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Fu A, van Rooyen L, Evans L, Armstrong N, Avizonis D, Kin T, Bird GH, Reddy A, Chouchani ET, Liesa-Roig M, Walensky LD, Shapiro AMJ, Danial NN. Glucose metabolism and pyruvate carboxylase enhance glutathione synthesis and restrict oxidative stress in pancreatic islets. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110037. [PMID: 34818536 PMCID: PMC8720303 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose metabolism modulates the islet β cell responses to diabetogenic stress, including inflammation. Here, we probed the metabolic mechanisms that underlie the protective effect of glucose in inflammation by interrogating the metabolite profiles of primary islets from human donors and identified de novo glutathione synthesis as a prominent glucose-driven pro-survival pathway. We find that pyruvate carboxylase is required for glutathione synthesis in islets and promotes their antioxidant capacity to counter inflammation and nitrosative stress. Loss- and gain-of-function studies indicate that pyruvate carboxylase is necessary and sufficient to mediate the metabolic input from glucose into glutathione synthesis and the oxidative stress response. Altered redox metabolism and cellular capacity to replenish glutathione pools are relevant in multiple pathologies beyond obesity and diabetes. Our findings reveal a direct interplay between glucose metabolism and glutathione biosynthesis via pyruvate carboxylase. This metabolic axis may also have implications in other settings where sustaining glutathione is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Accalia Fu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lara van Rooyen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lindsay Evans
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nina Armstrong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daina Avizonis
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, Metabolomics Innovation Resource, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Tatsuya Kin
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, Department of Surgery, 2000 College Plaza, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2C8, Canada
| | - Gregory H Bird
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anita Reddy
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Edward T Chouchani
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marc Liesa-Roig
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, 614 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Loren D Walensky
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - A M James Shapiro
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, Department of Surgery, 2000 College Plaza, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2C8, Canada
| | - Nika N Danial
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston 02115, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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2
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Zakaria A, Berthault C, Cosson B, Jung V, Guerrera IC, Rachdi L, Scharfmann R. Glucose treatment of human pancreatic β-cells enhances translation of mRNAs involved in energetics and insulin secretion. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100839. [PMID: 34051232 PMCID: PMC8253965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-mediated signaling regulates the expression of a limited number of genes in human pancreatic β-cells at the transcriptional level. However, it is unclear whether glucose plays a role in posttranscriptional RNA processing or translational control of gene expression. Here, we asked whether glucose affects posttranscriptional steps and regulates protein synthesis in human β-cell lines. We first showed the involvement of the mTOR pathway in glucose-related signaling. We also used the surface sensing of translation technique, based on puromycin incorporation into newly translated proteins, to demonstrate that glucose treatment increased protein translation. Among the list of glucose-induced proteins, we identified the proconvertase PCSK1, an enzyme involved in the proteolytic conversion of proinsulin to insulin, whose translation was induced within minutes following glucose treatment. We finally performed global proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry to characterize newly translated proteins upon glucose treatment. We found enrichment in proteins involved in translation, glycolysis, TCA metabolism, and insulin secretion. Taken together, our study demonstrates that, although glucose minorly affects gene transcription in human β-cells, it plays a major role at the translational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albatoul Zakaria
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Claire Berthault
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Cosson
- Epigenetics and Cell Fate Center, CNRS UMR 7216, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Jung
- Plateforme protéomique Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, Université de Paris, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, Paris, France
| | - Ida Chiara Guerrera
- Plateforme protéomique Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, Université de Paris, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, Paris, France
| | - Latif Rachdi
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Raphael Scharfmann
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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3
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Jiang M, Kuang Z, He Y, Cao Y, Yu T, Cheng J, Liu W, Wang W. SNAPIN Regulates Cell Cycle Progression to Promote Pancreatic β Cell Growth. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:624309. [PMID: 34194388 PMCID: PMC8237857 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.624309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In diabetes mellitus, death of β cell in the pancreas occurs throughout the development of the disease, with loss of insulin production. The maintenance of β cell number is essential to maintaining normoglycemia. SNAPIN has been found to regulate insulin secretion, but whether it induces β cell proliferation remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to explore the physiological roles of SNAPIN in β cell proliferation. SNAPIN expression increases with the age of mice and SNAPIN is down-regulated in diabetes. KEGG pathway and GO analysis showed that SNAPIN- interacting proteins were enriched in cell cycle regulation. B cell cycle was arrested in the S phase, and cell proliferation was inhibited after SNAPIN knockdown. The expression of CDK2, CDK4 and CCND1 proteins in the S phase of the cell cycle were reduced after SNAPIN knockdown, whereas they were increased after overexpression of SNAPIN. In addition, insulin protein and mRNA levels also increased or decreased after SNAPIN knockdown or overexpression, respectively. Conclusions: Our data indicate that SNAPIN mediates β cells proliferation and insulin secretion, and provide evidences that SNAPIN might be a pharmacotherapeutic target for diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhijian Kuang
- Fujian Provincial KeyLaboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yaohui He
- Fujian Provincial KeyLaboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yin Cao
- Fujian Provincial KeyLaboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tingyan Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jidong Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Jidong Cheng, ; Wen Liu, ; Wei Wang,
| | - Wen Liu
- Fujian Provincial KeyLaboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Jidong Cheng, ; Wen Liu, ; Wei Wang,
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Jidong Cheng, ; Wen Liu, ; Wei Wang,
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4
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Ho G, Takamatsu Y, Wada R, Sugama S, Waragai M, Takenouchi T, Masliah E, Hashimoto M. Connecting Alzheimer's Disease With Diabetes Mellitus Through Amyloidogenic Evolvability. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:576192. [PMID: 33192467 PMCID: PMC7655535 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.576192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been clearlylinked to oxidative stress and amylin amyloidosis in pancreatic β-cells. Yet despite extensive investigation, the biological significance of this is not fully understood. Recently, we proposed that Alzheimer's disease (AD)-relevant amyloidogenic proteins (APs), such as amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau, might be involved in evolvability against diverse stressors in the brain. Given the analogous cellular stress environments shared by both T2DM and AD, the objective of this study is to explore T2DM pathogenesis from the viewpoint of amyloidogenic evolvability. Similar to AD-related APs, protofibrillar amylin might confer resistance against the multiple stressors in β-cells and be transmitted to offspring to deliver stress information, in the absence of which, type 1 DM (T1DM) in offspring might develop. On the contrary, T2DM may be manifested through an antagonistic pleiotropy mechanism during parental aging. Such evolvability-associated processes might be affected by parental diabetic conditions, including T1DM and T2DM. Furthermore, the T2DM-mediated increase in AD risk during aging might be attributed to an interaction of amylin with AD-related APs through evolvability, in which amylin protofibrillar formation presumably caused by adiponectin (APN) resistance could increase protofibril formation of AD-related APs in evolvability and subsequently lead to T2DM promotion of AD through antagonistic pleiotropy in aging. This suggests that targeting APN combined with an anti-T2DM agent might be therapeutic against neurodegeneration. Collectively, T1DM and T2DM might be linked through amylin evolvability, and a better understanding of amyloidogenic evolvability might also reveal clues to therapeutic interventions for AD comorbid with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Ho
