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Andries A, Deschrevel J, Maes K, De Beukelaer N, Corvelyn M, Staut L, De Houwer H, Costamagna D, Nijs S, Metsemakers WJ, Nijs E, Hens G, De Wachter E, Prinsen S, Desloovere K, Van Campenhout A, Gayan-Ramirez G. Histological analysis of the medial gastrocnemius muscle in young healthy children. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1336283. [PMID: 38651045 PMCID: PMC11034367 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1336283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Histological data on muscle fiber size and proportion in (very) young typically developing (TD) children is not well documented and data on capillarization and satellite cell content are also lacking. Aims: This study investigated the microscopic properties of the medial gastrocnemius muscle in growing TD children, grouped according to age and gender to provide normal reference values in healthy children. Methods: Microbiopsies of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle were collected in 46 TD boys and girls aged 2-10 years subdivided into 4 age groups (2-4, 4-6, 6-8 and 8-10 years). Sections were immunostained to assess fiber type cross-sectional area (fCSA) and proportion, the number of satellite cells (SC), capillary to fiber ratio (C/F), capillary density for type I and II fiber (CFD), capillary domain, capillary-to-fiber perimeter exchange index (CFPE) and heterogeneity index. fCSA was normalized to fibula length2 and the coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated to reflect fCSA intrasubject variability. Results: Absolute fCSA of all fibers increased with age (r = 0.72, p < 0.001) but more in boys (+112%, p < 0.05) than in girls (+48%, p > 0.05) Normalized fCSA, CV and fiber proportion did not differ between age groups and gender. C/F was strongly correlated with age in boys (r = 0.83, p < 0.001), and to a lesser extent in girls (r = 0.37, p = 0.115), while other capillary parameters as well as the number of SC remained stable with increasing age in boys and girls. Discussion: This study provides reference values of histological measures in MG according to age in normally growing boys and girls. These data may be used as a reference to determine disease impact and efficacy of therapeutic approach on the muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Andries
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jorieke Deschrevel
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Maes
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Beukelaer
- Neurorehabilitation Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marlies Corvelyn
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lauraine Staut
- Neurorehabilitation Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hannah De Houwer
- Pediatric Orthopedics, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Domiziana Costamagna
- Neurorehabilitation Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Nijs
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Elga Nijs
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Hens
- Department of Ear Nose Throat, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva De Wachter
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Prinsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kaat Desloovere
- Neurorehabilitation Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anja Van Campenhout
- Pediatric Orthopedics, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislaine Gayan-Ramirez
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Chow BVY, Morgan C, Rae C, Warton DI, Novak I, Davies S, Lancaster A, Popovic GC, Rizzo RRN, Rizzo CY, Kyriagis M, Herbert RD, Bolsterlee B. Human lower leg muscles grow asynchronously. J Anat 2024; 244:476-485. [PMID: 37917014 PMCID: PMC10862152 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle volume must increase substantially during childhood growth to generate the power required to propel the growing body. One unresolved but fundamental question about childhood muscle growth is whether muscles grow at equal rates; that is, if muscles grow in synchrony with each other. In this study, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and advances in artificial intelligence methods (deep learning) for medical image segmentation to investigate whether human lower leg muscles grow in synchrony. Muscle volumes were measured in 10 lower leg muscles in 208 typically developing children (eight infants aged less than 3 months and 200 children aged 5 to 15 years). We tested the hypothesis that human lower leg muscles grow synchronously by investigating whether the volume of individual lower leg muscles, expressed as a proportion of total lower leg muscle volume, remains constant with age. There were substantial age-related changes in the relative volume of most muscles in both boys and girls (p < 0.001). This was most evident between birth and five years of age but was still evident after five years. The medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, the largest muscles in infancy, grew faster than other muscles in the first five years. The findings demonstrate that muscles in the human lower leg grow asynchronously. This finding may assist early detection of atypical growth and allow targeted muscle-specific interventions to improve the quality of life, particularly for children with neuromotor conditions such as cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian V. Y. Chow
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA)SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Catherine Morgan
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Discipline of Child and Adolescent HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Caroline Rae
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA)SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Psychology, University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - David I. Warton
- School of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Evolution & Ecology Research CentreUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Iona Novak
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Discipline of Child and Adolescent HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Suzanne Davies
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA)SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ann Lancaster
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA)SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Gordana C. Popovic
- Stats Central, Mark Wainwright Analytical CentreUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Rodrigo R. N. Rizzo
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA)SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Claudia Y. Rizzo
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA)SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Maria Kyriagis
- Rehab2Kids, Sydney Children's HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Robert D. Herbert
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA)SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Bart Bolsterlee
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA)SydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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Panoutsakopoulos V, Bassa E. Countermovement Jump Performance Is Related to Ankle Flexibility and Knee Extensors Torque in Female Adolescent Volleyball Athletes. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:76. [PMID: 37367240 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ankle flexibility and isokinetic knee torque/power generating capacity were previously suggested to contribute or to be correlated to the vertical countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the passive ankle joint dorsi flexion (θPDF) and the knee muscle's isokinetic torque and power on the CMJ in adolescent female volleyball players. The θPDF at a knee extension angle of 140 degrees were measured for 37 female post-pubertal volleyball players. Then, the players were assigned to either the flexible (n = 10) or inflexible (n = 14) groups according to earlier recommended criteria. Testing included the CMJ with and without an arm swing, and maximal knee extensions and flexions in 3 angular velocities on an isokinetic dynamometer. CMJ height performed with or without an arm swing (r(22) = 0.563, p = 0.040 and r(22) = 0.518, p = 0.009, respectively) and relative power (r(22) = 0.517, p = 0.010 and r(22) = 0.446, p = 0.030, respectively) were positively correlated with the extensors' torque at 180°/s and were negatively correlated with the flexibility level of the dominant side ankle (r(22) = -0.529, p = 0.008 and r(22) = -0.576, p = 0.030, respectively). A moderate positive correlation was also revealed between the CMJ height with and without an arm swing and the power of the non-dominant knee extensors (r(22) = 0.458, p = 0.024 and r(22) = 0.402, p = 0.049, respectively) and flexors (r(22) = 0.484, p = 0.016 and r(22) = 0.477, p = 0.018, respectively). Results of the 2 × 2 repeated ANOVA measurements revealed that flexible players jumped significantly (p < 0.05) higher during the CMJs, whilst there was a group effect only on the isokinetic knee extensor muscles' torque. In conclusion, a more flexible ankle joint and a higher isokinetic knee extensor's torque generating capacity resulted in higher CMJ performance. Therefore, ankle flexibility should be emphasized in training and is suggested to be included in preseason screening tests of youth female volleyball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilios Panoutsakopoulos
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Bassa
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Chow BVY, Morgan C, Rae C, Novak I, Davies S, Herbert RD, Bolsterlee B. Three-dimensional skeletal muscle architecture in the lower legs of living human infants. J Biomech 2023; 155:111661. [PMID: 37290180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the skeletal muscle architecture of living humans at birth. In this study, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure the volumes of ten muscle groups in the lower legs of eight human infants aged less than three months. We then combined MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to provide detailed, high-resolution reconstructions and measurements of moment arms, fascicle lengths, physiological cross-sectional areas (PCSAs), pennation angles and diffusion parameters of the medial (MG) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) muscles. On average, the total lower leg muscle volume was 29.2 cm3. The largest muscle was the soleus muscle with a mean volume of 6.5 cm3. Compared to the LG muscles, the MG muscles had, on average, greater volumes (by ∼35%) and greater PCSAs (by ∼63%) but similar ankle-to-knee moment arm ratios (∼0.1 difference), fascicle lengths (∼5.7 mm difference) and pennation angles (∼2.7° difference). The MG data were compared with data previously collected from adults. The MG muscles of adults had, on average, a 63-fold greater volume, a 36-fold greater PCSA, and 1.7-fold greater fascicle length. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using MRI and DTI to reconstruct the three-dimensional architecture of skeletal muscles in living human infants. It is shown that, between infancy and adulthood, MG muscle fascicles grow primarily in cross-section rather than in length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian V Y Chow
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine Morgan
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Caroline Rae
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Iona Novak
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Suzanne Davies
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert D Herbert
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bart Bolsterlee
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia; Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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5
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De Beukelaer N, Vandekerckhove I, Huyghe E, Molenberghs G, Peeters N, Hanssen B, Ortibus E, Van Campenhout A, Desloovere K. Morphological Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle Growth in Ambulant Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Prospective Longitudinal Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041564. [PMID: 36836099 PMCID: PMC9963346 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Only cross-sectional studies have demonstrated muscle deficits in children with spastic cerebral palsy (SCP). The impact of gross motor functional limitations on altered muscle growth remains unclear. This prospective longitudinal study modelled morphological muscle growth in 87 children with SCP (age range 6 months to 11 years, Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] level I/II/III = 47/22/18). Ultrasound assessments were performed during 2-year follow-up and repeated for a minimal interval of 6 months. Three-dimensional freehand ultrasound was applied to assess medial gastrocnemius muscle volume (MV), mid-belly cross-sectional area (CSA) and muscle belly length (ML). Non-linear mixed models compared trajectories of (normalized) muscle growth between GMFCS-I and GMFCS-II&III. MV and CSA growth trajectories showed a piecewise model with two breakpoints, with the highest growth before 2 years and negative growth rates after 6-9 years. Before 2 years, children with GMFCS-II&III already showed lower growth rates compared to GMFCS-I. From 2 to 9 years, the growth rates did not differ between GMFCS levels. After 9 years, a more pronounced reduction in normalized CSA was observed in GMFCS-II&III. Different trajectories in ML growth were shown between the GMFCS level subgroups. These longitudinal trajectories highlight monitoring of SCP muscle pathology from early ages and related to motor mobility. Treatment planning and goals should stimulate muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie De Beukelaer
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-474033110
| | | | - Ester Huyghe
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Molenberghs
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics (I-BIOSTAT), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics (I-BIOSTAT), Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Nicky Peeters
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Britta Hanssen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Els Ortibus
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anja Van Campenhout
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kaat Desloovere
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Hamstring muscle architecture and myotonometer measurements in elite professional football players with a prior strained hamstring. Biol Sport 2023; 40:93-99. [PMID: 36636174 PMCID: PMC9806763 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.112092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the fascicle length, angle pennation and mechanical properties of the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) in dominant and non-dominant limbs in previously injured and uninjured professional football players. Fifteen professional football players were recruited to participate in this study. Seven players had suffered a BFlh injury during the previous season. Myotonometry mechanical properties were measured in the proximal, common tendon and distal BFlh using MyotonPRO, and angle pennation and fascicle length were also measured. We observed significantly higher distal BFlh frequency, stiffness, decrement, relaxation and creep than in the common tendon and proximal BFlh. The previously injured players showed significantly higher frequency and stiffness, and lower relaxation and creep in the dominant BFlh than did uninjured players. There were no significant differences between the fascicle length and angle pennation in previously injured and uninjured BFlh. Myotonometric measurement provides a quick and inexpensive way to check the properties of the BFlh in professional football players. Professional football players with previous BFlh injury showed higher intrinsic tension and a poorer capacity to deform than did players with no injury to the BFlh.
