1
|
Claverie S, Hoareau M, Chéhida SB, Filloux D, Varsani A, Roumagnac P, Martin DP, Lett JM, Lefeuvre P. Metagenomics reveals the structure of Mastrevirus-host interaction network within an agro-ecosystem. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead043. [PMID: 37475836 PMCID: PMC10354507 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
As highly pervasive parasites that sometimes cause disease, viruses are likely major components of all natural ecosystems. An important step towards both understanding the precise ecological roles of viruses and determining how natural communities of viral species are assembled and evolve is obtaining full descriptions of viral diversity and distributions at ecosystem scales. Here, we focused on obtaining such 'community-scale' data for viruses in a single genus. We chose the genus Mastrevirus (family Geminiviridae), members of which have predominantly been found infecting uncultivated grasses (family Poaceae) throughout the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. We sampled over 3 years, 2,884 individual Poaceae plants belonging to thirty different species within a 2-ha plot which included cultivated and uncultivated areas on the island of Reunion. Mastreviruses were found in ∼8 per cent of the samples, of which 96 per cent did not have any discernible disease symptoms. The multitude of host-virus associations that we uncovered reveals both the plant species that most commonly host mastreviruses and the mastrevirus species (such as maize streak virus and maize streak Reunion virus) that have especially large host ranges. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that perennial plant species capable of hosting years-long mixed mastrevirus infections likely play a disproportionately important role in the generation of inter-species and inter-strain mastrevirus recombinants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Claverie
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, F-97410 St Pierre, La Réunion, France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PVBMT, F-97410 St Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | | | | | - Denis Filloux
- CIRAD, UMR PHIM, Montpellier F-34090, France
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier 34090, France
| | | | - Philippe Roumagnac
- CIRAD, UMR PHIM, Montpellier F-34090, France
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Darren P Martin
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | | | - Pierre Lefeuvre
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, F-97410 St Pierre, La Réunion, France
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fetters AM, Ashman TL. The pollen virome: A review of pollen-associated viruses and consequences for plants and their interactions with pollinators. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023:e16144. [PMID: 36924316 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The movement of pollen grains from anthers to stigmas, often by insect pollinator vectors, is essential for plant reproduction. However, pollen is also a unique vehicle for viral spread. Pollen-associated plant viruses reside on the outside or inside of pollen grains, infect susceptible individuals through vertical or horizontal infection pathways, and can decrease plant fitness. These viruses are transferred with pollen between plants by pollinator vectors as they forage for floral resources; thus, pollen-associated viral spread is mediated by floral and pollen grain phenotypes and pollinator traits, much like pollination. Most of what is currently known about pollen-associated viruses was discovered through infection and transmission experiments in controlled settings, usually involving one virus and one plant species of agricultural or horticultural interest. In this review, we first provide an updated, comprehensive list of the recognized pollen-associated viruses. Then, we summarize virus, plant, pollinator vector, and landscape traits that can affect pollen-associated virus transmission, infection, and distribution. Next, we highlight the consequences of plant-pollinator-virus interactions that emerge in complex communities of co-flowering plants and pollinator vectors, such as pollen-associated virus spread between plant species and viral jumps from plant to pollinator hosts. We conclude by emphasizing the need for collaborative research that bridges pollen biology, virology, and pollination biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Fetters
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maclot F, Debue V, Malmstrom CM, Filloux D, Roumagnac P, Eck M, Tamisier L, Blouin AG, Candresse T, Massart S. Long-Term Anthropogenic Management and Associated Loss of Plant Diversity Deeply Impact Virome Richness and Composition of Poaceae Communities. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0485022. [PMID: 36916941 PMCID: PMC10100685 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04850-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern agriculture has influenced plant virus emergence through ecosystem simplification, introduction of new host species, and reduction in crop genetic diversity. Therefore, it is crucial to better understand virus distributions across cultivated and uncultivated communities in agro-ecological interfaces, as well as virus exchange among them. Here, we advance fundamental understanding in this area by characterizing the virome of three co-occurring replicated Poaceae community types that represent a gradient of grass species richness and management intensity, from highly managed crop monocultures to little-managed, species-rich grasslands. We performed a large-scale study on 950 wild and cultivated Poaceae over 2 years, combining untargeted virome analysis down to the virus species level with targeted detection of three plant viruses. Deep sequencing revealed (i) a diversified and largely unknown Poaceae virome (at least 51 virus species or taxa), with an abundance of so-called persistent viruses; (ii) an increase of virome richness with grass species richness within the community; (iii) stability of virome richness over time but a large viral intraspecific variability; and (iv) contrasting patterns of virus prevalence, coinfections, and spatial distribution among plant communities and species. Our findings highlight the complex structure of plant virus communities in nature and suggest the influence of anthropogenic management on viral distribution and prevalence. IMPORTANCE Because viruses have been mostly studied in cultivated plants, little is known about virus diversity and ecology in less-managed vegetation or about the influence of human management and agriculture on virome composition. Poaceae (grass family)-dominated communities provide invaluable opportunities to examine these ecological issues, as they are distributed worldwide across agro-ecological gradients, are essential for food security and conservation, and can be infected by numerous viruses. Here, we used multiple levels of analysis that considered plant communities, individual plants, virus species, and haplotypes to broaden understanding of the Poaceae virome and to evaluate host-parasite richness relationships within agro-ecological landscapes in our study area. We emphasized the influence of grass diversity and land use on the composition of viral communities and their life history strategies, and we demonstrated the complexity of plant-virus interactions in less-managed grass communities, such as the higher virus prevalence and overrepresentation of mixed virus infection compared to theoretical predictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Maclot
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Terra-Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Virginie Debue
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Terra-Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Carolyn M. Malmstrom
- Department of Plant Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, & Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Denis Filloux
- CIRAD, UMR PHIM, Montpellier, France
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Roumagnac
- CIRAD, UMR PHIM, Montpellier, France
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mathilde Eck
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Terra-Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Lucie Tamisier
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Terra-Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Arnaud G. Blouin
- Virology-Phytoplasmology Laboratory, Agroscope, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Candresse
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, CS20032, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Sébastien Massart
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Terra-Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Malmstrom CM, Martin MD, Gagnevin L. Exploring the Emergence and Evolution of Plant Pathogenic Microbes Using Historical and Paleontological Sources. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:187-209. [PMID: 35483672 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021021-041830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biotechnological advances now permit broad exploration of past microbial communities preserved in diverse substrates. Despite biomolecular degradation, high-throughput sequencing of preserved materials can yield invaluable genomic and metagenomic data from the past. This line of research has expanded from its initial human- and animal-centric foci to include plant-associated microbes (viruses, archaea, bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes), for which historical, archaeological, and paleontological data illuminate past epidemics and evolutionary history. Genetic mechanisms underlying the acquisition of microbial pathogenicity, including hybridization, polyploidization, and horizontal gene transfer, can now be reconstructed, as can gene-for-gene coevolution with plant hosts. Epidemiological parameters, such as geographic origin and range expansion, can also be assessed. Building on published case studies with individual phytomicrobial taxa, the stage is now set for broader, community-wide studies of preserved plant microbiomes to strengthen mechanistic understanding of microbial interactions and plant disease emergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Malmstrom
- Department of Plant Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael D Martin
- Department of Natural History, University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lionel Gagnevin
- Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peters JS, Aguirre BA, DiPaola A, Power AG. Ecology of Yellow Dwarf Viruses in Crops and Grasslands: Interactions in the Context of Climate Change. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:283-305. [PMID: 36027939 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-101848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the ecological interactions between plant viruses, their insect vectors, and their host plants has increased rapidly over the past decade. The suite of viruses known collectively as the yellow dwarf viruses infect an extensive range of cultivated and noncultivated grasses worldwide and is one of the best-studied plant virus systems. The yellow dwarf viruses are ubiquitous in cereal crops, where they can significantly limit yields, and there is growing recognition that they are also ubiquitous in grassland ecosystems, where they can influence community dynamics. Here, we discuss recent research that has explored (a) the extent and impact of yellow dwarf viruses in a diversity of plant communities, (b) the role of vector behavior in virus transmission, and (c) the prospects for impacts of climate change-including rising temperatures, drought, and elevated CO2-on the epidemiology of yellow dwarf viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine S Peters
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA;
| | - Beatriz A Aguirre
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA;
| | - Anna DiPaola
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA;
| | - Alison G Power
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vulnerability of non-native invasive plants to novel pathogen attack: do plant traits matter? Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
7
|
Disease‐mediated nutrient dynamics: Coupling host‐pathogen interactions with ecosystem elements and energy. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
8
|
Hasiów-Jaroszewska B, Boezen D, Zwart MP. Metagenomic Studies of Viruses in Weeds and Wild Plants: A Powerful Approach to Characterise Variable Virus Communities. Viruses 2021; 13:1939. [PMID: 34696369 PMCID: PMC8539035 DOI: 10.3390/v13101939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High throughput sequencing (HTS) has revolutionised virus detection and discovery, allowing for the untargeted characterisation of whole viromes. Viral metagenomics studies have demonstrated the ubiquity of virus infection - often in the absence of disease symptoms - and tend to discover many novel viruses, highlighting the small fraction of virus biodiversity described to date. The majority of the studies using high-throughput sequencing to characterise plant viromes have focused on economically important crops, and only a small number of studies have considered weeds and wild plants. Characterising the viromes of wild plants is highly relevant, as these plants can affect disease dynamics in crops, often by acting as viral reservoirs. Moreover, the viruses in unmanaged systems may also have important effects on wild plant populations and communities. Here, we review metagenomic studies on weeds and wild plants to show the benefits and limitations of this approach and identify knowledge gaps. We consider key genomics developments that are likely to benefit the field in the near future. Although only a small number of HTS studies have been performed on weeds and wild plants, these studies have already discovered many novel viruses, demonstrated unexpected trends in virus distributions, and highlighted the potential of metagenomics as an approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Hasiów-Jaroszewska
- Department of Virology and Bacteriology, Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznań, Poland
| | - Dieke Boezen
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (D.B.); (M.P.Z.)