- PCND Neuroscience Research Institute, Poway, CA, United States
| | | | - Ryoko Wada
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuei Sugama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Waragai
- PCND Neuroscience Research Institute, Poway, CA, United States
| | - Takato Takenouchi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Division of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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5
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Frezza C. Publisher Correction: A BAD portion of glucose can be good for inflamed beta cells. Nat Metab 2020; 2:649. [PMID: 32694790 PMCID: PMC7115866 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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6
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Frezza C. A BAD portion of glucose can be good for inflamed beta cells. Nat Metab 2020; 2:383-384. [PMID: 32694661 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Fu A, Alvarez-Perez JC, Avizonis D, Kin T, Ficarro SB, Choi DW, Karakose E, Badur MG, Evans L, Rosselot C, Bridon G, Bird GH, Seo HS, Dhe-Paganon S, Kamphorst JJ, Stewart AF, James Shapiro AM, Marto JA, Walensky LD, Jones RG, Garcia-Ocana A, Danial NN. Glucose-dependent partitioning of arginine to the urea cycle protects β-cells from inflammation. Nat Metab 2020; 2:432-446. [PMID: 32694660 PMCID: PMC7568475 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is linked to diverse disease processes, but the intrinsic mechanisms that determine cellular sensitivity to inflammation are incompletely understood. Here, we show the contribution of glucose metabolism to inflammation-induced changes in the survival of pancreatic islet β-cells. Using metabolomic, biochemical and functional analyses, we investigate the protective versus non-protective effects of glucose in the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines. When protective, glucose metabolism augments anaplerotic input into the TCA cycle via pyruvate carboxylase (PC) activity, leading to increased aspartate levels. This metabolic mechanism supports the argininosuccinate shunt, which fuels ureagenesis from arginine and conversely diminishes arginine utilization for production of nitric oxide (NO), a chief mediator of inflammatory cytotoxicity. Activation of the PC-urea cycle axis is sufficient to suppress NO synthesis and shield cells from death in the context of inflammation and other stress paradigms. Overall, these studies uncover a previously unappreciated link between glucose metabolism and arginine-utilizing pathways via PC-directed ureagenesis as a protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Accalia Fu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Alvarez-Perez
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daina Avizonis
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Center Metabolomics Core, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tatsuya Kin
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Scott B Ficarro
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dong Wook Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Esra Karakose
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Lindsay Evans
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carolina Rosselot
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gaelle Bridon
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Center Metabolomics Core, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gregory H Bird
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyuk-Soo Seo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Andrew F Stewart
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - A M James Shapiro
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jarrod A Marto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Loren D Walensky
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Russell G Jones
- Metabolic and Nutritional Programming, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocana
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nika N Danial
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Rosselot C, Kumar A, Lakshmipathi J, Zhang P, Lu G, Katz LS, Prochownik EV, Stewart AF, Lambertini L, Scott DK, Garcia-Ocaña A. Myc Is Required for Adaptive β-Cell Replication in Young Mice but Is Not Sufficient in One-Year-Old Mice Fed With a High-Fat Diet. Diabetes 2019; 68:1934-1949. [PMID: 31292135 PMCID: PMC6754239 DOI: 10.2337/db18-1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Failure to expand pancreatic β-cells in response to metabolic stress leads to excessive workload resulting in β-cell dysfunction, dedifferentiation, death, and development of type 2 diabetes. In this study, we demonstrate that induction of Myc is required for increased pancreatic β-cell replication and expansion during metabolic stress-induced insulin resistance with short-term high-fat diet (HFD) in young mice. β-Cell-specific Myc knockout mice fail to expand adaptively and show impaired glucose tolerance and β-cell dysfunction. Mechanistically, PKCζ, ERK1/2, mTOR, and PP2A are key regulators of the Myc response in this setting. DNA methylation analysis shows hypomethylation of cell cycle genes that are Myc targets in islets from young mice fed with a short-term HFD. Importantly, DNA hypomethylation of Myc response elements does not occur in islets from 1-year-old mice fed with a short-term HFD, impairing both Myc recruitment to cell cycle regulatory genes and β-cell replication. We conclude that Myc is required for metabolic stress-mediated β-cell expansion in young mice, but with aging, Myc upregulation is not sufficient to induce β-cell replication by, at least partially, an epigenetically mediated resistance to Myc action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rosselot
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Anil Kumar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jayalakshmi Lakshmipathi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Pili Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Geming Lu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Liora S Katz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Edward V Prochownik
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, and Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Andrew F Stewart
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Luca Lambertini
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Donald K Scott
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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9
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Banerjee RR. Piecing together the puzzle of pancreatic islet adaptation in pregnancy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1411:120-139. [PMID: 29377199 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy places acute demands on maternal physiology, including profound changes in glucose homeostasis. Gestation is characterized by an increase in insulin resistance, counterbalanced by an adaptive increase in pancreatic β cell production of insulin. Failure of normal adaptive responses of the islet to increased maternal and fetal demands manifests as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The gestational changes and rapid reversal of islet adaptations following parturition are at least partly driven by an anticipatory program rather than post-factum compensatory adaptations. Here, I provide a comprehensive review of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying normal islet adaptation during pregnancy and how dysregulation may lead to GDM. Emerging areas of interest and understudied areas worthy of closer examination in the future are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronadip R Banerjee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and the Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
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10
