preferential motor reinnervation. We suggest that function-triggering L1 antibodies applied to the lesion site at the time of injury over a limited time period will not only be beneficial in peripheral, but also central nervous system regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Guseva
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Khundadze M, Kollmann K, Koch N, Biskup C, Nietzsche S, Zimmer G, Hennings JC, Huebner AK, Symmank J, Jahic A, Ilina EI, Karle K, Schöls L, Kessels M, Braulke T, Qualmann B, Kurth I, Beetz C, Hübner CA. A hereditary spastic paraplegia mouse model supports a role of ZFYVE26/SPASTIZIN for the endolysosomal system. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003988. [PMID: 24367272 PMCID: PMC3868532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are characterized by progressive weakness and spasticity of the legs because of the degeneration of cortical motoneuron axons. SPG15 is a recessively inherited HSP variant caused by mutations in the ZFYVE26 gene and is additionally characterized by cerebellar ataxia, mental decline, and progressive thinning of the corpus callosum. ZFYVE26 encodes the FYVE domain-containing protein ZFYVE26/SPASTIZIN, which has been suggested to be associated with the newly discovered adaptor protein 5 (AP5) complex. We show that Zfyve26 is broadly expressed in neurons, associates with intracellular vesicles immunopositive for the early endosomal marker EEA1, and co-fractionates with a component of the AP5 complex. As the function of ZFYVE26 in neurons was largely unknown, we disrupted Zfyve26 in mice. Zfyve26 knockout mice do not show developmental defects but develop late-onset spastic paraplegia with cerebellar ataxia confirming that SPG15 is caused by ZFYVE26 deficiency. The morphological analysis reveals axon degeneration and progressive loss of both cortical motoneurons and Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Importantly, neuron loss is preceded by accumulation of large intraneuronal deposits of membrane-surrounded material, which co-stains with the lysosomal marker Lamp1. A density gradient analysis of brain lysates shows an increase of Lamp1-positive membrane compartments with higher densities in Zfyve26 knockout mice. Increased levels of lysosomal enzymes in brains of aged knockout mice further support an alteration of the lysosomal compartment upon disruption of Zfyve26. We propose that SPG15 is caused by an endolysosomal membrane trafficking defect, which results in endolysosomal dysfunction. This appears to be particularly relevant in neurons with highly specialized neurites such as cortical motoneurons and Purkinje cells. Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are inherited disorders characterized by progressive weakness and spasticity of the legs. In HSP patients, nerve fibers connecting cortical motoneurons with spinal cord neurons are progressively lost. HSP subtype 15 (SPG15) is caused by mutations in ZFYVE26, and is characterized by additional cerebellar symptoms. We show that the Zfyve26 protein is broadly expressed in the brain. At the subcellular level Zfyve26 localizes to an intracellular compartment in the endocytic pathway from the plasma membrane to lysosomes, which is part of the degradative system of the cell. Closely resembling the human disease, mice deficient for Zfyve26 develop a progressive spastic gait disorder with cerebellar symptoms and degeneration of both neurons of the motor cortex and Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Importantly, this degeneration is characterized by the intracellular accumulation of abnormal deposits, which stain positive for the lysosomal marker Lamp1. As Zfyve26 has been shown to interact with the newly identified adaptor complex AP5, which is supposed to be involved in cargo trafficking in the endolysosomal compartment, endolysosomal dysfunction may be caused by a targeting defect upon disruption of Zfyve26. As highly specialized neurons like cortical motoneurons and cerebellar Purkinje cells degenerate, these neurons appear to be particularly dependent on proper endolysosomal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhran Khundadze
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Kollmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Koch
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Biskup
- Department of Biomolecular Photonics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandor Nietzsche
- Electron Microscopy Center, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Geraldine Zimmer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - J. Christopher Hennings
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Antje K. Huebner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Judit Symmank
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Amir Jahic
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Elena I. Ilina
- Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Karle
- Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Kessels
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Braulke
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Britta Qualmann
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Beetz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian A. Hübner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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31