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Plesek J, Hamill J, Freedman Silvernail J, Skypala J, Jandacka D. Age differences in running biomechanics during footstrike between preschool children and adults. J Sports Sci 2023; 40:2401-2411. [PMID: 36588173 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2162237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare impact loading between two age groups of preschool children (3-4 and 5-6 years old) and one group of young adults representing mature level of running skill (n = 15 per group). Three-dimensional biomechanical data were collected during running barefoot, in minimalist and running shoes. A two-way mixed ANOVA was performed to assess age and footwear differences in vertical instantaneous loading rate (VILR). An interaction was found in VILR. Older (5-6) preschoolers had 30-31% lower VILR than younger (3-4) (p = 0.012, d = 1.02; p = 0.001, d = 1.18) and adults had 51-77% lower VILR than younger preschoolers (p = 0.001, d = 1.85; p = 0.001, d = 2.82) in minimalist and running shoes, respectively. Additionally, adults had lower VILR than older preschoolers in running shoes (p = 0.001, d = 2.68). No differences were found between older children and adults in barefoot and minimalist shoes. Loading decreased with increasing age, particularly in minimalist and running shoes. Unchanged cadence and running speed did not explain the decrease of VILR during preschool age. The explanation likely underlies in lower limb alignment during footstrike and developmental ontogenetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Plesek
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Joseph Hamill
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratories, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Julia Freedman Silvernail
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Jiri Skypala
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jandacka
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Mogi Y, Wakahara T. Effects of growth on muscle architecture of knee extensors. J Anat 2022; 241:683-691. [PMID: 35666144 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of growth on the muscle architecture of knee extensors. The present study included 123 male children and adolescents. The muscle thicknesses of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus intermedius (VI), and pennation angles and fascicle lengths of RF were measured in three regions using ultrasonography technique at rest. The relative muscle thickness was calculated by dividing the absolute muscle thickness by body mass1/3 . The years from age at peak height velocity were estimated for each participant, and used as a maturity index. The maturity index was significantly correlated with the relative muscle thicknesses of RF and VI in all regions. The slope of the relationship between the maturity index and the relative muscle thickness did not differ significantly between muscles within the same region or between regions within the individual muscles. The fascicle length and pennation angle of RF were significantly correlated with the absolute muscle thickness in all regions. In the proximal RF region, the coefficient of correlation between the muscle thickness and fascicle length was significantly greater than that between the muscle thickness and pennation angle. The present results showed that growth changes in muscle thickness were uniform between and within RF and VI. Our findings suggest that growth changes in the muscle thickness of RF depend on the increases in both pennation angle and fascicle length, but their contributions to the growth of muscle thickness differ among muscle regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyoshi Mogi
- Faculty of Sport Management, Department of Sport Management, Shobi University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Taku Wakahara
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.,Human Performance Laboratory, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
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Obst S, Florance K, Heales L, Barber L. Medial gastrocnemius growth in children who are typically developing: Can changes in muscle volume and length be accurately predicted from age? J Anat 2022; 240:991-997. [PMID: 34914097 PMCID: PMC9005671 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle size is an important determinant of muscular fitness and health, and so it is important to have accurate estimates of actual muscle growth in children. This study compared actual versus age-predicted growth rates of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle in young children over a 12-month period. Three-dimensional ultrasound was used to measure MG length and volume in 50 children (mean ± standard deviation [SD] age = 70.3 ± 29.9 months) to establish age-predicted muscle growth rates using a least-squares linear regression. Twenty children (mean ± SD age = 78.5 ± 27.2 months) were followed up at 6 and 12 months to establish actual muscle growth of MG volume and length. These data were then compared to their age-predicted muscle growth from the linear regression equation using paired t-tests and Bland-Altman limits of agreement method. Age-predicted MG growth significantly underestimated actual muscle growth for both volume and length at each timepoint. On average, actual muscle volume and length were 11.5% and 21.5% greater than the age-predicted volume and length respectively. Caution is warranted when predicting future muscle size in young children based solely on age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Obst
- School of Health, Medical and Applied SciencesCentral Queensland UniversityBundabergQueenslandAustralia
| | - Kaysie Florance
- School of Health, Medical and Applied SciencesCentral Queensland UniversityBundabergQueenslandAustralia
| | - Luke Heales
- School of Health, Medical and Applied SciencesCentral Queensland UniversityRockhamptonQueenslandAustralia
| | - Lee Barber
- School of Health Sciences and Social WorkGriffith UniversityNathanQueenslandAustralia
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10
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Rivares C, Vignaud A, Noort W, Koopmans B, Loos M, Kalinichev M, Jaspers RT. Glycine receptor subunit-ß -deficiency in a mouse model of spasticity results in attenuated physical performance, growth and muscle strength. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 322:R368-R388. [PMID: 35108108 PMCID: PMC9054346 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00242.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spasticity is the most common neurological disorder associated with increased muscle contraction causing impaired movement and gait. The aim of this study was to characterize the physical performance, skeletal muscle function, and phenotype of mice with a hereditary spastic mutation (B6.Cg-Glrbspa/J). Motor function, gait, and physical activity of juvenile and adult spastic mice and the morphological, histological, and mechanical characteristics of their soleus and gastrocnemius medialis muscles were compared with those of their wild-type (WT) littermates. Spastic mice showed attenuated growth, impaired motor function, and low physical activity. Gait of spastic mice was characterized by a typical hopping pattern. Spastic mice showed lower muscle forces, which were related to the smaller physiological cross-sectional area of spastic muscles. The muscle-tendon complex length-force relationship of adult gastrocnemius medialis was shifted toward shorter lengths, which was explained by attenuated longitudinal tibia growth. Spastic gastrocnemius medialis was more fatigue resistant than WT gastrocnemius medialis. This was largely explained by a higher mitochondrial content in muscle fibers and relatively higher percentage of slow-type muscle fibers. Muscles of juvenile spastic mice showed similar differences compared with WT juvenile mice, but these were less pronounced than between adult mice. This study shows that in spastic mice, disturbed motor function and gait is likely to be the result of hyperactivity of skeletal muscle and impaired skeletal muscle growth, which progress with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Rivares
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Wendy Noort
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Maarten Loos
- Sylics (Synaptologics BV), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Richard T Jaspers
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Aeles J, Bolsterlee B, Kelp NY, Dick TJM, Hug F. Regional variation in lateral and medial gastrocnemius muscle fibre lengths obtained from diffusion tensor imaging. J Anat 2022; 240:131-144. [PMID: 34411299 PMCID: PMC8655206 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessment of regional muscle architecture is primarily done through the study of animals, human cadavers, or using b-mode ultrasound imaging. However, there remain several limitations to how well such measurements represent in vivo human whole muscle architecture. In this study, we developed an approach using diffusion tensor imaging and magnetic resonance imaging to quantify muscle fibre lengths in different muscle regions along a muscle's length and width. We first tested the between-day reliability of regional measurements of fibre lengths in the medial (MG) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) and found good reliability for these measurements (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.79 and ICC = 0.84, respectively). We then applied this approach to a group of 32 participants including males (n = 18), females (n = 14), young (24 ± 4 years) and older (70 ± 2 years) adults. We assessed the differences in regional muscle fibre lengths between different muscle regions and between individuals. Additionally, we compared regional muscle fibre lengths between sexes, age groups, and muscles. We found substantial variability in fibre lengths between different regions within the same muscle and between the MG and the LG across individuals. At the group level, we found no difference in mean muscle fibre length between males and females, nor between young and older adults, or between the MG and the LG. The high variability in muscle fibre lengths between different regions within the same muscle, possibly expands the functional versatility of the muscle for different task requirements. The high variability between individuals supports the use of subject-specific measurements of muscle fibre lengths when evaluating muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Aeles
- Laboratory “Movement, Interactions, Performance” (EA 4334)Nantes UniversityNantesFrance
| | - Bart Bolsterlee
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Graduate School of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Nicole Y. Kelp
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Taylor J. M. Dick
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - François Hug
- Laboratory “Movement, Interactions, Performance” (EA 4334)Nantes UniversityNantesFrance
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF)ParisFrance
- LAMHESSUniversité Côte d'AzurNiceFrance
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12
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Bell M, Al Masruri G, Fernandez J, Williams SA, Agur AM, Stott NS, Hajarizadeh B, Mirjalili A. Typical m. triceps surae morphology and architecture measurement from 0 to 18 years: A narrative review. J Anat 2021; 240:746-760. [PMID: 34750816 PMCID: PMC8930835 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to report on the imaging modalities used to assess morphological and architectural properties of the m. triceps surae muscle in typically developing children, and the available reliability analyses. Scopus and MEDLINE (Pubmed) were searched systematically for all original articles published up to September 2020 measuring morphological and architectural properties of the m. triceps surae in typically developing children (18 years or under). Thirty eligible studies were included in this analysis, measuring fibre bundle length (FBL) (n = 11), pennation angle (PA) (n = 10), muscle volume (MV) (n = 16) and physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) (n = 4). Three primary imaging modalities were utilised to assess these architectural parameters in vivo: two‐dimensional ultrasound (2DUS; n = 12), three‐dimensional ultrasound (3DUS; n = 9) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; n = 6). The mean age of participants ranged from 1.4 years to 18 years old. There was an apparent increase in m. gastrocnemius medialis MV and pCSA with age; however, no trend was evident with FBL or PA. Analysis of correlations of muscle variables with age was limited by a lack of longitudinal data and methodological variations between studies affecting outcomes. Only five studies evaluated the reliability of the methods. Imaging methodologies such as MRI and US may provide valuable insight into the development of skeletal muscle from childhood to adulthood; however, variations in methodological approaches can significantly influence outcomes. Researchers wishing to develop a model of typical muscle development should carry out longitudinal architectural assessment of all muscles comprising the m. triceps surae utilising a consistent approach that minimises confounding errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bell
