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Liu X, Heinzle J, Tian Y, Salas E, Kwatcho Kengdo S, Borken W, Schindlbacher A, Wanek W. Long-term soil warming changes the profile of primary metabolites in fine roots of Norway spruce in a temperate montane forest. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38935880 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Climate warming poses major threats to temperate forests, but the response of tree root metabolism has largely remained unclear. We examined the impact of long-term soil warming (>14 years, +4°C) on the fine root metabolome across three seasons for 2 years in an old spruce forest, using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry platform for primary metabolite analysis. A total of 44 primary metabolites were identified in roots (19 amino acids, 12 organic acids and 13 sugars). Warming increased the concentration of total amino acids and of total sugars by 15% and 21%, respectively, but not organic acids. We found that soil warming and sampling date, along with their interaction, directly influenced the primary metabolite profiles. Specifically, in warming plots, concentrations of arginine, glycine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan, mannose, ribose, fructose, glucose and oxaloacetic acid increased by 51.4%, 19.9%, 21.5%, 19.3%, 22.1%, 23.0%, 38.0%, 40.7%, 19.8% and 16.7%, respectively. Rather than being driven by single compounds, changes in metabolite profiles reflected a general up- or downregulation of most metabolic pathway network. This emphasises the importance of metabolomics approaches in investigating root metabolic pathways and understanding the effects of climate change on tree root metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Center of Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Doctoral School in Microbiology and Environmental Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jakob Heinzle
- Department of Forest Ecology and Soils, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape-BFW, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Center of Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Salas
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Center of Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Steve Kwatcho Kengdo
- Department of Soil Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (Bayceer), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Werner Borken
- Department of Soil Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (Bayceer), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Schindlbacher
- Department of Forest Ecology and Soils, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape-BFW, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wanek
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Center of Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Salomón RL, Rodríguez-Calcerrada J, De Roo L, Miranda JC, Bodé S, Boeckx P, Steppe K. Carbon isotope composition of respired CO2 in woody stems and leafy shoots of three tree species along the growing season: physiological drivers for respiratory fractionation. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1731-1744. [PMID: 37471648 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The carbon isotope composition of respired CO2 (δ13CR) and bulk organic matter (δ13CB) of various plant compartments informs about the isotopic fractionation and substrate of respiratory processes, which are crucial to advance the understanding of carbon allocation in plants. Nevertheless, the variation across organs, species and seasons remains poorly understood. Cavity Ring-Down Laser Spectroscopy was applied to measure δ13CR in leafy shoots and woody stems of maple (Acer platanoides L.), oak (Quercus robur L.) and cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) trees during spring and late summer. Photosynthesis, respiration, growth and non-structural carbohydrates were measured in parallel to evaluate potential drivers for respiratory fractionation. The CO2 respired by maple and oak shoots was 13C-enriched relative to δ13CB during spring, but not late summer or in the stem. In cedar, δ13CR did not vary significantly throughout organs and seasons, with respired CO2 being 13C-depleted relative to δ13CB. Shoot δ13CR was positively related to leaf starch concentration in maple, while stem δ13CR was inversely related to stem growth. These relations were not significant for oak or cedar. The variability in δ13CR suggests (i) different contributions of respiratory pathways between organs and (ii) seasonality in the respiratory substrate and constitutive compounds for wood formation in deciduous species, less apparent in evergreen cedar, whose respiratory metabolism might be less variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto L Salomón
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Research Group FORESCENT, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Calcerrada
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Research Group FORESCENT, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Linus De Roo
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - José Carlos Miranda
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Research Group FORESCENT, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samuel Bodé
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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Imada S, Tako Y. Seasonal accumulation of photoassimilated carbon relates to growth rate and use for new aboveground organs of young apple trees in following spring. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2294-2305. [PMID: 35796531 PMCID: PMC9652006 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Deciduous trees accumulate carbon (C) in woody parts during the growth season which is subsequently used for the initial development and growth of newly formed organs in the following season; however, it is unclear which period during the growth season contributes to C accumulation. Three-year-old potted Malus domestica (apple) trees were grown in controlled growth chambers during the growth season and exposed to 13CO2 in an exposure chamber at seven different periods of the growth season, including vegetative and reproductive growth periods. Approximately half of the trees were harvested in late autumn, and the remaining trees were grown in a field in the following year. The 13C accumulation in the different organs in late autumn, and its concentration in the new aboveground growth during the following growth season, was determined. The concentration of the photoassimilated 13C in woody parts (shoots, trunk, rootstock and coarse roots) in the late autumn was higher in the trees labeled during the period of vigorous vegetative growth than in those labeled during other periods of growth. Furthermore, 13C concentration in the leaves, annual shoots, flower buds and flowers in the following early spring was also high in the trees labeled during this period. The concentration of 13C in the flower buds and flowers was positively correlated with that in the woody parts in the late autumn and old shoots in the following spring. Hence, the seasonal accumulation of photoassimilated C in woody parts in late autumn is related to growth rates during the growth season and its use for the initial development of newly formed organs in the following spring. These results suggest that under non-stressed conditions, C accumulated during the period of vigorous vegetative growth largely contributes to the C reserves that are used for the development of new organs in the following year.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuhiro Tako
- Department of Radioecology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
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Banh ATM, Thiele B, Chlubek A, Hombach T, Kleist E, Matsubara S. Combination of long-term 13CO 2 labeling and isotopolog profiling allows turnover analysis of photosynthetic pigments in Arabidopsis leaves. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:114. [PMID: 36183136 PMCID: PMC9526918 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Living cells maintain and adjust structural and functional integrity by continual synthesis and degradation of metabolites and macromolecules. The maintenance and adjustment of thylakoid membrane involve turnover of photosynthetic pigments along with subunits of protein complexes. Quantifying their turnover is essential to understand the mechanisms of homeostasis and long-term acclimation of photosynthetic apparatus. Here we report methods combining whole-plant long-term 13CO2 labeling and liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis to determine the size of non-labeled population (NLP) of carotenoids and chlorophylls (Chl) in leaf pigment extracts of partially 13C-labeled plants. RESULTS The labeling chamber enabled parallel 13CO2 labeling of up to 15 plants of Arabidopsis thaliana with real-time environmental monitoring ([CO2], light intensity, temperature, relative air humidity and pressure) and recording. No significant difference in growth or photosynthetic pigment composition was found in leaves after 7-d exposure to normal CO2 (~ 400 ppm) or 13CO2 in the labeling chamber, or in ambient air outside the labeling chamber (control). Following chromatographic separation of the pigments and mass peak assignment by high-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance MS, mass spectra of photosynthetic pigments were analyzed by triple quadrupole MS to calculate NLP. The size of NLP remaining after the 7-d 13CO2 labeling was ~ 10.3% and ~ 11.5% for all-trans- and 9-cis-β-carotene, ~ 21.9% for lutein, ~ 18.8% for Chl a and 33.6% for Chl b, highlighting non-uniform turnover of these pigments in thylakoids. Comparable results were obtained in all replicate plants of the 13CO2 labeling experiment except for three that were showing anthocyanin accumulation and growth impairment due to insufficient water supply (leading to stomatal closure and less 13C incorporation). CONCLUSIONS Our methods allow 13CO2 labeling and estimation of NLP for photosynthetic pigments with high reproducibility despite potential variations in [13CO2] between the experiments. The results indicate distinct turnover rates of carotenoids and Chls in thylakoid membrane, which can be investigated in the future by time course experiments. Since 13C enrichment can be measured in a range of compounds, long-term 13CO2 labeling chamber, in combination with appropriate MS methods, facilitates turnover analysis of various metabolites and macromolecules in plants on a time scale of hours to days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thi-Mai Banh
