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Laforgia A, Inchingolo AD, Piras F, Colonna V, Giorgio RV, Carone C, Rapone B, Malcangi G, Inchingolo AM, Inchingolo F, Palermo A, Dipalma G. Therapeutic Strategies and Genetic Implications for Periodontal Disease Management: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7217. [PMID: 39000324 PMCID: PMC11242487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review is to identify the microbiological alterations caused by various therapy modalities by critically analyzing the current findings. We limited our search to English-language papers published between 1 January 2004 and 7 May 2024 in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science that were relevant to our topic. In the search approach, the Boolean keywords "microbio*" AND "periodontitis" were used. A total of 5152 papers were obtained from the databases Web of Science (2205), PubMed (1793), and Scopus (1154). This resulted in 3266 articles after eliminating duplicates (1886), and 1411 entries were eliminated after their titles and abstracts were examined. The qualitative analysis of the 22 final articles is included in this study. Research on periodontal disease shows that periodontitis alters the oral microbiome and increases antibiotic resistance. Treatments like scaling and root planing (SRP), especially when combined with minocycline, improve clinical outcomes by reducing harmful bacteria. Comprehensive mechanical debridement with antibiotics, probiotics, EMD with bone grafts, and other adjunctive therapies enhances periodontal health. Personalized treatment strategies and advanced microbial analyses are crucial for effective periodontal management and antibiotic resistance control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Laforgia
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Piras
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Valeria Colonna
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Vito Giorgio
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Claudio Carone
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Biagio Rapone
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Malcangi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Palermo
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, CoMD Birmingham Campus, Birmingham B4 6BN, UK
| | - Gianna Dipalma
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
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Dai X, Liang R, Dai M, Li X, Zhao W. Smoking Impacts Alzheimer's Disease Progression Through Oral Microbiota Modulation. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04241-1. [PMID: 38795302 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an important public health challenge with a limited understanding of its pathogenesis. Smoking is a significant modifiable risk factor for AD progression, and its specific mechanism is often interpreted from a toxicological perspective. However, microbial infections also contribute to AD, with oral microbiota playing a crucial role in its progression. Notably, smoking alters the ecological structure and pathogenicity of the oral microbiota. Currently, there is no systematic review or summary of the relationship between these three factors; thus, understanding this association can help in the development of new treatments. This review summarizes the connections between smoking, AD, and oral microbiota from existing research. It also explores how smoking affects the occurrence and development of AD through oral microbiota, and examines treatments for oral microbiota that delay the progression of AD. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the potential of the oral microbiota to act as a biomarker for AD. Finally, it considers the feasibility of probiotics and oral antibacterial therapy to expand treatment methods for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhu Dai
- Department of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manqiong Dai
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanghong Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Chatterjee S, Rajasekar A. Preparation and Characterization of Ferulic Acid Hydrogel and Its Application as a Local Drug Delivery Agent in Periodontitis. Cureus 2024; 16:e60534. [PMID: 38887323 PMCID: PMC11181101 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Periodontitis, a persistent inflammatory condition, impacts the tissues supporting teeth. Beyond mechanically eradicating the biofilm, additional host-modulating agents can aid in the treatment of periodontitis. Among these, gels are a very popular choice for use in the field of dentistry as these systems boast high biocompatibility and bioadhesiveness. These qualities make them easily administered and fabricated. They are typically placed into the periodontal site via wide-port needle syringes. Many investigations have demonstrated that hydrogels possess the ability for controlled drug release and aid in periodontal wound healing. Hence, this study aimed to develop a ferulic acid hydrogel and assess its effectiveness for managing periodontitis. Materials and methods Ferulic acid hydrogel was prepared followed by haemolysis assay and biocompatibility assay. After the in vitro analysis, a clinical trial was conducted: 20 patients were divided into Group A (comprising patients in whom scaling and root planing (SRP) was done) and Group B (comprising patients in whom SRP along with hydrogel application was done). Each patient's pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI) were recorded at baseline and at three months. Intergroup and intragroup comparisons of the parameters were made. Results Ferulic acid hydrogels exhibit a minimal ratio of red blood cell destruction, indicating their low haemolytic activity. Beyond 94 hours, ferulic acid hydrogel demonstrates minimal toxicity towards human fibroblasts, suggesting it has good biocompatibility. When clinical parameters were compared after three months of treatment with SRP alone, significant reductions were observed in all parameters. However, when hydrogel application was done along with SRP, greater reduction was seen in terms of all clinical parameters indicating the efficacy of the ferulic acid hydrogel as an adjunct. Conclusion Ferulic acid has distinct haemolytic activity as well as good biocompatibility. Its use also led to a considerable reduction in all clinical parameters, necessitating its role as a local drug delivery agent in the treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhangini Chatterjee
- Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Arvina Rajasekar
- Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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Chih SM, Cheng CD, Chen SH, Sung CE, Huang RY, Cheng WC. The Impact of Smoking on Peri-implant Microbiota: A Systematic Review. J Dent 2023; 133:104525. [PMID: 37088258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Peri-implantitis is associated with bacterial plaque biofilms and with patients who have a history of periodontitis. Smoking is a risk factor for periodontitis, but the relationship between smoking and peri-implantitis is unclear. The aim of this systematic review was to assess evidence ascertaining the relationship between smoking and peri-implant microbiota. DATA SOURCES An electronic search was conducted in the MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase and Scopus® databases in duplicate up to January 2023 without language restrictions. Studies were considered eligible for inclusion if they involved evaluation of the peri-implant microbiota of smokers and nonsmokers. Methodological quality was assessed with the adapted Newcastle-Ottawa scale. STUDY SELECTION Fourteen studies were identified for inclusion in the present study, and 85.7% of the studies were defined as medium to high methodological quality. Overall, the evidence presented in this review was limited to medium to high methodological quality. The data indicates that significantly higher frequencies of anaerobic pathogens are detectable in healthy peri-implant tissues of smokers. A lower diversity of microbiota was observed in healthy peri-implant sites of smokers. In the transition from clinically healthy to a diseased status, smoking shaped a reduced peri-implant microbiota by depleting commensal and enriching pathogenic species. CONCLUSIONS The composition of peri-implant microbiota may be influenced by smoking. More studies are needed to determine the impact of smoking on peri-implant microbiota. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In the transition from clinically healthy to a diseased status, smoking shaped a reduced peri-implant microbiota by depleting commensal and enriching pathogenic species. The composition of peri-implant microbiota may be influenced by smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Mi Chih
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Dental Science, National Defense Medical Center
| | - Chia-Dan Cheng
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Siao-Han Chen
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-En Sung
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Yeong Huang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chien Cheng
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Madi M, Smith S, Alshehri S, Zakaria O, Almas K. Influence of Smoking on Periodontal and Implant Therapy: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5368. [PMID: 37047982 PMCID: PMC10094532 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20075368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND smoking is considered the most modifiable risk factor for periodontal disease. OBJECTIVE the aim of this narrative review is to emphasize the effect of smoking on periodontal and implant therapy. METHODS The authors reviewed the literature reporting the clinical outcomes of smoking on periodontal surgical and nonsurgical treatment. The impact of smoking on implant therapy and sinus lifting procedures were also reviewed. RESULTS Periodontal and implant therapy outcomes are adversely affected by smoking. Smokers respond less favorably to periodontal therapy and periodontal flap procedures as compared to nonsmokers. Clinical outcomes for smokers are 50-75% worse than for nonsmokers. Studies reveal that smokers experience a significantly lower reduction in pocket depth compared to nonsmokers as well as less bone growth after treating infra-bony defects with guided tissue regeneration. The relative risk of implant failure is significantly higher in patients who smoke 20 cigarettes or more per day compared to nonsmokers. Additionally, smoking has also been shown to increase postoperative wound dehiscence and infection rates following sinus floor elevation. Longitudinal studies on smoke cessation have shown a reduction in bone loss and probing depths for periodontitis patients after cessation compared to those who smoke. CONCLUSION Smoking cessation can reduce probing depths and improve clinical attachment after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. There is insufficient evidence regarding the effect of smoking on peri-implantitis, as well as the loss of implants in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Madi
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steph Smith
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami Alshehri
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Zakaria
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Almas
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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Iskander MMZ, Lamont GJ, Tan J, Pisano M, Uriarte SM, Scott DA. Tobacco smoke exacerbates Filifactor alocis pathogenicity. J Clin Periodontol 2023; 50:121-130. [PMID: 36122937 PMCID: PMC9976951 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Filifactor alocis has recently emerged as a periodontal pathobiont that appears to thrive in the oral cavity of smokers. We hypothesized that identification of smoke-responsive F. alocis genes would provide insight into adaptive strategies and that cigarette smoke would enhance F. alocis pathogenesis in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS F. alocis was grown in vitro and cigarette smoke extract-responsive genes determined by RNAseq. Mice were exposed, or not, to mainstream 1R6F research cigarette smoke and infected with F. alocis, or not, in an acute ligature model of periodontitis. Key clinical, infectious, and immune data were collected. RESULTS In culture, F. alocis growth was unaffected by smoke conditioning and only a small number of genes were specifically regulated by smoke exposure. Reduced murine mass, differences in F. alocis-cognizant antibody production, and altered immune profiles as well as altered alveolar bone loss were all attributable to smoke exposure and/or F. alocis infection in vivo. CONCLUSIONS F. alocis is well-adapted to tobacco-rich conditions and its pathogenesis is enhanced by tobacco smoke exposure. A smoke-exposed ligature model of periodontitis shows promise as a tool with which to further unravel mechanisms underlying tobacco-enhanced, bacteria-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina M Z Iskander
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gwyneth J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jinlian Tan
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Michele Pisano
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Silvia M Uriarte
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - David A Scott
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Bagale K, Kulkarni R. A Systematic Review of the Literature Examining the Effects of Cigarette Smoke and e-Cigarette Vapor on the Virulence of Human Pathogenic Bacteria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12518. [PMID: 36231813 PMCID: PMC9565164 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The bioactive chemicals in cigarette smoke (CS) and e-cigarette vapor (EV) may affect pathogenic bacteria in the nasopharyngeal microflora, which may have implications on the pathophysiology of respiratory infections in cigarette smokers and e-cigarette users. In this systematic review, we seek to synthesize the research evidence supporting this hypothesis. To address the central research question, "what is known from the published, peer-reviewed literature about the effects of cigarette smoke or e-cigarette vapor exposure on the physiology of human pathogenic bacteria?", we screened the PubMed®, Web of ScienceTM, and ScienceDirect databases for reports examining the virulence characteristics and gene expression in human pathogenic bacteria exposed to either CS or EV. The principal conclusion from our analysis is that exposure to either CS or EV induces the virulence of respiratory pathogenic bacteria in a strain-dependent manner, which may in turn facilitate respiratory infections in cigarette smokers and e-cigarette users. In addition, we present evidence that nicotine and reactive oxygen species are the main chemicals responsible for CS/EV-mediated alterations in bacterial physiology. We note limitations that this review does not examine reports describing the alterations in host respiratory physiology or nasopharyngeal dysbiosis caused by CS/EV exposure. Future research to determine whether CS/EV-mediated augmentation of bacterial virulence indeed plays a role in human respiratory tract infections is warranted.