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Alant JDDV, Senjaya F, Ivanovic A, Forden J, Shakhbazau A, Midha R. The impact of motor axon misdirection and attrition on behavioral deficit following experimental nerve injuries. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82546. [PMID: 24282624 PMCID: PMC3839879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve transection and neuroma-in-continuity injuries are associated with permanent functional deficits, often despite successful end-organ reinnervation. Axonal misdirection with non-specific reinnervation, frustrated regeneration and axonal attrition are believed to be among the anatomical substrates that underlie the poor functional recovery associated with these devastating injuries. Yet, functional deficits associated with axonal misdirection in experimental neuroma-in-continuity injuries have not yet been studied. We hypothesized that experimental neuroma-in-continuity injuries would result in motor axon misdirection and attrition with proportional persistent functional deficits. The femoral nerve misdirection model was exploited to assess major motor pathway misdirection and axonal attrition over a spectrum of experimental nerve injuries, with neuroma-in-continuity injuries simulated by the combination of compression and traction forces in 42 male rats. Sciatic nerve injuries were employed in an additional 42 rats, to evaluate the contribution of axonal misdirection to locomotor deficits by a ladder rung task up to 12 weeks. Retrograde motor neuron labeling techniques were utilized to determine the degree of axonal misdirection and attrition. Characteristic histological neuroma-in-continuity features were demonstrated in the neuroma-in-continuity groups and poor functional recovery was seen despite successful nerve regeneration and muscle reinnervation. Good positive and negative correlations were observed respectively between axonal misdirection (p<.0001, r(2)=.67), motor neuron counts (attrition) (p<.0001, r(2)=.69) and final functional deficits. We demonstrate prominent motor axon misdirection and attrition in neuroma-in-continuity and transection injuries of mixed motor nerves that contribute to the long-term functional deficits. Although widely accepted in theory, to our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence to convincingly demonstrate these correlations with data inclusive of the neuroma-in-continuity spectrum. This work emphasizes the need to focus on strategies that promote both robust and accurate nerve regeneration to optimize functional recovery. It also demonstrates that clinically relevant neuroma-in-continuity injuries can now also be subjected to experimental investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ferry Senjaya
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Ivanovic
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joanne Forden
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Antos Shakhbazau
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rajiv Midha
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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32
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Ezra M, Bushman J, Shreiber D, Schachner M, Kohn J. Enhanced femoral nerve regeneration after tubulization with a tyrosine-derived polycarbonate terpolymer: effects of protein adsorption and independence of conduit porosity. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:518-28. [PMID: 24011026 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Following complete nerve transection, entubulation of the nerve stumps helps guide axons to reconnect distally. In this study, a biodegradable and noncytotoxic tyrosine-derived polycarbonate terpolymer composed of 89.5 mol% desaminotyrosyl tyrosine ethyl ester (DTE), 10 mol% desaminotyrosyl tyrosine (DT), and 0.5 mol% poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, molecular weight [Mw]=1 kDa) [designated as E10-0.5(1K)] was used to fabricate conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration. These conduits were evaluated against commercially available nonporous polyethylene (PE) tubes. The two materials are characterized in vitro for differences in surface properties, and the conduits are then evaluated in vivo in a critical-sized nerve defect in the mouse femoral nerve model. Conduits were fabricated from E10-0.5(1K) in both porous [P-E10-0.5(1K)] and nonporous [NP-E10-0.5(1K)] configurations. The results illustrate that adsorption of laminin, fibronectin, and collagen type I was enhanced on E10-0.5(1K) compared to PE. In addition, in vivo the E10-0.5(1K) conduits improved functional recovery over PE conduits, producing regenerated nerves with a fivefold increase in the number of axons, and an eightfold increase in the percentage of myelinated axons. These increases were observed for both P-E10-0.5(1K) and NP-E10-0.5(1K) after 15 weeks. When conduits were removed at 7 or 14 days following implantation, an increase in Schwann cell proteins and fibrin matrix formation was observed in E10-0.5(1K) conduits over PE conduits. These results indicate that E10-0.5(1K) is a pro-regenerative material for peripheral nerves and that the porosity of P-E10-0.5(1K) conduits was inconsequential in this model of nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Ezra
- 1 New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway, New Jersey
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33