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ghaliya Al Masruri
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin Fernandez
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sîan A Williams
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anne M Agur
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ngaire S Stott
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Ali Mirjalili
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Kruse A, Rivares C, Weide G, Tilp M, Jaspers RT. Stimuli for Adaptations in Muscle Length and the Length Range of Active Force Exertion-A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:742034. [PMID: 34690815 PMCID: PMC8531727 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.742034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment strategies and training regimens, which induce longitudinal muscle growth and increase the muscles’ length range of active force exertion, are important to improve muscle function and to reduce muscle strain injuries in clinical populations and in athletes with limited muscle extensibility. Animal studies have shown several specific loading strategies resulting in longitudinal muscle fiber growth by addition of sarcomeres in series. Currently, such strategies are also applied to humans in order to induce similar adaptations. However, there is no clear scientific evidence that specific strategies result in longitudinal growth of human muscles. Therefore, the question remains what triggers longitudinal muscle growth in humans. The aim of this review was to identify strategies that induce longitudinal human muscle growth. For this purpose, literature was reviewed and summarized with regard to the following topics: (1) Key determinants of typical muscle length and the length range of active force exertion; (2) Information on typical muscle growth and the effects of mechanical loading on growth and adaptation of muscle and tendinous tissues in healthy animals and humans; (3) The current knowledge and research gaps on the regulation of longitudinal muscle growth; and (4) Potential strategies to induce longitudinal muscle growth. The following potential strategies and important aspects that may positively affect longitudinal muscle growth were deduced: (1) Muscle length at which the loading is performed seems to be decisive, i.e., greater elongations after active or passive mechanical loading at long muscle length are expected; (2) Concentric, isometric and eccentric exercises may induce longitudinal muscle growth by stimulating different muscular adaptations (i.e., increases in fiber cross-sectional area and/or fiber length). Mechanical loading intensity also plays an important role. All three training strategies may increase tendon stiffness, but whether and how these changes may influence muscle growth remains to be elucidated. (3) The approach to combine stretching with activation seems promising (e.g., static stretching and electrical stimulation, loaded inter-set stretching) and warrants further research. Finally, our work shows the need for detailed investigation of the mechanisms of growth of pennate muscles, as those may longitudinally grow by both trophy and addition of sarcomeres in series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kruse
- Department of Biomechanics, Training, and Movement Science, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Cintia Rivares
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guido Weide
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Markus Tilp
- Department of Biomechanics, Training, and Movement Science, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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14
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Leichsenring K, Viswanathan A, Kutschke S, Siebert T, Böl M. Age-dependent mechanical and microstructural properties of the rabbit soleus muscle. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:453-465. [PMID: 34343717 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During growth there are serious changes in the skeletal muscles to compensate for the changed requirements in terms of body weight and size. In this study, the age-dependent (between 21 and 100 days) mechanical and microstructural properties of rabbit soleus muscle tissue were investigated. For this purpose, morphological properties (animal mass, soleus muscle mass, tibial length) were measured at 5 different times during aging. On the other hand, fibre orientation-dependent axial and semi-confined compression experiments were realised. In addition, the essential components (muscle fibres, extracellular matrix, remaining components), dominating the microstructure of muscle tissue, were analysed. While the mechanical results show hardly any age-dependent differences, the morphological and microstructural results show clear age-dependent differences. All morphological parameters increase significantly (animal mass by 839.2%, muscle mass 1050.6%, tibial length 233.6%). In contrast, microstructural parameters change differently. The percentage of fibres (divided into slow-twitch (ST) and fast-twitch (FT) fibres) increases significantly (137.6%), while the proportions of the extracellular matrix and the remaining components (48.2% and 46.1%) decrease. At the same time, the cross-sectional area of the fibres increases significantly (697.9%). The totality of this age-dependent information provides a deeper understanding of age-related changes in muscle structure and function and may contribute to successful development and validation of growth models in the future. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This article reports the first comprehensive data set on age-dependent morphological (animal mass, soleus muscle mass, tibial length), mechanical (axial and semi-confined compression), and microstructural (muscle fibres, extracellular matrix, remaining components) properties of the rabbit soleus muscle. On the one hand, the results of this study contribute to the understanding of muscle mechanics and thus to understanding of load transfer mechanisms inside the muscle tissue during growth. On the other hand, these results are relevant to the fields of constitutive formulation of age-dependent muscle tissue.
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15
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The reliability of measuring medial gastrocnemius muscle-tendon unit lengths during gait. Gait Posture 2021; 90:464-467. [PMID: 34619612 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.09.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrasound imaging combined with 3D motion analysis allows for in-vivo assessment of muscle-tendon unit lengths during gait. The clinical relevance of analysing the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and Achilles muscle-tendon junction (MTJ), MG mid-muscle belly fascicles (FAS) and muscle thickness was shown. However, their reliability error estimations over the gait cycle is unknown. RESEARCH QUESTION What are the intra- and inter-session errors associated with extracting MG belly, thickness, FAS and tendon lengths using ultrasound during gait in healthy participants? METHODS 3D gait analysis was carried out in ten healthy adults as they walked on an instrumented treadmill at a comfortable walking speed. An ultrasound probe was secured on the leg and tracked by 3D motion analysis. Images were collected during two walking trials with the probe on the MG muscle-belly to estimate FAS lengths and muscle thickness, and during two trials with the probe on the MTJ to estimate muscle-belly and tendon lengths. A second session was performed after 5 ± 4 days where a different operator placed the ultrasound probe. The standard deviation (SD) of absolute and relative lengths changes during the gait cycle over different trials were calculated per participant. SD values averaged over participants represented intra- and inter-session errors. RESULTS For all assessed variables, the intra-session errors were <2.2 mm, except for the FAS lengths (3.1 mm). The inter-session errors were larger than the intra-session, with the highest values found for the absolute muscle-tendon unit lengths (5.6 mm). Relative length errors were smaller than absolute length errors. SIGNIFICANCE Intra-session errors, which may reflect natural variability and data processing errors, seem more critical when extracting absolute FAS than muscle-tendon lengths. Standardized probe positioning on the MTJ between sessions may improve the inter-session reliability. Expressing the lengths relative to their lengths as the beginning of the gait cycle reduces the inter-session errors.
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16
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Hanssen B, Peeters N, Vandekerckhove I, De Beukelaer N, Bar-On L, Molenaers G, Van Campenhout A, Degelaen M, Van den Broeck C, Calders P, Desloovere K. The Contribution of Decreased Muscle Size to Muscle Weakness in Children With Spastic Cerebral Palsy. Front Neurol 2021; 12:692582. [PMID: 34381414 PMCID: PMC8350776 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.692582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle weakness is a common clinical symptom in children with spastic cerebral palsy (SCP). It is caused by impaired neural ability and altered intrinsic capacity of the muscles. To define the contribution of decreased muscle size to muscle weakness, two cohorts were recruited in this cross-sectional investigation: 53 children with SCP [median age, 8.2 (IQR, 4.1) years, 19/34 uni/bilateral] and 31 children with a typical development (TD) [median age, 9.7 (IQR, 2.9) years]. Muscle volume (MV) and muscle belly length for m. rectus femoris, semitendinosus, gastrocnemius medialis, and tibialis anterior were defined from three-dimensional freehand ultrasound acquisitions. A fixed dynamometer was used to assess maximal voluntary isometric contractions for knee extension, knee flexion, plantar flexion, and dorsiflexion from which maximal joint torque (MJT) was calculated. Selective motor control (SMC) was assessed on a 5-point scale for the children with SCP. First, the anthropometrics, strength, and muscle size parameters were compared between the cohorts. Significant differences for all muscle size and strength parameters were found (p ≤ 0.003), except for joint torque per MV for the plantar flexors. Secondly, the associations of anthropometrics, muscle size, gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) level, and SMC with MJT were investigated using univariate and stepwise multiple linear regressions. The associations of MJT with growth-related parameters like age, weight, and height appeared strongest in the TD cohort, whereas for the SCP cohort, these associations were accompanied by associations with SMC and GMFCS. The stepwise regression models resulted in ranges of explained variance in MJT from 29.3 to 66.3% in the TD cohort and from 16.8 to 60.1% in the SCP cohort. Finally, the MJT deficit observed in the SCP cohort was further investigated using the TD regression equations to estimate norm MJT based on height and potential MJT based on MV. From the total MJT deficit, 22.6–57.3% could be explained by deficits in MV. This investigation confirmed the disproportional decrease in muscle size and muscle strength around the knee and ankle joint in children with SCP, but also highlighted the large variability in the contribution of muscle size to muscle weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Hanssen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicky Peeters
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ines Vandekerckhove
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Beukelaer
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lynn Bar-On
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guy Molenaers
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Orthopaedic Section, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anja Van Campenhout
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Orthopaedic Section, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Degelaen
- Department of Rehabilitation Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Inkendaal Rehabilitation Hospital, Vlezenbeek, Belgium.,University Hospital, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Patrick Calders
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kaat Desloovere
