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Weisend JE, Carlson AP, Shuttleworth CW. Spreading Depolarization Induces a Transient Potentiation of Excitatory Synaptic Transmission. Neuroscience 2024; 551:323-332. [PMID: 38821241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Spreading depolarization (SD) is a slowly propagating wave of prolonged activation followed by a period of synaptic suppression. Some prior reports have shown potentiation of synaptic transmission after recovery from synaptic suppression and noted similarities with the phenomenon of long-term potentiation (LTP). Since SD is increasingly recognized as participating in diverse neurological disorders, it is of interest to determine whether SD indeed leads to a generalized and sustained long-term strengthening of synaptic connections. We performed a characterization of SD-induced potentiation, and tested whether distinctive features of SD, including adenosine accumulation and swelling, contribute to reports of SD-induced plasticity. Field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were recorded in the hippocampal CA1 subregion of murine brain slices, and SD elicited using focal microinjection of KCl. A single SD was sufficient to induce a consistent potentiation of slope and amplitude of fEPSPs. Both AMPA- and NMDA-receptor mediated components were enhanced. Potentiation peaked ∼20 min after SD recovery and was sustained for ∼30 min. However, fEPSP amplitude and slope decayed over an extended 2-hour recording period and was estimated to reach baseline after ∼3 h. Potentiation was saturated after a single SD and adenosine A1 receptor activation did not mask additional potentiation. Induction of LTP with theta-burst stimulation was not altered by prior induction of SD and molecular mediators known to block LTP induction did not block SD-induced potentiation. Together, these results indicate an intermediate duration potentiation that is distinct from hippocampal LTP and may have implications for circuit function for 1-2 h following SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Weisend
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Andrew P Carlson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - C William Shuttleworth
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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2
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Goel K, Chhetri A, Ludhiadch A, Munshi A. Current Update on Categorization of Migraine Subtypes on the Basis of Genetic Variation: a Systematic Review. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03837-3. [PMID: 38135854 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03837-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is a complex neurovascular disorder that is characterized by severe behavioral, sensory, visual, and/or auditory symptoms. It has been labeled as one of the ten most disabling medical illnesses in the world by the World Health Organization (Aagaard et al Sci Transl Med 6(237):237ra65, 2014). According to a recent report by the American Migraine Foundation (Shoulson et al Ann Neurol 25(3):252-9, 1989), around 148 million people in the world currently suffer from migraine. On the basis of presence of aura, migraine is classified into two major subtypes: migraine with aura (Aagaard et al Sci Transl Med 6(237):237ra65, 2014) and migraine without aura. (Aagaard K et al Sci Transl Med 6(237):237ra65, 2014) Many complex genetic mechanisms have been proposed in the pathophysiology of migraine but specific pathways associated with the different subtypes of migraine have not yet been explored. Various approaches including candidate gene association studies (CGAS) and genome-wide association studies (Fan et al Headache: J Head Face Pain 54(4):709-715, 2014). have identified the genetic markers associated with migraine and its subtypes. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (Kaur et al Egyp J Neurol, Psychiatry Neurosurg 55(1):1-7, 2019) within genes involved in ion homeostasis, solute transport, synaptic transmission, cortical excitability, and vascular function have been associated with the disorder. Currently, the diagnosis of migraine is majorly behavioral with no focus on the genetic markers and thereby the therapeutic intervention specific to subtypes. Therefore, there is a need to explore genetic variants significantly associated with MA and MO as susceptibility markers in the diagnosis and targets for therapeutic interventions in the specific subtypes of migraine. Although the proper characterization of pathways based on different subtypes is yet to be studied, this review aims to make a first attempt to compile the information available on various genetic variants and the molecular mechanisms involved with the development of MA and MO. An attempt has also been made to suggest novel candidate genes based on their function to be explored by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashish Goel
- Complex Disease Genomics and Precision Medicine Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India, 151401
| | - Aakash Chhetri
- Complex Disease Genomics and Precision Medicine Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India, 151401
| | - Abhilash Ludhiadch
- Complex Disease Genomics and Precision Medicine Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India, 151401
| | - Anjana Munshi
- Complex Disease Genomics and Precision Medicine Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India, 151401.
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3
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Dell’Orco M, Weisend JE, Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Carlson AP, Morton RA, Linsenbardt DN, Shuttleworth CW. Repetitive spreading depolarization induces gene expression changes related to synaptic plasticity and neuroprotective pathways. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1292661. [PMID: 38162001 PMCID: PMC10757627 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1292661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Spreading depolarization (SD) is a slowly propagating wave of profound depolarization that sweeps through cortical tissue. While much emphasis has been placed on the damaging consequences of SD, there is uncertainty surrounding the potential activation of beneficial pathways such as cell survival and plasticity. The present study used unbiased assessments of gene expression to evaluate that compensatory and repair mechanisms could be recruited following SD, regardless of the induction method, which prior to this work had not been assessed. We also tested assumptions of appropriate controls and the spatial extent of expression changes that are important for in vivo SD models. SD clusters were induced with either KCl focal application or optogenetic stimulation in healthy mice. Cortical RNA was extracted and sequenced to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). SDs using both induction methods significantly upregulated 16 genes (vs. sham animals) that included the cell proliferation-related genes FOS, JUN, and DUSP6, the plasticity-related genes ARC and HOMER1, and the inflammation-related genes PTGS2, EGR2, and NR4A1. The contralateral hemisphere is commonly used as control tissue for DEG studies, but its activity could be modified by near-global disruption of activity in the adjacent brain. We found 21 upregulated genes when comparing SD-involved cortex vs. tissue from the contralateral hemisphere of the same animals. Interestingly, there was almost complete overlap (21/16) with the DEGs identified using sham controls. Neuronal activity also differs in SD initiation zones, where sustained global depolarization is required to initiate propagating events. We found that gene expression varied as a function of the distance from the SD initiation site, with greater expression differences observed in regions further away. Functional and pathway enrichment analyses identified axonogenesis, branching, neuritogenesis, and dendritic growth as significantly enriched in overlapping DEGs. Increased expression of SD-induced genes was also associated with predicted inhibition of pathways associated with cell death, and apoptosis. These results identify novel biological pathways that could be involved in plasticity and/or circuit modification in brain tissue impacted by SD. These results also identify novel functional targets that could be tested to determine potential roles in the recovery and survival of peri-infarct tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Dell’Orco
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jordan E. Weisend
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Nora I. Perrone-Bizzozero
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Andrew P. Carlson
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Russell A. Morton
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - David N. Linsenbardt
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - C. William Shuttleworth
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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4
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Sánchez-Carbonell M, Jiménez Peinado P, Bayer-Kaufmann C, Hennings JC, Hofmann Y, Schmidt S, Witte OW, Urbach A. Effect of methanol fixation on single-cell RNA sequencing of the murine dentate gyrus. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1223798. [PMID: 37860083 PMCID: PMC10582346 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1223798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) provides a powerful tool to evaluate the transcriptomic landscape and heterogeneity of thousands of cells in parallel. However, complex study designs or the unavailability of in-house instruments require the temporal disconnection between sample preparation and library construction, raising the need for efficient sample preservation methods which are compatible with scRNA-seq downstream analysis. Several studies evaluated the effect of methanol fixation as preservation method, yet none of them deeply assessed its effect on adult primary dissociated brain tissue. Here, we evaluated its effect on murine dentate gyrus (DG) single cell suspensions and on subsequent scRNA-seq downstream analysis by performing SOrting and Robot-assisted Transcriptome SEQuencing (SORT-seq), a partially robotized version of the CEL-seq2 protocol. Our results show that MeOH fixation preserves RNA integrity and has no apparent effects on cDNA library construction. They also suggest that fixation protects from sorting-induced cell stress and increases the proportion of high-quality cells. Despite evidence of mRNA leakage in fixed cells, their relative gene expression levels correlate well with those of fresh cells and fixation does not significantly affect the variance of the dataset. Moreover, it allows the identification of all major DG cell populations, including neural precursors, granule neurons and different glial cell types, with a tendency to preserve more neurons that are underrepresented in fresh samples. Overall, our data show that MeOH fixation is suitable for preserving primary neural cells for subsequent single-cell RNA profiling, helping to overcome challenges arising from complex workflows, improve experimental flexibility and facilitate scientific collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yvonne Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Silvio Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Healthy Aging, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W. Witte
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Healthy Aging, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Aging Research Center (ARC) Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Urbach
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Healthy Aging, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Aging Research Center (ARC) Jena, Jena, Germany
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5
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Dell’Orco M, Weisend JE, Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Carlson AP, Morton RA, Linsenbardt DN, Shuttleworth CW. Repetitive Spreading Depolarization induces gene expression changes related to synaptic plasticity and neuroprotective pathways. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.27.530317. [PMID: 36909568 PMCID: PMC10002705 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.27.530317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Spreading depolarization (SD) is a slowly propagating wave of profound depolarization that sweeps through cortical tissue. While much emphasis has been placed on the damaging consequences of SD, there is uncertainty surrounding the potential activation of beneficial pathways such as cell survival and plasticity. The present study used unbiased assessments of gene expression to evaluate that compensatory and repair mechanisms could be recruited following SD, regardless of the induction method, which prior to this work had not been assessed. We also tested assumptions of appropriate controls and the spatial extent of expression changes that are important for in vivo SD models. SD clusters were induced with either KCl focal application or optogenetic stimulation in healthy mice. Cortical RNA was extracted and sequenced to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). SDs using both induction methods significantly upregulated 16 genes (versus sham animals) that included the cell proliferation-related genes FOS, JUN, and DUSP6, the plasticity-related genes ARC and HOMER1, and the inflammation-related genes PTGS2, EGR2, and NR4A1. The contralateral hemisphere is commonly used as control tissue for DEG studies, but its activity could be modified by near-global disruption of activity in the adjacent brain. We found 21 upregulated genes when comparing SD-involved cortex versus tissue from the contralateral hemisphere of the same animals. Interestingly, there was almost complete overlap (21/16) with the DEGs identified using sham controls. Neuronal activity also differs in SD initiation zones, where sustained global depolarization is required to initiate propagating events. We found that gene expression varied as a function of the distance from the SD initiation site, with greater expression differences observed in regions further away. Functional and pathway enrichment analyses identified axonogenesis, branching, neuritogenesis, and dendritic growth as significantly enriched in overlapping DEGs. Increased expression of SD-induced genes was also associated with predicted inhibition of pathways associated with cell death, and apoptosis. These results identify novel biological pathways that could be involved in plasticity and/or circuit modification in brain tissue impacted by SD. These results also identify novel functional targets that could be tested to determine potential roles in recovery and survival of peri-infarct tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Dell’Orco