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Beetz C, Koch N, Khundadze M, Zimmer G, Nietzsche S, Hertel N, Huebner AK, Mumtaz R, Schweizer M, Dirren E, Karle KN, Irintchev A, Alvarez V, Redies C, Westermann M, Kurth I, Deufel T, Kessels MM, Qualmann B, Hübner CA. A spastic paraplegia mouse model reveals REEP1-dependent ER shaping. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4273-82. [PMID: 24051375 DOI: 10.1172/jci65665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonopathies are a group of clinically diverse disorders characterized by the progressive degeneration of the axons of specific neurons. In hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), the axons of cortical motor neurons degenerate and cause a spastic movement disorder. HSP is linked to mutations in several loci known collectively as the spastic paraplegia genes (SPGs). We identified a heterozygous receptor accessory protein 1 (REEP1) exon 2 deletion in a patient suffering from the autosomal dominantly inherited HSP variant SPG31. We generated the corresponding mouse model to study the underlying cellular pathology. Mice with heterozygous deletion of exon 2 in Reep1 displayed a gait disorder closely resembling SPG31 in humans. Homozygous exon 2 deletion resulted in the complete loss of REEP1 and a more severe phenotype with earlier onset. At the molecular level, we demonstrated that REEP1 is a neuron-specific, membrane-binding, and membrane curvature-inducing protein that resides in the ER. We further show that Reep1 expression was prominent in cortical motor neurons. In REEP1-deficient mice, these neurons showed reduced complexity of the peripheral ER upon ultrastructural analysis. Our study connects proper neuronal ER architecture to long-term axon survival.
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Tegaserod mimics the neurostimulatory glycan polysialic acid and promotes nervous system repair. Neuropharmacology 2013; 79:456-66. [PMID: 24067923 PMCID: PMC4618794 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycans attached to the cell surface via proteins or lipids or exposed in the extracellular matrix affect many cellular processes, including neuritogenesis, cell survival and migration, as well as synaptic activity and plasticity. These functions make glycans attractive molecules for stimulating repair of the injured nervous system. Yet, glycans are often difficult to synthesize or isolate and have the disadvantage to be unstable in a complex tissue environment. To circumvent these issues, we have screened a library of small organic compounds to search for structural and functional mimetics of the neurostimulatory glycan polysialic acid (PSA) and identified the 5-HT4 receptor agonist tegaserod as a PSA mimetic. The PSA mimicking activity of tegaserod was shown in cultures of central and peripheral nervous system cells of the mouse and found to be independent of its described function as a serotonin (5-HT4) receptor agonist. In an in vivo model for peripheral nerve regeneration, mice receiving tegaserod at the site of injury showed enhanced recovery compared to control mice receiving vehicle control as evidenced by functional measurements and histology. These data indicate that tegaserod could be repurposed for treatment of nervous system injuries and underscores the potential of using small molecules as mimetics of neurostimulatory glycans.
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Akyüz N, Rost S, Mehanna A, Bian S, Loers G, Oezen I, Mishra B, Hoffmann K, Guseva D, Laczynska E, Irintchev A, Jakovcevski I, Schachner M. Dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase1 ablation accelerates peripheral nerve regeneration. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:517-30. [PMID: 23360803 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) proteoglycans are major components of the extracellular matrix implicated in neural development, plasticity and regeneration. While it is accepted that CS are major inhibitors of neural regeneration, the contributions of DS to regeneration have not been assessed. To enable a novel approach in studies on DS versus CS roles during development and regeneration, we generated a mouse deficient in the dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase1 (Chst14(-/-)), a key enzyme in the synthesis of iduronic acid-containing modules found in DS but not CS. In wild-type mice, Chst14 is expressed at high levels in the skin and in the nervous system, and is enriched in astrocytes and Schwann cells. Ablation of Chst14, and the assumed failure to produce DS, resulted in smaller body mass, reduced fertility, kinked tail and increased skin fragility compared with wild-type (Chst14(+/+)) littermates, but brain weight and gross anatomy were unaffected. Neurons and Schwann cells from Chst14(-/-) mice formed longer processes in vitro, and Chst14(-/-) Schwann cells proliferated more than Chst14(+/+) Schwann cells. After femoral nerve transection/suture, functional recovery and axonal regrowth in Chst14(-/-) mice were initially accelerated but the final outcome 3months after injury was not better than that in Chst14(+/+) littermates. These results suggest that while Chst14 and its enzymatic products might be of limited importance for neural development, they may contribute to the regeneration-restricting environment in the adult mammalian nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Akyüz
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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36
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Wirth F, Schempf G, Stein G, Wellmann K, Manthou M, Scholl C, Sidorenko M, Semler O, Eisel L, Harrach R, Angelova S, Jaminet P, Ankerne J, Ashrafi M, Ozsoy O, Ozsoy U, Schubert H, Abdulla D, Dunlop SA, Angelov DN, Irintchev A, Schönau E. Whole-Body Vibration Improves Functional Recovery in Spinal Cord Injured Rats. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:453-68. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Wirth