| | - Mark P. Zwart
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (D.B.); (M.P.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Waterton J, Cleland EE. Vertebrate herbivory weakens directional selection for earlier emergence in competition. Evol Lett 2021; 5:265-276. [PMID: 34136274 PMCID: PMC8190447 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing of seedling emergence is strongly linked with fitness because it determines the biotic and abiotic environment experienced by plants in this vulnerable life stage. Experiments and observations consistently find that earlier-emerging plants have a competitive advantage over those emerging later. However, substantial genetic and phenotypic variation in emergence timing is harbored within and among plant populations, making it important to characterize the selective agents-including biotic interactions-that contribute to this variation. In seasonal herbaceous communities, we hypothesized that consumption of early-emerging individuals by vertebrates could weaken the strength of directional selection for earlier emergence in competitive environments. To investigate this, we carried out phenotypic selection analyses on emergence timing in two California grass species, the native Stipa pulchra and non-native Bromus diandrus, growing in intraspecific competitive neighborhoods with and without vertebrate herbivore exclusion. Vertebrate herbivores consistently weakened directional selection for earlier emergence. Our results demonstrate that vertebrate herbivores play an underappreciated selective role on phenology in plant populations, with implications for contemporary evolution, such as the potential of species to adapt to global environmental changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Waterton
- Department of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution Section University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093.,Current Address: Department of Biology Indiana University Bloomington Indiana 47405
| | - Elsa E Cleland
- Department of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution Section University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kendig AE, Svahnström VJ, Adhikari A, Harmon PF, Flory SL. Emerging fungal pathogen of an invasive grass: Implications for competition with native plant species. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0237894. [PMID: 33647021 PMCID: PMC7920361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases and invasive species can be strong drivers of biological systems that may interact to shift plant community composition. For example, disease can modify resource competition between invasive and native species. Invasive species tend to interact with a diversity of native species, and it is unclear how native species differ in response to disease-mediated competition with invasive species. Here, we quantified the biomass responses of three native North American grass species (Dichanthelium clandestinum, Elymus virginicus, and Eragrostis spectabilis) to disease-mediated competition with the non-native invasive grass Microstegium vimineum. The foliar fungal pathogen Bipolaris gigantea has recently emerged in Microstegium populations, causing a leaf spot disease that reduces Microstegium biomass and seed production. In a greenhouse experiment, we examined the effects of B. gigantea inoculation on two components of competitive ability for each native species: growth in the absence of competition and biomass responses to increasing densities of Microstegium. Bipolaris gigantea inoculation affected each of the three native species in unique ways, by increasing (Dichanthelium), decreasing (Elymus), or not changing (Eragrostis) their growth in the absence of competition relative to mock inoculation. Bipolaris gigantea inoculation did not, however, affect Microstegium biomass or mediate the effect of Microstegium density on native plant biomass. Thus, B. gigantea had species-specific effects on native plant competition with Microstegium through species-specific biomass responses to B. gigantea inoculation, but not through modified responses to Microstegium density. Our results suggest that disease may uniquely modify competitive interactions between invasive and native plants for different native plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Kendig
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Ashish Adhikari
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Philip F. Harmon
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - S. Luke Flory
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising from New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121388. [PMID: 33291635 PMCID: PMC7761969 DOI: 10.3390/v12121388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhao N, Zheng B, Lin B, Zhao M, Jiang L. Thladiantha Dubia Mosaic Virus: A Novel Potyvirus Infecting Manchurian Tubergourd ( Thladiantha dubia) in Northeast China. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:2933-2939. [PMID: 31545136 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-18-1665-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new virus with flexuous, filamentous particles approximately 650 nm long was discovered in Manchurian tubergourd (Thladiantha dubia Bunge) leaves exhibiting severe mosaic symptoms. The whole genome sequence of the virus was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The entire genome consisted of 10,112 nucleotides (nt) excluding the poly (A) tail, which shared the highest nucleotide sequence identity (73.8%) with that of papaya leaf distortion mosaic virus Hainan-DF isolate (PLDMV-Hainan-DF). A phylogenetic analysis showed that this virus clustered with PLDMV isolates in a subbranch within the potyviral clade. Of the 23 species of indicator plants tested, only potato and its original host were systemically infected by the virus tested upon mechanical inoculation. A field survey showed that the virus was widely distributed on T. dubia and potatoes in Northeast China. Moreover, this virus displayed a high degree of genetic variation as evaluated by the sequences of the coat protein (CP) gene. Based on these results, the name Thladiantha dubia mosaic virus (ThDMV) is proposed for this new potyvirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Life Science, Baicheng Normal University, Baicheng, Jilin, China
| | - Baojiang Zheng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Baoxiang Lin
- Horticulture Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Min Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lude Jiang
- Baicheng Ordnance Test Center, Baicheng, Jilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shoemaker LG, Hayhurst E, Weiss-Lehman CP, Strauss AT, Porath-Krause A, Borer ET, Seabloom EW, Shaw AK. Pathogens manipulate the preference of vectors, slowing disease spread in a multi-host system. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1115-1125. [PMID: 31090159 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The spread of vector-borne pathogens depends on a complex set of interactions among pathogen, vector, and host. In single-host systems, pathogens can induce changes in vector preferences for infected vs. healthy hosts. Yet it is unclear if pathogens also induce changes in vector preference among host species, and how changes in vector behaviour alter the ecological dynamics of disease spread. Here, we couple multi-host preference experiments with a novel model of vector preference general to both single and multi-host communities. We show that viruliferous aphids exhibit strong preferences for healthy and long-lived hosts. Coupling experimental results with modelling to account for preference leads to a strong decrease in overall pathogen spread through multi-host communities due to non-random sorting of viruliferous vectors between preferred and non-preferred host species. Our results demonstrate the importance of the interplay between vector behaviour and host diversity as a key mechanism in the spread of vectored-diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G Shoemaker
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Evelyn Hayhurst
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Alexander T Strauss
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Anita Porath-Krause
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Allison K Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Montes N, Alonso-Blanco C, García-Arenal F. Cucumber mosaic virus infection as a potential selective pressure on Arabidopsis thaliana populations. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007810. [PMID: 31136630 PMCID: PMC6555541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that in wild ecosystems viruses are often plant mutualists, whereas agroecosystems favour pathogenicity. We seek evidence for virus pathogenicity in wild ecosystems through the analysis of plant-virus coevolution, which requires a negative effect of infection on the host fitness. We focus on the interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), which is significant in nature. We studied the genetic diversity of A. thaliana for two defence traits, resistance and tolerance, to CMV. A set of 185 individuals collected in 76 A. thaliana Iberian wild populations were inoculated with different CMV strains. Resistance was estimated from the level of virus multiplication in infected plants, and tolerance from the effect of infection on host progeny production. Resistance and tolerance to CMV showed substantial genetic variation within and between host populations, and depended on the virus x host genotype interaction, two conditions for coevolution. Resistance and tolerance were co-occurring independent traits that have evolved independently from related life-history traits involved in adaptation to climate. The comparison of the genetic structure for resistance and tolerance with that for neutral traits (QST/FST analyses) indicated that both defence traits are likely under uniform selection. These results strongly suggest that CMV infection selects for defence on A. thaliana populations, and support plant-virus coevolution. Thus, we propose that CMV infection reduces host fitness under the field conditions of the wild A. thaliana populations studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Montes