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Akbib S, Stichelmans J, Stangé G, Ling Z, Assefa Z, Hellemans KH. Glucocorticoids and checkpoint tyrosine kinase inhibitors stimulate rat pancreatic beta cell proliferation differentially. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212210. [PMID: 30779812 PMCID: PMC6380609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy for diabetes could benefit from the identification of small-molecule compounds that increase the number of functional pancreatic beta cells. Using a newly developed screening assay, we previously identified glucocorticoids as potent stimulators of human and rat beta cell proliferation. We now compare the stimulatory action of these steroid hormones to a selection of checkpoint tyrosine kinase inhibitors that were also found to activate the cell cycle-in beta cells and analyzed their respective effects on DNA-synthesis, beta cell numbers and expression of cell cycle regulators. Our data using glucocorticoids in combination with a receptor antagonist, mifepristone, show that 48h exposure is sufficient to allow beta cells to pass the cell cycle restriction point and to become committed to cell division regardless of sustained glucocorticoid-signaling. To reach the end-point of mitosis another 40h is required. Within 14 days glucocorticoids stimulate up to 75% of the cells to undergo mitosis, which indicates that these steroid hormones act as proliferation competence-inducing factors. In contrast, by correlating thymidine-analogue incorporation to changes in absolute cell numbers, we show that the checkpoint kinase inhibitors, as compared to glucocorticoids, stimulate DNA-synthesis only during a short time-window in a minority of cells, insufficient to give a measurable increase of beta cell numbers. Glucocorticoids, but not the kinase inhibitors, were also found to induce changes in the expression of checkpoint regulators. Our data, using checkpoint kinase-specific inhibitors further point to a role for Chk1 and Cdk1 in G1/S transition and progression of beta cells through the cell cycle upon stimulation with glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Akbib
- Unit Diabetes Pathology and Therapy, Diabetes Research Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jordy Stichelmans
- Unit Diabetes Pathology and Therapy, Diabetes Research Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Stangé
- Unit Diabetes Pathology and Therapy, Diabetes Research Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zhidong Ling
- Unit Diabetes Pathology and Therapy, Diabetes Research Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Beta Cell Bank, University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zerihun Assefa
- Unit Diabetes Pathology and Therapy, Diabetes Research Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karine H. Hellemans
- Unit Diabetes Pathology and Therapy, Diabetes Research Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Beta Cell Therapy in Diabetes, Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Neurogenin3 phosphorylation controls reprogramming efficiency of pancreatic ductal organoids into endocrine cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15374. [PMID: 30337647 PMCID: PMC6193982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33838-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
β-cell replacement has been proposed as an effective treatment for some forms of diabetes, and in vitro methods for β-cell generation are being extensively explored. A potential source of β-cells comes from fate conversion of exocrine pancreatic cells into the endocrine lineage, by overexpression of three regulators of pancreatic endocrine formation and β-cell identity, Ngn3, Pdx1 and MafA. Pancreatic ductal organoid cultures have recently been developed that can be expanded indefinitely, while maintaining the potential to differentiate into the endocrine lineage. Here, using mouse pancreatic ductal organoids, we see that co-expression of Ngn3, Pdx1 and MafA are required and sufficient to generate cells that express insulin and resemble β-cells transcriptome-wide. Efficiency of β-like cell generation can be significantly enhanced by preventing phosphorylation of Ngn3 protein and further augmented by conditions promoting differentiation. Taken together, our new findings underline the potential of ductal organoid cultures as a source material for generation of β-like cells and demonstrate that post-translational regulation of reprogramming factors can be exploited to enhance β-cell generation.
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12
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Kitao N, Nakamura A, Miyoshi H, Nomoto H, Takahashi K, Omori K, Yamamoto K, Cho KY, Terauchi Y, Atsumi T. The role of glucokinase and insulin receptor substrate-2 in the proliferation of pancreatic beta cells induced by short-term high-fat diet feeding in mice. Metabolism 2018; 85:48-58. [PMID: 29544862 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether glucokinase and insulin receptor substrate-2 were required for beta cell proliferation induced by short-term high-fat (HF) diet feeding, as has been shown for long-term HF diet. METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J mice were exposed to either a standard chow (SC) or HF diet. After 1 week on the diet, histopathological beta cell proliferation and gene expression in isolated islets were examined. Additionally, 8-week-old beta cell-specific glucokinase haploinsufficient (Gck+/-) and Irs2 knockout (Irs2-/-) mice were exposed to either an SC or HF diet. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that short-term HF diet feeding resulted in a significant increase in BrdU incorporation rate compared with SC consumption in wild-type mice. Western blot analysis demonstrated that Irs2 expression levels did not differ between the two diets. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the BrdU incorporation rate in the HF diet group compared with the SC group in both Gck+/- and Irs2-/- mice. Gene expression profiling of isolated islets from mice fed an HF diet for 1 week revealed that the expression levels of downstream genes of Foxm1 were coordinately upregulated. One week of HF diet feeding stimulated beta cell proliferation with Foxm1 upregulation in 48-week-old mice as well as in 8-week-old. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism of pancreatic beta cell proliferation induced by short-term HF diet feeding in mice could involve a glucokinase- and Irs2-independent pathway. Our results suggest that the pathways that induce beta cell proliferation in response to short-term HF diet feeding may differ from those in response to sustained HF diet feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Kitao
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akinobu Nakamura
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Miyoshi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nomoto
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Takahashi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuno Omori
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamamoto
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kyu Yong Cho
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terauchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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13
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Wu X, Li Z, Chen K, Yin P, Zheng L, Sun S, Chen X. Egr-1 transactivates WNT5A gene expression to inhibit glucose-induced β-cell proliferation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:S1874-9399(18)30218-9. [PMID: 30025875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Selective β-cell loss is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Inhibition of glucose-stimulated β-cell proliferation is one of the in vivo results of the lipotoxicity of saturated fatty acids (SFAs). However, the mechanism by which lipotoxicity inhibits β-cell proliferation is still unclear. In this study, we found palmitate, a saturated fatty acid, inhibited the β-cell proliferation induced by high glucose through the induction of Wnt5a expression in vitro and in vivo. We also found that Wnt5a was both sufficient and necessary for inhibition of β-cell proliferation. Additionally, Egr-1, but not NF-κB, FOXO1, Smad2, Smad3, SP1 or SP3 mediated the expression of Wnt5a. Deletion and site-directed mutagenesis of the WNT5A promoter revealed that activation of WNT5A gene transcription depends primarily on a putative Egr-binding sequence between nucleotides -52 to -44, upstream of the transcription start site. Furthermore, Egr-1 bound directly to this sequence in response to palmitate treatment, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, after mice islets were treated with Egr inhibitors, the expression of Wnt5a decreased significantly and the glucose-induced β-cell proliferation inhibited by palmitate was resumed. These findings establish Wnt5a as an Egr-1 target gene in β-cells, uncovering a novel Egr-1/Wnt5a pathway by which saturated free fatty acids block glucose-induced β-cell proliferation. Our study lends support for the potential of Egr-1 inhibitors or Wnt5a antibodies as therapeutics for the treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- XingEr Wu
- The Molecular Diagnostic Center, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - ZeHong Li
- Guzhen Sub-bureau, Zhongshan Public Security Bureau, Zhongshan 528400, Guangdong, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong, China
| | - PeiHong Yin
- Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - ShiJun Sun
- The Molecular Diagnostic Center, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong, China.