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Jordan E. Weisend
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Nora I. Perrone-Bizzozero
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Andrew P. Carlson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Russell A. Morton
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - David N Linsenbardt
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - C. William Shuttleworth
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
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Yamanaka G, Hayashi K, Morishita N, Takeshita M, Ishii C, Suzuki S, Ishimine R, Kasuga A, Nakazawa H, Takamatsu T, Watanabe Y, Morichi S, Ishida Y, Yamazaki T, Go S. Experimental and Clinical Investigation of Cytokines in Migraine: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098343. [PMID: 37176049 PMCID: PMC10178908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of migraines is increasingly being recognized, and cytokines, which are important endogenous substances involved in immune and inflammatory responses, have also received attention. This review examines the current literature on neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of migraine. Elevated TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels have been identified in non-invasive mouse models with cortical spreading depolarization (CSD). Various mouse models to induce migraine attack-like symptoms also demonstrated elevated inflammatory cytokines and findings suggesting differences between episodic and chronic migraines and between males and females. While studies on human blood during migraine attacks have reported no change in TNF-α levels and often inconsistent results for IL-1β and IL-6 levels, serial analysis of cytokines in jugular venous blood during migraine attacks revealed consistently increased IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. In a study on the interictal period, researchers reported higher levels of TNF-α and IL-6 compared to controls and no change regarding IL-1β levels. Saliva-based tests suggest that IL-1β might be useful in discriminating against migraine. Patients with migraine may benefit from a cytokine perspective on the pathogenesis of migraine, as there have been several encouraging reports suggesting new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Yamanaka
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Kanako Hayashi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Natsumi Morishita
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Mika Takeshita
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Chiako Ishii
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Shinji Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Rie Ishimine
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Akiko Kasuga
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Haruka Nakazawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Tomoko Takamatsu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Yusuke Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Morichi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Yu Ishida
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamazaki
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Soken Go
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
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7
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Biscetti L, Cresta E, Cupini LM, Calabresi P, Sarchielli P. The putative role of neuroinflammation in the complex pathophysiology of migraine: From bench to bedside. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 180:106072. [PMID: 36907522 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The implications of neurogenic inflammation and neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of migraine have been clearly demonstrated in preclinical migraine models involving several sites relevant in the trigemino-vascular system, including dural vessels and trigeminal endings, the trigeminal ganglion, the trigeminal nucleus caudalis as well as central trigeminal pain processing structures. In this context, a relevant role has been attributed over the years to some sensory and parasympathetic neuropeptides, in particular calcitonin gene neuropeptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide. Several preclinical and clinical lines of evidence also support the implication of the potent vasodilator and messenger molecule nitric oxide in migraine pathophysiology. All these molecules are involved in vasodilation of the intracranial vasculature, as well as in the peripheral and central sensitization of the trigeminal system. At meningeal level, the engagement of some immune cells of innate immunity, including mast-cells and dendritic cells, and their mediators, has been observed in preclinical migraine models of neurogenic inflammation in response to sensory neuropeptides release due to trigemino-vascular system activation. In the context of neuroinflammatory events implicated in migraine pathogenesis, also activated glial cells in the peripheral and central structures processing trigeminal nociceptive signals seem to play a relevant role. Finally, cortical spreading depression, the pathophysiological substrate of migraine aura, has been reported to be associated with inflammatory mechanisms such as pro-inflammatory cytokine upregulation and intracellular signalling. Reactive astrocytosis consequent to cortical spreading depression is linked to an upregulation of these inflammatory markers. The present review summarizes current findings on the roles of immune cells and inflammatory responses in the pathophysiology of migraine and their possible exploitation in the view of innovative disease-modifying strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Biscetti
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricovero e Cura dell'Anziano a carattere scientifico, IRCCS-INRCA, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Elena Cresta
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Calabresi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Sarchielli
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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8
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Vila-Pueyo M, Cuenca-León E, Queirós AC, Kulis M, Sintas C, Cormand B, Martín-Subero JI, Pozo-Rosich P, Fernàndez-Castillo N, Macaya A. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis in an antimigraine-treated preclinical model of cortical spreading depolarization. Cephalalgia 2023; 43:3331024221146317. [PMID: 36759321 DOI: 10.1177/03331024221146317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortical spreading depolarization, the cause of migraine aura, is a short-lasting depolarization wave that moves across the brain cortex, transiently suppressing neuronal activity. Prophylactic treatments for migraine, such as topiramate or valproate, reduce the number of cortical spreading depression events in rodents. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether cortical spreading depolarization with and without chronic treatment with topiramate or valproate affect the DNA methylation of the cortex. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected with saline, topiramate or valproate for four weeks when cortical spreading depolarization were induced and genome-wide DNA methylation was performed in the cortex of six rats per group. RESULTS The DNA methylation profile of the cortex was significantly modified after cortical spreading depolarization, with and without topiramate or valproate. Interestingly, topiramate reduced by almost 50% the number of differentially methylated regions, whereas valproate increased them by 17%, when comparing to the non-treated group after cortical spreading depolarization induction. The majority of the differentially methylated regions lay within intragenic regions, and the analyses of functional group over-representation retrieved several enriched functions, including functions related to protein processing in the cortical spreading depolarization without treatment group; functions related to metabolic processes in the cortical spreading depolarization with topiramate group; and functions related to synapse and ErbB, MAPK or retrograde endocannabinoid signaling in the cortical spreading depolarization with valproate group. CONCLUSIONS Our results may provide insights into the underlying physiological mechanisms of migraine with aura and emphasize the role of epigenetics in migraine susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vila-Pueyo
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.,Pediatric Neurology Research Group, Vall Hebron Institute of Research, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Cuenca-León
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana C Queirós
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Kulis
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cèlia Sintas
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bru Cormand
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Martín-Subero
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Pozo-Rosich
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.,Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noèlia Fernàndez-Castillo
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Alfons Macaya
- Pediatric Neurology Research Group, Vall Hebron Institute of Research, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona Spain
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9
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Filippenkov IB, Remizova JA, Denisova AE, Stavchansky VV, Golovina KD, Gubsky LV, Limborska SA, Dergunova LV. Differential gene expression in the contralateral hemisphere of the rat brain after focal ischemia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:573. [PMID: 36631528 PMCID: PMC9834327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27663-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the most severe polygenic brain diseases. Here, we performed further functional genetic analysis of the processes occurring in the contralateral hemisphere (CH) after ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat brain. Comparison of RNA sequencing data for subcortical samples from the ipsilateral hemisphere (IH) and CH after 90 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and corresponding sham-operated (SO) controls showed four groups of genes that were associated with ischemic processes in rat brain at 24 h after tMCAO. Among them, 2672 genes were differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for IH but non-DEGs for CH, 34 genes were DEGs for CH but non-DEGs for IH, and 114 genes had codirected changes in expression in both hemispheres. The remaining 16 genes exhibited opposite changes at the mRNA level in the two brain hemispheres after tMCAO. These findings suggest that the ischemic process caused by a focal ischemia induces complex bilateral reactions at the transcriptome level in the rat brain. We believe that specific genome responses in the CH and IH may provide a useful model for the study of the potential for brain repair after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan B. Filippenkov
- grid.18919.380000000406204151Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia A. Remizova
- grid.18919.380000000406204151Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina E. Denisova
- grid.78028.350000 0000 9559 0613Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Str. 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily V. Stavchansky
- grid.18919.380000000406204151Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia D. Golovina
- grid.18919.380000000406204151Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid V. Gubsky
- grid.78028.350000 0000 9559 0613Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Str. 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia ,Federal Center for the Brain and Neurotechnologies, Federal Biomedical Agency, Ostrovitianov Str. 1, Building 10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana A. Limborska
- grid.18919.380000000406204151Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyudmila V. Dergunova
- grid.18919.380000000406204151Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia
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10