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Björn Thiele
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- IBG-3: Agrosphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Antonia Chlubek
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Hombach
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Einhard Kleist
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Shizue Matsubara
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
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Li Y, Sun H, de Paula Protásio T, Hein PRG, Du B. The mechanisms and prediction of non-structural carbohydrates accretion and depletion after mechanical wounding in slash pine (Pinus elliottii) using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:107. [PMID: 36050789 PMCID: PMC9434866 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00939-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The allocation of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) plays a critical role in the physiology and metabolism of tree growth and survival defense. However, little is known about the allocation of NSC after continuous mechanical wounding of pine by resin tapping during tree growth. RESULTS Here, we examine the NSC allocation in plant tissues after 3 year lasting resin tapping, and also investigate the use of near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy to quantify the NSC, starch and free sugar (e.g., sucrose, glucose, and fructose) concentrations in different plant tissues of slash pine. Spectral measurements on pine needle, branch, trunk phloem, and root were obtained before starch and free sugar concentrations were measured in the laboratory. The variation of NSC, starch and free sugars in different plant tissues after resin tapping was analyzed. Partial least squares regression was applied to calibrate prediction models, models were simulated 100 times for model performance and error estimation. More NSC, starch and free sugars were stored in winter than summer both in tapped and control trees. The position of resin tapping significantly influenced the NSCs allocation in plant tissues: more NSCs were transformed into free sugars for defensive resin synthesis close to the tapping wound rather than induced distal systemic responses. Models for predicting NSC and free sugars of plant tissues showed promising results for the whole tree for fructose (R2CV = 0.72), glucose (R2CV = 0.67), NSCs (R2CV = 0.66) and starch (R2CV = 0.58) estimates based on NIR models. Models for individual plant tissues also showed reasonable predictive ability: the best model for NSCs and starch prediction was found in root. The significance multivariate correlation algorithm for variable selection significantly reduced the number of variables. Important variables were identified, including features at 1021-1290 nm, 1480, 1748, 1941, 2020, 2123 and 2355 nm, which are highly related to NSC, starch, fructose, glucose and sucrose. CONCLUSIONS NIR spectroscopy provided a rapid and cost-effective method to monitor NSC, starch and free sugar concentrations after continuous resin tapping. It can be used for studying the trade-off between growth and production of defensive metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Li
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Honggang Sun
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China.
| | - Thiago de Paula Protásio
- Federal Rural University of Amazonia-UFRA, Campus Parauapebas, Parauapebas, Pará, 68515-000, Brazil
| | | | - Baoguo Du
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, AlbertLudwigs-Universitat Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Hikino K, Danzberger J, Riedel VP, Rehschuh R, Ruehr NK, Hesse BD, Lehmann MM, Buegger F, Weikl F, Pritsch K, Grams TEE. High resilience of carbon transport in long-term drought-stressed mature Norway spruce trees within 2 weeks after drought release. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2095-2110. [PMID: 34927319 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Under ongoing global climate change, drought periods are predicted to increase in frequency and intensity in the future. Under these circumstances, it is crucial for tree's survival to recover their restricted functionalities quickly after drought release. To elucidate the recovery of carbon (C) transport rates in c. 70-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] KARST.) after 5 years of recurrent summer droughts, we conducted a continuous whole-tree 13 C labeling experiment in parallel with watering. We determined the arrival time of current photoassimilates in major C sinks by tracing the 13 C label in stem and soil CO2 efflux, and tips of living fine roots. In the first week after watering, aboveground C transport rates (CTR) from crown to trunk base were still 50% lower in previously drought-stressed trees (0.16 ± 0.01 m h-1 ) compared to controls (0.30 ± 0.06 m h-1 ). Conversely, CTR below ground, that is, from the trunk base to soil CO2 efflux were already similar between treatments (c. 0.03 m h-1 ). Two weeks after watering, aboveground C transport of previously drought-stressed trees recovered to the level of the controls. Furthermore, regrowth of water-absorbing fine roots upon watering was supported by faster incorporation of 13 C label in previously drought-stressed (within 12 ± 10 h upon arrival at trunk base) compared to control trees (73 ± 10 h). Thus, the whole-tree C transport system from the crown to soil CO2 efflux fully recovered within 2 weeks after drought release, and hence showed high resilience to recurrent summer droughts in mature Norway spruce forests. This high resilience of the C transport system is an important prerequisite for the recovery of other tree functionalities and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohsuke Hikino
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), TUM School of Life Sciences, Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Ecophysiology of Plants, Freising, Germany
| | - Jasmin Danzberger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vincent P Riedel
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), TUM School of Life Sciences, Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Ecophysiology of Plants, Freising, Germany
| | - Romy Rehschuh
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research (KIT/IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Nadine K Ruehr
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research (KIT/IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Benjamin D Hesse
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), TUM School of Life Sciences, Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Ecophysiology of Plants, Freising, Germany
| | - Marco M Lehmann
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Forest Dynamics, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Franz Buegger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Weikl
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), TUM School of Life Sciences, Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Ecophysiology of Plants, Freising, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karin Pritsch
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten E E Grams
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), TUM School of Life Sciences, Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Ecophysiology of Plants, Freising, Germany
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7
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He Y, Ding J. Overestimation of global soil heterotrophic respiration. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:223-225. [PMID: 36546067 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue He
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jinzhi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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8
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Diao H, Wang A, Yuan F, Guan D, Wu J. Autotrophic respiration modulates the carbon isotope composition of soil respiration in a mixed forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150834. [PMID: 34627921 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbon isotopic composition of soil respired CO2 (soil δ13CR) has been regarded as a good indicator of the linkages between aboveground processes and soil respiration. However, whether δ13CR of autotrophic or heterotrophic component of soil respiration dominates the temporal variability of total soil δ13CR was rarely examined by previous studies. In this study, carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2 (δ13Cair) and soil δ13CR in control (with roots) and trenched (without roots) plots were measured in a temperated mixed forest. A 13C isotopic profile system and an automated soil respiration system were used for δ 13Cair and soil δ13CR measurements, respectively. We found that soil δ13CR in the control plots changed substantially in the growing season and it was more negative (by ~0.6‰) than that in the trenched plots, while soil δ13CR in the trenched plots showed a minor temporal variability. This suggests that δ13CR from the autotrophic respiration is the key decider of the seasonal variation pattern of the soil δ13CR. Moreover, the seasonal variation of soil δ13CR in the control plots showed a similar pattern with the seasonal variation of δ13Cair. A significant time-lag was found between δ13Cair and soil δ13CR, showing that soil δ13CR generally lagged behind δ13Cair 15 days. This result supports the hypothesis that soil respiration is closely related to carbon assimilation at the leaf-level and also stressed the importance of δ13Cair in shaping soil δ13CR. These findings are highly valuable to develop the process-based models of the carbon cycle of forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Diao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Anzhi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fenghui Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dexin Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiabing Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