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Apatzidou DA. The role of cigarette smoking in periodontal disease and treatment outcomes of dental implant therapy. Periodontol 2000 2022; 90:45-61. [PMID: 35950749 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking has been implicated in periodontal pathology through various mechanisms, including perturbations of the inflammatory and host responses to putative periodontal pathogens, alterations in the subgingival microbial communities, and a compromised healing potential of the tissues leading to imbalance of tissue homeostasis. This review provides the evidence for the relationship between cigarette smoking and periodontal disease in an attempt to explain possible mechanisms of how tobacco smoking may exert its negative effects on the periodontal tissues via systemic and localized pathways. Early and more recent studies explore cigarette smoking-induced changes in periodontal clinical indices; in subgingival microbial flora by employing traditional detection methods for selected microorganisms, in addition to modern techniques such as deep sequencing and bioinformatics analyses that are able to fully characterize the microbial communities; and in inflammatory and immune responses critically appraising study limitations and differences in study protocol designs. Periodontal treatment outcomes and implant therapy outcomes are reviewed in an attempt to shed light on possible mechanisms for the inferior treatment outcome noted in smokers. The potential harmful effects of passive smoking are also reviewed, providing evidence for the advantages of smoking cessation. Quitting cigarette smoking should be recommended by the dentist, and effort should be made to inform smokers about the negative effects of smoking on the periodontal status and implant therapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Anastasia Apatzidou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Thessaloniki, Greece
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9
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Skipina TM, Elhawary MM, Soliman EZ. Periodontal disease is associated with elevated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk score. Am J Med Sci 2022; 364:327-332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Petrick JL, Wilkinson JE, Michaud DS, Cai Q, Gerlovin H, Signorello LB, Wolpin BM, Ruiz-Narváez EA, Long J, Yang Y, Johnson WE, Shu XO, Huttenhower C, Palmer JR. The oral microbiome in relation to pancreatic cancer risk in African Americans. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:287-296. [PMID: 34718358 PMCID: PMC8770575 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01578-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans have the highest pancreatic cancer incidence of any racial/ethnic group in the United States. The oral microbiome was associated with pancreatic cancer risk in a recent study, but no such studies have been conducted in African Americans. Poor oral health, which can be a cause or effect of microbial populations, was associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer in a single study of African Americans. METHODS We prospectively investigated the oral microbiome in relation to pancreatic cancer risk among 122 African-American pancreatic cancer cases and 354 controls. DNA was extracted from oral wash samples for metagenomic shotgun sequencing. Alpha and beta diversity of the microbial profiles were calculated. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between microbes and pancreatic cancer risk. RESULTS No associations were observed with alpha or beta diversity, and no individual microbial taxa were differentially abundant between cases and control, after accounting for multiple comparisons. Among never smokers, there were elevated ORs for known oral pathogens: Porphyromonas gingivalis (OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 0.80-3.56), Prevotella intermedia (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 0.69-2.85), and Tannerella forsythia (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 0.66-2.77). CONCLUSIONS Previously reported associations between oral taxa and pancreatic cancer were not present in this African-American population overall.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy E Wilkinson
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dominique S Michaud
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hanna Gerlovin
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa B Signorello
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian M Wolpin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward A Ruiz-Narváez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jirong Long
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yaohua Yang
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - W Evan Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julie R Palmer
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Zhang J, Yu J, Dou J, Hu P, Guo Q. The Impact of Smoking on Subgingival Plaque and the Development of Periodontitis: A Literature Review. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 2:751099. [PMID: 35048061 PMCID: PMC8757877 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.751099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking seriously affects oral health and causes a variety of oral diseases. Numerous clinical data show that smoking significantly increases the risk of periodontitis, and the duration and amount of smoking are positively correlated with the severity of periodontitis. In fact, smoking creates an environment conducive to the colonization of periodontopathogens, which affects the process of periodontitis. Since subgingival plaque which harbors periodontopathogens is the initiation factor of periodontitis, it is critical to study the impact of smoking on subgingival microbiota for understanding the relationship between smoking and periodontitis. Continuous advances have been made on the understanding of effects of smoking on subgingival plaque and the development of periodontitis. Smoking is observed to enhance the pathogenicity of periodontopathogens, especially the red complex microorganisms, via promoting their colonization and infection, and regulating the expression and function of multiple virulence factors. Furthermore, smoking has a negative impact on periodontal microecological homeostasis, which is reflected in the decrease of commensal bacteria and the increase of periodontopathogens, as well as the changes in the interaction between periodontopathogens and their commensal microbes in subgingival biofilm, thus influencing the pathogenicity of the subgingival plaque. In summary, the mechanism of smoking on subgingival plaque microorganisms represented by the red complex and its effect on the periodontal microecology still need to be further explored. The relevant research results are of great significance for guiding the periodontal clinical treatment of smoking population. This review summarizes the effects and relevant mechanisms of smoking on subgingival plaque and the development of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Zhang
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jialu Yu
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinge Dou
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pingyue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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12
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Cheng X, Zhou X, Liu C, Xu X. Oral Osteomicrobiology: The Role of Oral Microbiota in Alveolar Bone Homeostasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:751503. [PMID: 34869060 PMCID: PMC8635720 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.751503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteomicrobiology is a new research field in which the aim is to explore the role of microbiota in bone homeostasis. The alveolar bone is that part of the maxilla and mandible that supports the teeth. It is now evident that naturally occurring alveolar bone loss is considerably stunted in germ-free mice compared with specific-pathogen-free mice. Recently, the roles of oral microbiota in modulating host defense systems and alveolar bone homeostasis have attracted increasing attention. Moreover, the mechanistic understanding of oral microbiota in mediating alveolar bone remodeling processes is undergoing rapid progress due to the advancement in technology. In this review, to provide insight into the role of oral microbiota in alveolar bone homeostasis, we introduced the term “oral osteomicrobiology.” We discussed regulation of alveolar bone development and bone loss by oral microbiota under physiological and pathological conditions. We also focused on the signaling pathways involved in oral osteomicrobiology and discussed the bridging role of osteoimmunity and influencing factors in this process. Finally, the critical techniques for osteomicrobiological investigations were introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Kouanda B, Sattar Z, Geraghty P. Periodontal Diseases: Major Exacerbators of Pulmonary Diseases? Pulm Med 2021; 2021:4712406. [PMID: 34765263 PMCID: PMC8577952 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4712406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are a range of polymicrobial infectious disorders, such as gingivitis and periodontitis, which affect tooth-supporting tissues and are linked to playing a role in the exacerbation of several pulmonary diseases. Pulmonary diseases, such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, tuberculosis, COVID-19, and bronchiectasis, significantly contribute to poor quality of life and mortality. The association between periodontal disease and pulmonary outcomes is an important topic and requires further attention. Numerous resident microorganisms coexist in the oral cavity and lungs. However, changes in the normal microflora due to oral disease, old age, lifestyle habits, or dental intervention may contribute to altered aspiration of oral periodontopathic bacteria into the lungs and changing inflammatory responses. Equally, periodontal diseases are associated with the longitudinal decline in spirometry lung volume. Several studies suggest a possible beneficial effect of periodontal therapy in improving lung function with a decreased frequency of exacerbations and reduced risk of adverse respiratory events and morbidity. Here, we review the current literature outlining the link between the oral cavity and pulmonary outcomes and focus on the microflora of the oral cavity, environmental and genetic factors, and preexisting conditions that can impact oral and pulmonary outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakey Kouanda
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Zeeshan Sattar
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
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14
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Potempa J, Madej M, Scott DA. The RagA and RagB proteins of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2021; 36:225-232. [PMID: 34032024 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RagA and RagB proteins are major components of the outer membrane of the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and, while recently suggested to represent a novel peptide uptake system, their full function is still under investigation. Herein, we (a) discuss the evidence that the rag locus contributes to P. gingivalis virulence; (b) provide insight to Rag protein potential biological function in macromolecular transport and other aspects of bacterial physiology; (c) address the host response to Rag proteins which are immunodominant and immunomodulatory; and (d) review the potential of Rag-focused therapeutic strategies for the control of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mariusz Madej
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - David A Scott
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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15
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Abstract
Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory, multifactorial diseases where the major triggering factors for disease onset are bacteria and their toxins, but the major part of tissue destruction occurs as a result of host response towards the periodontal microbiome. Periodontal microbiome consists of a wide range of microorganisms including obligate and facultative anaerobes. In health, there is a dynamic balance between the host, environment, and the microbiome. Environmental factors, mainly tobacco smoking and psychological stress, disrupt the symbiotic relationship. Tobacco smoke and its components alter the bacterial surface and functions such as growth. Psychological stressors and stress hormones may affect the outcome of an infection by changing the virulence factors and/or host response. This review aims to provide currently available data on the effects of the major environmental factors on the periodontal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Buduneli
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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16