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Blanco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
McLeish MJ, Fraile A, García-Arenal F. Ecological Complexity in Plant Virus Host Range Evolution. Adv Virus Res 2018; 101:293-339. [PMID: 29908592 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The host range of a plant virus is the number of species in which it can reproduce. Most studies of plant virus host range evolution have focused on the genetics of host-pathogen interactions. However, the distribution and abundance of plant viruses and their hosts do not always overlap, and these spatial and temporal discontinuities in plant virus-host interactions can result in various ecological processes that shape host range evolution. Recent work shows that the distributions of pathogenic and resistant genotypes, vectors, and other resources supporting transmission vary widely in the environment, producing both expected and unanticipated patterns. The distributions of all of these factors are influenced further by competitive effects, natural enemies, anthropogenic disturbance, the abiotic environment, and herbivory to mention some. We suggest the need for further development of approaches that (i) explicitly consider resource use and the abiotic and biotic factors that affect the strategies by which viruses exploit resources; and (ii) are sensitive across scales. Host range and habitat specificity will largely determine which phyla are most likely to be new hosts, but predicting which host and when it is likely to be infected is enormously challenging because it is unclear how environmental heterogeneity affects the interactions of viruses and hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McLeish
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, and E.T.S.I. Agrícola, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Fraile
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, and E.T.S.I. Agrícola, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, and E.T.S.I. Agrícola, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bernardo P, Charles-Dominique T, Barakat M, Ortet P, Fernandez E, Filloux D, Hartnady P, Rebelo TA, Cousins SR, Mesleard F, Cohez D, Yavercovski N, Varsani A, Harkins GW, Peterschmitt M, Malmstrom CM, Martin DP, Roumagnac P. Geometagenomics illuminates the impact of agriculture on the distribution and prevalence of plant viruses at the ecosystem scale. THE ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:173-184. [PMID: 29053145 PMCID: PMC5739011 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Disease emergence events regularly result from human activities such as agriculture, which frequently brings large populations of genetically uniform hosts into contact with potential pathogens. Although viruses cause nearly 50% of emerging plant diseases, there is little systematic information about virus distribution across agro-ecological interfaces and large gaps in understanding of virus diversity in nature. Here we applied a novel landscape-scale geometagenomics approach to examine relationships between agricultural land use and distributions of plant-associated viruses in two Mediterranean-climate biodiversity hotspots (Western Cape region of South Africa and Rhône river delta region of France). In total, we analysed 1725 geo-referenced plant samples collected over two years from 4.5 × 4.5 km2 grids spanning farmlands and adjacent uncultivated vegetation. We found substantial virus prevalence (25.8-35.7%) in all ecosystems, but prevalence and identified family-level virus diversity were greatest in cultivated areas, with some virus families displaying strong agricultural associations. Our survey revealed 94 previously unknown virus species, primarily from uncultivated plants. This is the first effort to systematically evaluate plant-associated viromes across broad agro-ecological interfaces. Our findings indicate that agriculture substantially influences plant virus distributions and highlight the extent of current ignorance about the diversity and roles of viruses in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Bernardo
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, Montpellier, France
- BGPI, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Tristan Charles-Dominique
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Integrative Conservation, Community Ecology and Conservation, Menglun, Yunnan, China
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mohamed Barakat
- CEA, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, LEMIRE, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Philippe Ortet
- CEA, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, LEMIRE, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Emmanuel Fernandez
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, Montpellier, France
- BGPI, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Filloux
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, Montpellier, France
- BGPI, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Penelope Hartnady
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine. University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Tony A Rebelo
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephen R Cousins
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - François Mesleard
- Tour du Valat, Institut de recherche pour la conservation des zones humides méditerranéennes, Le Sambuc-Arles, France
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et Ecologie (IMBE), UMR CNRS 7263-IRD 237, Université d'Avignon et des pays du Vaucluse, Aix-Marseille Université, IUT d’Avignon, Avignon, France
| | - Damien Cohez
- Tour du Valat, Institut de recherche pour la conservation des zones humides méditerranéennes, Le Sambuc-Arles, France
| | - Nicole Yavercovski
- Tour du Valat, Institut de recherche pour la conservation des zones humides méditerranéennes, Le Sambuc-Arles, France
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA
- School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Structural Biology Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Gordon W Harkins
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Michel Peterschmitt
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, Montpellier, France
- BGPI, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Carolyn M Malmstrom
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Darren P Martin
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine. University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Philippe Roumagnac
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, Montpellier, France
- BGPI, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- BIOS, UMR BGPI CIRAD Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A-54/K, Montpellier Cedex 5 F-34398, France. E-mail
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lacroix C, Seabloom EW, Borer ET. Environmental Nutrient Supply Directly Alters Plant Traits but Indirectly Determines Virus Growth Rate. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2116. [PMID: 29163408 PMCID: PMC5681519 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological stoichiometry and resource competition theory both predict that nutrient rates and ratios can alter infectious disease dynamics. Pathogens such as viruses hijack nutrient rich host metabolites to complete multiple steps of their epidemiological cycle. As the synthesis of these molecules requires nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), environmental supply rates, and ratios of N and P to hosts can directly limit disease dynamics. Environmental nutrient supplies also may alter virus epidemiology indirectly by changing host phenotype or the dynamics of coinfecting pathogens. We tested whether host nutrient supplies and coinfection control pathogen growth within hosts and transmission to new hosts, either directly or through modifications of plant tissue chemistry (i.e., content and stoichiometric ratios of nutrients), host phenotypic traits, or among-pathogen interactions. We examined two widespread plant viruses (BYDV-PAV and CYDV-RPV) in cultivated oats (Avena sativa) grown along a range of N and of P supply rates. N and P supply rates altered plant tissue chemistry and phenotypic traits; however, environmental nutrient supplies and plant tissue content and ratios of nutrients did not directly alter virus titer. Infection with CYDV-RPV altered plant traits and resulted in thicker plant leaves (i.e., higher leaf mass per area) and there was a positive correlation between CYDV-RPV titer and leaf mass per area. CYDV-RPV titer was reduced by the presence of a competitor, BYDV-PAV, and higher CYDV-RPV titer led to more severe chlorotic symptoms. In our experimental conditions, virus transmission was unaffected by nutrient supply rates, co-infection, plant stoichiometry, or plant traits, although nutrient supply rates have been shown to increase infection and coinfection rates. This work provides a robust test of the role of plant nutrient content and ratios in the dynamics of globally important pathogens and reveals a more complex relationship between within-host virus growth and alterations of plant traits. A deeper understanding of the differential effects of environmental nutrient supplies on virus epidemiology and ecology is particularly relevant given the rapid increase of nutrients flowing into Earth's ecosystems as a result of human activities.