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9
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Erbilgin N, Zanganeh L, Klutsch JG, Chen SH, Zhao S, Ishangulyyeva G, Burr SJ, Gaylord M, Hofstetter R, Keefover-Ring K, Raffa KF, Kolb T. Combined drought and bark beetle attacks deplete non-structural carbohydrates and promote death of mature pine trees. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3636-3651. [PMID: 34612515 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
How carbohydrate reserves in conifers respond to drought and bark beetle attacks are poorly understood. We investigated changes in carbohydrate reserves and carbon-dependent diterpene defences in ponderosa pine trees that were experimentally subjected to two levels of drought stress (via root trenching) and two types of biotic challenge treatments (pheromone-induced bark beetle attacks or inoculations with crushed beetles that include beetle-associated fungi) for two consecutive years. Our results showed that trenching did not influence carbohydrates, whereas both biotic challenges reduced amounts of starch and sugars of trees. However, only the combined trenched-bark beetle attacked trees depleted carbohydrates and died during the first year of attacks. While live trees contained higher carbohydrates than dying trees, amounts of constitutive and induced diterpenes produced did not vary between live and beetle-attacked dying trees, respectively. Based on these results we propose that reallocation of carbohydrates to diterpenes during the early stages of beetle attacks is limited in drought-stricken trees, and that the combination of biotic and abiotic stress leads to tree death. The process of tree death is subsequently aggravated by beetle girdling of phloem, occlusion of vascular tissue by bark beetle-vectored fungi, and potential exploitation of host carbohydrates by bark beetle symbionts as nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leila Zanganeh
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Jennifer G Klutsch
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Forestry, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, New Mexico, USA
| | - Shih-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shiyang Zhao
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guncha Ishangulyyeva
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen J Burr
- Forest Health Protection, USDA Forest Service, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Monica Gaylord
- Forest Health Protection, USDA Forest Service, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Richard Hofstetter
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Ken Keefover-Ring
- Departments of Botany and Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kenneth F Raffa
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Thomas Kolb
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
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10
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Puchi PF, Camarero JJ, Battipaglia G, Carrer M. Retrospective analysis of wood anatomical traits and tree-ring isotopes suggests site-specific mechanisms triggering Araucaria araucana drought-induced dieback. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:6394-6408. [PMID: 34514686 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In 2010-2018, Northern Patagonia featured the longest severe drought of the last millennium. This extreme dry spell triggered widespread growth decline and forest dieback. Nonetheless, the roles played by the two major mechanisms driving dieback, hydraulic failure and carbon starvation, are still not clear and understudied in this seasonally dry region. Here, for the 1800-2017 period, we apply a retrospective analysis of radial growth, wood anatomical traits (lumen area, cell-wall thickness) and δ13 C and δ18 O stable isotopes to assess dieback causes of the iconic conifer Araucaria araucana. We selected three stands where declining (defoliated) and nondeclining (not defoliated) trees coexisted along a precipitation gradient from the warm-dry Coastal Range to the cool-wet Andes. At all sites declining trees showed lower radial growth and lower theoretical hydraulic conductivity, suggesting a long-lasting process of hydraulic deterioration in their water transport system compared to nondeclining, coexisting trees. Wood anatomical traits evidenced that this divergence between declining and nondeclining trees started at least seven decades before canopy dieback. In the drier stands, declining trees showed higher water-use efficiency (WUE) throughout the whole period, which we attributed to early stomatal closure, suggesting a greater carbon starvation risk consistent with thinner cell walls. In the wettest stand, we found the opposite pattern. Here, a reduction in WUE coupled with thicker cell walls suggested increased carbon assimilation rates and exposure to drought-induced hydraulic failure. The δ18 O values indicated different strategies of gas exchange between sites, which are likely a consequence of microsite conditions and water sources. Multiproxy, retrospective quantifications of xylem anatomical traits and tree-ring isotopes provide a robust tool to identify and forecast, which stands or trees will show dieback or, on the contrary, which will likely withstand and be more resilient to future hotter droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina F Puchi
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Battipaglia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania 'L. Vanvitelli', Caserta, Italy
| | - Marco Carrer
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Bologna, Italy
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11
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Buttò V, Rozenberg P, Deslauriers A, Rossi S, Morin H. Environmental and developmental factors driving xylem anatomy and micro-density in black spruce. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:957-971. [PMID: 33480027 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wood density is the product of carbon allocation for structural growth and reflects the trade-off between mechanical support and water conductivity. We tested a conceptual framework based on the assumption that micro-density depends on direct and indirect relationships with endogenous and exogenous factors. The dynamics of wood formation, including timings and rates of cell division, cell enlargement, and secondary wall deposition, were assessed from microcores collected weekly between 2002 and 2016 from five black spruce stands located along a latitudinal gradient in Quebec, Canada. Cell anatomy and micro-density were recorded by anatomical analyses and X-ray measurements. Our structural equation model explained 80% of micro-density variation within the tree-ring with direct effects of wall thickness (σ = 0.61), cell diameter (σ = -0.51), and photoperiod (σ = -0.26). Wood formation dynamics had an indirect effect on micro-density. Micro-density increased under longer periods of cell-wall deposition and shorter durations of enlargement. Our results fill a critical gap in understanding the relationships underlying micro-density variation in conifers. We demonstrated that short-term responses to environmental variations could be overridden by plastic responses that modulate cell differentiation. Our results point to wood formation dynamics as a reliable predictor of carbon allocation in trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Buttò
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555, Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi (Québec), Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Philippe Rozenberg
- Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UMR 0588 BIOFORA, Ardon CS 40001, 45075, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Annie Deslauriers
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555, Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi (Québec), Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555, Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi (Québec), Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Hubert Morin
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555, Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi (Québec), Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
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12
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Štursová M, Kohout P, Human ZR, Baldrian P. Production of Fungal Mycelia in a Temperate Coniferous Forest Shows Distinct Seasonal Patterns. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E190. [PMID: 32993121 PMCID: PMC7712845 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In temperate forests, climate seasonality restricts the photosynthetic activity of primary producers to the warm season from spring to autumn, while the cold season with temperatures below the freezing point represents a period of strongly reduced plant activity. Although soil microorganisms are active all-year-round, their expressions show seasonal patterns. This is especially visible on the ectomycorrhizal fungi, the most abundant guild of fungi in coniferous forests. We quantified the production of fungal mycelia using ingrowth sandbags in the organic layer of soil in temperate coniferous forest and analysed the composition of fungal communities in four consecutive seasons. We show that fungal biomass production is as low as 0.029 µg g-1 of sand in December-March, while it reaches 0.122 µg g-1 in June-September. The majority of fungi show distinct patterns of seasonal mycelial production, with most ectomycorrhizal fungi colonising ingrowth bags in the spring or summer, while the autumn and winter colonisation was mostly due to moulds. Our results indicate that fungal taxa differ in their seasonal patterns of mycelial production. Although fungal biomass turnover appears all-year-round, its rates are much faster in the period of plant activity than in the cold season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Štursová
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (Z.R.H.)