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Papenkort S, Böl M, Siebert T. Architectural model for muscle growth during maturation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:2031-2044. [PMID: 34302567 PMCID: PMC8450218 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01492-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Muscle architecture, which includes parameters like fascicle length, pennation angle, and physiological cross-sectional area, strongly influences skeletal muscles' mechanical properties. During maturation, the muscle architecture has to adapt to a growing organism. This study aimed to develop an architectural model capable of predicting the complete 3D fascicle architecture for primarily unipennate muscles of an arbitrary age, based on fascicle data for an initial age. For model development, we collected novel data on 3D muscle architecture of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) M. plantaris of eight animals ranging in age from 29 to 106 days. Experimental results show that plantaris muscle belly length increases by 73%, whereas mean fascicle length and mean pennation angle increases by 39 and 14%, respectively. Those changes were incorporated into the model. In addition to the data collected for M. plantaris the predictions of the model were compared to existing literature data of rabbit M. soleus and M. gastrocnemius medialis. With an error of −1.0 ± 8.6% for relative differences in aponeurosis length, aponeurosis width, muscle height, and muscle mass, the model delivered good results matching interindividual differences. For future studies, the model could be utilized to generate realistic architectural data sets for simulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Papenkort
- Department of Motion and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Markus Böl
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobias Siebert
- Department of Motion and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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18
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Panidi I, Bogdanis GC, Terzis G, Donti A, Konrad A, Gaspari V, Donti O. Muscle Architectural and Functional Adaptations Following 12-Weeks of Stretching in Adolescent Female Athletes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:701338. [PMID: 34335307 PMCID: PMC8322691 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.701338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of high-volume static stretching training on gastrocnemius muscle architecture, ankle angle and jump height in 21 female adolescent volleyball players. Static stretching of the plantar flexors of one leg (STR) was performed five times/week for 12 weeks, in addition to volleyball training, with the contra-lateral leg used as control (CON). Total duration of stretching per session increased from 540 s (week 1) to 900 s (week 12). At baseline, week 12 and after 3 weeks of detraining, muscle architecture at the middle and the distal part of both gastrocnemius heads (medialis and lateralis) and ankle angle were examined at rest and at maximum dorsiflexion. At the same time-points gastrocnemius cross-sectional area (CSA) was also assessed, while jumping height was measured at baseline and week 12. Following intervention, ankle dorsiflexion increased in both legs with a greater increase in STR than CON (22 ± 20% vs. 8 ± 17%, p < 0.001). Fascicle length at the middle part of gastrocnemius medialis increased only in the STR, at rest (6 ± 7%, p = 0.006) and at maximum dorsiflexion (11 ± 7%, p < 0.001). Fascicle length at maximum dorsiflexion also increased at the distal part of gastrocnemius lateralis of STR (15 ± 13%, p < 0.001). A greater increase in CSA (23 ± 14% vs. 13 ± 14%, p < 0.001) and in one-leg jumping height (27 ± 30% vs. 17 ± 23%, p < 0.001) was found in STR than CON. Changes in ankle angle, fascicle length and CSA were maintained following detraining. High-volume stretching training for 12 weeks results in ankle dorsiflexion, fascicle length and muscle cross sectional area increases in adolescent female volleyball players. These adaptations may partly explain improvements in jump performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioli Panidi
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Donti
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vasiliki Gaspari
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olyvia Donti
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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19
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Ge X, Zhang L, Xiang G, Hu Y, Lun D. Cross-Sectional Area Measurement Techniques of Soft Tissue: A Literature Review. Orthop Surg 2020; 12:1547-1566. [PMID: 32930465 PMCID: PMC7767688 DOI: 10.1111/os.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of the biomechanical properties of soft tissues by measuring the stress-strain relationships has been the focus of numerous investigations. The accuracy of stress depends, in part, upon the determination of the cross-sectional area (CSA). However, the complex geometry and pliability of soft tissues, especially ligaments and tendons, make it difficult to obtain accurate CSA, and the development of CSA measurement methods of soft tissues continues. Early attempts to determine the CSA of soft tissues include gravimetric method, geometric approximation technique, area micrometer method, and microtomy technique. Since 1990, a series of new methods have emerged, including medical imaging techniques (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound imaging (USI)), laser techniques (e.g. the laser micrometer method, the linear laser scanner (LLS) technique, and the laser reflection system (LRS) method), molding techniques, and three-dimensional (3D) scanning techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐jing Ge
- Beijing Wonderful Biomaterials Co., Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing Wonderful Biomaterials Co., Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Gang Xiang
- Beijing Wonderful Biomaterials Co., Ltd.BeijingChina
| | | | - Deng‐xing Lun
- Beijing Ceramic BiotechnologyBeijingChina
- Weifang People's HospitalWeifangChina
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20
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Weide G, Huijing PA, Bar-On L, Sloot L, Buizer AI, Becher JG, Harlaar J, Jaspers RT. Gastrocnemius Medialis Muscle Geometry and Extensibility in Typically Developing Children and Children With Spastic Paresis Aged 6-13 Years. Front Physiol 2020; 11:528522. [PMID: 33329011 PMCID: PMC7719761 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.528522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gait of children with spastic paresis (SP) is frequently characterized by a reduced ankle range of motion, presumably due to reduced extensibility of the triceps surae (TS) muscle. Little is known about how morphological muscle characteristics in SP children are affected. The aim of this study was to compare gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle geometry and extensibility in children with SP with those of typically developing (TD) children and assess how GM morphology is related to its extensibility. Thirteen children with SP, of which 10 with a diagnosis of spastic cerebral palsy and three with SP of unknown etiology (mean age 9.7 ± 2.1 years; GMFCS: I-III), and 14 TD children (mean age 9.3 ± 1.7 years) took part in this study. GM geometry was assessed using 3D ultrasound imaging at 0 and 4 Nm externally imposed dorsal flexion ankle moments. GM extensibility was defined as its absolute length change between the externally applied 0 and 4 Nm moments. Anthropometric variables and GM extensibility did not differ between the SP and TD groups. While in both groups, GM muscle volume correlated with body mass, the slope of the regression line in TD was substantially higher than that in SP (TD = 3.3 ml/kg; SP = 1.3 ml/kg, p < 0.01). In TD, GM fascicle length increased with age, lower leg length and body mass, whereas in SP children, fascicle length did not correlate with any of these variables. However, the increase in GM physiological cross-sectional area as a function of body mass did not differ between SP and TD children. Increases in lengths of tendinous structures in children with SP exceeded those observed in TD children (TD = 0.85 cm/cm; SP = 1.16 cm/cm, p < 0.01) and even exceeded lower-leg length increases. In addition, only for children with SP, body mass (r = -0.61), height (r = -0.66), muscle volume (r = - 0.66), physiological cross-sectional area (r = - 0.59), and tendon length (r = -0.68) showed a negative association with GM extensibility. Such negative associations were not found for TD children. In conclusion, physiological cross-sectional area and length of the tendinous structures are positively associated with age and negatively associated with extensibility in children with SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Weide
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter A. Huijing
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lynn Bar-On
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lizeth Sloot
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annemieke I. Buizer
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jules G. Becher
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Harlaar
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Richard T. Jaspers
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Papenkort S, Böl M, Siebert T. Three-dimensional architecture of rabbit M. soleus during growth. J Biomech 2020; 112:110054. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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The Influence of Maturity Status on Muscle Architecture in School-Aged Boys. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2020; 32:89-96. [PMID: 32074507 PMCID: PMC9892781 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2019-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the differences in muscle architecture of the lower limb in pre-peak height velocity (PHV), circa-PHV, and post-PHV boys. METHOD Muscle architecture variables from both the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and vastus lateralis (VL) were derived from ultrasonographic images in 126 school-aged boys. One-way analysis of variance using Bonferroni post hoc comparisons was employed to determine between-group differences, and effect sizes were calculated to establish the magnitude of these differences. RESULTS All muscle architecture variables showed significant small to large increases from pre-PHV to post-PHV, excluding GM fascicle length (d = 0.59-1.39; P < .05). More discrete between-group differences were evident as GM and VL muscle thickness, and physiological thickness significantly increased between pre-PHV and circa-PHV (d > 0.57; P < .05); however, only the VL muscle thickness and physiological thickness increased from circa-PHV to post-PHV (d = 0.68; P < .05). The post-PHV group also showed larger GM pennation angles than the circa-PHV group (d = 0.59; P < .05). CONCLUSION The combined results showed that maturation is associated with changes in muscle morphology. These data quantify that the maturity-related changes in muscle architecture variables provide a reference to differentiate between training-induced adaptations versus changes associated with normal growth and maturation.
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Gastrocnemius Medialis Architectural Properties in Flexibility Trained and Not Trained Child Female Athletes: A Pilot Study. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8030029. [PMID: 32143331 PMCID: PMC7183070 DOI: 10.3390/sports8030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrocnemius medialis (GM) architecture and ankle angle were compared between flexibility trained (n = 10) and not trained (n = 6) female athletes, aged 8–10 years. Ankle angle, fascicle length, pennation angle and muscle thickness were measured at the mid-belly and the distal part of GM, at rest and at the end of one min of static stretching. Flexibility trained (FT) and not trained athletes (FNT) had similar fascicle length at the medial (4.19 ± 0.37 vs. 4.24 ± 0.54 cm, respectively, p = 0.841) and the distal part of GM (4.25 ± 0.35 vs. 4.18 ± 0.65 cm, respectively, p = 0.780), similar pennation angles, and muscle thickness (p > 0.216), and larger ankle angle at rest (120.9 ± 4.2 vs. 110.9 ± 5.8°, respectively, p = 0.001). During stretching, FT displayed greater fascicle elongation compared to FNT at the medial (+1.67 ± 0.37 vs. +1.28 ± 0.22 cm, respectively, p = 0.048) and the distal part (+1.84 ± 0.67 vs. +0.97 ± 0.97 cm, respectively, p = 0.013), larger change in joint angle and muscle tendon junction displacement (MTJ) (p < 0.001). Muscle thickness was similar in both groups (p > 0.053). Ankle dorsiflexion angle significantly correlated with fascicle elongation at the distal part of GM (r = −0.638, p < 0.01) and MTJ displacement (r = −0.610, p < 0.05). Collectively, FT had greater fascicle elongation at the medial and distal part of GM and greater MTJ displacement during stretching than FNT of similar age.