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Kumar PS. Interventions to prevent periodontal disease in tobacco-, alcohol-, and drug-dependent individuals. Periodontol 2000 2020; 84:84-101. [PMID: 32844411 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Substance abuse affects more than one sixth of the world's population. More importantly, the nature of the abuse and the type of addictive substances available to individuals is increasing exponentially. All substances with abusive potential impact both the human immuno-inflammatory system and oral microbial communities, and therefore play a critical role in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Evidence strongly supports the efficacy of professionally delivered cessation counseling. Dentists, dental therapists, and hygienists are ideally placed to deliver this therapy, and to spearhead efforts to provide behavioral and pharmacologic support for cessation. The purpose of this review is to examine the biologic mechanisms underlying their role in disease causation, to understand the pharmacologic and behavioral basis for their habituation, and to investigate the efficacy of population-based and personalized interventions in prevention of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima S Kumar
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
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17
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Li X, Liang X, Li S, Qi X, Du N, Yang D. Effect of environmental tobacco smoke on COX-2 and SHP-2 expression in a periodontitis rat model. Oral Dis 2020; 27:338-347. [PMID: 32640491 PMCID: PMC7818459 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on the inflammatory process of periodontitis by evaluating bone loss and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and Src homology phosphotyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP-2). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty 6-month-old male SD rats were randomized into four groups (10 rats/group/per time point): (a) normal group, (b) ETS group, (c) ligature-induced periodontitis group, and (d) ligature-induced periodontitis + ETS group. After treatment with ligature and/or ETS for 8 and 12 weeks, the levels of alveolar bone resorption and the expressions of COX-2 and SHP-2 in periodontal tissue were analyzed using histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The ligature-induced periodontitis group displayed increased bone resorption and elevated expression of COX-2 and SHP-2 in periodontal tissues compared to the normal and ETS groups at 8 and 12 weeks. Furthermore, bone resorption and COX-2 and SHP-2 levels in the ligature-induced periodontitis + ETS group were significantly increased compared to those in the normal and ligature-induced periodontitis groups at both 8 and 12 weeks. CONCLUSION Environmental tobacco smoke increased alveolar bone loss in periodontitis with enhanced expression of COX-2 and SHP-2 in periodontal tissues. Further investigation is needed to explore the role of COX-2 and SHP-2 in ETS-associated periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Li
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University & Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiangyang Liang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University & Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shujuan Li
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University & Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xia Qi
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University & Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ning Du
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hebei Children's Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dongru Yang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University & Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shijiazhuang, China
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18
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Jiang Y, Zhou X, Cheng L, Li M. The Impact of Smoking on Subgingival Microflora: From Periodontal Health to Disease. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:66. [PMID: 32063898 PMCID: PMC7000377 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is one of the most common diseases of the oral cavity affecting up to 90% of the worldwide population. Smoking has been identified as a major risk factor in the development and progression of periodontal disease. It is essential to assess the influence of smoking on subgingival microflora that is the principal etiological factor of the disease to clarify the contribution of smoking to periodontal disease. Therefore, this article reviews the current research findings regarding the impact of smoking on subgingival microflora and discusses several potential mechanisms. Cultivation-based and targeted molecular approaches yield controversial results in determining the presence or absence of smoking-induced differences in the prevalence or levels of certain periodontal pathogens, such as the “red complex.” However, substantial changes in the subgingival microflora of smokers, regardless of their periodontal condition (clinical health, gingivitis, or periodontitis), have been demonstrated in recent microbiome studies. Available literature suggests that smoking facilitates early acquisition and colonization of periodontal pathogens, resulting in an “at-risk-for-harm” subgingival microbial community in the healthy periodontium. In periodontal diseases, the subgingival microflora in smokers is characterized by a pathogen-enriched community with lower resilience compared to that in non-smokers, which increases the difficulty of treatment. Biological changes in key pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, together with the ineffective host immune response for clearance, might contribute to alterations in the subgingival microflora in smokers. Nonetheless, further studies are necessary to provide solid evidence for the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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19
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Hutcherson JA, Gogenini H, Lamont GJ, Miller DP, Nowakowska Z, Lasica AM, Liu C, Potempa J, Lamont RJ, Yoder-Himes D, Scott DA. Porphyromonas gingivalis genes conferring fitness in a tobacco-rich environment. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 35:10-18. [PMID: 31742917 PMCID: PMC8202090 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Smokers are more likely than non-smokers to harbour Porphyromonas gingivalis, they are more susceptible to destructive periodontal disease and smokers may, ultimately, benefit from tobacco-specific preventive and treatment strategies. A Mariner transposon insertion library for P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 was exploited to define 256 genes as essential for P. gingivalis survival in a tobacco-rich environment. Genes whose products play roles in protein transport and catabolism, nicotinamide processing, protection against oxidative stress, drug resistance, and transcriptional regulation have all been identified as essential for CSE survival. Many of these tobacco-essential genes are also requisite for epithelial colonization and abscess formation, suggestive of a core stress-related P. gingivalis genome. Single-gene deletions in several of the TnSeq-implicated genes led to significantly reduced P. gingivalis fitness upon competition with the parent strain, under conditions of cigarette smoke extract-induced stress (1,000 ng/ml nicotine equivalents). This study identifies, for the first time, a subset of P. gingivalis genes required for surviving the plethora of insults present in cigarette smoke. Such conditionally essential genes may delineate bacterial persistence strategies and represent novel therapeutic foci for the prevention of P. gingivalis infection and related diseases in smokers and in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel P. Miller
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville
| | - Zuzanna Nowakowska
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Anna M. Lasica
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville
- West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jan Potempa
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | | | | | - David A. Scott
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville
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20
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Kanmaz B, Lappin DF, Nile CJ, Buduneli N. Effects of smoking on non-surgical periodontal therapy in patients with periodontitis Stage III or IV, and Grade C. J Periodontol 2019; 91:442-453. [PMID: 31448829 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate possible effects of smoking on clinical, biochemical, and microbiological outcomes of non-surgical periodontal treatment in patients with periodontitis Stage III or IV and Grade C. METHODS Conventional quadrant-wise non-surgical periodontal treatment was performed and whole-mouth periodontal measurements were recorded at baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months after completion of treatment. Saliva, gingival crevicular fluid, subgingival plaque, and blood samples were obtained at the same time points. Inflammatory cytokine levels, presence, and quantities of 11 different bacterial species were determined. Smoking status was validated by cotinine assay. RESULTS Fourteen smoker and 13 non-smoker patients completed the study protocol and revealed similar clinical findings except for the higher plaque scores in the non-smokers at 6 months (P <0.01). Significant differences were found between the study groups in biofluid cytokine levels at 1 and 3 months (P <0.01). Gram-negative bacteria were more abundant in the smokers at baseline and so were Gram-positive bacteria in the non-smokers (P <0.01). Gram-negative bacteria repopulated in the smokers faster than in the non-smokers (P <0.01). CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that smoker patients with periodontitis Stage III and IV, Grade C respond well to the non-surgical periodontal treatment during the 6-month follow-up. However, smokers exhibit faster repopulation of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Kanmaz
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - David F Lappin
- Oral Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, Glasgow Dental School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christopher J Nile
- Oral Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, Glasgow Dental School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nurcan Buduneli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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21
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Hanioka T, Morita M, Yamamoto T, Inagaki K, Wang PL, Ito H, Morozumi T, Takeshita T, Suzuki N, Shigeishi H, Sugiyama M, Ohta K, Nagao T, Hanada N, Ojima M, Ogawa H. Smoking and periodontal microorganisms. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2019; 55:88-94. [PMID: 31049117 PMCID: PMC6484221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resolution of dysbiosis following treatment for periodontal disease and tobacco dependence has been reported in longitudinal intervention studies. In the present report, we evaluated the biological findings regarding the effect of smoking on the periodontal microbiome. A standardized electronic search was conducted using MEDLINE; overall, 1099 papers were extracted. Studies that addressed the relationship between tobacco and periodontal pathogens were included. Finally, 42 papers were deemed appropriate for the present review. Functional changes in periodontal pathogens exposed to nicotine and cigarette smoke extract support the clinical findings regarding dysbiosis of the subgingival microbiome. Dysbiosis of the periodontal microbiome was presented in smokers regardless of their periodontal condition (healthy, gingivitis, or periodontitis) and remained significant only in smokers even after the resolution of experimentally-induced gingivitis and following reduction of clinical signs of periodontitis with non-surgical periodontal treatment and over 3 months post-therapy. Based on these findings, smoking cessation in periodontitis patients is beneficial for promoting a health-compatible subgingival microbial community. To maximize the benefits of these interventions in dental settings, further studies on periodontal microbiome are needed to elucidate the impact of tobacco intervention on preventing recurrence of periodontal destruction in the susceptible subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hanioka
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Japan
| | - Manabu Morita
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Disaster Medicine and Dental Sociology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Japan
| | - Koji Inagaki
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Aichi Gakuin Junior College, Japan
| | - Pao-Li Wang
- Department of Dental Education Innovation, Osaka Dental University, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Periodontology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiya Morozumi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School of Dentistry, Japan
| | - Toru Takeshita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Nao Suzuki
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Japan
| | - Hideo Shigeishi
- Department of Public Oral Health, Program of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Masaru Sugiyama
- Department of Public Oral Health, Program of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Kouji Ohta
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Toru Nagao
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hanada
- Department of Translational Research, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Japan
| | - Miki Ojima
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Health Care, BAIKA Women's University, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ogawa