| | | | | | - Petr Baldrian
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (Z.R.H.)
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13
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Mannerheim N, Blessing CH, Oren I, Grünzweig JM, Bachofen C, Buchmann N. Carbon allocation to the root system of tropical tree Ceiba pentandra using 13C pulse labelling in an aeroponic facility. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:350-366. [PMID: 31976538 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the important role of tropical forest ecosystems in the uptake and storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), the carbon (C) dynamics of tropical tree species remains poorly understood, especially regarding belowground roots. This study assessed the allocation of newly assimilated C in the fast-growing pioneer tropical tree species Ceiba pentandra (L.), with a special focus on different root categories. During a 5-day pulse-labelling experiment, 9-month-old (~3.5-m-tall) saplings were labelled with 13CO2 in a large-scale aeroponic facility, which allowed tracing the label in bulk biomass and in non-structural carbohydrates (sugars and starch) as well as respiratory CO2 from the canopy to the root system, including both woody and non-woody roots. A combined logistic and exponential model was used to evaluate 13C mean transfer time and mean residence time (MRT) to the root systems. We found 13C in the root phloem as early as 2 h after the labelling, indicating a mean C transfer velocity of 2.4 ± 0.1 m h-1. Five days after pulse labelling, 27% of the tracers taken up by the trees were found in the leaves and 13% were recovered in the woody tissue of the trunk, 6% in the bark and 2% in the root systems, while 52% were lost, most likely by respiration and exudation. Larger amounts of 13C were found in root sugars than in starch, the former also demonstrating shorter MRT than starch. Of all investigated root categories, non-woody white roots (NRW) showed the largest 13C enrichment and peaked in the deepest NRW (2-3.5 m) as early as 24 ± 2 h after labelling. In contrast to coarse woody brown roots, the sink strength of NRW increased with root depth. The findings of this study improve the understanding of C allocation in young tropical trees and provide unique insights into the changing contributions of woody and non-woody roots to C sink strengths with depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neringa Mannerheim
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carola H Blessing
- Landwirtschaftliches Technologiezentrum Augustenberg, Kutschenweg 20, 76287 Rheinstetten-Forchheim, Germany
| | - Israel Oren
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - José M Grünzweig
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Christoph Bachofen
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Collalti A, Tjoelker MG, Hoch G, Mäkelä A, Guidolotti G, Heskel M, Petit G, Ryan MG, Battipaglia G, Matteucci G, Prentice IC. Plant respiration: Controlled by photosynthesis or biomass? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1739-1753. [PMID: 31578796 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two simplifying hypotheses have been proposed for whole-plant respiration. One links respiration to photosynthesis; the other to biomass. Using a first-principles carbon balance model with a prescribed live woody biomass turnover, applied at a forest research site where multidecadal measurements are available for comparison, we show that if turnover is fast the accumulation of respiring biomass is low and respiration depends primarily on photosynthesis; while if turnover is slow the accumulation of respiring biomass is high and respiration depends primarily on biomass. But the first scenario is inconsistent with evidence for substantial carry-over of fixed carbon between years, while the second implies far too great an increase in respiration during stand development-leading to depleted carbohydrate reserves and an unrealistically high mortality risk. These two mutually incompatible hypotheses are thus both incorrect. Respiration is not linearly related either to photosynthesis or to biomass, but it is more strongly controlled by recent photosynthates (and reserve availability) than by total biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Collalti
- Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISAFOM), Rende (CS), Italy
- Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Günter Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annikki Mäkelä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science and Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gabriele Guidolotti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystem, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), Rome, Italy
| | - Mary Heskel
- Department of Biology, Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Giai Petit
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Michael G Ryan
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Giovanna Battipaglia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Giorgio Matteucci
- Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISAFOM), Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Iain Colin Prentice
- AXA Chair of Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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15
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Furze ME, Drake JE, Wiesenbauer J, Richter A, Pendall E. Carbon isotopic tracing of sugars throughout whole-trees exposed to climate warming. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:3253-3263. [PMID: 31335973 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trees allocate C from sources to sinks by way of a series of processes involving carbohydrate transport and utilization. Yet these dynamics are not well characterized in trees, and it is unclear how these dynamics will respond to a warmer world. Here, we conducted a warming and pulse-chase experiment on Eucalyptus parramattensis growing in a whole-tree chamber system to test whether warming impacts carbon allocation by increasing the speed of carbohydrate dynamics. We pulse-labelled large (6-m tall) trees with 13 C-CO2 to follow recently fixed C through different organs by using compound-specific isotope analysis of sugars. We then compared concentrations and mean residence times of individual sugars between ambient and warmed (+3°C) treatments. Trees dynamically allocated 13 C-labelled sugars throughout the aboveground-belowground continuum. We did not, however, find a significant treatment effect on C dynamics, as sugar concentrations and mean residence times were not altered by warming. From the canopy to the root system, 13 C enrichment of sugars decreased, and mean residence times increased, reflecting dilution and mixing of recent photoassimilates with older reserves along the transport pathway. Our results suggest that a locally endemic eucalypt was seemingly able to adjust its physiology to warming representative of future temperature predictions for Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E Furze
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - John E Drake
- Department of Forest and Natural Resources Management, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York, 13210
| | - Julia Wiesenbauer
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1010, Austria
| | - Andreas Richter
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1010, Austria
| | - Elise Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
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16
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Merganičová K, Merganič J, Lehtonen A, Vacchiano G, Sever MZO, Augustynczik ALD, Grote R, Kyselová I, Mäkelä A, Yousefpour R, Krejza J, Collalti A, Reyer CPO. Forest carbon allocation modelling under climate change. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1937-1960. [PMID: 31748793 PMCID: PMC6995853 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbon allocation plays a key role in ecosystem dynamics and plant adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Hence, proper description of this process in vegetation models is crucial for the simulations of the impact of climate change on carbon cycling in forests. Here we review how carbon allocation modelling is currently implemented in 31 contrasting models to identify the main gaps compared with our theoretical and empirical understanding of carbon allocation. A hybrid approach based on combining several principles and/or types of carbon allocation modelling prevailed in the examined models, while physiologically more sophisticated approaches were used less often than empirical ones. The analysis revealed that, although the number of carbon allocation studies over the past 10 years has substantially increased, some background processes are still insufficiently understood and some issues in models are frequently poorly represented, oversimplified or even omitted. Hence, current challenges for carbon allocation modelling in forest ecosystems are (i) to overcome remaining limits in process understanding, particularly regarding the impact of disturbances on carbon allocation, accumulation and utilization of nonstructural carbohydrates, and carbon use by symbionts, and (ii) to implement existing knowledge of carbon allocation into defence, regeneration and improved resource uptake in order to better account for changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Merganičová
- Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Technical University Zvolen, Forestry Faculty, T. G. Masaryka 24, 96053 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Ján Merganič
- Technical University Zvolen, Forestry Faculty, T. G. Masaryka 24, 96053 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Aleksi Lehtonen
- The Finnish Forest Research Institute - Luke, PO Box 18 (Jokiniemenkuja 1), FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland
| | - Giorgio Vacchiano
- Università degli Studi di Milano, DISAA. Via Celoria 2, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Maša Zorana Ostrogović Sever
- Croatian Forest Research Institute, Department for forest management and forestry economics, Cvjetno naselje 41, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Croatia
| | | | - Rüdiger Grote
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Ina Kyselová
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Annikki Mäkelä
- University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Science, Latokartanonkaari 7, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rasoul Yousefpour
- University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4 (2. OG), D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Krejza
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alessio Collalti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), 87036 Rende, Italy
- Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Christopher P O Reyer
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegraphenberg, PO Box 601203, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany
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17
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Dobbelstein E, Fink D, Öner-Sieben S, Czempik L, Lohaus G. Seasonal changes of sucrose transporter expression and sugar partitioning in common European tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:284-299. [PMID: 30388274 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In temperate woody species, carbon transport from source to sink tissues is a striking physiological process, particularly considering seasonal changes. The functions of different tissues can also alternate across the seasons. In this regard, phloem loading and sugar distribution are important aspects of carbon partitioning, and sucrose uptake transporters (SUTs) play a key role in these processes. Therefore, the influence of seasons and different light-dark conditions on the expression of SUTs from 3-year-old Fagus sylvatica L., Quercus robur L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. trees were analyzed. In addition, tissue-specific sugar and starch contents under these different environmental conditions were determined. Putative SUTs were identified in the gymnosperms (Picea abies, Ginkgo biloba L.), here for the first time, and also in the angiosperms (Q. robur, F. sylvatica). The identified SUT sequences of the different tree species cluster into three types, similar to other SUTs from herbaceous and tree species. Furthermore, the sequences from angiosperm and those from gymnosperm species form distinct clusters within the three types of SUTs. In F. sylvatica, Q. robur and P. abies, the expression levels of the different SUTs during seasons showed marked variations. Because of the high expression levels of type I SUTs in bark, wood and leaves during active growing phases in spring and summer, it can be assumed that they are involved in phloem loading, sucrose retrieval and possibly in further physiological processes. The expression patterns also indicate a flexible expression in all tissues depending on physiological requirements and environmental conditions. Compared with type I SUTs, the seasonal variations of type II SUT expression were less pronounced, whereas the seasonal variations of the type III SUT expression patterns were partly reverse. In addition to the seasonal regulation, the expressions of the different SUTs were also regulated by light in a diurnal manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dobbelstein
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Daniel Fink
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Soner Öner-Sieben
- Clinic for General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Paediatric Cardiology, University Clinic Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Czempik
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Gertrud Lohaus
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, Wuppertal, Germany
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18
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Epron D, Dannoura M, Hölttä T. Introduction to the invited issue on phloem function and dysfunction. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:167-172. [PMID: 30785633 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Epron
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Nancy, France
| | - Masako Dannoura
- Kyoto University, Laboratory of Ecosystem Production and Dynamics, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto, Japan
- Kyoto University, Laboratory of Forest Utilization, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Latokartanonkaari 7, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Castagneri D, Battipaglia G, von Arx G, Pacheco A, Carrer M. Tree-ring anatomy and carbon isotope ratio show both direct and legacy effects of climate on bimodal xylem formation in Pinus pinea. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1098-1109. [PMID: 29688500 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how climate affects xylem formation is critical for predicting the impact of future conditions on tree growth and functioning in the Mediterranean region, which is expected to face warmer and drier conditions. However, mechanisms of growth response to climate at different temporal scales are still largely unknown, being complicated by separation between spring and autumn xylogenesis (bimodal temporal pattern) in most species such as Mediterranean pines. We investigated wood anatomical characteristics and carbon stable isotope composition in Mediterranean Pinus pinea L. along tree-ring series at intra-ring resolution to assess xylem formation processes and responses to intra-annual climate variability. Xylem anatomy was strongly related to environmental conditions occurring a few months before and during the growing season, but was not affected by summer drought. In particular, the lumen diameter of the first earlywood tracheids was related to winter precipitation, whereas the size of tracheids produced later was influenced by mid-spring precipitation. Diameter of latewood tracheids was associated with precipitation in mid-autumn. In contrast, tree-ring carbon isotope composition was mostly related to climate of the previous seasons. Earlywood was likely formed using both recently and formerly assimilated carbon, while latewood relied mostly on carbon accumulated many months prior to its formation. Our integrated approach provided new evidence on the short-term and carry-over effects of climate on the bimodal temporal xylem formation in P. pinea. Investigations on different variables and time scales are necessary to disentangle the complex climate influence on tree growth processes under Mediterranean conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Castagneri
- University of Padua, Department TeSAF, viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giovanna Battipaglia
- University of Campania 'L. Vanvitelli', Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (PALECO EPHE), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution-ISEM, University of Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf (ZH), Switzerland
- Climatic Change and Climate Impacts, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 66 Blvd Carl Vogt, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arturo Pacheco