Collapse
|
18
|
Fraile A, McLeish MJ, Pagán I, González-Jara P, Piñero D, García-Arenal F. Environmental heterogeneity and the evolution of plant-virus interactions: Viruses in wild pepper populations. Virus Res 2017; 241:68-76. [PMID: 28554561 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding host-pathogen interactions requires analyses to address the multiplicity of scales in heterogeneous landscapes. Anthropogenic influence on plant communities, especially cultivation, is a major cause of environmental heterogeneity. We have approached the analysis of how environmental heterogeneity determines plant-virus interactions by studying virus infection in a wild plant currently undergoing incipient domestication, the wild pepper or chiltepin, across its geographical range in Mexico. We have shown previously that anthropogenic disturbance is associated with higher infection and disease risk, and with disrupted patterns of host and virus genetic spatial structure. We now show that anthropogenic factors, species richness, host genetic diversity and density in communities supporting chiltepin differentially affect infection risk according to the virus analysed. We also show that in addition to these factors, a broad range of abiotic and biotic variables meaningful to continental scales, have an important role on the risk of infection depending on the virus. Last, we show that natural virus infection of chiltepin plants in wild communities results in decreased survival and fecundity, hence negatively affecting fitness. This important finding paves the way for future studies on plant-virus co-evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Fraile
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael J McLeish
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo González-Jara
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Piñero
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ingwell LL, Lacroix C, Rhoades PR, Karasev AV, Bosque-Pérez NA. Agroecological and environmental factors influence Barley yellow dwarf viruses in grasslands in the US Pacific Northwest. Virus Res 2017; 241:185-195. [PMID: 28419861 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogens can play a role in the competitive interactions between plant species and have been understudied in native prairies, which are declining globally, and in Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) lands in the United States. Barley/Cereal yellow dwarf virus (B/CYDV) are among the most economically important disease-causing agents of small grain cereal crops, such as wheat, and are known to infect over 150 Poaceae species, including many of the grass species present in prairies and CRP lands. Field surveys of Poaceae species were conducted in endangered Palouse Prairie and CRP habitats of southeastern Washington and adjacent northern Idaho, USA from 2010 to 2012 to examine for the presence of B/CYDV among plant hosts and aphid vectors. Viral species were identified via cloning and sequencing. Landscape, soil and climate data were retrieved from USDA-NASS and USDA-NRCS databases. Analyses were conducted to examine effects of diverse agroecological and environmental factors on virus prevalence. A total of 2271 grass samples representing 30 species were collected; 28 of these were infected with BYDV in at least one location. BYDV infection was detected at every CRP and prairie remnant sampled, with an overall infection of 46%. BYDV-SGV and BYDV-PAV were the only two B/CYDV species encountered, with BYDV-SGV being more prevalent. Sampling time (season) and host plant identity were the main variables explaining variation in virus prevalence among sites. BYDV was more prevalent in perennial compared to annual grass species. Aphids were encountered only once suggesting non-colonizing aphids, potentially from neighboring cereal fields, are responsible for disease spread in these habitats. BYDV prevalence increased in sampled habitats as cereal crop cover increased within a 1-km radius of a habitat patch. Results demonstrate moderate to high and persistent prevalence of BYDV in an endangered grassland habitat. Species composition and susceptibility to pathogens should be considered when creating seed mixes for CRP sites, especially in relation to agricultural crops and diseases in a region. Future work exploring host abundance, competence and habitat utilization by vectors is required to fully elucidate BYDV ecology and epidemiology in grassland habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Ingwell
- University of Idaho, Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, Moscow, ID 83844-2339, USA; Purdue University, Department of Entomology, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Christelle Lacroix
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; INRA, UR0407 Plant Pathology, F-84143 Montfavet, France
| | - Paul R Rhoades
- University of Idaho, Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, Moscow, ID 83844-2339, USA
| | - Alexander V Karasev
- University of Idaho, Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, Moscow, ID 83844-2339, USA
| | - Nilsa A Bosque-Pérez
- University of Idaho, Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, Moscow, ID 83844-2339, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Tugume AK, Mukasa SB, Valkonen JPT. Mixed Infections of Four Viruses, the Incidence and Phylogenetic Relationships of Sweet Potato Chlorotic Fleck Virus (Betaflexiviridae) Isolates in Wild Species and Sweetpotatoes in Uganda and Evidence of Distinct Isolates in East Africa. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167769. [PMID: 28005969 PMCID: PMC5179071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses infecting wild flora may have a significant negative impact on nearby crops, and vice-versa. Only limited information is available on wild species able to host economically important viruses that infect sweetpotatoes (Ipomoea batatas). In this study, Sweet potato chlorotic fleck virus (SPCFV; Carlavirus, Betaflexiviridae) and Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV; Crinivirus, Closteroviridae) were surveyed in wild plants of family Convolvulaceae (genera Astripomoea, Ipomoea, Hewittia and Lepistemon) in Uganda. Plants belonging to 26 wild species, including annuals, biannuals and perennials from four agro-ecological zones, were observed for virus-like symptoms in 2004 and 2007 and sampled for virus testing. SPCFV was detected in 84 (2.9%) of 2864 plants tested from 17 species. SPCSV was detected in 66 (5.4%) of the 1224 plants from 12 species sampled in 2007. Some SPCSV-infected plants were also infected with Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV; Potyvirus, Potyviridae; 1.3%), Sweet potato mild mottle virus (SPMMV; Ipomovirus, Potyviridae; 0.5%) or both (0.4%), but none of these three viruses were detected in SPCFV-infected plants. Co-infection of SPFMV with SPMMV was detected in 1.2% of plants sampled. Virus-like symptoms were observed in 367 wild plants (12.8%), of which 42 plants (11.4%) were negative for the viruses tested. Almost all (92.4%) the 419 sweetpotato plants sampled from fields close to the tested wild plants displayed virus-like symptoms, and 87.1% were infected with one or more of the four viruses. Phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of the 3'-proximal genomic region of SPCFV, including the silencing suppressor (NaBP)- and coat protein (CP)-coding regions implicated strong purifying selection on the CP and NaBP, and that the SPCFV strains from East Africa are distinguishable from those from other continents. However, the strains from wild species and sweetpotato were indistinguishable, suggesting reciprocal movement of SPCFV between wild and cultivated Convolvulaceae plants in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur K. Tugume
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Settumba B. Mukasa
- Department of Agricultural Production, School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jari P. T. Valkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kamitani M, Nagano AJ, Honjo MN, Kudoh H. RNA-Seq reveals virus-virus and virus-plant interactions in nature. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw176. [PMID: 27549115 PMCID: PMC5854034 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As research on plant viruses has focused mainly on crop diseases, little is known about these viruses in natural environments. To understand the ecology of viruses in natural systems, comprehensive information on virus-virus and virus-host interactions is required. We applied RNA-Seq to plants from a natural population of Arabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmifera to simultaneously determine the presence/absence of all sequence-reported viruses, identify novel viruses and quantify the host transcriptome. By introducing the criteria of read number and genome coverage, we detected infections by Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), Cucumber mosaic virus and Brassica yellows virus Active TuMV replication was observed by ultramicroscopy. De novo assembly further identified a novel partitivirus, Arabidopsis halleri partitivirus 1 Interestingly, virus reads reached a maximum level that was equivalent to that of the host's total mRNA, although asymptomatic infection was common. AhgAGO2, a key gene in host defence systems, was upregulated in TuMV-infected plants. Multiple infection was frequent in TuMV-infected leaves, suggesting that TuMV facilitates multiple infection, probably by suppressing host RNA silencing. Revealing hidden plant-virus interactions in nature can enhance our understanding of biological interactions and may have agricultural applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kamitani
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan
| | - Atsushi J Nagano
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Yokotani 1-5, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2914, Japan JST PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Mie N Honjo
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kudoh
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Malmstrom CM, Alexander HM. Effects of crop viruses on wild plants. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 19:30-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
24
|
Fraile A, García-Arenal F. Environment and evolution modulate plant virus pathogenesis. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 17:50-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
25
|
Plant Virus Diversity and Evolution. CURRENT RESEARCH TOPICS IN PLANT VIROLOGY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7123681 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32919-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the majority of plant virology focused on agricultural systems. Recent efforts have expanded our knowledge of the true diversity of plant viruses by studying those viruses that infect wild, undomesticated plants. Those efforts have provided answers to basic ecological questions regarding viruses in the wild, and insights into evolutionary questions, regarding the origins of viruses. While much work has been done, we have merely scratched the surface of the diversity that is estimated to exist. In this chapter we discuss the state of our knowledge of virus diversity, both in agricultural systems as well as in native wild systems, the border between these two systems and how viruses adapt and move across this border into an artificial, domesticated environment. We look at how this diversity has affected our outlook on viruses as a whole, shifting our past view of viruses as purely antagonistic entities of destruction to one where viruses are in a mutually beneficial relationship with their hosts. Additionally, we discuss the current work that plant virology has put forth regarding the evolutionary mechanisms, the life histories, and the deep evolution of viruses.