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Volobueva MN, Suleymanova EM, Smirnova MP, Bolshakov AP, Vinogradova LV. A Single Episode of Cortical Spreading Depolarization Increases mRNA Levels of Proinflammatory Cytokines, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Pannexin-1 Channels in the Cerebral Cortex. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010085. [PMID: 36613527 PMCID: PMC9820231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) is the neuronal correlate of migraine aura and the reliable consequence of acute brain injury. The role of CSD in triggering headaches that follow migraine aura and brain injury remains to be uncertain. We examined whether a single CSD occurring in awake animals modified the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (Il1b, TNF, and Il6) and endogenous mediators of nociception/neuroinflammation-pannexin 1 (Panx1) channel and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), transforming growth factor beta (TGFb) in the cortex. Unilateral microinjury of the somatosensory cortex triggering a single CSD was produced in awake Wistar rats. Three hours later, tissue samples from the lesioned cortex, intact ipsilesional cortex invaded by CSD, and homologous areas of the contralateral sham-treated cortex were harvested and analyzed using qPCR. Three hours post-injury, intact CSD-exposed cortexes increased TNF, Il1b, Panx1, and CGRP mRNA levels. The strongest upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines was observed at the injury site, while CGRP and Panx1 were upregulated more strongly in the intact cortexes invaded by CSD. A single CSD is sufficient to produce low-grade parenchymal neuroinflammation with simultaneous overexpression of Panx1 and CGRP. The CSD-induced molecular changes may contribute to pathogenic mechanisms of migraine pain and post-injury headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N. Volobueva
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova Street 5A, 117485 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena M. Suleymanova
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova Street 5A, 117485 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria P. Smirnova
- Department of Conditioned Reflexes and Physiology of Emotion, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova Street 5A, 117485 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey P. Bolshakov
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova Street 5A, 117485 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyudmila V. Vinogradova
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova Street 5A, 117485 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: or
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11
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Filippenkov IB, Remizova JA, Denisova AE, Stavchansky VV, Golovina KD, Gubsky LV, Limborska SA, Dergunova LV. Comparative Use of Contralateral and Sham-Operated Controls Reveals Traces of a Bilateral Genetic Response in the Rat Brain after Focal Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137308. [PMID: 35806305 PMCID: PMC9266805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a multifactorial disease with a complex etiology and global consequences. Model animals are widely used in stroke studies. Various controls, either brain samples from sham-operated (SO) animals or symmetrically located brain samples from the opposite (contralateral) hemisphere (CH), are often used to analyze the processes in the damaged (ipsilateral) hemisphere (IH) after focal stroke. However, previously, it was shown that focal ischemia can lead to metabolic and transcriptomic changes not only in the IH but also in the CH. Here, using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model and genome-wide RNA sequencing, we identified 1941 overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with a cutoff value >1.5 and Padj < 0.05 that reflected the general transcriptome response of IH subcortical cells at 24 h after tMCAO using both SO and CH controls. Concomitantly, 861 genes were differentially expressed in IH vs. SO, whereas they were not vs. the CH control. Furthermore, they were associated with apoptosis, the cell cycle, and neurotransmitter responses. In turn, we identified 221 DEGs in IH vs. CH, which were non-DEGs vs. the SO control. Moreover, they were predominantly associated with immune-related response. We believe that both sets of non-overlapping genes recorded transcriptome changes in IH cells associated with transhemispheric differences after focal cerebral ischemia. Thus, the specific response of the CH transcriptome should be considered when using it as a control in studies of target brain regions in diseases that induce a global bilateral genetic response, such as stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan B. Filippenkov
- Department of Molecular Bases of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (J.A.R.); (V.V.S.); (K.D.G.); (S.A.L.); (L.V.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-499-196-1858
| | - Julia A. Remizova
- Department of Molecular Bases of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (J.A.R.); (V.V.S.); (K.D.G.); (S.A.L.); (L.V.D.)
| | - Alina E. Denisova
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Str. 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.E.D.); (L.V.G.)
| | - Vasily V. Stavchansky
- Department of Molecular Bases of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (J.A.R.); (V.V.S.); (K.D.G.); (S.A.L.); (L.V.D.)
| | - Ksenia D. Golovina
- Department of Molecular Bases of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (J.A.R.); (V.V.S.); (K.D.G.); (S.A.L.); (L.V.D.)
| | - Leonid V. Gubsky
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Str. 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.E.D.); (L.V.G.)
- Federal Center for the Brain and Neurotechnologies, Federal Biomedical Agency, Ostrovitianov Str. 1, Building 10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana A. Limborska
- Department of Molecular Bases of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (J.A.R.); (V.V.S.); (K.D.G.); (S.A.L.); (L.V.D.)
| | - Lyudmila V. Dergunova
- Department of Molecular Bases of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (J.A.R.); (V.V.S.); (K.D.G.); (S.A.L.); (L.V.D.)
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12
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Biscetti L, De Vanna G, Cresta E, Bellotti A, Corbelli I, Letizia Cupini M, Calabresi P, Sarchielli P. Immunological findings in patients with migraine and other primary headaches: a narrative review. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 207:11-26. [PMID: 35020858 PMCID: PMC8802184 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental findings suggest an involvement of neuroinflammatory mechanisms in the pathophysiology of migraine. Specifically, preclinical models of migraine have emphasized the role of neuroinflammation following the activation of the trigeminal pathway at several peripheral and central sites including dural vessels, the trigeminal ganglion, and the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. The evidence of an induction of inflammatory events in migraine pathophysiological mechanisms has prompted researchers to investigate the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) phenotypes as well as cytokine genetic polymorphisms in order to verify their potential relationship with migraine risk and severity. Furthermore, the role of neuroinflammation in migraine seems to be supported by evidence of an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, both ictally and interictally, together with the prevalence of Th1 lymphocytes and a reduction in regulatory lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood of migraineurs. Cytokine profiles of cluster headache (CH) patients and those of tension-type headache patients further suggest an immunological dysregulation in the pathophysiology of these primary headaches, although evidence is weaker than for migraine. The present review summarizes available findings to date from genetic and biomarker studies that have explored the role of inflammation in primary headaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Biscetti
- Istituto Nazionale di Riposo e Cura dell'Anziano a carattere scientifico, IRCSS-INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gioacchino De Vanna
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena Cresta
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessia Bellotti
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilenia Corbelli
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Calabresi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Sarchielli
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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13
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Spreading depolarization induced by amygdala micro-injury prevents disruption of fear memory extinction in rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 416:113559. [PMID: 34453972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Spreading depolarization (SD), a self-propagating wave of near-complete breakdown of the transmembrane ion gradients with water influx, regularly occurs in traumatized human brain. Here, we investigated long-term neurobehavioral consequences of injury-triggered SDs. Recently, we revealed that SD is reliably triggered by micro-injury of the amygdala, a key brain structure involved in fear processing. Using the classical Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm, we investigated effects of the post-retrieval amygdala micro-injury and associated SD on fear memory in rats. We found that neither SD nor micro-injury alone affect fear response 24 h later but profoundly change it in subsequent extinction phase. If bilateral injury of the amygdala did not induce SD, fear extinction was severely impaired, while conditioned fear in rats with the identical amygdala injury triggering SD was successfully extinguished similarly to naïve rats. Our study provides first experimental evidence for involvement of injury-induced SD in extinction of traumatic fear memory.
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14
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Biscetti L, De Vanna G, Cresta E, Corbelli I, Gaetani L, Cupini L, Calabresi P, Sarchielli P. Headache and immunological/autoimmune disorders: a comprehensive review of available epidemiological evidence with insights on potential underlying mechanisms. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:259. [PMID: 34749743 PMCID: PMC8573865 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence support a role of the immune system in headache pathogenesis, with particular regard to migraine. Firstly, alterations in cytokine profile and in lymphocyte subsets have been reported in headache patients. Secondly, several genetic and environmental pathogenic factors seem to be frequently shared by headache and immunological/autoimmune diseases. Accordingly, immunological alterations in primary headaches, in particular in migraine, have been suggested to predispose some patients to the development of immunological and autoimmune diseases. On the other hand, pathogenic mechanisms underlying autoimmune disorders, in some cases, seem to favour the onset of headache. Therefore, an association between headache and immunological/autoimmune disorders has been thoroughly investigated in the last years. The knowledge of this possible association may have relevant implications in the clinical practice when deciding diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The present review summarizes findings to date regarding the plausible relationship between headache and immunological/autoimmune disorders, starting from a description of immunological alteration of primary headaches, and moving onward to the evidence supporting a potential link between headache and each specific autoimmune/immunological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Biscetti
- Istituto Nazionale di Riposo e Cura dell'Anziano a carattere scientifico, IRCSS- INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gioacchino De Vanna
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena Cresta
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilenia Corbelli
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gaetani
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Letizia Cupini
- Headache Center, UOC Neurologia-Stroke Unit, Emergency Department, Ospedale S. Eugenio, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Sarchielli
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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15
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Yamanaka G, Suzuki S, Morishita N, Takeshita M, Kanou K, Takamatsu T, Suzuki S, Morichi S, Watanabe Y, Ishida Y, Go S, Oana S, Kashiwagi Y, Kawashima H. Role of Neuroinflammation and Blood-Brain Barrier Permutability on Migraine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168929. [PMID: 34445635 PMCID: PMC8396312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, migraine is treated mainly by targeting calcitonin gene-related peptides, although the efficacy of this method is limited and new treatment strategies are desired. Neuroinflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of migraine. In patients with migraine, peripheral levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α, are known to be increased. Additionally, animal models of headache have demonstrated that immunological responses associated with cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of migraine. Furthermore, these inflammatory mediators might alter the function of tight junctions in brain vascular endothelial cells in animal models, but not in human patients. Based on clinical findings showing elevated IL-1β, and experimental findings involving IL-1β and both the peripheral trigeminal ganglion and central trigeminal vascular pathways, regulation of the Il-1β/IL-1 receptor type 1 axis might lead to new treatments for migraine. However, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier is not expected to be affected during attacks in patients with migraine.