- University of Padua, Department TeSAF, viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Marco Carrer
- University of Padua, Department TeSAF, viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), Italy
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20
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Koide D, Ito A. Temporal changes in the relationship between tree-ring growth and net primary production in northern Japan: a novel approach to the estimation of seasonal photosynthate allocation to the stem. Ecol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-018-1639-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Non-Structural Carbohydrate Dynamics in Leaves and Branches of Pinus massoniana (Lamb.) Following 3-Year Rainfall Exclusion. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9060315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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23
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Rathgeber CBK. Conifer tree-ring density inter-annual variability - anatomical, physiological and environmental determinants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:621-625. [PMID: 29034974 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
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24
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Björklund J, Seftigen K, Schweingruber F, Fonti P, von Arx G, Bryukhanova MV, Cuny HE, Carrer M, Castagneri D, Frank DC. Cell size and wall dimensions drive distinct variability of earlywood and latewood density in Northern Hemisphere conifers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:728-740. [PMID: 28636081 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Interannual variability of wood density - an important plant functional trait and environmental proxy - in conifers is poorly understood. We therefore explored the anatomical basis of density. We hypothesized that earlywood density is determined by tracheid size and latewood density by wall dimensions, reflecting their different functional tasks. To determine general patterns of variability, density parameters from 27 species and 349 sites across the Northern Hemisphere were correlated to tree-ring width parameters and local climate. We performed the same analyses with density and width derived from anatomical data comprising two species and eight sites. The contributions of tracheid size and wall dimensions to density were disentangled with sensitivity analyses. Notably, correlations between density and width shifted from negative to positive moving from earlywood to latewood. Temperature responses of density varied intraseasonally in strength and sign. The sensitivity analyses revealed tracheid size as the main determinant of earlywood density, while wall dimensions become more influential for latewood density. Our novel approach of integrating detailed anatomical data with large-scale tree-ring data allowed us to contribute to an improved understanding of interannual variations of conifer growth and to illustrate how conifers balance investments in the competing xylem functions of hydraulics and mechanical support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Björklund
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Seftigen
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Gothenburg University Laboratory for Dendrochronology, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 5a, Göteborg, 40530, Sweden
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Georges Lemaître Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Place Louis Pasteur, Louvain-la-Neuve, B-1348, Belgium
| | - Fritz Schweingruber
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Climatic Change and Climate Impacts, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 66 Blvd Carl Vogt, Geneva, CH-1205, Switzerland
| | - Marina V Bryukhanova
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50, bld.28, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
- Siberian Federal University, Svobodny pr. 79, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
| | - Henri E Cuny
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Marco Carrer
- Dept. TeSAF, University of Padova, Via dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), I-35020, Italy
| | - Daniele Castagneri
- Dept. TeSAF, University of Padova, Via dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD), I-35020, Italy
| | - David C Frank
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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25
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Drought Stress Reaction of Growth and Δ13C in Tree Rings of European Beech and Norway Spruce in Monospecific Versus Mixed Stands Along a Precipitation Gradient. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8060177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Can Carbon Fluxes Explain Differences in Soil Organic Carbon Storage under Aspen and Conifer Forest Overstories? FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8040118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Desalme D, Priault P, Gérant D, Dannoura M, Maillard P, Plain C, Epron D. Seasonal variations drive short-term dynamics and partitioning of recently assimilated carbon in the foliage of adult beech and pine. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:140-153. [PMID: 27513732 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
13 CO2 pulse-labelling experiments were performed in situ on adult beeches (Fagus sylvatica) and pines (Pinus pinaster) at different phenological stages to study seasonal and interspecific short-term dynamics and partitioning of recently assimilated carbon (C) in leaves. Polar fraction (PF, including soluble sugars, amino acids and organic acids) and starch were purified from foliage sampled during a 10-d chase period. C contents, isotopic compositions and 13 C dynamics parameters were determined in bulk foliage, PF and starch. Decrease in 13 C amount in bulk foliage followed a two-pool exponential model highlighting 13 C partitioning between 'mobile' and 'stable' pools, the relative proportion of the latter being maximal in beech leaves in May. Early in the growing season, new foliage acted as a strong C sink in both species, but although young leaves and needles were already photosynthesizing, the latter were still supplied with previous-year needle photosynthates 2 months after budburst. Mean 13 C residence times (MRT) were minimal in summer, indicating fast photosynthate export to supply perennial organ growth in both species. In late summer, MRT differed between senescing beech leaves and overwintering pine needles. Seasonal variations of 13 C partitioning and dynamics in field-grown tree foliage are closely linked to phenological differences between deciduous and evergreen trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorine Desalme
- Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR 1137, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
| | - Pierrick Priault
- Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR 1137, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
| | - Dominique Gérant
- Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR 1137, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
| | - Masako Dannoura
- INRA, UMR 1263, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Laboratory of Forest Utilization, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Pascale Maillard
- Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR 1137, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
| | - Caroline Plain
- Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR 1137, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
| | - Daniel Epron
- Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR 1137, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
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28