| | - XiaoYu Chen
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Futian, 518000 Shenzhen, China.
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14
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Abstract
The pancreas is made from two distinct components: the exocrine pancreas, a reservoir of digestive enzymes, and the endocrine islets, the source of the vital metabolic hormone insulin. Human islets possess limited regenerative ability; loss of islet β-cells in diseases such as type 1 diabetes requires therapeutic intervention. The leading strategy for restoration of β-cell mass is through the generation and transplantation of new β-cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Other approaches include stimulating endogenous β-cell proliferation, reprogramming non-β-cells to β-like cells, and harvesting islets from genetically engineered animals. Together these approaches form a rich pipeline of therapeutic development for pancreatic regeneration.
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15
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Richards P, Rachdi L, Oshima M, Marchetti P, Bugliani M, Armanet M, Postic C, Guilmeau S, Scharfmann R. MondoA Is an Essential Glucose-Responsive Transcription Factor in Human Pancreatic β-Cells. Diabetes 2018; 67:461-472. [PMID: 29282201 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Although the mechanisms by which glucose regulates insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells are now well described, the way glucose modulates gene expression in such cells needs more understanding. Here, we demonstrate that MondoA, but not its paralog carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein, is the predominant glucose-responsive transcription factor in human pancreatic β-EndoC-βH1 cells and in human islets. In high-glucose conditions, MondoA shuttles to the nucleus where it is required for the induction of the glucose-responsive genes arrestin domain-containing protein 4 (ARRDC4) and thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), the latter being a protein strongly linked to β-cell dysfunction and diabetes. Importantly, increasing cAMP signaling in human β-cells, using forskolin or the glucagon-like peptide 1 mimetic Exendin-4, inhibits the shuttling of MondoA and potently inhibits TXNIP and ARRDC4 expression. Furthermore, we demonstrate that silencing MondoA expression improves glucose uptake in EndoC-βH1 cells. These results highlight MondoA as a novel target in β-cells that coordinates transcriptional response to elevated glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Richards
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Latif Rachdi
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Masaya Oshima
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Bugliani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mathieu Armanet
- Cell Therapy Unit Hospital Saint-Louis and University Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Postic
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Guilmeau
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Scharfmann
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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16
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Li C, Ackermann AM, Boodhansingh KE, Bhatti TR, Liu C, Schug J, Doliba N, Han B, Cosgrove KE, Banerjee I, Matschinsky FM, Nissim I, Kaestner KH, Naji A, Adzick NS, Dunne MJ, Stanley CA, De León DD. Functional and Metabolomic Consequences of K ATP Channel Inactivation in Human Islets. Diabetes 2017; 66:1901-1913. [PMID: 28442472 PMCID: PMC5482088 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations of β-cell KATP channels cause the most severe form of congenital hyperinsulinism (KATPHI). KATPHI is characterized by fasting and protein-induced hypoglycemia that is unresponsive to medical therapy. For a better understanding of the pathophysiology of KATPHI, we examined cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+] i ), insulin secretion, oxygen consumption, and [U-13C]glucose metabolism in islets isolated from the pancreases of children with KATPHI who required pancreatectomy. Basal [Ca2+] i and insulin secretion were higher in KATPHI islets compared with controls. Unlike controls, insulin secretion in KATPHI islets increased in response to amino acids but not to glucose. KATPHI islets have an increased basal rate of oxygen consumption and mitochondrial mass. [U-13C]glucose metabolism showed a twofold increase in alanine levels and sixfold increase in 13C enrichment of alanine in KATPHI islets, suggesting increased rates of glycolysis. KATPHI islets also exhibited increased serine/glycine and glutamine biosynthesis. In contrast, KATPHI islets had low γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels and lacked 13C incorporation into GABA in response to glucose stimulation. The expression of key genes involved in these metabolic pathways was significantly different in KATPHI β-cells compared with control, providing a mechanism for the observed changes. These findings demonstrate that the pathophysiology of KATPHI is complex, and they provide a framework for the identification of new potential therapeutic targets for this devastating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Amanda M Ackermann
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kara E Boodhansingh
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tricia R Bhatti
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Chengyang Liu
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jonathan Schug
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nicolai Doliba
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Bing Han
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Karen E Cosgrove
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Indraneel Banerjee
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Franz M Matschinsky
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Itzhak Nissim
- Division of Metabolism, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ali Naji
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - N Scott Adzick
- Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mark J Dunne
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Charles A Stanley
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Diva D De León
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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17
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Assefa Z, Akbib S, Lavens A, Stangé G, Ling Z, Hellemans KH, Pipeleers D. Direct effect of glucocorticoids on glucose-activated adult rat β-cells increases their cell number and their functional mass for transplantation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E698-E705. [PMID: 27555297 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00070.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Compounds that increase β-cell number can serve as β-cell replacement therapies in diabetes. In vitro studies have identified several agents that can activate DNA synthesis in primary β-cells but only in small percentages of cells and without demonstration of increases in cell number. We used whole well multiparameter imaging to first screen a library of 1,280 compounds for their ability to recruit adult rat β-cells into DNA synthesis and then assessed influences of stimulatory agents on the number of living cells. The four compounds with highest β-cell recruitment were glucocorticoid (GC) receptor ligands. The GC effect occurred in glucose-activated β-cells and was associated with increased glucose utilization and oxidation. Hydrocortisone and methylprednisolone almost doubled the number of β-cells in 2 wk. The expanded cell population provided an increased functional β-cell mass for transplantation in diabetic animals. These effects are age dependent; they did not occur in neonatal rat β-cells, where GC exposure suppressed basal replication and was cytotoxic. We concluded that GCs can induce the replication of adult rat β-cells through a direct action, with intercellular differences in responsiveness that have been related to differences in glucose activation and in age. These influences can explain variability in GC-induced activation of DNA synthesis in rat and human β-cells. Our study also demonstrated that β-cells can be expanded in vitro to increase the size of metabolically adequate grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun Assefa
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-VUB, University Hospital Brussels, and Center for Beta Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Akbib
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-VUB, University Hospital Brussels, and Center for Beta Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Astrid Lavens
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-VUB, University Hospital Brussels, and Center for Beta Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Stangé
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-VUB, University Hospital Brussels, and Center for Beta Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zhidong Ling
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-VUB, University Hospital Brussels, and Center for Beta Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karine H Hellemans
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-VUB, University Hospital Brussels, and Center for Beta Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel Pipeleers