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16
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Vuralli D, Karatas H, Yemisci M, Bolay H. Updated review on the link between cortical spreading depression and headache disorders. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:1069-1084. [PMID: 34162288 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1947797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Experimental animal studies have revealed mechanisms that link cortical spreading depression (CSD) to the trigeminal activation mediating lateralized headache. However, conventional CSD as seen in lissencephalic brain is insufficient to explain some clinical features of aura and migraine headache. AREAS COVERED The importance of CSD in headache development including dysfunction of the thalamocortical network, neuroinflammation, calcitonin gene-related peptide, transgenic models, and the role of CSD in migraine triggers, treatment options, neuromodulation and future directions are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION The conventional understanding of CSD marching across the hemisphere is invalid in gyrencephalic brains. Thalamocortical dysfunction and interruption of functional cortical network systems by CSD, may provide alternative explanations for clinical manifestations of migraine phases including aura. Not all drugs showing CSD blocking properties in lissencephalic brains, have efficacy in migraine headache and monoclonal antibodies against CGRP ligand/receptors which are effective in migraine treatment, have no impact on aura in humans or CSD properties in rodents. Functional networks and molecular mechanisms mediating and amplifying the effects of limited CSD in migraine brain remain to be investigated to define new targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doga Vuralli
- Department of Neurology and Algology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.,Neuropsychiatry Center, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.,Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence (NÖROM), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hulya Karatas
- Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence (NÖROM), Ankara, Turkey.,Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muge Yemisci
- Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence (NÖROM), Ankara, Turkey.,Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hayrunnisa Bolay
- Department of Neurology and Algology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.,Neuropsychiatry Center, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.,Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence (NÖROM), Ankara, Turkey
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17
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Petit JM, Eren-Koçak E, Karatas H, Magistretti P, Dalkara T. Brain glycogen metabolism: A possible link between sleep disturbances, headache and depression. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 59:101449. [PMID: 33618186 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The functions of sleep and its links with neuropsychiatric diseases have long been questioned. Among the numerous hypotheses on sleep function, early studies proposed that sleep helps to replenish glycogen stores consumed during waking. Later studies found increased brain glycogen after sleep deprivation, leading to "glycogenetic" hypothesis, which states that there is a parallel increase in synthesis and utilization of glycogen during wakefulness, whereas decrease in the excitatory transmission creates an imbalance causing accumulation of glycogen during sleep. Glycogen is a vital energy reservoir to match the synaptic demand particularly for re-uptake of potassium and glutamate during intense glutamatergic transmission. Therefore, sleep deprivation-induced transcriptional changes may trigger migraine by reducing glycogen availability, which slows clearance of extracellular potassium and glutamate, hence, creates susceptibility to cortical spreading depolarization, the electrophysiological correlate of migraine aura. Interestingly, chronic stress accompanied by increased glucocorticoid levels and locus coeruleus activity and leading to mood disorders in which sleep disturbances are prevalent, also affects brain glycogen turnover via glucocorticoids, noradrenaline, serotonin and adenosine. These observations altogether suggest that inadequate astrocytic glycogen turnover may be one of the mechanisms linking migraine, mood disorders and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M Petit
- Lausanne University Hospital, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Prilly, Switzerland.
| | - E Eren-Koçak
- Hacettepe University, Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - H Karatas
- Hacettepe University, Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - P Magistretti
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia.
| | - T Dalkara
- Hacettepe University, Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
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18
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Sadowska M, Mehlhorn C, Średniawa W, Szewczyk ŁM, Szlachcic A, Urban P, Winiarski M, Jabłonka JA. Spreading Depressions and Periinfarct Spreading Depolarizations in the Context of Cortical Plasticity. Neuroscience 2020; 453:81-101. [PMID: 33227236 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies of cortical function-recovery require a comparison between normal and post-stroke conditions that lead to changes in cortical metaplasticity. Focal cortical stroke impairs experience-dependent plasticity in the neighboring somatosensory cortex and usually evokes periinfarct depolarizations (PiDs) - spreading depression-like waves. Experimentally induced spreading depressions (SDs) affect gene expression and some of these changes persist for at least 30 days. In this study we compare the effects of non-stroke depolarizations that impair cortical experience-dependent plasticity to the effects of stroke, by inducing experience-dependent plasticity in rats with SDs or PiDs by a month of contralateral partial whiskers deprivation. We found that whiskers' deprivation after SDs resulted in normal cortical representation enlargement suggesting that SDs and PiDs depolarization have no influence on experience-dependent plasticity cortical map reorganization. PiDs and the MMP-9, -3, -2 or COX-2 proteins, which are assumed to influence metaplasticity in rats after stroke were compared between SDs induced by high osmolarity KCl solution and the PiDs that followed cortical photothrombotic stroke (PtS). We found that none of these factors directly caused cortical post-stroke metaplasticity changes. The only significant difference between stoke and induced SD was a greater imbalance in interhemispheric activity equilibrium after stroke. The interhemispheric interactions that were modified by stroke may therefore be promising targets for future studies of post-stroke experience-dependent plasticity and of recuperation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sadowska
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Władysław Średniawa
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of PAS, Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz M Szewczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szlachcic
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Urban
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Genomics, Center of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Winiarski
- Laboratory of Emotions Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan A Jabłonka
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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19
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Remote and Persistent Alterations in Glutamate Receptor Subunit Composition Induced by Spreading Depolarizations in Rat Brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:1253-1260. [PMID: 33184769 PMCID: PMC8113318 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-01000-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Spreading depolarizations (SDs) are massive breakdowns of ion homeostasis in the brain's gray matter and are a necessary pathologic mechanism for lesion development in various injury models. However, injury-induced SDs also propagate into remote, healthy tissue where they do not cause cell death, yet their functional long-term effects are unknown. Here we induced SDs in uninjured cortex and hippocampus of Sprague-Dawley rats to study their impact on glutamate receptor subunit expression after three days. We find that both cortical and hippocampal tissue exhibit changes in glutamate receptor subunit expression, including GluA1 and GluN2B, suggesting that SDs in healthy brain tissue may have a role in plasticity. This study is the first to show prolonged effects of SDs on glutamate signaling and has implications for neuroprotection strategies aimed at SD suppression.
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20
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Takizawa T, Ayata C, Chen SP. Therapeutic implications of cortical spreading depression models in migraine. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 255:29-67. [PMID: 33008510 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is among the most common and disabling neurological diseases in the world. Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is a wave of near-complete depolarization of neurons and glial cells that slowly propagates along the cortex creating the perception of aura. Evidence suggests that CSD can trigger migraine headache. Experimental models of CSD have been considered highly translational as they recapitulate migraine-related phenomena and have been validated for screening migraine therapeutics. Here we outline the essential components of validated experimental models of CSD and provide a comprehensive review of potential modulators and targets against CSD. We further focus on novel interventions that have been recently shown to suppress CSD susceptibility that may lead to therapeutic targets in migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Takizawa
- Department of Neurology, Keio Universrity School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States; Stroke Service, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shih-Pin Chen
- Department of Medical Research & Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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21
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Oliveira-Ferreira AI, Major S, Przesdzing I, Kang EJ, Dreier JP. Spreading depolarizations in the rat endothelin-1 model of focal cerebellar ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1274-1289. [PMID: 31280632 PMCID: PMC7232780 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19861604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Focal brain ischemia is best studied in neocortex and striatum. Both show highly vulnerable neurons and high susceptibility to spreading depolarization (SD). Therefore, it has been hypothesized that these two variables generally correlate. However, this hypothesis is contradicted by findings in cerebellar cortex, which contains highly vulnerable neurons to ischemia, the Purkinje cells, but is said to be less susceptible to SD. Here, we found in the rat cerebellar cortex that elevated K+ induced a long-lasting depolarizing event superimposed with SDs. Cerebellar SDs resembled those in neocortex, but negative direct current (DC) shifts and regional blood flow responses were usually smaller. The K+ threshold for SD was higher in cerebellum than in previous studies in neocortex. We then topically applied endothelin-1 (ET-1) to the cerebellum, which is assumed to cause SD via vasoconstriction-induced focal ischemia. Although the blood flow decrease was similar to that in previous studies in neocortex, the ET-1 threshold for SD was higher. Quantitative cell counting found that the proportion of necrotic Purkinje cells was significantly higher in ET-1-treated rats than sham controls even if ET-1 had not caused SDs. Our results suggest that ischemic death of Purkinje cells does not require the occurrence of SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Oliveira-Ferreira
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Major
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Przesdzing
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eun-Jeung Kang
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens P Dreier
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Takizawa T, Qin T, Lopes de Morais A, Sugimoto K, Chung JY, Morsett L, Mulder I, Fischer P, Suzuki T, Anzabi M, Böhm M, Qu WS, Yanagisawa T, Hickman S, Khoury JE, Whalen MJ, Harriott AM, Chung DY, Ayata C. Non-invasively triggered spreading depolarizations induce a rapid pro-inflammatory response in cerebral cortex. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1117-1131. [PMID: 31242047 PMCID: PMC7181092 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19859381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) induces pro-inflammatory gene expression in brain tissue. However, previous studies assessing the relationship between CSD and inflammation have used invasive methods that directly trigger inflammation. To eliminate the injury confounder, we induced CSDs non-invasively through intact skull using optogenetics in Thy1-channelrhodopsin-2 transgenic mice. We corroborated our findings by minimally invasive KCl-induced CSDs through thinned skull. Six CSDs induced over 1 h dramatically increased cortical interleukin-1β (IL-1β), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA expression peaking around 1, 2 and 4 h, respectively. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were only modestly elevated. A single CSD also increased IL-1β, CCL2, and TNF-α, and revealed an ultra-early IL-1β response within 10 min. The response was blunted in IL-1 receptor-1 knockout mice, implicating IL-1β as an upstream mediator, and suppressed by dexamethasone, but not ibuprofen. CSD did not alter systemic inflammatory indices. In summary, this is the first report of pro-inflammatory gene expression after non-invasively induced CSDs. Altogether, our data provide novel insights into the role of CSD-induced neuroinflammation in migraine headache pathogenesis and have implications for the inflammatory processes in acute brain injury where numerous CSDs occur for days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Takizawa
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Tao Qin
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Andreia Lopes de Morais
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Kazutaka Sugimoto
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Joon Yong Chung
- Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liza Morsett
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory
Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA,
USA
| | - Inge Mulder
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Paul Fischer
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Charité –
Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomoaki Suzuki
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Maryam Anzabi
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Maximilian Böhm
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Charité –
Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wen-sheng Qu
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Takeshi Yanagisawa
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Suzanne Hickman
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory
Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA,
USA
| | - Joseph El Khoury
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory
Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA,
USA
| | - Michael J Whalen
- Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea M Harriott
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Y Chung
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cenk Ayata, Massachusetts General Hospital,
149 13th Street, 6403, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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23
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Ashayeri Ahmadabad R, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Gorji A. The role of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in cerebrovascular disorders: the impact of spreading depolarization. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:108. [PMID: 32264928 PMCID: PMC7140571 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders that affect the blood supply to the brain and lead to the reduction of oxygen and glucose supply to the neurons and the supporting cells. Spreading depolarization (SD), a propagating wave of neuroglial depolarization, occurs in different CVDs. A growing amount of evidence suggests that the inflammatory responses following hypoxic-ischemic insults and after SD plays a double-edged role in brain tissue injury and clinical outcome; a beneficial effect in the acute phase and a destructive role in the late phase. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the activation of inflammatory cascades and subsequent neuroprotective or harmful effects after CVDs and SD. Here, we review current data regarding the pathophysiological role of TLR signaling pathways in different CVDs and discuss the role of SD in the potentiation of the inflammatory cascade in CVDs through the modulation of TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezan Ashayeri Ahmadabad
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Ali Gorji
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Neuroscience research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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24
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Major S, Huo S, Lemale CL, Siebert E, Milakara D, Woitzik J, Gertz K, Dreier JP. Direct electrophysiological evidence that spreading depolarization-induced spreading depression is the pathophysiological correlate of the migraine aura and a review of the spreading depolarization continuum of acute neuronal mass injury. GeroScience 2020; 42:57-80. [PMID: 31820363 PMCID: PMC7031471 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spreading depolarization is observed as a large negative shift of the direct current potential, swelling of neuronal somas, and dendritic beading in the brain's gray matter and represents a state of a potentially reversible mass injury. Its hallmark is the abrupt, massive ion translocation between intraneuronal and extracellular compartment that causes water uptake (= cytotoxic edema) and massive glutamate release. Dependent on the tissue's energy status, spreading depolarization can co-occur with different depression or silencing patterns of spontaneous activity. In adequately supplied tissue, spreading depolarization induces spreading depression of activity. In severely ischemic tissue, nonspreading depression of activity precedes spreading depolarization. The depression pattern determines the neurological deficit which is either spreading such as in migraine aura or migraine stroke or nonspreading such as in transient ischemic attack or typical stroke. Although a clinical distinction between spreading and nonspreading focal neurological deficits is useful because they are associated with different probabilities of permanent damage, it is important to note that spreading depolarization, the neuronal injury potential, occurs in all of these conditions. Here, we first review the scientific basis of the continuum of spreading depolarizations. Second, we highlight the transition zone of the continuum from reversibility to irreversibility using clinical cases of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. These illustrate how modern neuroimaging and neuromonitoring technologies increasingly bridge the gap between basic sciences and clinic. For example, we provide direct electrophysiological evidence for the first time that spreading depolarization-induced spreading depression is the pathophysiological correlate of the migraine aura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Major
- Center for Stroke Research, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shufan Huo
- Center for Stroke Research, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Coline L Lemale
- Center for Stroke Research, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eberhard Siebert
- Department of Neuroradiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denny Milakara
- Solution Centre for Image Guided Local Therapies (STIMULATE), Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Woitzik
- Evangelisches Krankenhaus Oldenburg, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Karen Gertz
- Center for Stroke Research, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens P Dreier
- Center for Stroke Research, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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25
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Upregulation of IL-1 Receptor Antagonist in a Mouse Model of Migraine. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9070172. [PMID: 31331109 PMCID: PMC6680509 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9070172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a disorder characterized by attacks of monolateral headaches, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and photophobia. Around 30% of patients also report aura symptoms. The cause of the aura is believed to be related to the cortical spreading depression (CSD), a wave of neuronal and glial depolarization originating in the occipital cortex, followed by temporary neuronal silencing. During a migraine attack, increased expression of inflammatory mediators, along with a decrease in the expression of anti-inflammatory genes, have been observed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of inflammatory genes, in particular that of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN), following CSD in a mouse model of familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 (FHM-1). We show here that the expression of IL-1RN was upregulated after the CSD, suggesting a possible attempt to modulate the inflammatory response. This study allows researchers to better understand the development of the disease and aids in the search for new therapeutic strategies in migraine.
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26
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Hartings JA, York J, Carroll CP, Hinzman JM, Mahoney E, Krueger B, Winkler MKL, Major S, Horst V, Jahnke P, Woitzik J, Kola V, Du Y, Hagen M, Jiang J, Dreier JP. Subarachnoid blood acutely induces spreading depolarizations and early cortical infarction. Brain 2019; 140:2673-2690. [PMID: 28969382 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
See Ghoshal and Claassen (doi:10.1093/brain/awx226) for a scientific commentary on this article.
Early cortical infarcts are common in poor-grade patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. There are no animal models of these lesions and mechanisms are unknown, although mass cortical spreading depolarizations are hypothesized as a requisite mechanism and clinical marker of infarct development. Here we studied acute sequelae of subarachnoid haemorrhage in the gyrencephalic brain of propofol-anaesthetized juvenile swine using subdural electrode strips (electrocorticography) and intraparenchymal neuromonitoring probes. Subarachnoid infusion of 1–2 ml of fresh blood at 200 µl/min over cortical sulci caused clusters of spreading depolarizations (count range: 12–34) in 7/17 animals in the ipsilateral but not contralateral hemisphere in 6 h of monitoring, without meaningful changes in other variables. Spreading depolarization clusters were associated with formation of sulcal clots (P < 0.01), a high likelihood of adjacent cortical infarcts (5/7 versus 2/10, P < 0.06), and upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 in ipsilateral cortex remote from clots/infarcts. In a second cohort, infusion of 1 ml of clotted blood into a sulcus caused spreading depolarizations in 5/6 animals (count range: 4–20 in 6 h) and persistent thick clots with patchy or extensive infarction of circumscribed cortex in all animals. Infarcts were significantly larger after blood clot infusion compared to mass effect controls using fibrin clots of equal volume. Haematoxylin and eosin staining of infarcts showed well demarcated zones of oedema and hypoxic-ischaemic neuronal injury, consistent with acute infarction. The association of spreading depolarizations with early brain injury was then investigated in 23 patients [14 female; age (median, quartiles): 57 years (47, 63)] after repair of ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysms by clip ligation (n = 14) or coiling (n = 9). Frontal electrocorticography [duration: 54 h (34, 66)] from subdural electrode strips was analysed over Days 0–3 after initial haemorrhage and magnetic resonance imaging studies were performed at ∼ 24–48 h after aneurysm treatment. Patients with frontal infarcts only and those with frontal infarcts and/or intracerebral haemorrhage were both significantly more likely to have spreading depolarizations (6/7 and 10/12, respectively) than those without frontal brain lesions (1/11, P’s < 0.05). These results suggest that subarachnoid clots in sulci/fissures are sufficient to induce spreading depolarizations and acute infarction in adjacent cortex. We hypothesize that the cellular toxicity and vasoconstrictive effects of depolarizations act in synergy with direct ischaemic effects of haemorrhage as mechanisms of infarct development. Results further validate spreading depolarizations as a clinical marker of early brain injury and establish a clinically relevant model to investigate causal pathologic sequences and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed A Hartings
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Mayfield Clinic, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan York
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Christopher P Carroll
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jason M Hinzman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eric Mahoney
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bryan Krueger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Maren K L Winkler
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Major
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany.,Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Viktor Horst
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Jahnke
- Department of Radiology Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Woitzik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Vasilis Kola
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Yifeng Du
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matthew Hagen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jens P Dreier
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany.,Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
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27
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Harriott AM, Takizawa T, Chung DY, Chen SP. Spreading depression as a preclinical model of migraine. J Headache Pain 2019; 20:45. [PMID: 31046659 PMCID: PMC6734429 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-019-1001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spreading depression (SD) is a slowly propagating wave of near-complete depolarization of neurons and glial cells across the cortex. SD is thought to contribute to the underlying pathophysiology of migraine aura, and possibly also an intrinsic brain activity causing migraine headache. Experimental models of SD have recapitulated multiple migraine-related phenomena and are considered highly translational. In this review, we summarize conventional and novel methods to trigger SD, with specific focus on optogenetic methods. We outline physiological triggers that might affect SD susceptibility, review a multitude of physiological, biochemical, and behavioral consequences of SD, and elaborate their relevance to migraine pathophysiology. The possibility of constructing a recurrent episodic or chronic migraine model using SD is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Harriott
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tsubasa Takizawa
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David Y Chung
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shih-Pin Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Division of Translational Research, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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28
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Neuroprotective Role of the Nrf2 Pathway in Subarachnoid Haemorrhage and Its Therapeutic Potential. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6218239. [PMID: 31191800 PMCID: PMC6525854 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6218239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying poor outcome following subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) are complex and multifactorial. They include early brain injury, spreading depolarisation, inflammation, oxidative stress, macroscopic cerebral vasospasm, and microcirculatory disturbances. Nrf2 is a global promoter of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response and has potential protective effects against all of these mechanisms. It has been shown to be upregulated after SAH, and Nrf2 knockout animals have poorer functional and behavioural outcomes after SAH. There are many agents known to activate the Nrf2 pathway. Of these, the actions of sulforaphane, curcumin, astaxanthin, lycopene, tert-butylhydroquinone, dimethyl fumarate, melatonin, and erythropoietin have been studied in SAH models. This review details the different mechanisms of injury after SAH including the contribution of haemoglobin (Hb) and its breakdown products. It then summarises the evidence that the Nrf2 pathway is active and protective after SAH and finally examines the evidence supporting Nrf2 upregulation as a therapy after SAH.