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Lacome M, Avrillon S, Cholley Y, Simpson BM, Guilhem G, Buchheit M. Hamstring Eccentric Strengthening Program: Does Training Volume Matter? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:81-90. [PMID: 31034261 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the effect of low versus high volume of eccentric-biased hamstring training programs on knee-flexor strength and fascicle length changes in elite soccer players. METHODS A total of 19 elite youth soccer players took part in this study and were randomly assigned into 2 subgroups. For 6 weeks in-season, the groups performed either a low-volume (1 set per exercise; 10 repetitions in total) or a high-volume (4 sets; 40 repetitions) eccentric training of their knee flexors. After 6-weeks midtraining (MID), players performed the alternate training regimen. Each training set consisted of 4 repetitions of the Nordic hamstring exercise and 6 repetitions of the bilateral stiff-leg deadlift. Eccentric knee-flexor strength (NordBord) as well as biceps femoris long head and semimembranosus fascicle length (scanned with ultrasound scanner) were assessed during pretraining (PRE), MID, and posttraining (POST) tests. RESULTS Knee-flexor eccentric strength very likely increased from PRE to MID (low volume: +11.3% [7.8%] and high volume: 11.4% [5.3%]), with a possibly-to-likely increase in biceps femoris long head (+4.5% [5.0%] and 4.8% [2.5%]) and semimembranosus (+4.3% [4.7%] and 6.3% [6.3%]) fascicle length in both groups. There was no substantial changes between MID and POST. Overall, there was no clear between-group difference in the changes from PRE to MID and MID to POST for neither knee-flexor eccentric strength, biceps femoris long head, nor semimembranosus fascicle length. CONCLUSIONS Low-volume knee-flexor eccentric training is as effective as a greater training dose to substantially improve knee-flexor strength and fascicle length in-season in young elite soccer players. Low volume is, however, likely more appropriate to be used in an elite team facing congested schedules.
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Zhang Y, Chen JS, He Q, He X, Basava RR, Hodgson J, Sinha U, Sinha S. Microstructural analysis of skeletal muscle force generation during aging. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 36:e3295. [PMID: 31820588 PMCID: PMC8080883 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human aging results in a progressive decline in the active force generation capability of skeletal muscle. While many factors related to the changes of morphological and structural properties in muscle fibers and the extracellular matrix (ECM) have been considered as possible reasons for causing age-related force reduction, it is still not fully understood why the decrease in force generation under eccentric contraction (lengthening) is much less than that under concentric contraction (shortening). Biomechanically, it was observed that connective tissues (endomysium) stiffen as ages, and the volume ratio of connective tissues exhibits an age-related increase. However, limited skeletal muscle models take into account the microstructural characteristics as well as the volume fraction of tissue material. This study aims to provide a numerical investigation in which the muscle fibers and the ECM are explicitly represented to allow quantitative assessment of the age-related force reduction mechanism. To this end, a fiber-level honeycomb-like microstructure is constructed and modeled by a pixel-based Reproducing Kernel Particle Method (RKPM), which allows modeling of smooth transition in biomaterial properties across material interfaces. The numerical investigation reveals that the increased stiffness of the passive materials of muscle tissue reduces the force generation capability under concentric contraction while maintains the force generation capability under eccentric contraction. The proposed RKPM microscopic model provides effective means for the cellular-scale numerical investigation of skeletal muscle physiology. NOVELTY STATEMENT: A cellular-scale honeycomb-like microstructural muscle model constructed from a histological cross-sectional image of muscle is employed to study the causal relations between age-associated microstructural changes and age-related force loss using Reproducing Kernel Particle Method (RKPM). The employed RKPM offers an effective means for modeling biological materials based on pixel points in the medical images and allow modeling of smooth transition in the material properties across interfaces. The proposed microstructure-informed muscle model enables quantitative evaluation on how cellular-scale compositions contribute to muscle functionality and explain differences in age-related force changes during concentric, isometric and eccentric contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Zhang
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jiun-Shyan Chen
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Qizhi He
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xiaolong He
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ramya R. Basava
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John Hodgson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Usha Sinha
- Department of Physics, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Shantanu Sinha
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Park KB, Joo SY, Park H, Rhee I, Shin JK, Abdel-Baki SW, Kim HW. Architecture of the Triceps Surae Muscles Complex in Patients with Spastic Hemiplegia: Implication for the Limited Utility of the Silfverskiöld Test. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8122096. [PMID: 31805732 PMCID: PMC6947161 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Silfverskiöld test has long been used as an important tool for determining the affected muscles of the triceps surae in patients with equinus deformity. However, the test may not reflect the altered interactions between the muscles of the triceps which are affected by spasticity. The purpose of this study was to compare the architectural properties of the triceps surae muscles complex using ultrasonography, between hemiplegic patients and typically-developing children. Specifically, we wished to examine any differences in the architecture of the three muscles with various angle configurations of the knee and ankle joints. Ultrasound images of the medial gastrocnemius, lateral gastrocnemius, and soleus were acquired from paretic (group I) and non-paretic (group II) legs of ten patients and the legs (group III) of 10 age-matched normal children. A mixed model was used to evaluate the differences in the measurements of muscle architecture among the groups and the effects of various joint configurations on the measurements within the muscles. Compared to the results of measurements in groups II and III, the fascicle length was not different in the medial gastrocnemius of a paretic leg but it was longer in the lateral gastrocnemius and shorter in the soleus; the pennation angle was smaller in both medial and lateral gastrocnemii and was not different in the soleus; and the muscle thickness was found to be reduced in the three muscles of the paretic leg. Contrary to the observations in both the medial and lateral gastrocnemii, the fascicle length was increased and the pennation angle was decreased in the soleus with an increase of knee flexion. Through the current simulation study of the Silfverskiöld test using ultrasonography, we found that the changes detected in the architectural properties of the three muscles induced by systematic variations of the position at the ankle and the knee joints were variable. We believe that the limited utility of the Silfverskiöld test should be considered in determining an appropriate operative procedure to correct the equinus deformity in patients with altered architecture of the muscles in conditions such as cerebral palsy, as the differing muscle architectures of the triceps surae complex may affect the behavior of the muscles during the Silfverskiöld test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Bo Park
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Sun Young Joo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Incheon 21431, Korea;
| | - Hoon Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea; (H.P.); (J.-K.S.)
| | - Isaac Rhee
- Medical course, University of Melbourne Melbourne Medical School, 3010 Melbourne, Australia;
| | - Jong-Kwan Shin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea; (H.P.); (J.-K.S.)
| | - Sharkawy Wagih Abdel-Baki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aswan University Hospital, Aswan University Faculty of Medicine, Aswan 81528, Egypt;
| | - Hyun Woo Kim
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2228-2180
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What causes increased passive stiffness of plantarflexor muscle–tendon unit in children with spastic cerebral palsy? Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2151-2165. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Dimakopoulos R, Syrogiannopoulos G, Youroukos S, Dailiana Z, Spinou A. Passive range of motion changes in young children with spastic diplegia. A study during the initial stages of independent walking. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2019; 12:151-159. [PMID: 31227665 DOI: 10.3233/prm-180539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate how the onset of independent walking in children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) influences the Passive Range of Motion (PROM) of lower limb joints. METHOD Sixteen children with CP, GMFCS levels I and II, and 16 Typical Development (TD) children who had just begun independent walking participated in the study. The PROM of the hip abduction and external rotation, knee extension, popliteal angle, and ankle dorsiflexion was recorded with a goniometer at the onset of independent walking and 8 months later. A repeated-measures two-way ANOVA was conducted to compare the main effects of "walking experience" and "group of children" and the interaction effect between them on PROM of lower extremities' joints. RESULTS The effect of "group of children" in the PROM was significant; differences were observed between children with CP and TD children for all joints (p< 0.05). The effect of "walking experience" did not have a significant impact on PROM changes and the interaction effect of "group of children" and "walking experience" was also not significant for all the variables. CONCLUSIONS The alternative gait pattern spontaneously adopted by children with CP does not significantly impact their PROM during the initial stages of walking development. The lower PROM in highly functional children with CP compared to TD children cannot be attributed to gait initiation with an "atypical" pattern, but possibly to other factors such as reduced voluntary movement and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigas Dimakopoulos
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | | | - Sotirios Youroukos
- First Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens, "Agia Sofia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Zoe Dailiana
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Arietta Spinou
- School of Health Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, UK
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Cenni F, Bar-On L, Schless SH, Kalkman B, Aertbelien E, Bruyninckx H, Desloovere K. Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle-Tendon Junction and Fascicle Lengthening across the Range of Motion Analyzed in 2-D and 3-D Ultrasound Images. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:2505-2518. [PMID: 30172570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound imaging modalities offer a clinically viable method to visualize musculoskeletal structures. However, proper data comparison between investigations is compromised because of a lack of measurement error documentation and method standardization. This investigation analyzes the reliability and validity of extracting medial gastrocnemius belly and fascicle lengths and pennation angles in different ankle joint positions, across the full range of motion, in a cohort of 11 children with spastic cerebral palsy and 11 typically developed children. Each of these parameters was extracted from two consecutive acquisitions, using both 2-D and 3-D ultrasound images. The findings suggest that the muscle tendon junction extraction in 2-D images can be a suitable parameter for analyzing medial gastrocnemius muscle length in typically developed children and children with spastic cerebral palsy, although averaging over multiple measurements is recommended to reduce variability. More caution should be taken when performing analyses based on fascicle length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cenni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospital, Pellenberg, Belgium.