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-VUB, University Hospital Brussels, and Center for Beta Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Baeyens L, Hindi S, Sorenson RL, German MS. β-Cell adaptation in pregnancy. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18 Suppl 1:63-70. [PMID: 27615133 PMCID: PMC5384851 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy in placental mammals places unique demands on the insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. The pancreas anticipates the increase in insulin resistance that occurs late in pregnancy by increasing β-cell numbers and function earlier in pregnancy. In rodents, this β-cell expansion depends on secreted placental lactogens that signal through the prolactin receptor. Then at the end of pregnancy, the β-cell population contracts back to its pre-pregnancy size. In the current review, we focus on how glucose metabolism changes during pregnancy, how β-cells anticipate these changes through their response to lactogens and what molecular mechanisms guide the adaptive compensation. In addition, we summarize current knowledge of β-cell adaptation during human pregnancy and what happens when adaptation fails and gestational diabetes ensues. A better understanding of human β-cell adaptation to pregnancy would benefit efforts to predict, prevent and treat gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Baeyens
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - S Hindi
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - R L Sorenson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis
| | - M S German
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco.
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco.
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19
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Boortz KA, Syring KE, Dai C, Pound LD, Oeser JK, Jacobson DA, Wang JC, McGuinness OP, Powers AC, O'Brien RM. G6PC2 Modulates Fasting Blood Glucose In Male Mice in Response to Stress. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3002-8. [PMID: 27300767 PMCID: PMC4967123 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic 2 (G6PC2) gene is expressed specifically in pancreatic islet beta cells. Genome-wide association studies have shown that single nucleotide polymorphisms in the G6PC2 gene are associated with variations in fasting blood glucose (FBG) but not fasting plasma insulin. Molecular analyses examining the functional effects of these single nucleotide polymorphisms demonstrate that elevated G6PC2 expression is associated with elevated FBG. Studies in mice complement these genome-wide association data and show that deletion of the G6pc2 gene lowers FBG without affecting fasting plasma insulin. This suggests that, together with glucokinase, G6PC2 forms a substrate cycle that determines the glucose sensitivity of insulin secretion. Because genome-wide association studies and mouse studies demonstrate that elevated G6PC2 expression raises FBG and because chronically elevated FBG is detrimental to human health, increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes, it is unclear why G6PC2 evolved. We show here that the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone strongly induces human G6PC2 promoter activity and endogenous G6PC2 expression in isolated human islets. Acute treatment with dexamethasone selectively induces endogenous G6pc2 expression in 129SvEv but not C57BL/6J mouse pancreas and isolated islets. The difference is due to a single nucleotide polymorphism in the C57BL/6J G6pc2 promoter that abolishes glucocorticoid receptor binding. In 6-hour fasted, nonstressed 129SvEv mice, deletion of G6pc2 lowers FBG. In response to the stress of repeated physical restraint, which is associated with elevated plasma glucocorticoid levels, G6pc2 gene expression is induced and the difference in FBG between wild-type and knockout mice is enhanced. These data suggest that G6PC2 may have evolved to modulate FBG in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla A Boortz
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., L.D.P., J.K.O., D.A.J., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D., A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (A.C.P.), Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (J.-C.W.), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Kristen E Syring
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., L.D.P., J.K.O., D.A.J., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D., A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (A.C.P.), Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (J.-C.W.), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Chunhua Dai
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., L.D.P., J.K.O., D.A.J., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D., A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (A.C.P.), Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (J.-C.W.), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Lynley D Pound
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., L.D.P., J.K.O., D.A.J., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D., A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (A.C.P.), Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (J.-C.W.), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - James K Oeser
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., L.D.P., J.K.O., D.A.J., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D., A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (A.C.P.), Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (J.-C.W.), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - David A Jacobson
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., L.D.P., J.K.O., D.A.J., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D., A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (A.C.P.), Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (J.-C.W.), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Jen-Chywan Wang
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., L.D.P., J.K.O., D.A.J., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D., A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (A.C.P.), Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (J.-C.W.), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Owen P McGuinness
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., L.D.P., J.K.O., D.A.J., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D., A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (A.C.P.), Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (J.-C.W.), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., L.D.P., J.K.O., D.A.J., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D., A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (A.C.P.), Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (J.-C.W.), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Richard M O'Brien
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.A.B., K.E.S., L.D.P., J.K.O., D.A.J., O.P.M., R.M.O.) and Medicine (C.D., A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (A.C.P.), Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615; and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology (J.-C.W.), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
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20
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Lejsková M, Piťha J, Adámková S, Auzký O, Adámek T, Babková E, Lánská V, Alušík Š. Bilateral oophorectomy may have an unfavorable effect on glucose metabolism compared with natural menopause. Physiol Res 2016; 63:S395-402. [PMID: 25428745 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes mellitus is rising worldwide. The aim of this prospective epidemiological study was to compare the effects of natural and surgical menopause on parameters of glucose metabolism. In a group of 587 repeatedly examined women, with a baseline age of 45-55 years, the following subgroups of women were separated: those after bilateral oophorectomy (BO, n=37) and those in natural menopause (NAT, n=380) including women menopausal already at baseline (POST, n=89). The study parameters including glycemia, insulinemia, HOMA-IR and beta-cell function using HOMA-beta were determined at baseline and 6 years later. Over the study period, there was a marked rise in prediabetic and diabetic values of fasting glycemia; the percentage of women with diabetic values increased in the NAT (from 0.8 % to 3.9 %) and POST (from 2.2 % to 9.0 %) subgroups, with the highest prevalence in the BO subgroup (from 8.1 % to 10.8 %). While, among women with non-diabetic fasting glycemia, an increase in fasting glycemia was observed in all study subgroups, it was more marked in the BO subgroup than in the NAT and POST ones (p=0.02 both). This difference between NAT and BO was also found in the long-term trend of development of glycemia in non-diabetic women (p=0.014). Compared with natural menopause, bilateral oophorectomy may have an adverse effect on glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lejsková
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
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21
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Angptl4 links α-cell proliferation following glucagon receptor inhibition with adipose tissue triglyceride metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15498-503. [PMID: 26621734 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513872112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a reduction in insulin function and an increase in glucagon activity that together result in hyperglycemia. Glucagon receptor antagonists have been developed as drugs for diabetes; however, they often increase glucagon plasma levels and induce the proliferation of glucagon-secreting α-cells. We find that the secreted protein Angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4) is up-regulated via Pparγ activation in white adipose tissue and plasma following an acute treatment with a glucagon receptor antagonist. Induction of adipose angptl4 and Angptl4 supplementation promote α-cell proliferation specifically. Finally, glucagon receptor antagonist improves glycemia in diet-induced obese angptl4 knockout mice without increasing glucagon levels or α-cell proliferation, underscoring the importance of this protein. Overall, we demonstrate that triglyceride metabolism in adipose tissue regulates α-cells in the endocrine pancreas.