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29
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Abstract
The success of naturalistic or therapeutic neuroregeneration likely depends on an internal milieu that facilitates the survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of stem cells and their assimilation into neural networks. Migraine attacks are an integrated sequence of physiological processes that may protect the brain from oxidative stress by releasing growth factors, suppressing apoptosis, stimulating neurogenesis, encouraging mitochondrial biogenesis, reducing the production of oxidants, and upregulating antioxidant defenses. Thus, the migraine attack may constitute a physiologic environment conducive to stem cells. In this paper, key components of migraine are reviewed – neurogenic inflammation with release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P, plasma protein extravasation, platelet activation, release of serotonin by platelets and likely by the dorsal raphe nucleus, activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and, in migraine aura, cortical spreading depression – along with their potential neurorestorative aspects. The possibility is considered of using these components to facilitate successful stem cell transplantation. Potential methods for doing so are discussed, including chemical stimulation of the TRPA1 ion channel, conjoint activation of a subset of migraine components, invasive and noninvasive deep brain stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus, transcranial focused ultrasound, and stimulation of the Zusanli (ST36) acupuncture point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Borkum
- Department of Psychology, University of Maine, Orono; Health Psych Maine, Waterville, ME, USA
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30
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Borkum JM. The Migraine Attack as a Homeostatic, Neuroprotective Response to Brain Oxidative Stress: Preliminary Evidence for a Theory. Headache 2017; 58:118-135. [DOI: 10.1111/head.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Borkum
- Department of Psychology; University of Maine; Orono ME USA
- Health Psych Maine; Waterville ME USA
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31
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Urbach A, Baum E, Braun F, Witte OW. Cortical spreading depolarization increases adult neurogenesis, and alters behavior and hippocampus-dependent memory in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:1776-1790. [PMID: 27189903 PMCID: PMC5435280 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16643736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cortical spreading depolarizations are an epiphenomenon of human brain pathologies and associated with extensive but transient changes in ion homeostasis, metabolism, and blood flow. Previously, we have shown that cortical spreading depolarization have long-lasting consequences on the brains transcriptome and structure. In particular, we found that cortical spreading depolarization stimulate hippocampal cell proliferation resulting in a sustained increase in adult neurogenesis. Since the hippocampus is responsible for explicit memory and adult-born dentate granule neurons contribute to this function, cortical spreading depolarization might influence hippocampus-dependent cognition. To address this question, we induced cortical spreading depolarization in C57Bl/6 J mice by epidural application of 1.5 mol/L KCl and evaluated neurogenesis and behavior at two, four, or six weeks thereafter. Congruent with our previous findings in rats, we found that cortical spreading depolarization increases numbers of newborn dentate granule neurons. Moreover, exploratory behavior and object location memory were consistently enhanced. Reference memory in the water maze was virtually unaffected, whereas memory formation in the Barnes maze was impaired with a delay of two weeks and facilitated after four weeks. These data show that cortical spreading depolarization produces lasting changes in psychomotor behavior and complex, delay- and task-dependent changes in spatial memory, and suggest that cortical spreading depolarization-like events affect the emotional and cognitive outcomes of associated brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Urbach
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Eileen Baum
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Falko Braun
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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32
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Eising E, Shyti R, 't Hoen PAC, Vijfhuizen LS, Huisman SMH, Broos LAM, Mahfouz A, Reinders MJT, Ferrari MD, Tolner EA, de Vries B, van den Maagdenberg AMJM. Cortical Spreading Depression Causes Unique Dysregulation of Inflammatory Pathways in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Migraine. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54:2986-2996. [PMID: 27032388 PMCID: PMC5390001 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 (FHM1) is a rare monogenic subtype of migraine with aura caused by mutations in CACNA1A that encodes the α1A subunit of voltage-gated CaV2.1 calcium channels. Transgenic knock-in mice that carry the human FHM1 R192Q missense mutation ('FHM1 R192Q mice') exhibit an increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (CSD), the mechanism underlying migraine aura. Here, we analysed gene expression profiles from isolated cortical tissue of FHM1 R192Q mice 24 h after experimentally induced CSD in order to identify molecular pathways affected by CSD. Gene expression profiles were generated using deep serial analysis of gene expression sequencing. Our data reveal a signature of inflammatory signalling upon CSD in the cortex of both mutant and wild-type mice. However, only in the brains of FHM1 R192Q mice specific genes are up-regulated in response to CSD that are implicated in interferon-related inflammatory signalling. Our findings show that CSD modulates inflammatory processes in both wild-type and mutant brains, but that an additional unique inflammatory signature becomes expressed after CSD in a relevant mouse model of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else Eising
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Reinald Shyti
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A C 't Hoen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne S Vijfhuizen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd M H Huisman
- Department of Intelligent Systems, Faculty of EEMCS, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
- Division of Image Processing, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ludo A M Broos
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Mahfouz
- Department of Intelligent Systems, Faculty of EEMCS, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
- Division of Image Processing, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marcel J T Reinders
- Department of Intelligent Systems, Faculty of EEMCS, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Michel D Ferrari
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Else A Tolner
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Boukje de Vries
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Terrazzino S, Cargnin S, Viana M, Sances G, Tassorelli C. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met Gene Polymorphism Impacts on Migraine Susceptibility: A Meta-analysis of Case-Control Studies. Front Neurol 2017; 8:159. [PMID: 28507530 PMCID: PMC5410590 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inconclusive results have been reported in studies investigating the association between the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) rs6265 polymorphism and migraine. In the present study, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the published data in order to quantitatively estimate the relationship between rs6265 and migraine susceptibility. A comprehensive search was performed through PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and Cochrane databases up to October 2016. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to estimate the strength of the association with rs6265 under an additive, dominant, or recessive model of inheritance. A total of five studies including 1,442 cases and 1,880 controls were identified for the meta-analysis. The pooled data showed an increased risk of migraine for the allelic (OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.03–1.34, p = 0.014) or the dominant model of rs6265 (OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.05–1.41, p = 0.011). Statistical significance of rs6265 was lost when one single study was excluded from the analysis (dominant OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.00–1.38, p = 0.054; allelic OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 0.99–1.31, p = 0.067), suggesting lack of robustness of pooled estimates. When stratified by migraine type, a similar trend of association was detected with both MA and MO, but a statistically significant association of rs6265 was reached only with the MA subtype in the dominant model (OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.00–1.47, p = 0.047). The present meta-analysis supports that BDNF rs6265 may act as a genetic susceptibility factor for migraine. Nevertheless, large-scale studies are required to confirm our findings and to assess potential modifiers of the relationship between rs6265 and migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Terrazzino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Interdepartmental Research Center of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics (CRIFF), University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Sarah Cargnin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Interdepartmental Research Center of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics (CRIFF), University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Michele Viana
- Headache Science Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Grazia Sances
- Headache Science Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Headache Science Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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34
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Transcriptomic Changes in Rat Cortex and Brainstem After Cortical Spreading Depression With or Without Pretreatment With Migraine Prophylactic Drugs. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2017; 18:366-375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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35
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Wang Y, Tye AE, Zhao J, Ma D, Raddant AC, Bu F, Spector BL, Winslow NK, Wang M, Russo AF. Induction of calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in rats by cortical spreading depression. Cephalalgia 2016; 39:333-341. [PMID: 27919019 DOI: 10.1177/0333102416678388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has now been established as a key player in migraine. However, the mechanisms underlying the reported elevation of CGRP in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of some migraineurs are not known. A candidate mechanism is cortical spreading depression (CSD), which is associated with migraine with aura and traumatic brain injury. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CGRP gene expression may be induced by experimental CSD in the rat cerebral cortex. METHODS CSD was induced by topical application of KCl and monitored using electrophysiological methods. Quantitative PCR and ELISA were used to measure CGRP mRNA and peptide levels in discrete ipsilateral and contralateral cortical regions of the rat brain 24 hours following CSD events and compared with sham treatments. RESULTS The data show that multiple, but not single, CSD events significantly increase CGRP mRNA levels at 24 hours post-CSD in the ipsilateral rat cerebral cortex. Increased CGRP was observed in the ipsilateral frontal, motor, somatosensory, and visual cortices, but not the cingulate cortex, or contralateral cortices. CSD also induced CGRP peptide expression in the ipsilateral, but not contralateral, cortex. CONCLUSIONS Repeated CSD provides a mechanism for prolonged elevation of CGRP in the cerebral cortex, which may contribute to migraine and post-traumatic headache.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne E Tye
- 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU), SIP, Suzhou 215123, China
| | | | - Dongqing Ma
- 1 Centre for Neuroscience and.,2 Neuroscience Program, Departments of
| | | | - Fan Bu
- 1 Centre for Neuroscience and.,2 Neuroscience Program, Departments of
| | | | | | - Minyan Wang
- 1 Centre for Neuroscience and.,2 Neuroscience Program, Departments of
| | - Andrew F Russo
- 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU), SIP, Suzhou 215123, China.,4 Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, and.,5 Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,6 Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