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Greta Schempf
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Gregor Stein
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | | | - Marilena Manthou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Carolin Scholl
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Malina Sidorenko
- Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Oliver Semler
- Department of Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Leonie Eisel
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Rachida Harrach
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Srebrina Angelova
- Jean-Uhrmacher Institute for ENT-Research, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Patrick Jaminet
- Department of Hand, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery with Burn Unit, BG- Trauma Centre, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Janina Ankerne
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Mahak Ashrafi
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Ozlem Ozsoy
- Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Umut Ozsoy
- Department of Physiology Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - Diana Abdulla
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Sarah A. Dunlop
- Experimental and Regenerative Neuroscience, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Andrey Irintchev
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Eckhard Schönau
- Department of Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
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37
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Masand SN, Chen J, Perron IJ, Hammerling BC, Loers G, Schachner M, Shreiber DI. The effect of glycomimetic functionalized collagen on peripheral nerve repair. Biomaterials 2012; 33:8353-62. [PMID: 22917737 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the improper synaptic reconnection of regenerating axons is a significant cause of incomplete functional recovery following peripheral nerve injury. In this study, we evaluate the use of collagen hydrogels functionalized with two peptide glycomimetics of naturally occurring carbohydrates-polysialic acid (PSA) and human natural killer cell epitope epitope (HNK-1)-that have been independently shown to encourage nerve regeneration and axonal targeting. Our novel biomaterial was used to bridge a critical gap size (5 mm) in a mouse femoral nerve injury model. Functional recovery was assessed using gait and hind limb extension, and was significantly better in all glycomimetic peptide-coupled collagen conditions versus non-functional scrambled peptide-coupled collagen, native collagen, and saline controls. Analysis of cross-sections of the regenerated nerve demonstrated that hydrogels coupled with the PSA glycomimetic, but not HNK, had significant increases in the number of myelinated axons over controls. Conversely, hydrogels coupled with HNK, but not PSA, showed improvement in myelination. Additionally, significantly more correctly projecting motoneurons were observed in groups containing coupled HNK-1 mimicking peptide, but not PSA mimicking peptide. Given the distinct morphological outcomes between the two glycomimetics, our study indicates that the enhancement of recovery following peripheral nerve injury induced by PSA- and HNK-functionalized collagen hydrogels likely occurs through distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley N Masand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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38
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Irintchev A, Wu MM, Lee HJ, Zhu H, Feng YP, Liu YS, Bernreuther C, Loers G, You SW, Schachner M. Glycomimetic improves recovery after femoral injury in a non-human primate. J Neurotrauma 2012; 28:1295-306. [PMID: 21463132 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In adult mammals, restoration of function after peripheral nerve injury is often poor and effective therapies are not available. Previously we have shown in mice that a peptide which functionally mimics the human natural killer cell (HNK)-1 trisaccharide epitope significantly improves the outcome of femoral nerve injury. Here we evaluated the translational potential of this treatment using primates. We applied a linear HNK-1 mimetic or a functionally inactive control peptide in silicone cuffs used to reconstruct the cut femoral nerves of adult cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Functional recovery was evaluated using video-based gait analysis over a 160-day observation period. The final outcome was further assessed using force measurements, H-reflex recordings, nerve histology, and ELISA to assess immunoreactivity to HNK-1 in the treated monkeys. Gait deficits were significantly reduced in HNK-1 mimetic-treated compared with control peptide-treated animals between 60 and 160 days after injury. Better outcome at 160 days after surgery in treated versus control animals was also confirmed by improved quadriceps muscle force, enhanced H-reflex amplitude, decreased H-reflex latency, and larger diameters of regenerated axons. No adverse reactions to the mimetic, in particular immune responses resulting in antibodies against the HNK-1 mimetic or immune cell infiltration into the damaged nerve, were observed. These results indicate the potential of the HNK-1 mimetic as an efficient, feasible, and safe adjunct treatment for nerve injuries requiring surgical repair in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Irintchev
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, Germany.