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22
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Salisbury RJ, Han B, Jennings RE, Berry AA, Stevens A, Mohamed Z, Sugden SA, De Krijger R, Cross SE, Johnson PPV, Newbould M, Cosgrove KE, Hanley KP, Banerjee I, Dunne MJ, Hanley NA. Altered Phenotype of β-Cells and Other Pancreatic Cell Lineages in Patients With Diffuse Congenital Hyperinsulinism in Infancy Caused by Mutations in the ATP-Sensitive K-Channel. Diabetes 2015; 64:3182-8. [PMID: 25931474 PMCID: PMC4542438 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse congenital hyperinsulinism in infancy (CHI-D) arises from mutations inactivating the KATP channel; however, the phenotype is difficult to explain from electrophysiology alone. Here we studied wider abnormalities in the β-cell and other pancreatic lineages. Islets were disorganized in CHI-D compared with controls. PAX4 and ARX expression was decreased. A tendency toward increased NKX2.2 expression was consistent with its detection in two-thirds of CHI-D δ-cell nuclei, similar to the fetal pancreas, and implied immature δ-cell function. CHI-D δ-cells also comprised 10% of cells displaying nucleomegaly. In CHI-D, increased proliferation was most elevated in duct (5- to 11-fold) and acinar (7- to 47-fold) lineages. Increased β-cell proliferation observed in some cases was offset by an increase in apoptosis; this is in keeping with no difference in INSULIN expression or surface area stained for insulin between CHI-D and control pancreas. However, nuclear localization of CDK6 and P27 was markedly enhanced in CHI-D β-cells compared with cytoplasmic localization in control cells. These combined data support normal β-cell mass in CHI-D, but with G1/S molecules positioned in favor of cell cycle progression. New molecular abnormalities in δ-cells and marked proliferative increases in other pancreatic lineages indicate CHI-D is not solely a β-cell disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Salisbury
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Bing Han
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Rachel E Jennings
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K. Department of Endocrinology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
| | - Andrew A Berry
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Adam Stevens
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K. Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
| | - Zainab Mohamed
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K. Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
| | - Sarah A Sugden
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Ronald De Krijger
- Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Department of Pathology, Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Cross
- Diabetes Research & Wellness Foundation Human Islet Isolation Facility, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences and Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Paul P V Johnson
- Diabetes Research & Wellness Foundation Human Islet Isolation Facility, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences and Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Melanie Newbould
- Department of Paediatric Histopathology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
| | - Karen E Cosgrove
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Karen Piper Hanley
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Indraneel Banerjee
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K. Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
| | - Mark J Dunne
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.
| | - Neil A Hanley
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K. Department of Endocrinology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K.