| | - Lynn Bar-On
- Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospital, Pellenberg, Belgium; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Simon-Henri Schless
- Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospital, Pellenberg, Belgium; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara Kalkman
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Erwin Aertbelien
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Kaat Desloovere
- Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospital, Pellenberg, Belgium; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Kalkman BM, Bar-On L, Cenni F, Maganaris CN, Bass A, Holmes G, Desloovere K, Barton GJ, O'Brien TD. Muscle and tendon lengthening behaviour of the medial gastrocnemius during ankle joint rotation in children with cerebral palsy. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:1367-1376. [DOI: 10.1113/ep087053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M. Kalkman
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Lynn Bar-On
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Amsterdam UMC; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; Amsterdam Movement Sciences; Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Francesco Cenni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | | | - Alfie Bass
- Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust; Liverpool UK
| | - Gill Holmes
- Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust; Liverpool UK
| | - Kaat Desloovere
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Gabor J. Barton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool UK
| | - Thomas D. O'Brien
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool UK
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Von Walden F, Gantelius S, Liu C, Borgström H, Björk L, Gremark O, Stål P, Nader GA, PontéN E. Muscle contractures in patients with cerebral palsy and acquired brain injury are associated with extracellular matrix expansion, pro‐inflammatory gene expression, and reduced rRNA synthesis. Muscle Nerve 2018; 58:277-285. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.26130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Von Walden
- Department of Women's and Children's health, Division of Neurology/Pediatric Orthopedics, Karolinska Institute, ALB Q2:07Karolinska University Hospital17176Stockholm Sweden
| | - Stefan Gantelius
- Department of Women's and Children's health, Division of Neurology/Pediatric Orthopedics, Karolinska Institute, ALB Q2:07Karolinska University Hospital17176Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic SurgeryKarolinska University HospitalStockholm Sweden
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Women's and Children's health, Division of Neurology/Pediatric Orthopedics, Karolinska Institute, ALB Q2:07Karolinska University Hospital17176Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hanna Borgström
- Department of Women's and Children's health, Division of Neurology/Pediatric Orthopedics, Karolinska Institute, ALB Q2:07Karolinska University Hospital17176Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lars Björk
- Department of Women's and Children's health, Division of Neurology/Pediatric Orthopedics, Karolinska Institute, ALB Q2:07Karolinska University Hospital17176Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ola Gremark
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryDanderyd HospitalStockholm Sweden
| | - Per Stål
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Laboratory of Muscle BiologyUmeå University Sweden
| | - Gustavo A. Nader
- Department. of Kinesiology and Huck Institute of the Life SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Eva PontéN
- Department of Women's and Children's health, Division of Neurology/Pediatric Orthopedics, Karolinska Institute, ALB Q2:07Karolinska University Hospital17176Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic SurgeryKarolinska University HospitalStockholm Sweden
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Martín Lorenzo T, Rocon E, Martínez Caballero I, Lerma Lara S. Medial gastrocnemius structure and gait kinetics in spastic cerebral palsy and typically developing children: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e10776. [PMID: 29794756 PMCID: PMC6392514 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare medial gastrocnemius muscle-tendon structure, gait propulsive forces, and ankle joint gait kinetics between typically developing children and those with spastic cerebral palsy, and to describe significant associations between structure and function in children with spastic cerebral palsy.A sample of typically developing children (n = 9 /16 limbs) and a sample of children with spastic cerebral palsy (n = 29 /43 limbs) were recruited. Ultrasound and 3-dimensional motion capture were used to assess muscle-tendon structure, and propulsive forces and ankle joint kinetics during gait, respectively.Children with spastic cerebral palsy had shorter fascicles and muscles, and longer Achilles tendons than typically developing children. Furthermore, total negative power and peak negative power at the ankle were greater, while total positive power, peak positive power, net power, total vertical ground reaction force, and peak vertical and anterior ground reaction forces were smaller compared to typically developing children. Correlation analyses revealed that smaller resting ankle joint angles and greater maximum dorsiflexion in children with spastic cerebral palsy accounted for a significant decrease in peak negative power. Furthermore, short fascicles, small fascicle to belly ratios, and large tendon to fascicle ratios accounted for a decrease in propulsive force generation.Alterations observed in the medial gastrocnemius muscle-tendon structure of children with spastic cerebral palsy may impair propulsive mechanisms during gait. Therefore, conventional treatments should be revised on the basis of muscle-tendon adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Martín Lorenzo
- Laboratorio de Análisis del Movimiento, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
| | - Eduardo Rocon
- Centro de Automática y Robótica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Arganda del Rey
| | | | - Sergio Lerma Lara
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Cenni F, Schless SH, Bar-On L, Aertbeliën E, Bruyninckx H, Hanssen B, Desloovere K. Reliability of a clinical 3D freehand ultrasound technique: Analyses on healthy and pathological muscles. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 156:97-103. [PMID: 29428080 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE 3D freehand Ultrasonography is a medical imaging technique that can be used to measure muscle and tendon morphological and structural properties, including volume, lengths and echo-intensity. These properties are clinically relevant in neurological disorders such as spastic cerebral palsy to monitor disease progression and evaluate the effect of treatment. This study presents a methodology for extracting these parameters along with a clinical reliability analysis for the data acquisition and processing. METHODS The medial gastrocnemius muscles and Achilles tendon of 10 typically developing children and 10 children with spastic cerebral palsy were assessed. An open-source in-house software library developed in Python (Py3DFreeHandUS) was used to reconstruct, into one 3D data set, the data simultaneously acquired from an US machine and a motion tracking system. US images were manually segmented and linearly interpolated by means of a new simplified approach which involved sequentially decreasing the total number of images used for muscle border segmentation from 100% to 5%. Acquisition and processing reliability was defined based on repeated measures from different data processers and from different data acquirers, respectively. RESULTS When only 10% of the US images were outlined, there was an average underestimation of muscle volume of 1.1% and 1.6% with respect the computation of all the available images, for the typically developing and spastic cerebral palsy groups, respectively. For both groups, the reliability was higher for data processing than for data acquisition. High inter-class correlation coefficient values were found for processing and acquisition reliability, with worst case values of 0.89 and 0.61, respectively. The standard error of measurement, expressed as a percentage of the average volumes, was smaller than 2.6 ml (4.8%) in all cases. CONCLUSIONS The present analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of applying 3D freehand ultrasonography in a clinical setting for analysing healthy and pathological paediatric muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cenni
- KU Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 300b, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospital, Pellenberg, Weligerveld 1, 3212 Pellenberg, Belgium.
| | - Simon-Henri Schless
- Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospital, Pellenberg, Weligerveld 1, 3212 Pellenberg, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lynn Bar-On
- Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospital, Pellenberg, Weligerveld 1, 3212 Pellenberg, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erwin Aertbeliën
- KU Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 300b, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Herman Bruyninckx
- KU Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 300b, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Britta Hanssen
- Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospital, Pellenberg, Weligerveld 1, 3212 Pellenberg, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kaat Desloovere
- Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospital, Pellenberg, Weligerveld 1, 3212 Pellenberg, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Chen Y, He L, Xu K, Li J, Guan B, Tang H. Comparison of calf muscle architecture between Asian children with spastic cerebral palsy and typically developing peers. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190642. [PMID: 29304114 PMCID: PMC5755874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the muscle thickness, fascicle length, and pennation angle of the gastrocnemius, soleus, and tibialis anterior between Asian children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) and typically developing (TD) peers. METHODS This cross-sectional study involved a total of 72 children with hemiplegic CP (n = 24), and diplegic CP (n = 24) and their TD peers (n = 24). Muscle architecture was measured at rest using ultrasound. Clinical measures included gross motor function and a modified Ashworth scale. RESULTS The thicknesses of the tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius muscles were smaller in the affected calf of children with CP (p<0.05) than in those of their TD peers. Additionally, the lengths of the lateral gastrocnemius and soleus fascicle were shorter (p<0.05) in children with diplegic CP than in their TD peers. The fascicle length was shorter in the affected calf of children with CP (p<0.05) than in the calves of their TD peers or the unaffected calf of children with hemiplegic CP. However, the length of the lateral gastrocnemius fascicle was similar between the two legs of children with hemiplegic CP. The pennation angles of the medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were larger (p<0.05) in the affected calf in children with hemiplegic CP than in the calves of their TD peers. The fascicle length of the lateral gastrocnemius and the thickness of the soleus muscle were positively correlated with gross motor function scores in children with CP (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Muscle thickness and fascicle length were lower in the affected tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, and soleus in children with spastic CP. These changes may limit the ability to stand and walk, and indicate a need to strengthen the affected muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu He
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaishou Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jinling Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Buyun Guan
- Department of Ultrasonography, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Cenni F, Schless SH, Bar-On L, Molenaers G, Van Campenhout A, Aertbeliën E, Bruyninckx H, Hanssen B, Desloovere K. Can in Vivo Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle-Tendon Unit Lengths be Reliably Estimated by Two Ultrasonography Methods? A Within-Session Analysis. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:110-118. [PMID: 29122315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A clinically feasible method to reliably estimate muscle-tendon unit (MTU) lengths could provide essential diagnostic and treatment planning information. A 3-D freehand ultrasound (3-DfUS) method was previously validated for extracting in vivo medial gastrocnemius (MG) lengths, although the processing time can be considered substantial for the clinical environment. This investigation analyzed a quicker and simpler method using the US transducer as a spatial pointer (US-PaP), where the within-session reliability of extracting the muscle-tendon unit (MTU) and tendon lengths are estimated. MG MTU lengths were extracted in a group of 14 healthy adults using both 3-DfUS and US-PaP. Two consecutive acquisitions were performed per participant, and the data processed by two researchers independently. The intra-class correlation coefficients were above 0.97, and the standard error of measurements below 3.6 mm (1.5%). This investigation proposes that the simplified US-PaP method is a viable alternative for estimating MG MTU lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cenni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospital, Pellenberg, Belgium.