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Zhang L, Jiang Y, Zhao S, Dong M, Chen HY, Kang X. Different Responses of the Radial Growth of Conifer Species to Increasing Temperature along Altitude Gradient:Pinus tabulaeformisin the Helan Mountains (Northwestern China). POLISH JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.3161/15052249pje2016.64.4.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Blessing CH, Barthel M, Gentsch L, Buchmann N. Strong Coupling of Shoot Assimilation and Soil Respiration during Drought and Recovery Periods in Beech As Indicated by Natural Abundance δ 13C Measurements. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1710. [PMID: 27909442 PMCID: PMC5112276 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Drought down-regulates above- and belowground carbon fluxes, however, the resilience of trees to drought will also depend on the speed and magnitude of recovery of these above- and belowground fluxes after re-wetting. Carbon isotope composition of above- and belowground carbon fluxes at natural abundance provides a methodological approach to study the coupling between photosynthesis and soil respiration (SR) under conditions (such as drought) that influence photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination. In turn, the direct supply of root respiration with recent photoassimilates will impact on the carbon isotope composition of soil-respired CO2. We independently measured shoot and soil CO2 fluxes of beech saplings (Fagus sylvatica L.) and their respective δ13C continuously with laser spectroscopy at natural abundance. We quantified the speed of recovery of drought stressed trees after re-watering and traced photosynthetic carbon isotope signal in the carbon isotope composition of soil-respired CO2. Stomatal conductance responded strongly to the moderate drought (-65%), induced by reduced soil moisture content as well as increased vapor pressure deficit. Simultaneously, carbon isotope discrimination decreased by 8‰, which in turn caused a significant increase in δ13C of recent metabolites (1.5-2.5‰) and in δ13C of SR (1-1.5‰). Generally, shoot and soil CO2 fluxes and their δ13C were in alignment during drought and subsequent stress release, clearly demonstrating a permanent dependence of root respiration on recently fixed photoassimilates, rather than on older reserves. After re-watering, the drought signal persisted longer in δ13C of the water soluble fraction that integrates multiple metabolites (soluble sugars, amino acids, organic acids) than in the neutral fraction which represents most recently assimilated sugars or in the δ13C of SR. Nevertheless, full recovery of all aboveground physiological variables was reached within 4 days - and within 7 days for SR - indicating high resilience of (young) beech against moderate drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola H. Blessing
- Centre for Carbon Water and Food, University of Sydney, Brownlow HillNSW, Australia
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZürichZürich, Switzerland
| | - Matti Barthel
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZürichZürich, Switzerland
| | - Lydia Gentsch
- Chair of Bioclimatology, Georg-August University of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZürichZürich, Switzerland
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Peltier DMP, Fell M, Ogle K. Legacy effects of drought in the southwestern United States: A multi‐species synthesis. ECOL MONOGR 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Drew M. P. Peltier
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University FlagstaffArizona 86011USA
| | - Michael Fell
- Informatics and Computing Program Northern Arizona University FlagstaffArizona 86011USA
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University TempeArizona 85287USA
| | - Kiona Ogle
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University FlagstaffArizona 86011USA
- Informatics and Computing Program Northern Arizona University FlagstaffArizona 86011USA
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Carbon Allocation into Different Fine-Root Classes of Young Abies alba Trees Is Affected More by Phenology than by Simulated Browsing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154687. [PMID: 27123860 PMCID: PMC4849635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Abies alba (European silver fir) was used to investigate possible effects of simulated browsing on C allocation belowground by 13CO2 pulse-labelling at spring, summer or autumn, and by harvesting the trees at the same time point of the labelling or at a later season for biomass and for 13C-allocation into the fine-root system. Before budburst in spring, the leader shoots and 50% of all lateral shoots of half of the investigated 5-year old Abies alba saplings were clipped to simulate browsing. At harvest, different fine-root classes were separated, and starch as an important storage compartment was analysed for concentrations. The phenology had a strong effect on the allocation of the 13C-label from shoots to roots. In spring, shoots did not supply the fine-roots with high amounts of the 13C-label, because the fine-roots contained less than 1% of the applied 13C. In summer and autumn, however, shoots allocated relatively high amounts of the 13C-label to the fine roots. The incorporation of the 13C-label as structural C or as starch into the roots is strongly dependent on the root type and the root diameter. In newly formed fine roots, 3–5% of the applied 13C was incorporated, whereas 1–3% in the ≤0.5 mm root class and 1–1.5% in the >0.5–1.0 mm root class were recorded. Highest 13C-enrichment in the starch was recorded in the newly formed fine roots in autumn. The clipping treatment had a significant positive effect on the amount of allocated 13C-label to the fine roots after the spring labelling, with high relative 13C-contents observed in the ≤0.5 mm and the >0.5–1.0 mm fine-root classes of clipped trees. No effects of the clipping were observed after summer and autumn labelling in the 13C-allocation patterns. Overall, our data imply that the season of C assimilation and, thus, the phenology of trees is the main determinant of the C allocation from shoots to roots and is clearly more important than browsing.
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Birkhofer K, Dietrich C, John K, Schorpp Q, Zaitsev AS, Wolters V. Regional Conditions and Land-Use Alter the Potential Contribution of Soil Arthropods to Ecosystem Services in Grasslands. Front Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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33
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Novak K, de Luis M, Saz MA, Longares LA, Serrano-Notivoli R, Raventós J, Čufar K, Gričar J, Di Filippo A, Piovesan G, Rathgeber CBK, Papadopoulos A, Smith KT. Missing Rings in Pinus halepensis - The Missing Link to Relate the Tree-Ring Record to Extreme Climatic Events. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:727. [PMID: 27303421 PMCID: PMC4885872 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Climate predictions for the Mediterranean Basin include increased temperatures, decreased precipitation, and increased frequency of extreme climatic events (ECE). These conditions are associated with decreased tree growth and increased vulnerability to pests and diseases. The anatomy of tree rings responds to these environmental conditions. Quantitatively, the width of a tree ring is largely determined by the rate and duration of cell division by the vascular cambium. In the Mediterranean climate, this division may occur throughout almost the entire year. Alternatively, cell division may cease during relatively cool and dry winters, only to resume in the same calendar year with milder temperatures and increased availability of water. Under particularly adverse conditions, no xylem may be produced in parts of the stem, resulting in a missing ring (MR). A dendrochronological network of Pinus halepensis was used to determine the relationship of MR to ECE. The network consisted of 113 sites, 1,509 trees, 2,593 cores, and 225,428 tree rings throughout the distribution range of the species. A total of 4,150 MR were identified. Binomial logistic regression analysis determined that MR frequency increased with increased cambial age. Spatial analysis indicated that the geographic areas of south-eastern Spain and northern Algeria contained the greatest frequency of MR. Dendroclimatic regression analysis indicated a non-linear relationship of MR to total monthly precipitation and mean temperature. MR are strongly associated with the combination of monthly mean temperature from previous October till current February and total precipitation from previous September till current May. They are likely to occur with total precipitation lower than 50 mm and temperatures higher than 5°C. This conclusion is global and can be applied to every site across the distribution area. Rather than simply being a complication for dendrochronology, MR formation is a fundamental response of trees to adverse environmental conditions. The demonstrated relationship of MR formation to ECE across this dendrochronological network in the Mediterranean basin shows the potential of MR analysis to reconstruct the history of past climatic extremes and to predict future forest dynamics in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemen Novak
- Department of Geography and Regional Planning – Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales, University of ZaragozaZaragoza, Spain