Collapse
|
26
|
Mordecai EA, Gross K, Mitchell CE. Within-Host Niche Differences and Fitness Trade-offs Promote Coexistence of Plant Viruses. Am Nat 2016; 187:E13-26. [DOI: 10.1086/684114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
27
|
Hily JM, Poulicard N, Mora MÁ, Pagán I, García-Arenal F. Environment and host genotype determine the outcome of a plant-virus interaction: from antagonism to mutualism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:812-22. [PMID: 26365599 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that plant-virus interactions vary between antagonism and conditional mutualism according to environmental conditions. This hypothesis is based on scant experimental evidence, and to test it we examined the effect of abiotic factors on the Arabidopsis thaliana-Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) interaction. Four Arabidopsis genotypes clustering into two allometric groups were grown under six environments defined by three temperature and two light-intensity conditions. Plants were either CMV-infected or mock-inoculated, and the effects of environment and infection on temporal and resource allocation life-history traits were quantified. Life-history traits significantly differed between allometric groups over all environments, with group 1 plants tolerating abiotic stress better than those of group 2. The effect of CMV infection on host fitness (virulence) differed between genotypes, being lower in group 1 genotypes. Tolerance to abiotic stress and to infection was similarly achieved through life-history trait responses, which resulted in resource reallocation from growth to reproduction. Effects of infection varied according to plant genotype and environment from detrimental to beneficial for host fitness. These results are highly relevant and demonstrate that plant viruses can be pleiotropic parasites along the antagonism-mutualism continuum, which should be considered in analyses of the evolution of plant-virus interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Hily
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA) & Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros (ETSI) Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), 28223, Spain
| | - Nils Poulicard
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA) & Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros (ETSI) Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), 28223, Spain
| | - Miguel-Ángel Mora
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA) & Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros (ETSI) Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), 28223, Spain
| | - Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA) & Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros (ETSI) Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), 28223, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA) & Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros (ETSI) Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), 28223, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mordecai EA, Molinari NA, Stahlheber KA, Gross K, D'Antonio C. Controls over native perennial grass exclusion and persistence in California grasslands invaded by annuals. Ecology 2015; 96:2643-52. [DOI: 10.1890/14-2023.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
29
|
Trębicki P, Nancarrow N, Cole E, Bosque-Pérez NA, Constable FE, Freeman AJ, Rodoni B, Yen AL, Luck JE, Fitzgerald GJ. Virus disease in wheat predicted to increase with a changing climate. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:3511-3519. [PMID: 25846559 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Current atmospheric CO2 levels are about 400 μmol mol(-1) and are predicted to rise to 650 μmol mol(-1) later this century. Although the positive and negative impacts of CO2 on plants are well documented, little is known about interactions with pests and diseases. If disease severity increases under future environmental conditions, then it becomes imperative to understand the impacts of pathogens on crop production in order to minimize crop losses and maximize food production. Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) adversely affects the yield and quality of economically important crops including wheat, barley and oats. It is transmitted by numerous aphid species and causes a serious disease of cereal crops worldwide. This study examined the effects of ambient (aCO2 ; 400 μmol mol(-1) ) and elevated CO2 (eCO2 ; 650 μmol mol(-1) ) on noninfected and BYDV-infected wheat. Using a RT-qPCR technique, we measured virus titre from aCO2 and eCO2 treatments. BYDV titre increased significantly by 36.8% in leaves of wheat grown under eCO2 conditions compared to aCO2 . Plant growth parameters including height, tiller number, leaf area and biomass were generally higher in plants exposed to higher CO2 levels but increased growth did not explain the increase in BYDV titre in these plants. High virus titre in plants has been shown to have a significant negative effect on plant yield and causes earlier and more pronounced symptom expression increasing the probability of virus spread by insects. The combination of these factors could negatively impact food production in Australia and worldwide under future climate conditions. This is the first quantitative evidence that BYDV titre increases in plants grown under elevated CO2 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Trębicki
- Biosciences Research Division, Department of Economic Development, (DED), 110 Natimuk Rd, Horsham, Vic., 3400, Australia
| | - Narelle Nancarrow
- Biosciences Research Division, DED, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Vic., 3083, Australia
| | - Ellen Cole
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 West Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Nilsa A Bosque-Pérez
- Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2339, Moscow, ID, 83844-2339, USA
| | - Fiona E Constable
- Biosciences Research Division, DED, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Vic., 3083, Australia
| | - Angela J Freeman
- Biosciences Research Division, Department of Economic Development, (DED), 110 Natimuk Rd, Horsham, Vic., 3400, Australia
| | - Brendan Rodoni
- Biosciences Research Division, DED, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Vic., 3083, Australia
| | - Alan L Yen
- Biosciences Research Division, DED, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Vic., 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic., 3083, Australia
| | - Jo E Luck
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, LPO Box 5012, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Glenn J Fitzgerald
- Agriculture Research Division, DED, 110 Natimuk Rd, Horsham, Vic., 3400, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mordecai EA, Hindenlang M, Mitchell CE. Differential Impacts of Virus Diversity on Biomass Production of a Native and an Exotic Grass Host. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134355. [PMID: 26230720 PMCID: PMC4521826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens are common and diverse in natural communities and have been implicated in the success of host invasions. Yet few studies have experimentally measured how pathogens impact native versus exotic hosts, particularly when individual hosts are simultaneously coinfected by diverse pathogens. To estimate effects of interactions among multiple pathogens within host individuals on both transmission of pathogens and fitness consequences for hosts, we conducted a greenhouse experiment using California grassland species: the native perennial grass Nassella (Stipa) pulchra, the exotic annual grass Bromus hordeaceus, and three virus species, Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV, Barley yellow dwarf virus-MAV, and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV. In terms of virus transmission, the native host was less susceptible than the exotic host to MAV. Coinfection of PAV and MAV did not occur in any of the 157 co-inoculated native host plants. In the exotic host, PAV infection most strongly reduced root and shoot biomass, and coinfections that included PAV severely reduced biomass. Infection with single or multiple viruses did not affect biomass in the native host. However, in this species the most potentially pathogenic coinfections (PAV + MAV and PAV + MAV + RPV) did not occur. Together, these results suggest that interactions among multiple pathogens can have important consequences for host health, which may not be predictable from interactions between hosts and individual pathogens. This work addresses a key empirical gap in understanding the impact of multiple generalist pathogens on competing host species, with potential implications for population and community dynamics of native and exotic species. It also demonstrates how pathogens with relatively mild impacts independently can more substantially reduce host performance in coinfection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Mordecai
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Madeleine Hindenlang
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Charles E. Mitchell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Davis TS, Bosque-Pérez NA, Foote NE, Magney T, Eigenbrode SD. Environmentally dependent host-pathogen and vector-pathogen interactions in the Barley yellow dwarf virus