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, and WHO Collaborating Center for Translation of Oral Health Science, Niigata University, Japan
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22
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Zeller I, Malovichko MV, Hurst HE, Renaud DE, Scott DA. Cigarette smoke reduces short chain fatty acid production by a Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolate. J Periodontal Res 2019; 54:566-571. [PMID: 30982987 PMCID: PMC6776670 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Objectives We hypothesized that short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production by oral pathogens is suppressed by exposure to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Background Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for plaque‐induced periodontal diseases. Despite increased disease susceptibility, overt oral inflammation is suppressed in smokers, presenting a diagnostic conundrum. Bacterial‐derived SCFAs can penetrate into oral tissues where they influence multiple components of immune and healing responses. Indeed, the SCFA burden has been correlated with the inflammatory condition of the gingiva. However, the influence of cigarette consumption on SCFA production is unknown. Methods GC/MS was employed to monitor the production of several SCFAs (propionic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid) by representative anaerobic oral pathogens (Filifactor alocis 35896, Fusobacterium nucleatum 25586, Porphyromonas gingivalis 33277) that were exposed, or not, to a physiologically relevant dose of CSE (2000 ng/ml nicotine equivalents) generated from 3R4F reference cigarettes. Results The growth of all three bacterial species was unaffected by CSE. The capacity to produce SCFAs by these bacteria was highly varied. F alocis produced the highest concentration of a specific SCFA (butyrate); P gingivalis provided the most robust overall SCFA signal, while F alocis and F nucleatum did not release detectable levels of isobutyrate or isovalerate. As P gingivalis 33277 was the broadest SCFA producer, three low‐passage clinical isolates (10208C, 5607, and 10512) were also examined. Compared to unconditioned microbes, reduced SCFA release was apparent in CSE‐exposed low‐passage clinical isolates of P gingivalis which reached significance for one of the three isolates (propionic, isobutyric, butyric, and isovaleric acids, all P < 0.05). Conclusions There is high disparity in the SCFA profiles of variant chronic periodontitis‐associated bacteria, while CSE exposure reduces SCFA production by a specific clinical strain of P gingivalis. If the latter phenomenon occurs in vivo, a reduced SCFA burden may help explain the reduced vascular response to dental plaque in tobacco smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Zeller
- Departments of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Marina V Malovichko
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center and Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,American Heart Association Tobacco Regulatory Science and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Harrell E Hurst
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Diane E Renaud
- Departments of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - David A Scott
- Departments of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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23
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Alanazi H, Semlali A, Chmielewski W, Rouabhia M. E-Cigarettes Increase Candida albicans Growth and Modulate its Interaction with Gingival Epithelial Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16020294. [PMID: 30669681 PMCID: PMC6352080 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) vapor comes in contact with the different constituents of the oral cavity, including such microorganisms as Candida albicans. We examined the impact of e-cigarettes on C. albicans growth and expression of different virulent genes, such as secreted aspartic proteases (SAPs), and the effect of e-cigarette vapor-exposed C. albicans on gingival epithelial cell morphology, growth, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. An increase in C. albicans growth was observed with nicotine-rich e-cigarettes compared with non-exposed cultures. Following exposure to e-cigarette vapor, C. albicans produced high levels of chitin. E-cigarettes also increased C. albicans hyphal length and the expression of SAP2, SAP3, and SAP9 genes. When in contact with gingival epithelial cells, e-cigarette-exposed C. albicans adhered better to epithelial cells than the control. Indirect contact between e-cigarette-exposed C. albicans and gingival epithelial cells led to epithelial cell differentiation, reduced cell growth, and increased LDH activity. Overall, results indicate that e-cigarettes may interact with C. albicans to promote their pathogenesis, which may increase the risk of oral candidiasis in e-cigarette users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humidah Alanazi
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, 2420 de la Terrasse, Québec (Québec) Canada G1V 0A6.
| | - Abdelhabib Semlali
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, 2420 de la Terrasse, Québec (Québec) Canada G1V 0A6.
| | - Witold Chmielewski
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, 2420 de la Terrasse, Québec (Québec) Canada G1V 0A6.
| | - Mahmoud Rouabhia
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, 2420 de la Terrasse, Québec (Québec) Canada G1V 0A6.
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24
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Ryder MI, Couch ET, Chaffee BW. Personalized periodontal treatment for the tobacco- and alcohol-using patient. Periodontol 2000 2018; 78:30-46. [PMID: 30198132 PMCID: PMC6132065 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of various forms of tobacco is one of the most important preventable risk factors for the incidence and progression of periodontal disease. Tobacco use negatively affects treatment outcomes for both periodontal diseases and conditions, and for dental implants. Tobacco-cessation programs can mitigate these adverse dental treatment outcomes and may be the most effective component of a personalized periodontal treatment approach. In addition, heavy alcohol consumption may exacerbate the adverse effects of tobacco use. In this review, the microbiology, host/inflammatory responses and genetic characteristics of the tobacco-using patient are presented as a framework to aid the practitioner in developing personalized treatment strategies for these patients. These personalized approaches can be used for patients who use a variety of tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, smokeless tobacco products, e-cigarettes and other tobacco forms, as well as patients who consume large amounts of alcohol. In addition, principles for developing personalized tobacco-cessation programs, using both traditional and newer motivational and pharmacological approaches, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark I Ryder
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Couch
- Department or Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin W Chaffee
- Department or Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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25
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Buduneli N, Scott DA. Tobacco-induced suppression of the vascular response to dental plaque. Mol Oral Microbiol 2018; 33:271-282. [PMID: 29768735 PMCID: PMC8246627 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking presents oral health professionals with a clinical and research conundrum: reduced periodontal vascular responsiveness to the oral biofilm accompanied by increased susceptibility to destructive periodontal diseases. This presents a significant problem, hampering diagnosis and complicating treatment planning. The aim of this review is to summarize contemporary hypotheses that help to explain mechanistically the phenomenon of a suppressed bleeding response to dysbiotic plaque in the periodontia of smokers. The influence of smoke exposure on angiogenesis, innate cell function, the production of inflammatory mediators including cytokines and proteases, tobacco-bacteria interactions, and potential genetic predisposition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Scott
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Wagenknecht DR, BalHaddad AA, Gregory RL. Effects of Nicotine on Oral Microorganisms, Human Tissues, and the Interactions between Them. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40496-018-0173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Demmitt BA, Corley RP, Huibregtse BM, Keller MC, Hewitt JK, McQueen MB, Knight R, McDermott I, Krauter KS. Genetic influences on the human oral microbiome. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:659. [PMID: 28836939 PMCID: PMC5571580 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human oral microbiome is formed early in development. Its composition is influenced by environmental factors including diet, substance use, oral health, and overall health and disease. The influence of human genes on the composition and stability of the oral microbiome is still poorly understood. We studied both environmental and genetic characteristics on the oral microbiome in a large twin sample as well as in a large cohort of unrelated individuals. We identify several significantly heritable features of the oral microbiome. The heritability persists in twins even when their cohabitation changes. The heritability of these traits correlates with the cumulative genetic contributions of over half a million single nucleotide sequence variants measured in a different population of unrelated individuals. Comparison of same-sex and opposite sex cotwins showed no significant differences. We show that two new loci on chromosomes 7 and 12 are associated with the most heritable traits. RESULTS An analysis of 752 twin pairs from the Colorado Twin Registry, shows that the beta-diversity of monozygotic twins is significantly lower than for dizygotic or unrelated individuals. This is independent of cohabitation status. Intraclass correlation coefficients of nearly all taxa examined were higher for MZ than DZ twin pairs. A comparison of individuals sampled over 2-7 years confirmed previous reports that the oral microbiome remains relatively more stable in individuals over that time than to unrelated people. Twin modeling shows that a number of microbiome phenotypes were more than 50% heritable consistent with the hypothesis that human genes influence microbial populations. To identify loci that could influence microbiome phenotypes, we carried out an unbiased GWAS analysis which identified one locus on chromosome 7 near the gene IMMPL2 that reached genome-wide significance after correcting for multiple testing. Another locus on chromosome 12 near the non-coding RNA gene INHBA-AS1 achieved genome-wide significance when analyzed using KGG4 that sums SNP significance across coding genes. DISCUSSION Using multiple methods, we have demonstrated that some aspects of the human oral microbiome are heritable and that with a relatively small sample we were able to identify two previously unidentified loci that may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A. Demmitt
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80304 USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Robin P. Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Brooke M. Huibregtse
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Matthew C. Keller
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - John K. Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Matthew B. McQueen
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Rob Knight
- UC San Diego Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Ivy McDermott
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80304 USA
| | - Kenneth S. Krauter
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80304 USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
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Goulas T, Garcia-Ferrer I, Hutcherson JA, Potempa BA, Potempa J, Scott DA, Gomis-Rüth FX. Structure of RagB, a major immunodominant outer-membrane surface receptor antigen of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2016; 31:472-485. [PMID: 26441291 PMCID: PMC4823178 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is the main causative agent of periodontitis. It deregulates the inflammatory and innate host immune responses through virulence factors, which include the immunodominant outer-membrane surface receptor antigens A (PgRagA) and B (PgRagB), co-transcribed from the rag pathogenicity island. The former is predicted to be a Ton-dependent porin-type translocator but the targets of this translocation and the molecular function of PgRagB are unknown. Phenomenologically, PgRagB has been linked with epithelial cell invasion and virulence according to murine models. It also acts as a Toll-like receptor agonist and promotes multiple mediators of inflammation. Hence, PgRagB is a candidate for the development of a periodontitis vaccine, which would be facilitated by the knowledge of its atomic structure. Here, we crystallized and solved the structure of 54-kDa PgRagB, which revealed a single domain centered on a curved helical scaffold. It consists of four tetratrico peptide repeats (TPR1-4), each arranged as two helices connected by a linker, plus two extra downstream capping helices. The concave surface bears four large intertwined irregular inserts (A-D), which contribute to an overall compact moiety. Overall, PgRagB shows substantial structural similarity with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron SusD and Tannerella forsythia NanU, which are, respectively, engaged in binding and uptake of malto-oligosaccharide/starch and sialic acid. This suggests a similar sugar-binding function for PgRagB for uptake by the cognate PgRagA translocator, and, consistently, three potential monosaccharide-binding sites were tentatively assigned on the molecular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Goulas