| | - Simon-Henri Schless
- Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospital, Pellenberg, Belgium; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lynn Bar-On
- Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospital, Pellenberg, Belgium; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Molenaers
- Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospital, Pellenberg, Belgium; Department of Development and Regeneration, University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anja Van Campenhout
- Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospital, Pellenberg, Belgium; Department of Development and Regeneration, University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erwin Aertbeliën
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Britta Hanssen
- Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospital, Pellenberg, Belgium; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kaat Desloovere
- Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, University Hospital, Pellenberg, Belgium; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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36
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Mersmann F, Bohm S, Arampatzis A. Imbalances in the Development of Muscle and Tendon as Risk Factor for Tendinopathies in Youth Athletes: A Review of Current Evidence and Concepts of Prevention. Front Physiol 2017; 8:987. [PMID: 29249987 PMCID: PMC5717808 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendons feature the crucial role to transmit the forces exerted by the muscles to the skeleton. Thus, an increase of the force generating capacity of a muscle needs to go in line with a corresponding modulation of the mechanical properties of the associated tendon to avoid potential harm to the integrity of the tendinous tissue. However, as summarized in the present narrative review, muscle and tendon differ with regard to both the time course of adaptation to mechanical loading as well as the responsiveness to certain types of mechanical stimulation. Plyometric loading, for example, seems to be a more potent stimulus for muscle compared to tendon adaptation. In growing athletes, the increased levels of circulating sex hormones might additionally augment an imbalanced development of muscle strength and tendon mechanical properties, which could potentially relate to the increasing incidence of tendon overload injuries that has been indicated for adolescence. In fact, increased tendon stress and strain due to a non-uniform musculotendinous development has been observed recently in adolescent volleyball athletes, a high-risk group for tendinopathy. These findings highlight the importance to deepen the current understanding of the interaction of loading and maturation and demonstrate the need for the development of preventive strategies. Therefore, this review concludes with an evidence-based concept for a specific loading program for increasing tendon stiffness, which could be implemented in the training regimen of young athletes at risk for tendinopathy. This program incorporates five sets of four contractions with an intensity of 85–90% of the isometric voluntary maximum and a movement/contraction duration that provides 3 s of high magnitude tendon strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
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37
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Weide G, van der Zwaard S, Huijing PA, Jaspers RT, Harlaar J. 3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29286445 PMCID: PMC5755508 DOI: 10.3791/55943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The developmental goal of 3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) is to engineer a modality to perform 3D morphological ultrasound analysis of human muscles. 3DUS images are constructed from calibrated freehand 2D B-mode ultrasound images, which are positioned into a voxel array. Ultrasound (US) imaging allows quantification of muscle size, fascicle length, and angle of pennation. These morphological variables are important determinants of muscle force and length range of force exertion. The presented protocol describes an approach to determine volume and fascicle length of m. vastus lateralis and m. gastrocnemius medialis. 3DUS facilitates standardization using 3D anatomical references. This approach provides a fast and cost-effective approach for quantifying 3D morphology in skeletal muscles. In healthcare and sports, information on the morphometry of muscles is very valuable in diagnostics and/or follow-up evaluations after treatment or training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Weide
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences
| | - Stephan van der Zwaard
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences
| | - Peter A Huijing
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences;
| | - Jaap Harlaar
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences
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38
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Martín Lorenzo T, Rocon E, Martínez Caballero I, Ramírez Barragán A, Lerma Lara S. Prolonged stretching of the ankle plantarflexors elicits muscle-tendon adaptations relevant to ankle gait kinetics in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Med Hypotheses 2017; 109:65-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Changes in three-dimensional muscle structure of rabbit gastrocnemius, flexor digitorum longus, and tibialis anterior during growth. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 74:507-519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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40
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Martín Lorenzo T, Albi Rodríguez G, Rocon E, Martínez Caballero I, Lerma Lara S. Relationship of medial gastrocnemius relative fascicle excursion and ankle joint power and work performance during gait in typically developing children: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7572. [PMID: 28723790 PMCID: PMC5521930 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle fascicles lengthen in response to chronic passive stretch through in-series sarcomere addition in order to maintain an optimum sarcomere length. In turn, the muscles' force generating capacity, maximum excursion, and contraction velocity is enhanced. Thus, longer fascicles suggest a greater capacity to develop joint power and work. However, static fascicle length measurements may not be taking sarcomere length differences into account. Thus, we considered relative fascicle excursions through passive ankle dorsiflexion may better correlate with the capacity to generate joint power and work than fascicle length. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine if medial gastrocnemius relative fascicle excursions correlate with ankle joint power and work generation during gait in typically developing children. A sample of typically developing children (n = 10) were recruited for this study and data analysis was carried out on 20 legs. Medial gastrocnemius relative fascicle excursion from resting joint angle to maximum dorsiflexion was estimated from trigonometric relations of medial gastrocnemius pennation angle and thickness obtained from B-mode real-time ultrasonography. Furthermore, a three-dimensional motion capture system was used to obtain ankle joint work and power during the stance phase of gait. Significant correlations were found between relative fascicle excursion and peak power absorption (-) r(14) = -0.61, P = .012 accounting for 31% variability, positive work r(18) = 0.56, P = .021 accounting for 31% variability, and late stance positive work r(15) = 0.51, P = .037 accounting for 26% variability. The large unexplained variance may be attributed to mechanics of neighboring structures (e.g., soleus or Achilles tendon mechanics) and proximal joint kinetics which may also contribute to ankle joint power and work performance, and were not taken into account. Further studies are encouraged to provide greater insight on the relationship between relative fascicle excursions and joint function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Martín Lorenzo
- Laboratorio de Análisis del Movimiento, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón
| | - Gustavo Albi Rodríguez
- Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
| | - Eduardo Rocon
- Centro de Automática y Robótica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Arganda del Rey
| | | | - Sergio Lerma Lara
- Laboratorio de Análisis del Movimiento, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, CSEU La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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41
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Zhou J, Butler EE, Rose J. Neurologic Correlates of Gait Abnormalities in Cerebral Palsy: Implications for Treatment. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:103. [PMID: 28367118 PMCID: PMC5355477 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common movement disorder in children. A diagnosis of CP is often made based on abnormal muscle tone or posture, a delay in reaching motor milestones, or the presence of gait abnormalities in young children. Neuroimaging of high-risk neonates and of children diagnosed with CP have identified patterns of neurologic injury associated with CP, however, the neural underpinnings of common gait abnormalities remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we review the nature of the brain injury in CP, as well as the neuromuscular deficits and subsequent gait abnormalities common among children with CP. We first discuss brain injury in terms of mechanism, pattern, and time of injury during the prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal period in preterm and term-born children. Second, we outline neuromuscular deficits of CP with a focus on spastic CP, characterized by muscle weakness, shortened muscle-tendon unit, spasticity, and impaired selective motor control, on both a microscopic and functional level. Third, we examine the influence of neuromuscular deficits on gait abnormalities in CP, while considering emerging information on neural correlates of gait abnormalities and the implications for strategic treatment. This review of the neural basis of gait abnormalities in CP discusses what is known about links between the location and extent of brain injury and the type and severity of CP, in relation to the associated neuromuscular deficits, and subsequent gait abnormalities. Targeted treatment opportunities are identified that may improve functional outcomes for children with CP. By providing this context on the neural basis of gait abnormalities in CP, we hope to highlight areas of further research that can reduce the long-term, debilitating effects of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford UniversityStanford, CA, USA; Motion and Gait Analysis Lab, Lucile Packard Children's HospitalPalo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Erin E Butler
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth CollegeHanover, NH, USA; Neukom Institute for Computational Sciences, Dartmouth CollegeHanover, NH, USA
| | - Jessica Rose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford UniversityStanford, CA, USA; Motion and Gait Analysis Lab, Lucile Packard Children's HospitalPalo Alto, CA, USA
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42
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Böl M, Leichsenring K, Siebert T. Effects of Growth on Muscle, Tendon, and Aponeurosis Tissues in Rabbit Shank Musculature. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:1123-1136. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Böl
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Solid Mechanics Technische Universität Braunschweig; Braunschweig 38106 Germany
| | - Kay Leichsenring
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Solid Mechanics Technische Universität Braunschweig; Braunschweig 38106 Germany
| | - Tobias Siebert
- Department of Sport and Motion Science; University of Stuttgart; Stuttgart 70569 Germany
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43
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Haberfehlner H, Jaspers RT, Rutz E, Becher JG, Harlaar J, van der Sluijs JA, Witbreuk MM, Romkes J, Freslier M, Brunner R, Maas H, Buizer AI. Knee Moment-Angle Characteristics and Semitendinosus Muscle Morphology in Children with Spastic Paresis Selected for Medial Hamstring Lengthening. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166401. [PMID: 27861523 PMCID: PMC5115739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To increase knee range of motion and improve gait in children with spastic paresis (SP), the semitendinosus muscle (ST) amongst other hamstring muscles is frequently lengthened by surgery, but with variable success. Little is known about how the pre-surgical mechanical and morphological characteristics of ST muscle differ between children with SP and typically developing children (TD). The aims of this study were to assess (1) how knee moment-angle characteristics and ST morphology in children with SP selected for medial hamstring lengthening differ from TD children, as well as (2) how knee moment-angle characteristics and ST morphology are related. In nine SP and nine TD children, passive knee moment-angle characteristics and morphology of ST (i.e. fascicle length, muscle belly length, tendon length, physiological cross-sectional area, and volume) were assessed by hand-held dynamometry and freehand 3D ultrasound, respectively. At net knee flexion moments above 0.5 Nm, more flexed knee angles were found for SP compared to TD children. The measured knee angle range between 0 and 4 Nm was 30% smaller in children with SP. Muscle volume, physiological cross-sectional area, and fascicle length normalized to femur length were smaller in SP compared to TD children (62%, 48%, and 18%, respectively). Sixty percent of the variation in knee angles at 4 Nm net knee moment was explained by ST fascicle length. Altered knee moment-angle characteristics indicate an increased ST stiffness in SP children. Morphological observations indicate that in SP children planned for medial hamstring lengthening, the longitudinal and cross-sectional growth of ST muscle fibers is reduced. The reduced fascicle length can partly explain the increased ST stiffness and, hence, a more flexed knee joint in these SP children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Haberfehlner
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard T. Jaspers
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Erich Rutz
- Pediatric Orthopaedic Department, University Children’s Hospital Basle (UKBB), Basle, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Movement Analysis, University Children's Hospital Basle (UKBB), Basle, Switzerland
| | - Jules G. Becher
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Harlaar
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A. van der Sluijs
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melinda M. Witbreuk
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Romkes
- Laboratory for Movement Analysis, University Children's Hospital Basle (UKBB), Basle, Switzerland
| | - Marie Freslier
- Laboratory for Movement Analysis, University Children's Hospital Basle (UKBB), Basle, Switzerland
| | - Reinald Brunner
- Pediatric Orthopaedic Department, University Children’s Hospital Basle (UKBB), Basle, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Movement Analysis, University Children's Hospital Basle (UKBB), Basle, Switzerland
| | - Huub Maas
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke I. Buizer
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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44