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23
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Scheinman EJ, Damouni R, Caspi A, Shen-Orr Z, Tiosano D, LeRoith D. The beneficial effect of growth hormone treatment on islet mass in streptozotocin-treated mice. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31:492-9. [PMID: 25529355 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease, characterized by a loss of pancreatic β-cell mass and function, which results in dramatic reductions in insulin secretion and circulating insulin levels. Patients with type 1 diabetes are traditionally treated with insulin injections and insulin pumps ex vivo or undergo transplantation. Growth hormone (GH) has been shown to be involved in β-cell function and survival in culture. METHODS Twelve-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were treated with streptozotocin and monitored for their weight and blood glucose levels. Fourteen days post-initial injection, these mice were separated into two groups at random. One group was treated with GH while the other treated with vehicle for up to 3 weeks. These mice were compared with mice not treated with streptozotocin. RESULTS Under our experimental conditions, we observed that mice treated with GH had larger islets and higher serum insulin levels than streptozotocin-treated mice treated with saline (0.288 vs. 0.073 ng/mL, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that GH may rescue islets and therefore may possess therapeutic potential in the treatment of type 1 diabetes, although consideration should be made regarding GH's effect on insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal J Scheinman
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rawan Damouni
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Avishay Caspi
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR), Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zila Shen-Orr
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR), Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dov Tiosano
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Derek LeRoith
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (CRIR), Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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24
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Wall ML, Pound LD, Trenary I, O'Brien RM, Young JD. Novel stable isotope analyses demonstrate significant rates of glucose cycling in mouse pancreatic islets. Diabetes 2015; 64:2129-37. [PMID: 25552595 PMCID: PMC4439557 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A polymorphism located in the G6PC2 gene, which encodes an islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit, is the most important common determinant of variations in fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels in humans. Studies of G6pc2 knockout (KO) mice suggest that G6pc2 represents a negative regulator of basal glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) that acts by hydrolyzing glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), thereby reducing glycolytic flux. However, this conclusion conflicts with the very low estimates for the rate of glucose cycling in pancreatic islets, as assessed using radioisotopes. We have reassessed the rate of glucose cycling in pancreatic islets using a novel stable isotope method. The data show much higher levels of glucose cycling than previously reported. In 5 mmol/L glucose, islets from C57BL/6J chow-fed mice cycled ∼16% of net glucose uptake. The cycling rate was further increased at 11 mmol/L glucose. Similar cycling rates were observed using islets from high fat-fed mice. Importantly, glucose cycling was abolished in G6pc2 KO mouse islets, confirming that G6pc2 opposes the action of the glucose sensor glucokinase by hydrolyzing G6P. The demonstration of high rates of glucose cycling in pancreatic islets explains why G6pc2 deletion enhances GSIS and why variants in G6PC2 affect FBG in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Wall
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt School of Engineering, Nashville, TN
| | - Lynley D Pound
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN
| | - Irina Trenary
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt School of Engineering, Nashville, TN
| | - Richard M O'Brien
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN
| | - Jamey D Young
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt School of Engineering, Nashville, TN Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN
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25
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Dalgin G, Prince VE. Differential levels of Neurod establish zebrafish endocrine pancreas cell fates. Dev Biol 2015; 402:81-97. [PMID: 25797153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During development a network of transcription factors functions to differentiate foregut cells into pancreatic endocrine cells. Differentiation of appropriate numbers of each hormone-expressing endocrine cell type is essential for the normal development of the pancreas and ultimately for effective maintenance of blood glucose levels. A fuller understanding of the details of endocrine cell differentiation may contribute to development of cell replacement therapies to treat diabetes. In this study, by using morpholino and gRNA/Cas9 mediated knockdown we establish that differential levels of the basic-helix loop helix (bHLH) transcription factor Neurod are required for the differentiation of distinct endocrine cell types in developing zebrafish. While Neurod plays a role in the differentiation of all endocrine cells, we find that differentiation of glucagon-expressing alpha cells is disrupted by a minor reduction in Neurod levels, whereas differentiation of insulin-expressing beta cells is less sensitive to Neurod depletion. The endocrine cells that arise during embryonic stages to produce the primary islet, and those that arise subsequently during larval stages from the intra-pancreatic duct (IPD) to ultimately contribute to the secondary islets, show similar dependence on differential Neurod levels. Intriguingly, Neurod-deficiency triggers premature formation of endocrine precursors from the IPD during early larval stages. However, the Neurod-deficient endocrine precursors fail to differentiate appropriately, and the larvae are unable to maintain normal glucose levels. In summary, differential levels of Neurod are required to generate endocrine pancreas subtypes from precursors during both embryonic and larval stages, and Neurod function is in turn critical to endocrine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Dalgin
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Victoria E Prince
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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26
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Hart Y, Reich-Zeliger S, Antebi YE, Zaretsky I, Mayo AE, Alon U, Friedman N. Paradoxical signaling by a secreted molecule leads to homeostasis of cell levels. Cell 2015; 158:1022-1032. [PMID: 25171404 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A widespread feature of extracellular signaling in cell circuits is paradoxical pleiotropy: the same secreted signaling molecule can induce opposite effects in the responding cells. For example, the cytokine IL-2 can promote proliferation and death of T cells. The role of such paradoxical signaling remains unclear. To address this, we studied CD4(+) T cell expansion in culture. We found that cells with a 30-fold difference in initial concentrations reached a homeostatic concentration nearly independent of initial cell levels. Below an initial threshold, cell density decayed to extinction (OFF-state). We show that these dynamics relate to the paradoxical effect of IL-2, which increases the proliferation rate cooperatively and the death rate linearly. Mathematical modeling explained the observed cell and cytokine dynamics and predicted conditions that shifted cell fate from homeostasis to the OFF-state. We suggest that paradoxical signaling provides cell circuits with specific dynamical features that are robust to environmental perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Hart
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Yaron E Antebi
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Irina Zaretsky
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Avraham E Mayo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Uri Alon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nir Friedman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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27
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Li M, Maddison LA, Page-McCaw P, Chen W. Overnutrition induces β-cell differentiation through prolonged activation of β-cells in zebrafish larvae. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E799-807. [PMID: 24473439 PMCID: PMC3962607 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00686.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Insulin from islet β-cells maintains glucose homeostasis by stimulating peripheral tissues to remove glucose from circulation. Persistent elevation of insulin demand increases β-cell number through self-replication or differentiation (neogenesis) as part of a compensatory response. However, it is not well understood how a persistent increase in insulin demand is detected. We have previously demonstrated that a persistent increase in insulin demand by overnutrition induces compensatory β-cell differentiation in zebrafish. Here, we use a series of pharmacological and genetic analyses to show that prolonged stimulation of existing β-cells is necessary and sufficient for this compensatory response. In the absence of feeding, tonic, but not intermittent, pharmacological activation of β-cell secretion was sufficient to induce β-cell differentiation. Conversely, drugs that block β-cell secretion, including an ATP-sensitive potassium (K ATP) channel agonist and an L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker, suppressed overnutrition-induced β-cell differentiation. Genetic experiments specifically targeting β-cells confirm existing β-cells as the overnutrition sensor. First, inducible expression of a constitutively active K ATP channel in β-cells suppressed the overnutrition effect. Second, inducible expression of a dominant-negative K ATP mutant induced β-cell differentiation independent of nutrients. Third, sensitizing β-cell metabolism by transgenic expression of a hyperactive glucokinase potentiated differentiation. Finally, ablation of the existing β-cells abolished the differentiation response. Taken together, these data establish that overnutrition induces β-cell differentiation in larval zebrafish through prolonged activation of β-cells. These findings demonstrate an essential role for existing β-cells in sensing overnutrition and compensating for their own insufficiency by recruiting additional β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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28