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology ('María de Maeztu' Unit of Excellence), Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Garcia-Ferrer
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology ('María de Maeztu' Unit of Excellence), Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J A Hutcherson
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - B A Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - J Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
- Małopolska Center of Biotechnology and Department Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - D A Scott
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology ('María de Maeztu' Unit of Excellence), Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
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Zenobia C, Hajishengallis G. Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence factors involved in subversion of leukocytes and microbial dysbiosis. Virulence 2016; 6:236-43. [PMID: 25654623 PMCID: PMC4601496 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2014.999567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis has special nutrient requirements due to its asaccharolytic nature subsisting on small peptides cleaved from host proteins. Using proteases and other virulence factors, P. gingivalis thrives as a component of a polymicrobial community in nutritionally favorable inflammatory environments. In this regard, P. gingivalis has a number of strategies that subvert the host immune response in ways that promote its colonization and facilitate the outgrowth of the surrounding microbial community. The focus of this review is to discuss at the molecular level how P. gingivalis subverts leukocytes to create a favorable environment for a select community of bacteria that, in turn, adversely affects the periodontal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Zenobia
- a Department of Microbiology; University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine ; Philadelphia , PA , USA
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Fordham JB, Naqvi AR, Nares S. miR-24 Regulates Macrophage Polarization and Plasticity. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 6:362. [PMID: 26807309 PMCID: PMC4721581 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MicroRNAs (miRNA) are ubiquitous regulators of human biology and immunity. Previously, we have demonstrated an inhibitory role for miR-24 in the phagocytosis of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bioparticles and the induction of cytokine secretion in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the same origin; also, we have identified divergent and convergent miRNA responses to LPS from the periodontopathic pathogens Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitams (Aa) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), and revealed cigarette smoke extract as an environmental modifier of Pg LPS structure (Pg CSE) impacting macrophage miRNA responses. This study was designed to investigate the role of miR-24 on macrophage polarization and plasticity. METHODS Primary human macrophages were differentiated from CD14+ monocytes isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by MACS positive selection and transfected with miR-24 miRNA mimics, inhibitors, or negative control mimic; followed by stimulation with cytokines and/or LPS under various conditions representing key stages of macrophage activation. Macrophage activation and polarization was assessed using assays for cytokine production (ELISA) and protein expression (flow cytometry, immunoblot). MiR-24 expression was assessed by RT-PCR. RESULTS Stimulation of macrophages with LPSs of Aa, Pg, and Pg CSE origin resulted in dissimilar levels of cytokine expression and differential expression of miR-24. Overexpression of miR-24 inhibited cytokine secretion in response to LPS. Priming of macrophages with interferon gamma (IFN-γ) did not overcome this inhibitory effect, but classical activation of macrophages with IFN-γ plus TNF-α, TNF-β, or IL-17, modulated the pattern of miR-24 mediated suppression in a cytokine-specific fashion. Overexpression of miR-24 enhanced CD206 upregulation during alternative macrophage activation and inhibited its downregulation in macrophage transitioning from alternative to classical activation states. Overexpression of miR-24 resulted in reduced expression of the Class 1A PI 3-kinase subunit p110 delta (p110δ). CONCLUSION Pathogen- and environment-specific modifications in LPS alter the expression of cytokines and miR-24 in human macrophages. MiR-24 is a negative regulator of macrophage classical activation by LPS and promotes alternative activation under conditions of polarization and plasticity. MiR-24 mediated inhibition of LPS-induced cytokine secretion is dependent upon macrophage activation state at the point of stimulation, and this may be due to the degree to which p110δ is involved in the intracellular signaling pathway/s that transduce receptor ligation into cytokine induction. While important differences were observed in the effect of miR-24 on macrophages, these data indicate that overexpression of miR-24 would be predominantly anti-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jezrom B. Fordham
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Afsar R. Naqvi
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Salvador Nares
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Hutcherson JA, Bagaitkar J, Nagano K, Yoshimura F, Wang HH, Scott DA. Porphyromonas gingivalis RagB is a proinflammatory signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 agonist. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 30:242-52. [PMID: 25418117 PMCID: PMC4624316 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are semi-ubiquitous and caused by chronic, plaque-induced inflammation. The 55-kDa immunodominant RagB outer membrane protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone periodontal pathogen, has been proposed to facilitate nutrient transport. However, potential interactions between RagB and the innate response have not been examined. We determined that RagB exposure led to the differential and dose-related expression of multiple genes encoding proinflammatory mediators [interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and CCL2; all P < 0.05] in primary human monocytes and to the secretion of tumor necrosis factor and IL-8, but not interferon-γ or IL-12. RagB was shown to be a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 agonist that activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 and nuclear factor-κB signaling, as determined by a combination of blocking antibodies, pharmaceutical inhibitors and gene silencing. In keeping, a ΔragB mutant similarly exhibited reduced inflammatory capacity, which was rescued by ragB complementation. These results suggest that RagB elicits a major pro-inflammatory response in primary human monocytes and, therefore, could play an important role in the etiology of periodontitis and systemic sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Hutcherson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Aichi Gakui University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Juhi Bagaitkar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Aichi Gakui University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiji Nagano
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Disease Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Aichi Gakui University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fuminobu Yoshimura
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Disease Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Aichi Gakui University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Huizhi H. Wang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Aichi Gakui University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Aichi Gakui University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - David A. Scott
- Department of Microbiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Aichi Gakui University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Aichi Gakui University, Nagoya, Japan
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Imamura K, Kokubu E, Kita D, Ota K, Ishihara K, Saito A. Cigarette smoke condensate modulates migration of human gingival epithelial cells and their interactions with Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontal Res 2015; 50:411-21. [PMID: 25196284 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Epithelial cells are recognized as the first line of defense against bacterial infection and environmental harmful stimuli such as cigarette smoke (CS). Although previous studies explored the effects of nicotine on host cells, mechanisms by which CS affects cellular functions remain uncertain. The present study investigated the effects of CS condensate (CSC) on in vitro wound closure of gingival epithelial cells and their potential interactions with a major periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human gingival epithelial cells (Ca9-22) were treated with CSC for 24 h. Cell proliferation was determined using a WST-1 assay. Cell migration was assessed using a wound closure model. The expression of integrins was analyzed by confocal scanning laser microscopy and real-time PCR. Intracellular invasion of P. gingivalis was evaluated by confocal scanning laser microscopy and an antibiotic protection assay. RESULTS Low concentrations (1-10 μg/mL) of CSC showed no significant effect on cell proliferation. CSC demonstrated dual effects on epithelial wound closure of Ca9-22 cells: high concentrations (i.e. 250 μg/mL) significantly inhibited the wound closure whereas low concentrations (i.e. 10 μg/mL) promoted it (p < 0.01). CSC induced distinct changes in cytoskeleton. When CSC-exposed cells were infected with P. gingivalis for 2 h, a significant inhibition of wound closure was observed concurrent with a decrease in integrin α3 expression near the wound area. A significantly increased P. gingivalis invasion into Ca9-22 was observed when exposed to low concentrations of CSC. CONCLUSION Low concentrations of CSC increased invasion of human gingival epithelial cells by P. gingivalis and induced changes in cytoskeleton and integrin expression, thereby modulating the cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Imamura
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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Hutcherson JA, Scott DA, Bagaitkar J. Scratching the surface - tobacco-induced bacterial biofilms. Tob Induc Dis 2015; 13:1. [PMID: 25670926 PMCID: PMC4323140 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-014-0026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual environmental factors, such as iron, temperature and oxygen, are known to have a profound effect on bacterial phenotype. Therefore, it is surprising so little known is about the influence of chemically complex cigarette smoke on bacterial physiology. Recent evidence has demonstrated that tobacco smoke and components alter the bacterial surface and promote biofilm formation in several important human pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Klebsiella pneumonia, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon and the relevance to increased susceptibility to infectious disease in smokers and to treatment are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Hutcherson
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA
| | - David A Scott
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, 501 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40292 USA
| | - Juhi Bagaitkar
- Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO USA
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Nociti FH, Casati MZ, Duarte PM. Current perspective of the impact of smoking on the progression and treatment of periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2015; 67:187-210. [PMID: 25494601 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This literature review provides an overview of the current scenario regarding the impact of smoking on the progression and treatment of periodontitis; clinical, microbiological and immunological data from studies from our and other groups are presented. In general, preclinical and clinical data are unanimous in demonstrating that smokers present increased susceptibility, greater severity and faster progression of periodontal disease compared with nonsmokers. The evidence further demonstrates that smokers lose more teeth and have a less favorable response to therapy than do nonsmokers. Although it is well established that smoking significantly impacts on the onset, progression and outcome of periodontal disease, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. More importantly, some of the reported deleterious effects of smoking on periodontal tissues have been reported to be reversible upon participation in smoking-cessation programs. Therefore, clinicians should strongly advise smokers to enroll in cessation strategies, even temporarily, in order to improve the overall outcome.