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39
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Semler J, Wellmann K, Wirth F, Stein G, Angelova S, Ashrafi M, Schempf G, Ankerne J, Ozsoy O, Ozsoy U, Schönau E, Angelov DN, Irintchev A. Objective measures of motor dysfunction after compression spinal cord injury in adult rats: correlations with locomotor rating scores. J Neurotrauma 2012; 28:1247-58. [PMID: 21428717 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise assessment of motor deficits after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) in rodents is crucial for understanding the mechanisms of functional recovery and testing therapeutic approaches. Here we analyzed the applicability to a rat SCI model of an objective approach, the single-frame motion analysis, created and used for functional analysis in mice. Adult female Wistar rats were subjected to graded compression of the spinal cord. Recovery of locomotion was analyzed using video recordings of beam walking and inclined ladder climbing. Three out of four parameters used in mice appeared suitable: the foot-stepping angle (FSA) and the rump-height index (RHI), measured during beam walking, and for estimating paw placement and body weight support, respectively, and the number of correct ladder steps (CLS), assessing skilled limb movements. These parameters, similar to the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scores, correlated with lesion volume and showed significant differences between moderately and severely injured rats at 1-9 weeks after SCI. The beam parameters, but not CLS, correlated well with the BBB scores within ranges of poor and good locomotor abilities. FSA co-varied with RHI only in the severely impaired rats, while RHI and CLS were barely correlated. Our findings suggest that the numerical parameters estimate, as intended by design, predominantly different aspects of locomotion. The use of these objective measures combined with BBB rating provides a time- and cost-efficient opportunity for versatile and reliable functional evaluations in both severely and moderately impaired rats, combining clinical assessment with precise numerical measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Semler
- Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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40
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Irintchev A. Potentials and limitations of peripheral nerve injury models in rodents with particular reference to the femoral nerve. Ann Anat 2011; 193:276-85. [PMID: 21481575 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Restoration of function after peripheral nerve repair in humans is unsatisfactory. Various causes of poor recovery have been proposed. Still, we do not understand which of these potential factors are indeed detrimental and do not know how to manipulate them experimentally in a clinically feasible way. Future success largely depends on methodological improvement in rodent models. An example of recent progress is the introduction of new functional and anatomical outcome measures in the facial nerve injury paradigm which led to novel insights into facial nerve regeneration and a new therapeutic concept. Less success can be ascribed to the use of the classical spinal nerve model, the sciatic nerve paradigm, not least because of its anatomical and functional complexity making assessment of recovery challenging. A simpler alternative to the sciatic nerve is the femoral nerve model. It offers, alongside with its known usefulness for studies on precision of motor reinnervation, the possibility of reliable functional assessments and a straightforward search of anatomical substrates of dysfunction. The structure-function approach in the femoral nerve paradigm has been useful for testing of novel therapeutic means and analyses of regeneration in mutant mice. The potential of the method has still not been really exploited and its more extensive use may contribute to better understanding of nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Irintchev
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 2, Jena, Germany.