pathosystem. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S. Davis
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences; University of Idaho; Moscow ID 83844-2339 USA
| | - Nilsa A. Bosque-Pérez
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences; University of Idaho; Moscow ID 83844-2339 USA
| | - Nathaniel E. Foote
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences; University of Idaho; Moscow ID 83844-2339 USA
| | - Troy Magney
- Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences; University of Idaho; Moscow ID 83844-1142 USA
| | - Sanford D. Eigenbrode
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences; University of Idaho; Moscow ID 83844-2339 USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Roossinck MJ. Plants, viruses and the environment: Ecology and mutualism. Virology 2015; 479-480:271-7. [PMID: 25858141 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of Tobacco mosaic virus nearly 120 years ago, most studies on viruses have focused on their roles as pathogens. Virus ecology takes a different look at viruses, from the standpoint of how they affect their hosts׳ interactions with the environment. Using the framework of symbiotic relationships helps put the true nature of viruses into perspective. Plants clearly have a long history of relationships with viruses that have shaped their evolution. In wild plants viruses are common but usually asymptomatic. In experimental studies plant viruses are sometimes mutualists rather than pathogens. Virus ecology is closely tied to the ecology of their vectors, and the behavior of insects, critical for transmission of many plant viruses, is impacted by virus-plant interactions. Virulence is probable not beneficial for most host-virus interactions, hence commensal and mutualistic relationships are almost certainly common, in spite of the paucity of literature on beneficial viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn J Roossinck
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Roossinck MJ, García-Arenal F. Ecosystem simplification, biodiversity loss and plant virus emergence. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 10:56-62. [PMID: 25638504 PMCID: PMC7102708 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses can emerge into crops from wild plant hosts, or conversely from domestic (crop) plants into wild hosts. Changes in ecosystems, including loss of biodiversity and increases in managed croplands, can impact the emergence of plant virus disease. Although data are limited, in general the loss of biodiversity is thought to contribute to disease emergence. More in-depth studies have been done for human viruses, but studies with plant viruses suggest similar patterns, and indicate that simplification of ecosystems through increased human management may increase the emergence of viral diseases in crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn J Roossinck
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, USA; Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, and E.T.S.I. Agrónomos, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Long EY, Finke DL. Predators indirectly reduce the prevalence of an insect-vectored plant pathogen independent of predator diversity. Oecologia 2015; 177:1067-74. [PMID: 25561170 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A widely cited benefit of predator diversity is greater suppression of insect herbivores, with corresponding increases in plant biomass. In the context of a vector-borne pathogen system, predator species richness may also influence plant disease risk via the direct effects of predators on the abundance and behavior of herbivores that also act as pathogen vectors. Using an assemblage of generalist insect predators, we examined the relationship between predator species richness and the prevalence of the aphid-vectored cereal yellow dwarf virus in wheat. We found that increasing predator richness enhanced suppression of the vector population and that pathogen prevalence was reduced when predators were present, but the reduction in prevalence was independent of predator species richness. To determine the mechanism(s) by which predator species richness contributes to vector suppression, but not pathogen prevalence, we evaluated vector movement and host plant occupancy in response to predator treatments. We found that pathogen prevalence was unrelated to vector suppression because host plant occupancy by vectors did not vary as a function of vector abundance. However, the presence of predators reduced pathogen prevalence because predators stimulated greater plant-to-plant movement by vectors, which likely diminished vector feeding time and reduced the transmission efficiency of this persistent pathogen. We conclude that community structure (i.e., the presence of predators), but not predator diversity, is a potential factor influencing local plant infection by this insect-vectored pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Y Long
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Lacroix C, Seabloom EW, Borer ET. Environmental nutrient supply alters prevalence and weakens competitive interactions among coinfecting viruses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:424-433. [PMID: 24975238 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The rates and ratios of environmental nutrient supplies can determine plant community composition. However, the effect of nutrient supplies on within-host microbial interactions is poorly understood. Resource competition is a promising theory for understanding microbial interactions, because microparasites require nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) for synthesis of macromolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins. To better understand the effects of nutrient supplies to hosts on pathogen interactions, we singly inoculated and coinoculated Avena sativa with two virus species, barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) and cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV). Host plants were grown across a factorial combination of N and P supply rates that created a gradient of N : P supply ratios, one being replicated at low and high nutrient supply. Nutrient supply affected prevalence and the interaction strength among viruses. P addition lowered CYDV-RPV prevalence. The two viruses had a distinct competitive hierarchy: the coinoculation of BYDV-PAV lowered CYDV-RPV infection rate, but the reverse was not true. This antagonistic interaction occurred at low nutrient supply rates and disappeared at high N supply rate. Given the global scale of human alterations of N and P cycles, these results suggest that elevated nutrient supply will increase risks of virus coinfection with likely effects on virus epidemiology, virulence and evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Lacroix
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cronin JP, Rúa MA, Mitchell CE. Why Is Living Fast Dangerous? Disentangling the Roles of Resistance and Tolerance of Disease. Am Nat 2014; 184:172-87. [DOI: 10.1086/676854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
38
|
Abstract
Viruses are common agents of plant infectious diseases. During last decades, worldwide agriculture production has been compromised by a series of epidemics caused by new viruses that spilled over from reservoir species or by new variants of classic viruses that show new pathogenic and epidemiological properties. Virus emergence has been generally associated with ecological change or with intensive agronomical practices. However, the complete picture is much more complex since the viral populations constantly evolve and adapt to their new hosts and vectors. This chapter puts emergence of plant viruses into the framework of evolutionary ecology, genetics, and epidemiology. We will stress that viral emergence begins with the stochastic transmission of preexisting genetic variants from the reservoir to the new host, whose fate depends on their fitness on each hosts, followed by adaptation to new hosts or vectors, and finalizes with an efficient epidemiological spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago F Elena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-UPV, Campus UPV, València, Spain; The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | - Aurora Fraile
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, UPM-INIA, and ETSI Agrónomos, UPM, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, UPM-INIA, and ETSI Agrónomos, UPM, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Prendeville HR, Tenhumberg B, Pilson D. Effects of virus on plant fecundity and population dynamics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:1346-1356. [PMID: 24571200 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms are ubiquitous and thought to regulate host populations. Although microorganisms can be pathogenic and affect components of fitness, few studies have examined their effects on wild plant populations. As individual traits might not contribute equally to changes in population growth rate, it is essential to examine the entire life cycle to determine how microorganisms affect host population dynamics. In this study, we used data from common garden experiments with plants from three Cucurbita pepo populations exposed to three virus treatments. These data were used to parameterize a deterministic matrix model, which allowed us to estimate the effect of virus on components of fitness and population growth rate. Virus did not reduce fruit number, but population growth rates varied among virus treatments and wild C. pepo populations. The effect of virus on population growth rate depended on virus species and wild C. pepo population. Contributions of life-history transitions and life-history traits to population growth rates varied among populations and virus treatments. However, this population-virus interaction was not evident when examining individual components of fitness. Thus, caution must be used when interpreting the effects of changes in individual traits, as single traits do not always predict population-level change accurately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Prendeville