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Chung DY, Oka F, Ayata C. Spreading Depolarizations: A Therapeutic Target Against Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. J Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 33:196-202. [PMID: 27258442 PMCID: PMC4894342 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed cerebral ischemia is the most feared cause of secondary injury progression after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Initially thought to be a direct consequence of large artery spasm and territorial ischemia, recent data suggests that delayed cerebral ischemia represents multiple concurrent and synergistic mechanisms, including microcirculatory dysfunction, inflammation, and microthrombosis. Among these mechanisms, spreading depolarizations (SDs) are arguably the most elusive and underappreciated in the clinical setting. Although SDs have been experimentally detected and examined since the late 1970s, their widespread occurrence in human brain was not unequivocally demonstrated until relatively recently. We now know that SDs occur with very high incidence in human brain after ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke and trauma, and worsen outcomes by increasing metabolic demand, decreasing blood supply, predisposing to seizure activity, and possibly worsening brain edema. In this review, we discuss the causes and consequences of SDs in injured brain. Although much of our mechanistic knowledge comes from experimental models of focal cerebral ischemia, clinical data suggest that the same principles apply regardless of the mode of injury (i.e., ischemia, hemorrhage, or trauma). The hope is that a better fundamental understanding of SDs will lead to novel therapeutic interventions to prevent SD occurrence and its adverse consequences contributing to injury progression in subarachnoid hemorrhage and other forms of acute brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y. Chung
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
- Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Fumiaki Oka
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
- Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Drongitis D, Rainone S, Piscopo M, Viggiano E, Viggiano A, De Luca B, Fucci L, Donizetti A. Epigenetics and cortical spreading depression: changes of DNA methylation level at retrotransposon sequences. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:755-60. [PMID: 27169424 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4000-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is an evolutionarily conserved phenomenon that involves a slow and self-propagating depolarization wave associated with spontaneous depression of electrical neuronal activity. CSD plays a central role in the pathophysiology of several brain diseases and is considered to be able to promote "Preconditioning". This phenomenon consists of the brain protecting itself against future injury by adaptation. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Preconditioning has significant clinical implications. We have already proposed that the long-lasting effects of CSD could be related to silencing of retrotransposon sequences by histone methylation. We analyzed DNA methylation of two retrotransposon sequences, LINE1 and L1, and their corresponding expression pattern after CSD induction. Based on immunoprecipitation assay of the methylated DNA (meDIP), we demonstrated hypermethylation of both sequences in preconditioned rat brain cortex compared with a control 24 h after CSD induction. Using quantitative PCR, we also showed that CSD induction caused a decrease of the transcript level of both retrotransposon sequences. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis of epigenetic modifications in Preconditioning-dependent neuroprotection by increasing genome stability via the silencing of retrotransposon sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Drongitis
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Rainone
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Piscopo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuela Viggiano
- Department of Experimental Medicine - Section of Human Physiology, Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 8, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Viggiano
- Department of Experimental Medicine - Section of Human Physiology, Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 8, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Bruno De Luca
- Department of Experimental Medicine - Section of Human Physiology, Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 8, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Fucci
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Aldo Donizetti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy.
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Witte OW, Kossut M. Impairment of Brain Plasticity by Brain Inflammation. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PSYCHOLOGIE-JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1027/2151-2604/a000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The ability to learn and the ability to reshape brain circuits are regarded as some of the most remarkable and important features of the brain. This ability declines with age due to largely unknown reasons, and it also is altered following stroke. Brain aging is associated with a progressive increase of the levels of inflammatory cytokine in the brain. Likewise, stroke causes pronounced increases of inflammatory cytokines in the brain. Following stroke, plasticity of the cortical representation following sensory deprivation and visualized with [14C]-2-deoxyglucose autoradiography is impaired for several weeks. Likewise, plasticity of visual acuity induced by occlusion of the ipsilateral eye is impaired. Both forms of plasticity may be rescued by treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs. In contrast to this, ocular dominance plasticity which is also induced by visual occlusion is not rescued by this intervention, neither following stroke nor in aged brains. Antiinflammatory interventions may therefore be a useful tool to enhance brain plasticity following stroke, but need to be supplemented by additional strategies to enhance brain plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto W. Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Kossut
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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39
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Viggiano E, Monda V, Messina A, Moscatelli F, Valenzano A, Tafuri D, Cibelli G, De Luca B, Messina G, Monda M. Cortical spreading depression produces a neuroprotective effect activating mitochondrial uncoupling protein-5. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:1705-10. [PMID: 27468234 PMCID: PMC4946829 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s107074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression of electrocorticogram propagating over the cortex surface results in cortical spreading depression (CSD), which is probably related to the pathophysiology of stroke, epilepsy, and migraine. However, preconditioning with CSD produces neuroprotection to subsequent ischemic episodes. Such effects require the expression or activation of several genes, including neuroprotective ones. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the expression of the uncoupling proteins (UCPs) 2 and 5 is amplified during brain ischemia and their expression exerts a long-term effect upon neuron protection. To evaluate the neuroprotective consequence of CSD, the expression of UCP-5 in the brain cortex was measured following CSD induction. CSD was evoked in four samples of rats, which were sacrificed after 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, and 24 hours. Western blot analyses were carried out to measure UCP-5 concentrations in the prefrontal cortices of both hemispheres, and immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the localization of UCP-5 in the brain cortex. The results showed a significant elevation in UCP-5 expression at 24 hours in all cortical strata. Moreover, UCP-5 was triggered by CSD, indicating that UCP-5 production can have a neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Viggiano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples; Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples
| | - Fiorenzo Moscatelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia
| | - Domenico Tafuri
- Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia
| | - Bruno De Luca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples
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40
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Coskun S, Varol S, Ozdemir HH, Agacayak E, Aydın B, Kapan O, Camkurt MA, Tunc S, Cevik MU. Association of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to migraine. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:1779-85. [PMID: 27486327 PMCID: PMC4958352 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s108814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine is one of the most common neurological diseases worldwide. Migraine pathophysiology is very complex. Genetic factors play a major role in migraine. Neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), play an important role in central nervous system functioning, development, and modulation of pain. This study investigates whether polymorphisms in the BDNF and NGF genes are associated with migraine disease in a Turkish case-control population. Overall, 576 subjects were investigated (288 patients with migraine and 288 healthy controls) for the following polymorphisms: rs6265(G/A), rs8192466(C/T), rs925946(G/T), rs2049046(A/T), and rs12273363(T/C) in the BDNF gene, and rs6330(C/T), rs11466112(C/T), rs11102930(C/A), and rs4839435(G/A) in the NGF gene using 5'-exonuclease allelic discrimination assays. We found no differences in frequency of the analyzed eight polymorphisms between migraine and control groups. However, the frequency of minor A alleles of rs6265 in BDNF gene was borderline significant in the patients compared with the healthy controls (P=0.049; odds ratios [ORs] [95% confidence intervals {CIs}] =0.723 [0.523-0.999]). Moreover, when the migraine patients were divided into two subgroups, migraine with aura (MA) and migraine without aura (MO), the minor TT genotype of rs6330 in NGF was significantly higher in MA patients than in MO patients (P=0.036) or healthy controls (P=0.026), and this disappeared after correction for multiple testing. Also, the rs6330*T minor allele was more common in the MA group than in the MO group or controls (P=0.011, ORs [95% CIs] =1.626 [1.117-2.365] or P=0.007, ORs [95% CIs] =1.610 [1.140-2.274], respectively). In conclusion, this is the first clinical study to evaluate the association between BDNF and NGF polymorphisms in migraine patients compared with health controls. Our findings suggest that the NGF rs6330*T minor allele might be nominated as a risk factor for developing aura in migraine disease. Our results should be considered as preliminary, and they need to be confirmed by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elif Agacayak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Birsen Aydın
- Department of Neurology, Diyarbakır Education and Research Hospital, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Oktay Kapan
- Department of Neurology, Elazığ Education and Research Hospital, Elazığ, Turkey
| | | | - Saban Tunc
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Medical Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Shen PP, Hou S, Ma D, Zhao MM, Zhu MQ, Zhang JD, Feng LS, Cui L, Feng JC. Cortical spreading depression-induced preconditioning in the brain. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1857-1864. [PMID: 28123433 PMCID: PMC5204245 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.194759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression is a technique used to depolarize neurons. During focal or global ischemia, cortical spreading depression-induced preconditioning can enhance tolerance of further injury. However, the underlying mechanism for this phenomenon remains relatively unclear. To date, numerous issues exist regarding the experimental model used to precondition the brain with cortical spreading depression, such as the administration route, concentration of potassium chloride, induction time, duration of the protection provided by the treatment, the regional distribution of the protective effect, and the types of neurons responsible for the greater tolerance. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms underlying cortical spreading depression-induced tolerance in the brain, considering excitatory neurotransmission and metabolism, nitric oxide, genomic reprogramming, inflammation, neurotropic factors, and cellular stress response. Specifically, we clarify the procedures and detailed information regarding cortical spreading depression-induced preconditioning and build a foundation for more comprehensive investigations in the field of neural regeneration and clinical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Shen