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41
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Cui YF, Xu JC, Hargus G, Jakovcevski I, Schachner M, Bernreuther C. Embryonic stem cell-derived L1 overexpressing neural aggregates enhance recovery after spinal cord injury in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17126. [PMID: 21445247 PMCID: PMC3060805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An obstacle to early stem cell transplantation into the acutely injured spinal cord is poor survival of transplanted cells. Transplantation of embryonic stem cells as substrate adherent embryonic stem cell-derived neural aggregates (SENAs) consisting mainly of neurons and radial glial cells has been shown to enhance survival of grafted cells in the injured mouse brain. In the attempt to promote the beneficial function of these SENAs, murine embryonic stem cells constitutively overexpressing the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 which favors axonal growth and survival of grafted and imperiled cells in the inhibitory environment of the adult mammalian central nervous system were differentiated into SENAs and transplanted into the spinal cord three days after compression lesion. Mice transplanted with L1 overexpressing SENAs showed improved locomotor function when compared to mice injected with wild-type SENAs. L1 overexpressing SENAs showed an increased number of surviving cells, enhanced neuronal differentiation and reduced glial differentiation after transplantation when compared to SENAs not engineered to overexpress L1. Furthermore, L1 overexpressing SENAs rescued imperiled host motoneurons and parvalbumin-positive interneurons and increased numbers of catecholaminergic nerve fibers distal to the lesion. In addition to encouraging the use of embryonic stem cells for early therapy after spinal cord injury L1 overexpression in the microenvironment of the lesioned spinal cord is a novel finding in its functions that would make it more attractive for pre-clinical studies in spinal cord regeneration and most likely other diseases of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fang Cui
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätskrankenhaus Hamburg-Eppendorf, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Clinical Neurobiology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jin-Chong Xu
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätskrankenhaus Hamburg-Eppendorf, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gunnar Hargus
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätskrankenhaus Hamburg-Eppendorf, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Igor Jakovcevski
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätskrankenhaus Hamburg-Eppendorf, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätskrankenhaus Hamburg-Eppendorf, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MS); (CB)
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätskrankenhaus Hamburg-Eppendorf, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (MS); (CB)
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42
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Guseva D, Zerwas M, Xiao MF, Jakovcevski I, Irintchev A, Schachner M. Adhesion molecule L1 overexpressed under the control of the neuronal Thy-1 promoter improves myelination after peripheral nerve injury in adult mice. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:339-52. [PMID: 21376041 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
L1 is an adhesion molecule favorably influencing the functional and anatomical recoveries after central nervous system (CNS) injuries. Its roles in peripheral nervous system (PNS) regeneration are less well understood. Studies using knockout mice have surprisingly revealed that L1 has a negative impact on functional nerve regeneration by inhibiting Schwann cell proliferation. To further elucidate the roles of L1 in PNS regeneration, here we used a novel transgenic mouse overexpressing L1 in neurons, but not in PNS or CNS glial cells, under the control of a neuron-specific Thy-1 promoter. Without nerve injury, the transgene expression, as compared to wild-type mice, had no effect on femoral nerve function, numbers of quadriceps motoneurons and myelinated axons in the femoral nerve but resulted in slightly reduced myelination in the sensory saphenous nerve and increased neurofilament density in myelinated axons of the quadriceps motor nerve branch. After femoral nerve injury, L1 overexpression had no impact on the time course and degree of functional recovery. Unaffected were also numbers of regenerated quadriceps motoneurons, precision of muscle reinnervation, axon numbers and internodal lengths in the regenerated nerves. Despite the lack of functional effects, myelination in the motor and sensory femoral nerve branches was significantly improved and loss of perisomatic inhibitory terminals on motoneurons was attenuated in the transgenic mice. Our results indicate that L1 is a regulator of myelination in the injured PNS and warrant studies aiming to improve function in demyelinating PNS and CNS disorders using exogenous L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Guseva
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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43