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Assefa Z, Lavens A, Steyaert C, Stangé G, Martens GA, Ling Z, Hellemans K, Pipeleers D. Glucose regulates rat beta cell number through age-dependent effects on beta cell survival and proliferation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85174. [PMID: 24416358 PMCID: PMC3887027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucose effects on beta cell survival and DNA-synthesis suggest a role as regulator of beta cell mass but data on beta cell numbers are lacking. We examined outcome of these influences on the number of beta cells isolated at different growth stages in their population. Methods Beta cells from neonatal, young-adult and old rats were cultured serum-free for 15 days. Their number was counted by automated whole-well imaging distinguishing influences on cell survival and on proliferative activity. Results Elevated glucose (10–20 versus 5 mmol/l) increased the number of living beta cells from 8-week rats to 30%, following a time- and concentration-dependent recruitment of quiescent cells into DNA-synthesis; a glucokinase-activator lowered the threshold but did not raise total numbers of glucose-recruitable cells. No glucose-induced increase occurred in beta cells from 40-week rats. Neonatal beta cells doubled in number at 5 mmol/l involving a larger activated fraction that did not increase at higher concentrations; however, their higher susceptibility to glucose toxicity at 20 mmol/l resulted in 20% lower living cell numbers than at start. None of the age groups exhibited a repetitively proliferating subpopulation. Conclusions Chronically elevated glucose levels increased the number of beta cells from young-adult but not from old rats; they interfered with expansion of neonatal beta cells and reduced their number. These effects are attributed to age-dependent differences in basal and glucose-induced proliferative activity and in cellular susceptibility to glucose toxicity. They also reflect age-dependent variations in the functional heterogeneity of the rat beta cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun Assefa
- Diabetes Pathology and Therapy Unit, Diabetes Research Center and Center for Beta Cell Therapy, Brussels Free University-VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Astrid Lavens
- Diabetes Pathology and Therapy Unit, Diabetes Research Center and Center for Beta Cell Therapy, Brussels Free University-VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe Steyaert
- Diabetes Pathology and Therapy Unit, Diabetes Research Center and Center for Beta Cell Therapy, Brussels Free University-VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Stangé
- Diabetes Pathology and Therapy Unit, Diabetes Research Center and Center for Beta Cell Therapy, Brussels Free University-VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert A Martens
- Diabetes Pathology and Therapy Unit, Diabetes Research Center and Center for Beta Cell Therapy, Brussels Free University-VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zhidong Ling
- Diabetes Pathology and Therapy Unit, Diabetes Research Center and Center for Beta Cell Therapy, Brussels Free University-VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karine Hellemans
- Diabetes Pathology and Therapy Unit, Diabetes Research Center and Center for Beta Cell Therapy, Brussels Free University-VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel Pipeleers
- Diabetes Pathology and Therapy Unit, Diabetes Research Center and Center for Beta Cell Therapy, Brussels Free University-VUB, Brussels, Belgium
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29
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Szlyk B, Braun CR, Ljubicic S, Patton E, Bird GH, Osundiji MA, Matschinsky FM, Walensky LD, Danial NN. A phospho-BAD BH3 helix activates glucokinase by a mechanism distinct from that of allosteric activators. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2013; 21:36-42. [PMID: 24317490 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) is a glucose-phosphorylating enzyme that regulates insulin release and hepatic metabolism, and its loss of function is implicated in diabetes pathogenesis. GK activators (GKAs) are attractive therapeutics in diabetes; however, clinical data indicate that their benefits can be offset by hypoglycemia, owing to marked allosteric enhancement of the enzyme's glucose affinity. We show that a phosphomimetic of the BCL-2 homology 3 (BH3) α-helix derived from human BAD, a GK-binding partner, increases the enzyme catalytic rate without dramatically changing glucose affinity, thus providing a new mechanism for pharmacologic activation of GK. Remarkably, BAD BH3 phosphomimetic mediates these effects by engaging a new region near the enzyme's active site. This interaction increases insulin secretion in human islets and restores the function of naturally occurring human GK mutants at the active site. Thus, BAD phosphomimetics may serve as a new class of GKAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Szlyk
- 1] Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2]
| | - Craig R Braun
- 1] Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2]
| | - Sanda Ljubicic
- 1] Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elaura Patton
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory H Bird
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mayowa A Osundiji
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Franz M Matschinsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Loren D Walensky
- 1] Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Pediatric Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nika N Danial
- 1] Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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30
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Ninov N, Hesselson D, Gut P, Zhou A, Fidelin K, Stainier DYR. Metabolic regulation of cellular plasticity in the pancreas. Curr Biol 2013; 23:1242-50. [PMID: 23791726 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Obese individuals exhibit an increase in pancreatic β cell mass; conversely, scarce nutrition during pregnancy has been linked to β cell insufficiency in the offspring [reviewed in 1, 2]. These phenomena are thought to be mediated mainly through effects on β cell proliferation, given that a nutrient-sensitive β cell progenitor population in the pancreas has not been identified. Here, we employed the fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell-cycle indicator system to investigate β cell replication in real time and found that high nutrient concentrations induce rapid β cell proliferation. Importantly, we found that high nutrient concentrations also stimulate β cell differentiation from progenitors in the intrapancreatic duct (IPD). Furthermore, using a new zebrafish line where β cells are constitutively ablated, we show that β cell loss and high nutrient intake synergistically activate these progenitors. At the cellular level, this activation process causes ductal cell reorganization as it stimulates their proliferation and differentiation. Notably, we link the nutrient-dependent activation of these progenitors to a downregulation of Notch signaling specifically within the IPD. Furthermore, we show that the nutrient sensor mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is required for endocrine differentiation from the IPD under physiological conditions as well as in the diabetic state. Thus, this study reveals critical insights into how cells modulate their plasticity in response to metabolic cues and identifies nutrient-sensitive progenitors in the mature pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Ninov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, the Diabetes Center, Institute for Regeneration Medicine and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1550 4(th) Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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31
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Abstract
A recurring theme in biological circuits is the existence of components that are antagonistically bifunctional, in the sense that they simultaneously have two opposing effects on the same target or biological process. Examples include bifunctional enzymes that carry out two opposing reactions such as phosphorylating and dephosphorylating the same target, regulators that activate and also repress a gene in circuits called incoherent feedforward loops, and cytokines that signal immune cells to both proliferate and die. Such components are termed "paradoxical", and in this review we discuss how they can provide useful features to cell circuits that are otherwise difficult to achieve. In particular, we summarize how paradoxical components can provide robustness, generate temporal pulses, and provide fold-change detection, in which circuits respond to relative rather than absolute changes in signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Hart
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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