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, 348 Manter Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0118, USA
| | - Brigitte Tenhumberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, 348 Manter Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0118, USA
| | - Diana Pilson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, 348 Manter Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0118, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Vincent SJ, Coutts BA, Jones RAC. Effects of introduced and indigenous viruses on native plants: exploring their disease causing potential at the agro-ecological interface. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91224. [PMID: 24621926 PMCID: PMC3951315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ever increasing movement of viruses around the world poses a major threat to plants growing in cultivated and natural ecosystems. Both generalist and specialist viruses move via trade in plants and plant products. Their potential to damage cultivated plants is well understood, but little attention has been given to the threat such viruses pose to plant biodiversity. To address this, we studied their impact, and that of indigenous viruses, on native plants from a global biodiversity hot spot in an isolated region where agriculture is very recent (<185 years), making it possible to distinguish between introduced and indigenous viruses readily. To establish their potential to cause severe or mild systemic symptoms in different native plant species, we used introduced generalist and specialist viruses, and indigenous viruses, to inoculate plants of 15 native species belonging to eight families. We also measured resulting losses in biomass and reproductive ability for some host-virus combinations. In addition, we sampled native plants growing over a wide area to increase knowledge of natural infection with introduced viruses. The results suggest that generalist introduced viruses and indigenous viruses from other hosts pose a greater potential threat than introduced specialist viruses to populations of native plants encountered for the first time. Some introduced generalist viruses infected plants in more families than others and so pose a greater potential threat to biodiversity. The indigenous viruses tested were often surprisingly virulent when they infected native plant species they were not adapted to. These results are relevant to managing virus disease in new encounter scenarios at the agro-ecological interface between managed and natural vegetation, and within other disturbed natural vegetation situations. They are also relevant for establishing conservation policies for endangered plant species and avoiding spread of damaging viruses to undisturbed natural vegetation beyond the agro-ecological interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J. Vincent
- Department of Agriculture and Food, South Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brenda A. Coutts
- Department of Agriculture and Food, South Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Roger A. C. Jones
- Department of Agriculture and Food, South Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lacroix C, Jolles A, Seabloom EW, Power AG, Mitchell CE, Borer ET. Non-random biodiversity loss underlies predictable increases in viral disease prevalence. J R Soc Interface 2014; 11:20130947. [PMID: 24352672 PMCID: PMC3899862 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease dilution (reduced disease prevalence with increasing biodiversity) has been described for many different pathogens. Although the mechanisms causing this phenomenon remain unclear, the disassembly of communities to predictable subsets of species, which can be caused by changing climate, land use or invasive species, underlies one important hypothesis. In this case, infection prevalence could reflect the competence of the remaining hosts. To test this hypothesis, we measured local host species abundance and prevalence of four generalist aphid-vectored pathogens (barley and cereal yellow dwarf viruses) in a ubiquitous annual grass host at 10 sites spanning 2000 km along the North American West Coast. In laboratory and field trials, we measured viral infection as well as aphid fecundity and feeding preference on several host species. Virus prevalence increased as local host richness declined. Community disassembly was non-random: ubiquitous hosts dominating species-poor assemblages were among the most competent for vector production and virus transmission. This suggests that non-random biodiversity loss led to increased virus prevalence. Because diversity loss is occurring globally in response to anthropogenic changes, such work can inform medical, agricultural and veterinary disease research by providing insights into the dynamics of pathogens nested within a complex web of environmental forces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Lacroix
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Anna Jolles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Eric W. Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Alison G. Power
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Charles E. Mitchell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Elizabeth T. Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Vayssier-Taussat M, Albina E, Citti C, Cosson JF, Jacques MA, Lebrun MH, Le Loir Y, Ogliastro M, Petit MA, Roumagnac P, Candresse T. Shifting the paradigm from pathogens to pathobiome: new concepts in the light of meta-omics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:29. [PMID: 24634890 PMCID: PMC3942874 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of pathogenesis has evolved considerably over recent years, and the scenario "a microbe + virulence factors = disease" is probably far from reality in a number of cases. Actual pathogens have extremely broad biological diversity and are found in all major groups of microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa…). Their pathogenicity results from strong and often highly specific interactions they have with either their microbial environment, hosts and/or arthropod vectors. In this review, we explore the contribution of metagenomic approaches toward understanding pathogens within the context of microbial communities. With this broader view, we discussed the concept of "pathobiome" and the research questions that this raises.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Albina
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France ; INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE Montpellier, France ; INRA, Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 1225, IHAP Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Citti
- INRA, UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro) Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Jean-Franҫois Cosson
- INRA, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345 Angers, France
| | | | | | - Yves Le Loir
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1253 STLO Rennes, France ; INRA, UMR 1333 DGIMI Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Roumagnac
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Candresse
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hatcher MJ, Dick JTA, Dunn AM. Parasites that change predator or prey behaviour can have keystone effects on community composition. Biol Lett 2014; 10:20130879. [PMID: 24429680 PMCID: PMC3917330 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2013.0879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites play pivotal roles in structuring communities, often via indirect interactions with non-host species. These effects can be density-mediated (through mortality) or trait-mediated (behavioural, physiological and developmental), and may be crucial to population interactions, including biological invasions. For instance, parasitism can alter intraguild predation (IGP) between native and invasive crustaceans, reversing invasion outcomes. Here, we use mathematical models to examine how parasite-induced trait changes influence the population dynamics of hosts that interact via IGP. We show that trait-mediated indirect interactions impart keystone effects, promoting or inhibiting host coexistence. Parasites can thus have strong ecological impacts, even if they have negligible virulence, underscoring the need to consider trait-mediated effects when predicting effects of parasites on community structure in general and biological invasions in particular.