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Fey A, Schachner M, Irintchev A. A novel motion analysis approach reveals late recovery in C57BL/6 mice and deficits in NCAM-deficient mice after sciatic nerve crush. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:815-28. [PMID: 20121417 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2009.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of motor abilities after sciatic nerve injury in rodents, in particular mice, relies exclusively on walking track (footprint) analysis despite known limitations of this method. Using principles employed recently for video-based motion analyses after femoral nerve and spinal cord injuries, we have designed and report here a novel approach for functional assessments after sciatic nerve lesions in mice. Functional deficits are estimated by angle and distance measurements on single video frames recorded during beam-walking and inclined ladder climbing. Analyses of adult C57BL/6J mice after crush of the sciatic, tibial, or peroneal nerve allowed the identification of six numerical parameters, detecting impairments of the plantar flexion of the foot and the toe spread. Some of these parameters, as well as footprint functional indices, revealed severe impairment after crush injury of the sciatic or tibial, but not the peroneal nerve, and complete recovery within 3 weeks after lesion. Other novel estimates, however, showed that complete recovery is reached as late as 2-3 months after sciatic nerve crush. These measures detected both tibial and peroneal dysfunction. In contrast to the complete restoration of function in wild-type mice (100%), our new parameters, in contrast to the sciatic functional index, showed incomplete recovery (85%) 90 days after sciatic nerve crush in mice deficient in the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). We conclude that the novel video-based approach is more precise, sensitive, and versatile than established tests, allowing objective numerical assessment of different motor functions in a sciatic nerve injury paradigm in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fey
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Irintchev A, Angelov DN, Guntinas-Lichius O. [Regeneration of the facial nerve in comparison to other peripheral nerves : from bench to bedside]. HNO 2010; 58:426-32. [PMID: 20454881 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-010-2100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing knowledge of cellular and molecular mechanisms determining the success or failure of peripheral nerve regeneration, no effective treatments for peripheral nerve injury exist. Newly developed and validated approaches for precise numerical assessment of motor deficits have recently allowed testing of novel strategies in experimental animals. One of these approaches is the daily manual stimulation of the denervated musculature. This treatment is effective in cases of cranial nerve lesions with preservation of the sensory input (facial or hypoglossal nerve) and has the potential of direct translation in clinical settings. However, manual stimulation appears to be ineffective for the treatment of mixed peripheral nerve injuries. Generally, no long-term improvement of functional recovery is achieved by electrical stimulation in rodents. While short-term post-traumatic stimulation of the proximal nerve stump has no negative effects, direct electrical stimulation of the muscle during the period of de- and reinnervation appears to hinder muscle fibre reinnervation. Finally, experimental evidence suggests that application of peptides known as glycomimetics, which mimic functional properties of carbohydrate molecules, may provide significant benefits after injuries of mixed peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Irintchev
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen-, Ohrenheilkunde, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, 07740, Jena, Deutschland.
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Huang J, Hu X, Lu L, Ye Z, Wang Y, Luo Z. Electrical Stimulation Accelerates Motor Functional Recovery in Autograft-Repaired 10 mm Femoral Nerve Gap in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:1805-13. [PMID: 19226192 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Huang
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xueyu Hu
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Lu
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhengxu Ye
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Hu X, Cai J, Yang J, Smith GM. Sensory axon targeting is increased by NGF gene therapy within the lesioned adult femoral nerve. Exp Neurol 2009; 223:153-65. [PMID: 19733564 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Even though peripheral nerves regenerate well, axons are often misrouted and reinnervate inappropriate distal pathways post-injury. Misrouting most likely occurs at branch points where regenerating axons make choices. Here, we show that the accuracy of sensory axon reinnervation is enhanced by overexpression of the guidance molecule nerve growth factor (NGF) distal to the bifurcation. We used the femoral nerve as a model, which contains both sensory and motor axons that intermingle in the parent trunk and distally segregate into the saphenous (SB) and motor branches (MB). Transection of the parent trunk resulted in misrouting of axon reinnervation to SB and MB. To enhance sensory axon targeting, recombinant adenovirus encoding NGF was injected along the SB close to the bifurcation 1 week post-injury. The accuracy of axon reinnervation was assessed by retrograde tracing at 3 or 8 weeks after nerve injury. NGF overexpression significantly increased the accuracy of SB axon reinnervation to the appropriate nerve branch, in a manner independent of enhancing axon regeneration. This novel finding provides in vivo evidence that gradient expression of neurotrophin can be used to enhance targeting of distal peripheral pathways to increase axon regeneration into the appropriate nerve branch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Hu