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shuai Hou
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Di Ma
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ming-Qin Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jing-Dian Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Liang-Shu Feng
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Li Cui
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jia-Chun Feng
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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42
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Mohn TC, Koob AO. Adult Astrogenesis and the Etiology of Cortical Neurodegeneration. J Exp Neurosci 2015; 9:25-34. [PMID: 26568684 PMCID: PMC4634839 DOI: 10.4137/jen.s25520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As more evidence points to a clear role for astrocytes in synaptic processing, synaptogenesis and cognition, continuing research on astrocytic function could lead to strategies for neurodegenerative disease prevention. Reactive astrogliosis results in astrocyte proliferation early in injury and disease states and is considered neuroprotective, indicating a role for astrocytes in disease etiology. This review describes the different types of human cortical astrocytes and the current evidence regarding adult cortical astrogenesis in injury and degenerative disease. A role for disrupted astrogenesis as a cause of cortical degeneration, with a focus on the tauopathies and synucleinopathies, will also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal C. Mohn
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin—River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrew O. Koob
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin—River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, USA
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43
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Urbach A, Brueckner J, Witte OW. Cortical spreading depolarization stimulates gliogenesis in the rat entorhinal cortex. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:576-82. [PMID: 25515215 PMCID: PMC4420877 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we showed that cortical spreading depolarizations (CSDs) are a potent trigger of hippocampal neurogenesis. Here, we evaluated CSD-induced cytogenesis in the entorhinal cortex (EC), which provides the major afferent input to the dentate gyrus. Cortical spreading depolarizations were induced by epidural application of 3 mol/L KCl, controls received equimolar NaCl. Cytogenesis was analyzed at different time points thereafter by means of intraperitoneal 5-bromodeoxyuridine injections (day 2, 4, or days 1 to 7) and immunohistochemistry. Recurrent CSD significantly increased numbers of newborn cells in the ipsilateral EC. The majority of these cells expressed glial markers. Microglia proliferation was maximal at day 2, whereas NG2 glia and astrocytes responded for a prolonged period of time (days 2 to 4). Newborn glia remained detectable for 6 weeks after CSD. Whereas we furthermore detected newborn cells immunopositive for doublecortin, a marker for immature neuronal cells, we found no evidence for the generation of new neurons in the EC. Our results indicate that CSD is a potent gliogenic stimulus, leading to rapid and enduring changes in the glial cellular composition of the affected brain tissue. Thus, CSD facilitates ongoing structural remodeling of the directly affected cortex that might contribute to the pathophysiology of CSD-related brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Urbach
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Judith Brueckner
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- 1] Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany [2] Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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44
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Murray KN, Parry-Jones AR, Allan SM. Interleukin-1 and acute brain injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:18. [PMID: 25705177 PMCID: PMC4319479 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the key host-defense response to infection and injury, yet also a major contributor to a diverse range of diseases, both peripheral and central in origin. Brain injury as a result of stroke or trauma is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, yet there are no effective treatments, resulting in enormous social and economic costs. Increasing evidence, both preclinical and clinical, highlights inflammation as an important factor in stroke, both in determining outcome and as a contributor to risk. A number of inflammatory mediators have been proposed as key targets for intervention to reduce the burden of stroke, several reaching clinical trial, but as yet yielding no success. Many factors could explain these failures, including the lack of robust preclinical evidence and poorly designed clinical trials, in addition to the complex nature of the clinical condition. Lack of consideration in preclinical studies of associated co-morbidities prevalent in the clinical stroke population is now seen as an important omission in previous work. These co-morbidities (atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, infection) have a strong inflammatory component, supporting the need for greater understanding of how inflammation contributes to acute brain injury. Interleukin (IL)-1 is the prototypical pro-inflammatory cytokine, first identified many years ago as the endogenous pyrogen. Research over the last 20 years or so reveals that IL-1 is an important mediator of neuronal injury and blocking the actions of IL-1 is beneficial in a number of experimental models of brain damage. Mechanisms underlying the actions of IL-1 in brain injury remain unclear, though increasing evidence indicates the cerebrovasculature as a key target. Recent literature supporting this and other aspects of how IL-1 and systemic inflammation in general contribute to acute brain injury are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie N Murray
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | | | - Stuart M Allan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
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Liu R, Yu S, Li F, Qiu E. Gene expression microarray analysis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus in a rat model of migraine with aura. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:1931-8. [PMID: 25624821 PMCID: PMC4298885 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.25.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression can trigger migraine with aura and activate the trigeminal vascular system. To examine gene expression profiles in the spinal trigeminal nucleus in rats following cortical spreading depression-induced migraine with aura, a rat model was established by injection of 1 M potassium chloride, which induced cortical spreading depression. DNA microarray analysis revealed that, compared with the control group, the cortical spreading depression group showed seven upregulated genes–myosin heavy chain 1/2, myosin light chain 1, myosin light chain (phosphorylatable, fast skeletal muscle), actin alpha 1, homeobox B8, carbonic anhydrase 3 and an unknown gene. Two genes were downregulated–RGD1563441 and an unknown gene. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and bioinformatics analysis indicated that these genes are involved in motility, cell migration, CO2/nitric oxide homeostasis and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruozhuo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shengyuan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Fengpeng Li
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Enchao Qiu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100037, China
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46
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Cortical Spreading Depression Increases the Phosphorylation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in the Cerebral Cortex. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:2431-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1447-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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47
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Duan D, Yang X, Ya T, Chen L. Hippocampal gene expression in a rat model of depression after electroacupuncture at the Baihui and Yintang acupoints. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:76-83. [PMID: 25206746 PMCID: PMC4146319 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.125333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Preliminary basic research and clinical findings have demonstrated that electroacupuncture therapy exhibits positive effects in ameliorating depression. However, most studies of the underlying mechanism are at the single gene level; there are few reports regarding the mechanism at the whole-genome level. Using a rat genomic gene-chip, we profiled hippocampal gene expression changes in rats after electroacupuncture therapy. Electroacupuncture therapy alleviated depression-related manifestations in the model rats. Using gene-chip analysis, we demonstrated that electroacupuncture at Baihui (DU20) and Yintang (EX-HN3) regulates the expression of 21 genes. Real-time PCR showed that the genes Vgf, Igf2, Tmp32, Loc500373, Hif1a, Folr1, Nmb, and Rtn were upregulated or downregulated in depression and that their expression tended to normalize after electroacupuncture therapy. These results indicate that electroacupuncture at Baihui and Yintang modulates depression by regulating the expression of particular genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Duan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine of South Building, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyan Yang
- Institute of Health Maintenance, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tu Ya
- School of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine of South Building, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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48
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Bihemispheric ischemic tolerance induced by a unilateral focal cortical lesion. Brain Res 2014; 1570:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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49
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Sutherland HG, Maher BH, Rodriguez-Acevedo AJ, Haupt LM, Griffiths LR. Investigation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Gene Variants in Migraine. Headache 2014; 54:1184-93. [DOI: 10.1111/head.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi G. Sutherland
- Genomics Research Centre; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Bridget H. Maher
- Genomics Research Centre; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Astrid J. Rodriguez-Acevedo
- Genomics Research Centre; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Larisa M. Haupt
- Genomics Research Centre; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Lyn R. Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Qld Australia
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50
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Wang M. Cortical spreading depression and calcitonin gene-related peptide: a brief review of current progress. Neuropeptides 2013; 47:463-6. [PMID: 24220568 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Although detailed disease mechanisms of migraine remain poorly understood, migraine is known to have a complex pathophysiology with both vascular and neuronal mechanisms. The neuronal mechanisms of migraine may be attributed to cortical spreading depression (CSD); consequently, CSD has been widely studied for understanding the pathophysiology of migraine. Well validated CSD models have been developed for evaluating anti-migraine drugs. Neuropeptides, mainly, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), have been proposed as an emerging class of effective drugs against migraine headache. The central role of this neuropeptide has led to research into CSD for understanding disease mechanisms of migraine. This review briefly summarizes our current understanding of CSD and CGRP involvement in CSD. Although CSD can also worsen strokes, this brief paper has excluded the possible connection between the neuropeptide and CSD associated with them. Instead it has focused solely on CGRP in CSD associated with migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyan Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
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