Collapse
|
44
|
Rúa MA, Umbanhowar J, Hu S, Burkey KO, Mitchell CE. Elevated CO2 spurs reciprocal positive effects between a plant virus and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:541-549. [PMID: 23594373 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants form ubiquitous associations with diverse microbes. These interactions range from parasitism to mutualism, depending partly on resource supplies that are being altered by global change. While many studies have considered the separate effects of pathogens and mutualists on their hosts, few studies have investigated interactions among microbial mutualists and pathogens in the context of global change. Using two wild grass species as model hosts, we grew individual plants under ambient or elevated CO(2), and ambient or increased soil phosphorus (P) supply. Additionally, individuals were grown with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum, and after 2 wk, plants were inoculated or mock-inoculated with a phloem-restricted virus. Under elevated CO(2), mycorrhizal association increased the titer of virus infections, and virus infection reciprocally increased the colonization of roots by mycorrhizal fungi. Additionally, virus infection decreased plant allocation to root biomass, increased leaf P, and modulated effects of CO(2) and P addition on mycorrhizal root colonization. These results indicate that plant mutualists and pathogens can alter each other's success, and predict that these interactions will respond to increased resource availability and elevated CO(2). Together, our findings highlight the importance of interactions among multiple microorganisms for plant performance under global change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Rúa
- Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3135, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - James Umbanhowar
- Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3135, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, USA
| | - Shuijin Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Kent O Burkey
- USDA - ARS Plant Science Research Unit, and Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631, USA
| | - Charles E Mitchell
- Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3135, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Svanella-Dumas L, Candresse T, Hullé M, Marais A. Distribution of Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV in the Sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands and Characterization of Two New Luteovirus Species. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67231. [PMID: 23825645 PMCID: PMC3688969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic search for viral infection was performed in the isolated Kerguelen Islands, using a range of polyvalent genus-specific PCR assays. Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) was detected in both introduced and native grasses such as Poa cookii. The geographical distribution of BYDV and its prevalence in P. cookii were analyzed using samples collected from various sites of the archipelago. We estimate the average prevalence of BYDV to be 24.9% in P. cookii, with significant variability between sites. BYDV genetic diversity was assessed using sequence information from two genomic regions: the P3 open reading frame (ORF) (encoding the coat protein) and the hypervariable P6 ORF region. The phylogenetic analysis in the P3 region showed that BYDV sequences segregate into three major lineages, the most frequent of which (Ker-I cluster) showed close homology with BYDV-PAV-I isolates and had very low intra-lineage diversity (0.6%). A similarly low diversity was also recorded in the hypervariable P6 region, suggesting that Ker-I isolates derive from the recent introduction of BYDV-PAV-I. Divergence time estimation suggests that BYDV-PAV-I was likely introduced in the Kerguelen environment at the same time frame as its aphid vector, Rhopalosiphum padi, whose distribution shows good overlap with that of BYDV-Ker-I. The two other lineages show more than 22% amino acid divergence in the P3 region with other known species in the BYDV species complex, indicating that they represent distinct BYDV species. Using species-specific amplification primers, the distribution of these novel species was analyzed. The high prevalence of BYDV on native Poaceae and the presence of the vector R. padi, raises the question of its impact on the vulnerable plant communities of this remote ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Svanella-Dumas
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032 Villenave d′Ornon, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032 Villenave d′Ornon, France
| | - Thierry Candresse
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032 Villenave d′Ornon, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032 Villenave d′Ornon, France
| | - Maurice Hullé
- Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, Agrocampus Rennes, UMR INRA 1349, BP 35327, Le Rheu, France
| | - Armelle Marais
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032 Villenave d′Ornon, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032 Villenave d′Ornon, France
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Doumayrou J, Leblaye S, Froissart R, Michalakis Y. Reduction of leaf area and symptom severity as proxies of disease-induced plant mortality: the example of the Cauliflower mosaic virus infecting two Brassicaceae hosts. Virus Res 2013; 176:91-100. [PMID: 23742852 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Disease induced effects on host survival are important to understand the evolution of parasitic virulence and host resistance/tolerance. Unfortunately, experiments evaluating such effects are in most cases logistically demanding justifying the measurement of survival proxies. For plant hosts commonly used proxies are leaf area and the nature and severity of visual qualitative disease symptoms. In this study we tested whether these traits are indeed correlated to the host mortality rate induced by viral infection. We infected Brassica rapa and Arabidopsis thaliana plants with different natural isolates of Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) and estimated over time the development of symptoms and the relative reduction of leaf area compared to healthy plants and followed plant mortality. We observed that the mortality of infected plants was correlated with the relative reduction of leaf area of both B. rapa and A. thaliana. Measures of mortality were also correlated with the severity of visual qualitative symptoms but the magnitude of the correlations and the time frame at which they were significant depended on the host plant: stronger and earlier correlations were observed on A. thaliana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Doumayrou
- Laboratoire "Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle" (MIVEGEC), UMR 5290 CNRS-IRD-UM1-UM2, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Betancourt M, Escriu F, Fraile A, García-Arenal F. Virulence evolution of a generalist plant virus in a heterogeneous host system. Evol Appl 2013; 6:875-90. [PMID: 24062798 PMCID: PMC3779090 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Modelling virulence evolution of multihost parasites in heterogeneous host systems requires knowledge of the parasite biology over its various hosts. We modelled the evolution of virulence of a generalist plant virus, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) over two hosts, in which CMV genotypes differ for within-host multiplication and virulence. According to knowledge on CMV biology over different hosts, the model allows for inoculum flows between hosts and for host co-infection by competing virus genotypes, competition affecting transmission rates to new hosts. Parameters of within-host multiplication, within-host competition, virulence and transmission were determined experimentally for different CMV genotypes in each host. Emergence of highly virulent genotypes was predicted to occur as mixed infections, favoured by high vector densities. For most simulated conditions, evolution to high virulence in the more competent Host 1 was little dependent on inoculum flow from Host 2, while in Host 2, it depended on transmission from Host 1. Virulence evolution bifurcated in each host at low, but not at high, vector densities. There was no evidence of between-host trade-offs in CMV life-history traits, at odds with most theoretical assumptions. Predictions agreed with field observations and are relevant for designing control strategies for multihost plant viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Betancourt
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and E.T.S.I. Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Seabloom EW, Borer ET, Lacroix C, Mitchell CE, Power AG. Richness and composition of niche-assembled viral pathogen communities. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55675. [PMID: 23468848 PMCID: PMC3582609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogen and parasite community that inhabits every free-living organism can control host vital rates including lifespan and reproductive output. To date, however, there have been few experiments examining pathogen community assembly replicated at large-enough spatial scales to inform our understanding of pathogen dynamics in natural systems. Pathogen community assembly may be driven by neutral stochastic colonization and extinction events or by niche differentiation that constrains pathogen distributions to particular environmental conditions, hosts, or vectors. Here, we present results from a regionally-replicated experiment investigating the community of barley and cereal yellow dwarf viruses (B/CYDV's) in over 5000 experimentally planted individuals of six grass species along a 700 km latitudinal gradient along the Pacific coast of North America (USA) in response to experimentally manipulated nitrogen and phosphorus supplies. The composition of the virus community varied predictably among hosts and across nutrient-addition treatments, indicating niche differentiation among virus species. There were some concordant responses among the viral species. For example, the prevalence of most viral species increased consistently with perennial grass cover, leading to a 60% increase in the richness of the viral community within individual hosts (i.e., coinfection) in perennial-dominated plots. Furthermore, infection rates of the six host species in the field were highly correlated with vector preferences assessed in laboratory trials. Our results reveal the importance of niche differentiation in structuring virus assemblages. Virus species distributions reflected a combination of local host community composition, host species-specific vector preferences, and virus responses to host nutrition. In addition, our results suggest that heterogeneity among host species in their capacity to attract vectors or support pathogens between growing seasons can lead to positive covariation among virus species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Strauss A, White A, Boots M. Invading with biological weapons: the importance of disease-mediated invasions. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Strauss
- Department of Biology; Indiana University; Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Andy White
- Department of Mathematics; Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences; Heriot-Watt University; Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Mike Boots
- Biosciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Cornwall Campus, Treliever Road Penryn Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Dunn AM, Torchin ME, Hatcher MJ, Kotanen PM, Blumenthal DM, Byers JE, Coon CA, Frankel VM, Holt RD, Hufbauer RA, Kanarek AR, Schierenbeck KA, Wolfe LM, Perkins SE. Indirect effects of parasites in invasions. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison M. Dunn
- Faculty of Biological Sciences; University of Leeds; Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Mark E. Torchin
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa Ancon Republic of Panama
| | - Melanie J. Hatcher
- Faculty of Biological Sciences; University of Leeds; Leeds LS2 9JT UK
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol BS8 1UG UK
| | - Peter M. Kotanen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto Mississauga; 3359 Mississauga Road North Mississauga Ontario L5L 1C6 Canada
| | - Dana M. Blumenthal
- Rangeland Resources Research Unit; USDA Agricultural Research Service; Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - James E. Byers
- Odum School of Ecology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Courtney A.C. Coon
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of South Florida; Tampa Florida 33620 USA
| | - Victor M. Frankel
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa Ancon Republic of Panama
- Department of Biology & Redpath Museum; McGill University; Montreal Quebec H3A 2K6 Canada
| | - Robert D. Holt
- Department of Biology; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Ruth A. Hufbauer
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Andrew R. Kanarek
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996-1527 USA
| | | | - Lorne M. Wolfe
- Department of Biology; Georgia Southern University; Statesboro GA 30460 USA
| | - Sarah E. Perkins
- Cardiff School of Biosciences; Biomedical Sciences Building Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX UK
| |
Collapse
|