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Bolsterlee B, Gandevia SC, Herbert RD. Effect of Transducer Orientation on Errors in Ultrasound Image-Based Measurements of Human Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle Fascicle Length and Pennation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157273. [PMID: 27294280 PMCID: PMC4905739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound imaging is often used to measure muscle fascicle lengths and pennation angles in human muscles in vivo. Theoretically the most accurate measurements are made when the transducer is oriented so that the image plane aligns with muscle fascicles and, for measurements of pennation, when the image plane also intersects the aponeuroses perpendicularly. However this orientation is difficult to achieve and usually there is some degree of misalignment. Here, we used simulated ultrasound images based on three-dimensional models of the human medial gastrocnemius, derived from magnetic resonance and diffusion tensor images, to describe the relationship between transducer orientation and measurement errors. With the transducer oriented perpendicular to the surface of the leg, the error in measurement of fascicle lengths was about 0.4 mm per degree of misalignment of the ultrasound image with the muscle fascicles. If the transducer is then tipped by 20°, the error increases to 1.1 mm per degree of misalignment. For a given degree of misalignment of muscle fascicles with the image plane, the smallest absolute error in fascicle length measurements occurs when the transducer is held perpendicular to the surface of the leg. Misalignment of the transducer with the fascicles may cause fascicle length measurements to be underestimated or overestimated. Contrary to widely held beliefs, it is shown that pennation angles are always overestimated if the image is not perpendicular to the aponeurosis, even when the image is perfectly aligned with the fascicles. An analytical explanation is provided for this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Bolsterlee
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Simon C. Gandevia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert D. Herbert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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45
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Haberfehlner H, Maas H, Harlaar J, Becher JG, Buizer AI, Jaspers RT. Freehand three-dimensional ultrasound to assess semitendinosus muscle morphology. J Anat 2016; 229:591-9. [PMID: 27271461 PMCID: PMC5013067 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In several neurological disorders and muscle injuries, morphological changes of the m. semitendinosus (ST) are presumed to contribute to movement limitations around the knee. Freehand three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US), using position tracking of two-dimensional US images to reconstruct a 3D voxel array, can be used to assess muscle morphology in vivo. The aims of this study were: (i) to introduce a newly developed 3D US protocol for ST; and (ii) provide a first comparison of morphological characteristics determined by 3D US with those measured on dissected cadaveric muscles. Morphological characteristics of ST (e.g. muscle belly length, tendon length, fascicle length and whole muscle volume, and volumes of both compartments) were assessed in six cadavers using a 3D US protocol. Subsequently, ST muscles were removed from the body to measure the same morphological characteristics. Mean differences between morphological characteristics measured by 3D US and after dissection were smaller than 10%. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were higher than 0.75 for all variables except for the lengths of proximal fascicles (ICC = 0.58). Measurement of the volume of proximal compartment by 3D US was not feasible, due to low US image quality proximally. We conclude that the presented 3D US protocol allows for reasonably accurate measurements of key morphological characteristics of ST muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Haberfehlner
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huub Maas
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Harlaar
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jules G Becher
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke I Buizer
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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46
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Herskind A, Ritterband-Rosenbaum A, Willerslev-Olsen M, Lorentzen J, Hanson L, Lichtwark G, Nielsen JB. Muscle growth is reduced in 15-month-old children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2016; 58:485-91. [PMID: 26510820 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Lack of muscle growth relative to bone growth may be responsible for development of contractures in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Here, we used ultrasonography to compare growth of the medial gastrocnemius muscle in children with and without CP. METHOD Twenty-six children with spastic CP (15 males, 11 females; mean age 35mo, range 8-65mo) and 101 typically developing children (47 males, 54 females; mean age 29mo, range 1-69mo) were included. Functional abilities of children with CP equalled levels I to III in the Gross Motor Function Classification System. Medial gastrocnemius muscle volume was constructed from serial, transverse, two-dimensional ultrasonography images. RESULTS In typically developing children, medial gastrocnemius volume increased linearly with age. Among children with CP, medial gastrocnemius volume increased less with age and deviated significantly from typically developing children at 15 months of age (p<0.05). Bone length increased with age without significant difference (p=0.49). INTERPRETATION Muscle growth in children with CP initially follows that of typically developing children, but decreases at 15 months of age. This may be related to reduced physical activity and neural activation of the muscle. Interventions stimulating muscle growth in young children with CP may be important to prevent contractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herskind
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Lars Hanson
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Glen Lichtwark
- School of Human Movement Studies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Jens B Nielsen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Worobey LA, Lin YS, Koontz AM, Boninger ML. Dynamic Three-Dimensional Ultrasound to Evaluate Scapular Movement Among Manual Wheelchair Users and Healthy Controls. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2015; 21:303-12. [PMID: 26689695 DOI: 10.1310/sci2104-303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large percentage of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) report shoulder pain that can limit independence and quality of life. The pain is likely related to the demands placed on the shoulder by transfers and propulsion. Shoulder pathology has been linked to altered scapular mechanics; however, current methods to evaluate scapular movement are invasive, require ionizing radiation, are subject to skin-based motion artifacts, or require static postures. OBJECTIVE To investigate the feasibility of applying 3-dimensional ultrasound methods, previously used to look at scapular position in static postures, to evaluate dynamic scapular movement. METHODS This study evaluated the feasibility of the novel application of a method combining 2-dimensional ultrasound and a motion capture system to determine 3-dimensional scapular position during dynamic arm elevation in the scapular plane with and without loading. RESULTS Incremental increases in scapular rotations were noted for extracted angles of 30°, 45°, 60°, and 75° of humeral elevation. Group differences were evaluated between a group of 16 manual wheelchair users (MWUs) and a group of age- and gender-matched able-bodied controls. MWUs had greater scapular external rotation and baseline pathology on clinical exam. MWUs also had greater anterior tilting, with this difference further accentuated during loading. The relationship between demographics and scapular positioning was also investigated, revealing that increased age, pathology on clinical exam, years since injury, and body mass index were correlated with scapular rotations associated with impingement (internal rotation, downward rotation, and anterior tilting). CONCLUSIONS Individuals with SCI, as well as other populations who are susceptible to shoulder pathology, may benefit from the application of this imaging modality to quantitatively evaluate scapular positioning and effectively target therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn A Worobey
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yen-Sheng Lin
- Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alicia M Koontz
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael L Boninger
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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48
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Worobey LA, Udofa IA, Lin YS, Koontz AM, Farrokhi SS, Boninger ML. Reliability of freehand three-dimensional ultrasound to measure scapular rotations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 51:985-94. [PMID: 25479134 DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2014.01.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of using freehand three-dimensional ultrasound to measure scapular rotations (internal/external, upward/downward, anterior/posterior). The scapular position in 22 healthy, nondisabled individuals was imaged three times in four testing positions of interest (arm at rest and humeral elevation in the sagittal, frontal, and scapular planes). We found substantial reliability across scanning positions and scapular rotations, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.62 to 0.95. The highest reliability was found in the rest testing position. Our standard error of measurement was less than 2 degrees for all measurements and less than 0.5 degrees for most. Minimum detectable change ranged from 0.37 to 3.08 degrees. Our results agree with the pattern of movement found in other studies, with the scapula moving toward a more externally rotated, upwardly rotated, and posteriorly tilted position with humeral elevation. Further study is warranted to compare our methods to a gold standard, apply them to evaluating dynamic movement, and determine whether they can be used to detect shoulder pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn A Worobey
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Department of Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA; Departments of
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49
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Hösl M, Böhm H, Arampatzis A, Döderlein L. Effects of ankle-foot braces on medial gastrocnemius morphometrics and gait in children with cerebral palsy. J Child Orthop 2015; 9:209-19. [PMID: 26108740 PMCID: PMC4486505 DOI: 10.1007/s11832-015-0664-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In children with cerebral palsy (CP), braces are used to counteract progressive joint and muscle contracture and improve function. We examined the effects of positional ankle-foot braces on contracture of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and gait in children with CP while referencing to typically developing children. METHODS Seventeen independently ambulant children with CP and calf muscle contracture (age 10.4 ± 3.0y) and 17 untreated typically developing peers (age 9.5 ± 2.6y) participated. Children with CP were analysed before and 16 ± 4 weeks after ankle-foot bracing. MG muscle belly length and thickness, tendon and fascicle length, as well as their extensibility were captured by 2D ultrasound and 3D motion capturing during passive, manually applied stretches. In addition, 3D gait analysis was conducted. RESULTS Prior to bracing, the MG muscle-tendon unit in children with CP was 22 % less extensible. At matched amounts of muscle-tendon unit stretch, the muscle belly and fascicles in CP were 7 % and 14 % shorter while the tendon was 11 % longer. Spastic fascicles displayed 32 % less extensibility than controls. Brace wear increased passive dorsiflexion primarily with the knees flexed. During gait, children walked faster and foot lift in swing improved. MG muscle belly and tendon length showed little change, but fascicles further shortened (-11 %) and muscle thickness (-8 %) decreased. CONCLUSIONS Use of ankle-foot braces improves function but may lead to a loss of sarcomeres in series, which could explain the shortened fascicles. To potentially induce gastrocnemius muscle growth, braces may also need to extend the knee or complementary training may be necessary to offset the immobilizing effects of braces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hösl
- />Orthopaedic Hospital for Children, Behandlungszentrum Aschau GmbH, Bernauerstr. 18, 83229 Aschau i. Chiemgau, Germany
- />Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Böhm
- />Orthopaedic Hospital for Children, Behandlungszentrum Aschau GmbH, Bernauerstr. 18, 83229 Aschau i. Chiemgau, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- />Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Haus 11, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonhard Döderlein
- />Orthopaedic Hospital for Children, Behandlungszentrum Aschau GmbH, Bernauerstr. 18, 83229 Aschau i. Chiemgau, Germany
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50
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Weide G, Huijing PA, Maas JC, Becher JG, Harlaar J, Jaspers RT. Medial gastrocnemius muscle growth during adolescence is mediated by increased fascicle diameter rather than by longitudinal fascicle growth. J Anat 2015; 226:530-41. [PMID: 25879671 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a cross-sectional design, the purpose of this study was to determine how pennate gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle geometry changes as a function of adolescent age. Sixteen healthy adolescent males (aged 10-19 years) participated in this study. GM muscle geometry was measured within the mid-longitudinal plane obtained from a 3D voxel-array composed of transverse ultrasound images. Images were taken at footplate angles corresponding to standardised externally applied footplate moments (between 4 Nm plantar flexion and 6 Nm dorsal flexion). Muscle activity was recorded using surface electromyography (EMG), expressed as a percentage of maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC). To minimise the effects of muscle excitation, EMG inclusion criteria were set at <10% of MVC. In practice, however, normalised EMG levels were much lower. For adolescent subjects with increasing ages, GM muscle (belly) length increased due to an increase in the length component of the physiological cross-sectional area measured within the mid-longitudinal plane. No difference was found between fascicles at different ages, but the aponeurosis length and pennation angle increased by 0.5 cm year(-1) and 0.5° per year, respectively. Footplate angles corresponding to externally applied 0 and 4 Nm plantarflexion moments were not associated with different adolescent ages. In contrast, footplate angles corresponding to externally applied 4 and 6 Nm dorsal flexion moments decreased by 10° between 10 and 19 years. In conclusion, we found that in adolescents' pennate GM muscles, longitudinal muscle growth is mediated predominantly by increased muscle fascicle diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Weide
- Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Laboratory for Myology, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A Huijing
- Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Laboratory for Myology, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josina C Maas
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jules G Becher
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Harlaar
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Laboratory for Myology, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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