- Department of Physiology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Guseva D, Angelov DN, Irintchev A, Schachner M. Ablation of adhesion molecule L1 in mice favours Schwann cell proliferation and functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 132:2180-95. [PMID: 19541848 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion molecule L1 is one of the few adhesion molecules known to be beneficial for repair processes in the adult central nervous system of vertebrates by promoting axonal growth and neuronal survival. In the peripheral nervous system, L1 is up-regulated by myelination-competent Schwann cells and regenerating axons after nerve damage but its functional role has remained unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis that L1 is, as in the central nervous system, beneficial for nerve regeneration in the peripheral nervous system by performing combined functional and histological analyses of adult L1-deficient mice (L1y/-) and wild-type (L1y/+) littermates. Contrary to our hypothesis, quantitative video-based motion analysis revealed better locomotor recovery in L1y/- than in L1y/+ mice at 4-12 weeks after transection and surgical repair of the femoral nerve. Motoneuron regeneration in L1y/- mice was also enhanced as indicated by attenuated post-traumatic loss of motoneurons, enhanced precision of motor reinnervation, larger cell bodies of regenerated motoneurons and diminished loss of inhibitory synaptic input to motoneurons. In search of mechanisms underlying the observed effects, we analysed peripheral nerves at short time-periods (3-14 days) after transection and found that Schwann cell proliferation is strongly augmented in L1y/- versus L1y/+ mice. L1-deficient Schwann cells showed increased proliferation than wild-type Schwann cells, both in vivo and in vitro. These findings suggest a novel role for L1 in nerve regeneration. We propose that L1 negatively regulates Schwann cell proliferation after nerve damage, which in turn restricts functional recovery by limiting the trophic support for regenerating motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Guseva
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Mehanna A, Mishra B, Kurschat N, Schulze C, Bian S, Loers G, Irintchev A, Schachner M. Polysialic acid glycomimetics promote myelination and functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury in mice. Brain 2009; 132:1449-62. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Malin D, Sonnenberg-Riethmacher E, Guseva D, Wagener R, Aszódi A, Irintchev A, Riethmacher D. The extracellular-matrix protein matrilin 2 participates in peripheral nerve regeneration. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:995-1004. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.040378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrilins are adaptor proteins of the extracellular matrix involved in the formation of both collagen-dependent and collagen-independent filamentous networks. Although their molecular structure and binding partners have been characterized, the functional roles of the four matrilin family members in vivo are still largely unknown. Here, we show that matrilin 2, expressed in pre-myelinating Schwann cells during normal development, profoundly influences the behaviour of glial cells and neurons in vitro. When offered as a uniform substrate, matrilin 2 increased neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and enhanced the migration of both cell line- and embryonic DRG-derived Schwann cells. Vice versa, axonal outgrowth and cell migration were decreased in DRG cultures prepared from matrilin-2-deficient mice compared with wild-type (wt) cultures. In stripe assays, matrilin 2 alone was sufficient to guide axonal growth and, interestingly, axons favoured the combination of matrilin 2 and laminin over laminin alone. In vivo, matrilin 2 was strongly upregulated in injured peripheral nerves of adult wild-type mice and failure of protein upregulation in knockout mice resulted in delayed regrowth of regenerating axons and delayed time-course of functional recovery. Strikingly, the functional recovery 2 months after nerve injury was inferior in matrilin-2-deficient mice compared with wild-type littermates, although motoneuron survival, quality of axonal regeneration, estimated by analyses of axonal diameters and degrees of myelination, and Schwann cell proliferation were not influenced by the mutation. These results show that matrilin 2 is a permissive substrate for axonal growth and cell migration, and that it is required for successful nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Malin
- Centre for Molecular Neurobiology, University of Hamburg, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Sonnenberg-Riethmacher
- Centre for Molecular Neurobiology, University of Hamburg, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Human Genetics Division, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Daria Guseva
- Centre for Molecular Neurobiology, University of Hamburg, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Raimund Wagener
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Attila Aszódi
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Audrey Irintchev
- Centre for Molecular Neurobiology, University of Hamburg, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Lessingstrasse 2, D-07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Dieter Riethmacher
- Centre for Molecular Neurobiology, University of Hamburg, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Human Genetics Division, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Papakostas I, Mourouzis I, Mourouzis K, Macheras G, Boviatsis E, Pantos C. Functional effects of local thyroid hormone administration after sciatic nerve injury in rats. Microsurgery 2009; 29:35-41. [DOI: 10.1002/micr.20546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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