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Teixeira SRL, D'Epiro TTS, Pinheiro ET, Simionato MRL, Taniwaki NN, Kisielius JJ, Mayer MPA. Lineage variability in surface components expression within Porphyromonas gingivalis. Microb Pathog 2014; 77:100-4. [PMID: 25448131 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis is represented by a spectrum of phenotypes ranging from commensals to pathogenic lineages. Capsule and fimbriae are considered key virulence factors in this specie, involved in colonization and host defenses evasion. Since these virulence traits may not be expressed by certain strains, we aimed to test the hypothesis that certain clusters or genotypes of P. gingivalis correlate with the production of capsule and fimbriae. Sixteen P. gingivalis isolates were evaluated. Capsule (K) was detected by optical microscopy of negatively stained cells. The presence of fimbriae (F) was determined by TEM. Genotypes were determined by NotI macrorestriction fragments analysis through Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) based on seven house-keeping genes. The phenotypes included F(+)K(+) (n = 4), F(-)K(+) (n = 5), F(+)K(-) (n = 5) and F(-)K(-) (n = 2). The analysis of whole genome macrorestriction fragments revealed 14 different clusters. MLST data also revealed extensive genetic diversity; however, PFGE and MLST profiles showed evident differences. There was no association between P. gingivalis clusters and encapsulated and/or fimbriated phenotypes. Genotyping methods were not able to discriminate isolates according to the production of virulence factors such as capsule and major fimbriae, indicating that recombination played a key role in the expression of capsule and fimbriae in P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Regina Loureiro Teixeira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Talyta Thereza Soares D'Epiro
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Ericka Tavares Pinheiro
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Maria Regina L Simionato
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Noemi Nosomi Taniwaki
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Av Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, SP 01246-902, Brazil.
| | - Jonas José Kisielius
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Av Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, SP 01246-902, Brazil.
| | - Marcia Pinto Alves Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
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Alamri A, Semlali A, Jacques É, Alanazi M, Zakrzewski A, Chmielewski W, Rouabhia M. Long-term exposure of human gingival fibroblasts to cigarette smoke condensate reduces cell growth by modulating Bax, caspase-3 and p53 expression. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:423-33. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Alamri
- Oral Ecology Research Group; Faculty of Dentistry; Laval University; Quebec QC Canada
- Genome Research Chair; Department of Biochemistry; College of Science, King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - A. Semlali
- Oral Ecology Research Group; Faculty of Dentistry; Laval University; Quebec QC Canada
- Genome Research Chair; Department of Biochemistry; College of Science, King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - É. Jacques
- Oral Ecology Research Group; Faculty of Dentistry; Laval University; Quebec QC Canada
| | - M. Alanazi
- Genome Research Chair; Department of Biochemistry; College of Science, King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - A. Zakrzewski
- Oral Ecology Research Group; Faculty of Dentistry; Laval University; Quebec QC Canada
| | - W. Chmielewski
- Oral Ecology Research Group; Faculty of Dentistry; Laval University; Quebec QC Canada
| | - M. Rouabhia
- Oral Ecology Research Group; Faculty of Dentistry; Laval University; Quebec QC Canada
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Zeller I, Hutcherson JA, Lamont RJ, Demuth DR, Gumus P, Nizam N, Buduneli N, Scott DA. Altered antigenic profiling and infectivity of Porphyromonas gingivalis in smokers and non-smokers with periodontitis. J Periodontol 2014; 85:837-44. [PMID: 24147843 PMCID: PMC4020174 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smokers are more susceptible to periodontal diseases and are more likely to be infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis than non-smokers. Furthermore, smoking is known to alter the expression of P. gingivalis surface components and compromise immunoglobulin (Ig)G generation. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the overall IgG response to P. gingivalis is suppressed in smokers in vivo and whether previously established in vitro tobacco-induced phenotypic P. gingivalis changes would be reflected in vivo. METHODS The authors examined the humoral response to several P. gingivalis strains as well as specific tobacco-regulated outer membrane proteins (FimA and RagB) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in biochemically validated (salivary cotinine) smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis (CP: n = 13) or aggressive periodontitis (AgP: n = 20). The local and systemic presence of P. gingivalis DNA was also monitored by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Smoking was associated with decreased total IgG responses against clinical (10512, 5607, and 10208C; all P <0.05) but not laboratory (ATCC 33277, W83) P. gingivalis strains. Smoking did not influence IgG produced against specific cell-surface proteins, although a non-significant pattern toward increased total FimA-specific IgG in patients with CP, but not AgP, was observed. Seropositive smokers were more likely to be infected orally and systemically with P. gingivalis (P <0.001), as determined by 16S RNA analysis. CONCLUSION Smoking alters the humoral response against P. gingivalis and may increase P. gingivalis infectivity, strengthening the evidence that mechanisms of periodontal disease progression in smokers may differ from those of non-smokers with the same disease classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Zeller
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Justin A. Hutcherson
- Microbiology and Immunology University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Donald R. Demuth
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Pinar Gumus
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nejat Nizam
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Buduneli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - David A. Scott
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
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38
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Graziano TS, Closs P, Poppi T, Franco GC, Cortelli JR, Groppo FC, Cogo K. Catecholamines promote the expression of virulence and oxidative stress genes in Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:660-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. S. Graziano
- Department of Physiological Sciences; Area of Pharmacology, Anesthesiology and Therapeutics; Piracicaba Dental School; University of Campinas; Piracicaba SP Brazil
| | - P. Closs
- Department of Periodontology; Dentistry School University of Taubaté; Taubaté SP Brazil
| | - T. Poppi
- Department of Periodontology; Dentistry School University of Taubaté; Taubaté SP Brazil
| | - G. C. Franco
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Department of General Biology; State University of Ponta Grossa; Ponta Grossa PR Brazil
| | - J. R. Cortelli
- Department of Periodontology; Dentistry School University of Taubaté; Taubaté SP Brazil
| | - F. C. Groppo
- Department of Physiological Sciences; Area of Pharmacology, Anesthesiology and Therapeutics; Piracicaba Dental School; University of Campinas; Piracicaba SP Brazil
| | - K. Cogo
- Department of Dentistry; Implantology Area; University of Santo Amaro; São Paulo SP Brazil
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Naqvi AR, Fordham JB, Khan A, Nares S. MicroRNAs responsive to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS modulate expression of genes regulating innate immunity in human macrophages. Innate Immun 2013; 20:540-51. [PMID: 24062196 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913501914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, noncoding RNAs that regulate post-transcriptional expression of their respective target genes and are responsive to various stimuli, including LPS. Here we examined the early (4 h) miRNA responses of THP1-differentiated macrophages challenged with LPS derived from the periodontal pathogens, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis or environmentally-modified LPS obtained from P. gingivalis grown in cigarette smoke extract. Predicted miRNA-gene target interactions for LPS-responsive miR-29b and let-7f were confirmed using dual-luciferase assays and by transfection experiments using miRNA mimics and inhibitors. Convergent and divergent miRNA profiles were observed in treated samples where differences in miRNA levels related to the type, concentration and incubation times of LPS challenge. Dual-luciferase experiments revealed miR-29b targeting of interleukin-6 receptorα (IL-6Rα) and IFN-γ inducible protein 30 and let-7f targeting of suppressor of cytokine signaling 4 and thrombospondin-1. Transfection experiments confirmed miR-29b and let-7f modulation of IL-6Rα and SOCS4 protein expression levels, respectively. Thus, we have demonstrated convergent/divergent miRNA responses to wild type LPS and its environmentally-modified LPS, and demonstrate miRNA targeting of key genes linked to inflammation and immunity. Our data indicate that these LPS-responsive miRNAs may play a key role in fine-tuning the host response to periodontal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsar R Naqvi
- Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Currently at Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jezrom B Fordham
- Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Currently at Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Asma Khan
- Department of Endodontics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Salvador Nares
- Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Currently at Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Mdala I, Olsen I, Haffajee AD, Socransky SS, de Blasio BF, Thoresen M. Multilevel analysis of bacterial counts from chronic periodontitis after root planing/scaling, surgery, and systemic and local antibiotics: 2-year results. J Oral Microbiol 2013; 5:20939. [PMID: 23853701 PMCID: PMC3708352 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To follow changes (over 2 years) in subgingival bacterial counts of five microbial complexes including health-related Actinomyces spp. in deeper pockets (≥5 mm) after periodontal treatments. METHODS EIGHT DIFFERENT TREATMENTS WERE STUDIED: (1) scaling+root planing (SRP); (2) periodontal surgery (SURG)+systemic amoxicillin (AMOX)+systemic metronidazole (MET); (3) SURG+locally delivered tetracycline (TET); (4) SURG; (5) AMOX+MET+TET; (6) AMOX+MET; (7) TET; and (8) SURG+AMOX+MET+TET. Antibiotics were given immediately following SRP. Subgingival plaque was collected mesiobuccally from each tooth, except third molars, from 176 subjects, completing the study, at baseline, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months post-treatment and analysed for 40 different bacteria using checkerboard hybridization. A negative binomial (NB) generalized estimating equation (NB GEE) model was used to analyze count data and a logistic GEE was used for proportions. RESULTS We observed short-term beneficial changes in the composition of the red complex of up to 3 months by treating subjects with AMOX+MET+TET. Similar short-term improvements with the same treatment were observed for Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola of the red complex. SURG had also short-term beneficial effect on Porphyromonas gingivalis. No periodontal treatments applied to severely affected sites promoted the growth of Actinomyces. Smoking elevated counts of both the red and orange complex while bleeding on probing (BOP) and gingival redness were also predictors of more red complex counts. Comparatively similar findings were obtained by analyzing counts and by analyzing proportions. CONCLUSIONS Although short-term reductions in the counts of the red complex were observed in sites that were treated with AMOX+MET+TET, long-term significant effects were not observed with any of the eight treatments. Poor oral hygiene in patients with severe chronic periodontitis diminished the beneficial effects of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahimu Mdala
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Chandra RV, Srinivas G, Reddy AA, Reddy BH, Reddy C, Nagarajan S, Naveen A. Locally delivered antioxidant gel as an adjunct to nonsurgical therapy improves measures of oxidative stress and periodontal disease. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2013; 43:121-9. [PMID: 23837126 PMCID: PMC3701833 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2013.43.3.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present study has two aims; firstly, it attempts to verify the presence of oxidative stress by estimating the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in periodontal pockets ≥5 mm as compared to controls. The second aim is to evaluate the effect of lycopene as a locally delivered antioxidant gel on periodontal health and on the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of oxidative injury. Methods Thirty-one subjects participated in this study. In the pretreatment phase, the ROS levels in pockets ≥5 mm were measured by flow cytometry. Three sites in each subject were randomly assigned into each of the following experimental groups: sham group, only scaling and root planing (SRP) was done; placebo group, local delivery of placebo gel after SRP; and lycopene group, local delivery of lycopene gel after SRP. Clinical parameters included recording site-specific measures of GCF 8-OHdG, plaque, gingivitis, probing depth, and clinical attachment level. Results The gel, when delivered to the sites with oxidative stress, was effective in increasing clinical attachment and in reducing gingival inflammation, probing depth, and 8-OHdG levels as compared to the placebo and sham sites. Conclusions From this trial conducted over a period of 6 months, it was found that locally delivered lycopene seems to be effective in reducing the measures of oxidative stress and periodontal disease.
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Bondy-Carey JL, Galicia J, Bagaitkar J, Potempa JS, Potempa B, Kinane DF, Veillard F, Scott DA. Neutrophils alter epithelial response to Porphyromonas gingivalis in a gingival crevice model. Mol Oral Microbiol 2013; 28:102-13. [PMID: 23193955 PMCID: PMC3594541 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A gingival crevice model (epithelial cell-Porphyromonas gingivalis-neutrophil) was established and used to profile gingipain, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), MMP mediators [neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1)] and cytokine networks. Smoking is the primary environmental risk factor for periodontitis. Therefore, the influence of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) was also monitored in the same model. Porphyromonas gingivalis alone induced low levels of interleukin-1β and interleukin-8 from epithelial cells, but high levels of both cytokines were produced on the addition of neutrophils. Exposure to CSE (100 and 1000 ng ml(-1) nicotine equivalency) significantly compromised P. gingivalis-induced cytokine secretion (both P < 0.05). P. gingivalis induced impressive secretion of NGAL (P < 0.05) that was not influenced by CSE. The influence of CSE on gingipain production was strain-specific. Purified gingipains effectively and rapidly degraded both TIMP-1 and MMP-9. Induction of large amounts of NGAL, degradation of TIMP-1, and increased gingipain activity would each be expected to prolong collagen degradation and promote disease progression. However, gingipains also degrade MMP-9. Hence, P. gingivalis exerts a complex influence on the proteolytic balance of a gingival crevice model. Exposure to CSE reduces the proinflammatory cytokine burden, which may be expected to promote P. gingivalis survival. In addition to novel findings that provide mechanistic insight into periodontal disease progression, these results are in keeping with the recognized clinical dogma of decreased inflammation/increased disease in smokers. This straightforward gingival crevice model is established as a suitable vehicle for the elucidation of mechanisms that contribute to susceptibility to periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Bondy-Carey
- Centre for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, 501 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Johnah Galicia
- School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Juhi Bagaitkar
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jan S. Potempa
- Centre for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, 501 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Potempa
- Centre for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, 501 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Denis F. Kinane
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Florian Veillard
- Centre for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, 501 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY, USA
| | - David A. Scott
- Centre for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, 501 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY, USA
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Cigarette smoke increases Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation via oxidative stress. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3804-11. [PMID: 22890993 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00689-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The strong epidemiological association between cigarette smoke (CS) exposure and respiratory tract infections is conventionally attributed to immunosuppressive and irritant effects of CS on human cells. Since pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus are members of the normal microbiota and reside in close proximity to human nasopharyngeal cells, we hypothesized that bioactive components of CS might affect these organisms and potentiate their virulence. Using Staphylococcus aureus as a model organism, we observed that the presence of CS increased both biofilm formation and host cell adherence. Analysis of putative molecular pathways revealed that CS exposure decreased expression of the quorum-sensing agr system, which is involved in biofilm dispersal, and increased transcription of biofilm inducers such as sarA and rbf. CS contains bioactive compounds, including free radicals and reactive oxygen species, and we observed transcriptional induction of bacterial oxidoreductases, including superoxide dismutase, following exposure. Moreover, pretreatment of CS with an antioxidant abrogated CS-mediated enhancement of biofilms. Exposure of bacteria to hydrogen peroxide alone increased biofilm formation. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that CS induces staphylococcal biofilm formation in an oxidant-dependent manner. CS treatment induced transcription of fnbA (encoding fibronectin binding protein A), leading to increased binding of CS-treated staphylococci to immobilized fibronectin and increased adherence to human cells. These observations indicate that the bioactive effects of CS may extend to the resident microbiota of the nasopharynx, with implications for the pathogenesis of respiratory infection in CS-exposed humans.
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Cogo K, de Andrade A, Labate CA, Bergamaschi CC, Berto LA, Franco GCN, Gonçalves RB, Groppo FC. Proteomic analysis ofPorphyromonas gingivalisexposed to nicotine and cotinine. J Periodontal Res 2012; 47:766-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2012.01494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Antunes MB, Chi JJ, Liu Z, Goldstein-Daruech N, Palmer JN, Zhu J, Cohen NA. Molecular basis of tobacco-induced bacterial biofilms: an in vitro study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012; 147:876-84. [PMID: 22597576 DOI: 10.1177/0194599812447263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in the expression of biofilm-related genes when exposed to tobacco smoke and oxidative stress. STUDY DESIGN Experimental, in vitro. Setting Laboratories of Rhinology and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Bacterial biofilm mass was measured using crystal violet staining and measurement of the optical density. Biofilm-related genes of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 strain (pilF, flgK, lasI, lasB, rhlA, and algC) were studied following repetitive exposure to exogenous tobacco smoke and hydrogen peroxide. This was done using a reporter plasmid. RESULTS After 1 exposure to smoke, there was no change in biofilm formation. However, after 2 and 3 exposures, the biofilm formed had an increased mass (P < .05). With respect to oxidative stress in the form of H(2)O(2), bacterial cultures demonstrated a dose- and time-dependent induction of biofilm formation compared with control conditions. Gene expression following repetitive smoke exposure demonstrated an increase in expression of pilF, flgK, algC, and lasI genes (P < .05); a decrease in rhlA (P < .05); and no significant change in the lasB gene (P = 0.1). Gene expression following H(2)O(2) exposure demonstrated an increase in pilF (P < .05), whereas the other genes failed to demonstrate a statistical change. CONCLUSIONS Repetitive tobacco smoke exposure leads to molecular changes in biofilm-related genes, and exposure to oxidative stress in the form of H(2)O(2) induces biofilm growth in PAO1. This could represent adaptative changes due to oxidative stress or chemically mediated through any of the several chemicals encountered in tobacco smoke and may explain increased biofilm formation in microbes isolated from smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo B Antunes
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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46
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Baek O, Zhu W, Kim HC, Lee SW. Effects of nicotine on the growth and protein expression of Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Microbiol 2012; 50:143-8. [PMID: 22367949 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-1212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is considered one of the most significant environmental risk factors for destructive periodontal disease. The effect of smoking on periodontopathic microbiota has not yet been elucidated, as previous studies failed to identify a concrete relationship between periodontopathic microorganisms and smoking. However, it is likely that smoking, as an environmental stress factor, may affect the behavior of dental plaque microorganisms, ultimately leading to alteration of the host-parasite interaction. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of nicotine, a major component of tobacco, on the growth and protein expression of the crucial periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. The growth of P. gingivalis 381 was measured after bacterial cells were cultivated in liquid broth containing various nicotine concentrations. First, P. gingivalis cells were allowed to grow in the presence of a single dose of nicotine (the single exposure protocol) at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/L, respectively. Second, P. gingivalis cells were exposed to five consecutive doses of nicotine (the multiple exposure protocol) at 0, 1, 2, and 4 mg/L, respectively. Bacterial growth was measured by optical density and protein expression was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and 2-D gel electrophoresis. In the single nicotine exposure protocol, it was observed that the growth of P. gingivalis 381 was inhibited by nicotine in a dose-dependent manner. In the multiple nicotine exposure protocol, the growth rate of P. gingivalis increased with each subsequent nicotine exposure, even though bacterial growth was also inhibited in a dose dependent fashion. SDS-PAGE and 2-D gel electrophoresis analyses revealed a minor change in the pattern of protein expression, showing differences in proteins with low molecular weights (around 20 kDa) on exposure to nicotine. The results of this study suggest that nicotine exerts an inhibitory effect on the growth of P. gingivalis, and has a potential to modulate protein expression in P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orson Baek
- Division of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Bagaitkar J, Daep CA, Patel CK, Renaud DE, Demuth DR, Scott DA. Tobacco smoke augments Porphyromonas gingivalis-Streptococcus gordonii biofilm formation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27386. [PMID: 22110637 PMCID: PMC3215692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is responsible for the majority of periodontitis cases in the US and smokers are more susceptible than non-smokers to infection by the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. P. gingivalis colonization of the oral cavity is dependent upon its interaction with other plaque bacteria, including Streptococcus gordonii. Microarray analysis suggested that exposure of P. gingivalis to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) increased the expression of the major fimbrial antigen (FimA), but not the minor fimbrial antigen (Mfa1). Therefore, we hypothesized that CSE promotes P. gingivalis-S. gordonii biofilm formation in a FimA-dependent manner. FimA total protein and cell surface expression were increased upon exposure to CSE whereas Mfa1 was unaffected. CSE exposure did not induce P. gingivalis auto-aggregation but did promote dual species biofilm formation, monitored by microcolony numbers and depth (both, p<0.05). Interestingly, P. gingivalis biofilms grown in the presence of CSE exhibited a lower pro-inflammatory capacity (TNF-α, IL-6) than control biofilms (both, p<0.01). CSE-exposed P. gingivalis bound more strongly to immobilized rGAPDH, the cognate FimA ligand on S. gordonii, than control biofilms (p<0.001) and did so in a dose-dependent manner. Nevertheless, a peptide representing the Mfa1 binding site on S. gordonii, SspB, completely inhibited dual species biofilm formation. Thus, CSE likely augments P. gingivalis biofilm formation by increasing FimA avidity which, in turn, supports initial interspecies interactions and promotes subsequent high affinity Mfa1-SspB interactions driving biofilm growth. CSE induction of P. gingivalis biofilms of limited pro-inflammatory potential may explain the increased persistence of this pathogen in smokers. These findings may also be relevant to other biofilm-induced infectious diseases and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Bagaitkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Carlo A. Daep
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Carol K. Patel
- Center of Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Diane E. Renaud
- Center of Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Demuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center of Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - David A. Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center of Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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Lee J, Taneja V, Vassallo R. Cigarette smoking and inflammation: cellular and molecular mechanisms. J Dent Res 2011; 91:142-9. [PMID: 21876032 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511421200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) causes considerable morbidity and mortality by inducing cancer, chronic lung and vascular diseases, and oral disease. Despite the well-recognized risks associated with smoking, the habit remains unacceptably prevalent. Several toxins present in CS have immunomodulatory effects. CS also contains trace amounts of microbial cell components, including bacterial lipopolysaccharide. These and other CS constituents induce chronic inflammation at mucosal surfaces and modify host responses to exogenous antigens. The effects of CS on immunity are far-reaching and complex; both pro-inflammatory and suppressive effects may be induced. The net effect of CS on immunity depends on many variables, including the dose and type of tobacco, the route and chronicity of exposure, and the presence of other factors at the time of immune cell stimulation, such as Toll receptor ligands or other inflammatory mediators. CS impairs innate defenses against pathogens, modulates antigen presentation, and promotes autoimmunity. CS also impairs immunity in the oral cavity and promotes gingival and periodontal disease and oral cancer. The recognition of specific mechanisms by which CS affects host immunity is an important step toward elucidating mechanisms of tobacco-induced disease and may identify novel therapeutic approaches for the management of diseases that afflict smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Goldstein-Daruech N, Cope EK, Zhao KQ, Vukovic K, Kofonow JM, Doghramji L, González B, Chiu AG, Kennedy DW, Palmer JN, Leid JG, Kreindler JL, Cohen NA. Tobacco smoke mediated induction of sinonasal microbial biofilms. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15700. [PMID: 21253587 PMCID: PMC3017060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smokers and those exposed to second hand smoke are more susceptible to life threatening infection than non-smokers. While much is known about the devastating effect tobacco exposure has on the human body, less is known about the effect of tobacco smoke on the commensal and commonly found pathogenic bacteria of the human respiratory tract, or human respiratory tract microbiome. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common medical complaint, affecting 16% of the US population with an estimated aggregated cost of $6 billion annually. Epidemiologic studies demonstrate a correlation between tobacco smoke exposure and rhinosinusitis. Although a common cause of CRS has not been defined, bacterial presence within the nasal and paranasal sinuses is assumed to be contributory. Here we demonstrate that repetitive tobacco smoke exposure induces biofilm formation in a diverse set of bacteria isolated from the sinonasal cavities of patients with CRS. Additionally, bacteria isolated from patients with tobacco smoke exposure demonstrate robust in vitro biofilm formation when challenged with tobacco smoke compared to those isolated from smoke naïve patients. Lastly, bacteria from smoke exposed patients can revert to a non-biofilm phenotype when grown in the absence of tobacco smoke. These observations support the hypothesis that tobacco exposure induces sinonasal biofilm formation, thereby contributing to the conversion of a transient and medically treatable infection to a persistent and therapeutically recalcitrant condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Goldstein-Daruech
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- PhD Program Medical Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencia, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emily K. Cope
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Ke-Qing Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, School of Shanghai Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Katarina Vukovic
- Department of Otorhonolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jennifer M. Kofonow
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laurel Doghramji
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bernardo González
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencia, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexander G. Chiu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David W. Kennedy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James N. Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeffery G. Leid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - James L. Kreindler
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Noam A. Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Surgical Services, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Pietropaoli D, Tatone C, D'Alessandro AM, Monaco A. Possible involvement of advanced glycation end products in periodontal diseases. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2010; 23:683-91. [PMID: 20943037 DOI: 10.1177/039463201002300301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are considered as multifactorial conditions initiated by infection with pathogenic bacteria, promoted by inflammation and immune response against bacteria and modified by different environmental and genetic factors. Recently, interest in periodontal diseases has been increasing due to the awareness that the hyperinflammatory status associated with this disorder could impose a significant increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) relevant to numerous systemic diseases driven by a pro-oxidant profile. A highly complex interplay occurs between oxidative stress and AGEs (Advanced Glycation End products), a group of heterogeneous compounds that form constantly under physiologic conditions, although their rate of formation is markedly increased in hyperglycemia and oxidizing conditions. Starting from the most relevant hypotheses on the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, the present review outlines its relationship with oxidative stress and inflammation response in order to make a critical evaluation of the potential role of AGEs in periodontal deterioration. Although direct evidence for the presence of AGEs in the periodontal ligament is still lacking, valuable approaches based on the use of periodontal cells along with genetic and biochemical studies in animal models and chronic periodontal patients support a potential role for protein glycation in the aetiology and severity of this disease. Following a review of the current literature, the present study highlights the need for further investigation on the presence of AGEs in the periodontal ligament as a means for the comprehension of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying periodontal diseases in order to develop prevention and treatment modalities for this dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pietropaoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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