- Department of Ecology, University of AlicanteAlicante, Spain
- *Correspondence: Klemen Novak,
| | - Martin de Luis
- Department of Geography and Regional Planning – Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales, University of ZaragozaZaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Saz
- Department of Geography and Regional Planning – Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales, University of ZaragozaZaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis A. Longares
- Department of Geography and Regional Planning – Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales, University of ZaragozaZaragoza, Spain
| | - Roberto Serrano-Notivoli
- Department of Geography and Regional Planning – Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales, University of ZaragozaZaragoza, Spain
| | - Josep Raventós
- Department of Ecology, University of AlicanteAlicante, Spain
| | - Katarina Čufar
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Alfredo Di Filippo
- Dendrology Lab, Department of Agriculture and Forestry Science (DAFNE), University of TusciaViterbo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Piovesan
- Dendrology Lab, Department of Agriculture and Forestry Science (DAFNE), University of TusciaViterbo, Italy
| | | | - Andreas Papadopoulos
- Department of Forestry and Natural Environmental Management, T.E.I. Stereas ElladasKarpenissi, Greece
| | - Kevin T. Smith
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, DurhamNH, USA
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Trumbore S, Czimczik CI, Sierra CA, Muhr J, Xu X. Non-structural carbon dynamics and allocation relate to growth rate and leaf habit in California oaks. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:1206-1222. [PMID: 26452766 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Trees contain non-structural carbon (NSC), but it is unclear for how long these reserves are stored and to what degree they are used to support plant activity. We used radiocarbon ((14)C) to show that the carbon (C) in stemwood NSC can achieve ages of several decades in California oaks. We separated NSC into two fractions: soluble (∼50% sugars) and insoluble (mostly starch) NSC. Soluble NSC contained more C than insoluble NSC, but we found no consistent trend in the amount of either pool with depth in the stem. There was no systematic difference in C age between the two fractions, although ages increased with stem depth. The C in both NSC fractions was consistently younger than the structural C from which they were extracted. Together, these results indicate considerable inward mixing of NSC within the stem and rapid exchange between soluble and insoluble pools, compared with the timescale of inward mixing. We observed similar patterns in sympatric evergreen and deciduous oaks and the largest differences among tree stems with different growth rates. The (14)C signature of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from tree stems was higher than expected from very recent photoassimilates, indicating that the mean age of C in respiration substrates included a contribution from C fixed years previously. A simple model that tracks NSC produced each year, followed by loss (through conversion to CO2) in subsequent years, matches our observations of inward mixing of NSC in the stem and higher (14)C signature of stem CO2 efflux. Together, these data support the idea of continuous accumulation of NSC in stemwood and that 'vigor' (growth rate) and leaf habit (deciduous vs evergreen) control NSC pool size and allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Trumbore
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07701 Jena, Germany
| | - Claudia I Czimczik
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA
| | - Carlos A Sierra
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07701 Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Muhr
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07701 Jena, Germany
| | - Xiaomei Xu
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA
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Heinrich S, Dippold MA, Werner C, Wiesenberg GLB, Kuzyakov Y, Glaser B. Allocation of freshly assimilated carbon into primary and secondary metabolites after in situ ¹³C pulse labelling of Norway spruce (Picea abies). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:1176-91. [PMID: 26423131 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants allocate carbon (C) to sink tissues depending on phenological, physiological or environmental factors. We still have little knowledge on C partitioning into various cellular compounds and metabolic pathways at various ecophysiological stages. We used compound-specific stable isotope analysis to investigate C partitioning of freshly assimilated C into tree compartments (needles, branches and stem) as well as into needle water-soluble organic C (WSOC), non-hydrolysable structural organic C (stOC) and individual chemical compound classes (amino acids, hemicellulose sugars, fatty acids and alkanes) of Norway spruce (Picea abies) following in situ (13)C pulse labelling 15 days after bud break. The (13)C allocation within the above-ground tree biomass demonstrated needles as a major C sink, accounting for 86% of the freshly assimilated C 6 h after labelling. In needles, the highest allocation occurred not only into the WSOC pool (44.1% of recovered needle (13)C) but also into stOC (33.9%). Needle growth, however, also caused high (13)C allocation into pathways not involved in the formation of structural compounds: (i) pathways in secondary metabolism, (ii) C-1 metabolism and (iii) amino acid synthesis from photorespiration. These pathways could be identified by a high (13)C enrichment of their key amino acids. In addition, (13)C was strongly allocated into the n-alkyl lipid fraction (0.3% of recovered (13)C), whereby (13)C allocation into cellular and cuticular exceeded that of epicuticular fatty acids. (13)C allocation decreased along the lipid transformation and translocation pathways: the allocation was highest for precursor fatty acids, lower for elongated fatty acids and lowest for the decarbonylated n-alkanes. The combination of (13)C pulse labelling with compound-specific (13)C analysis of key metabolites enabled tracing relevant C allocation pathways under field conditions. Besides the primary metabolism synthesizing structural cell compounds, a complex network of pathways consumed the assimilated (13)C and kept most of the assimilated C in the growing needles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Heinrich
- Department of Agro-Ecosystem Research, BAYCEER, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany Soil Biogeochemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Seckendorff-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Michaela A Dippold
- Department of Agricultural Soil Science, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Werner
- Department of Agro-Ecosystem Research, BAYCEER, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Yakov Kuzyakov
- Department of Agricultural Soil Science, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bruno Glaser
- Soil Biogeochemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Seckendorff-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
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36
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Blessing CH, Werner RA, Siegwolf R, Buchmann N. Allocation dynamics of recently fixed carbon in beech saplings in response to increased temperatures and drought. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:585-98. [PMID: 25877767 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The response of carbon allocation to drought has often been studied in terms of short-term transport velocity of recently fixed carbon from leaves to roots and root respiration. However, its dynamic response to other environmental conditions, e.g., to changes in temperature, is less clear. Here, we investigated the effects of drought, increased temperatures and their combination on transport velocity as well as on distribution of recent photoassimilates for different compounds, such as sugars, starch, organic acids and amino acids. We used a (13)CO(2) pulse-labelling approach and studied the recovery of (13)C in different plant tissues and compounds of beech saplings (Fagus sylvatica L.) during a 9-day chase period. Neither total dry biomass nor dry weights of leaves or roots were affected by drought or increased temperatures. Generally, the fast transfer of recently fixed assimilates from leaves to roots took about 1 day, while (13)C enrichment in soil CO(2) efflux peaked only 2 days after labelling. Increased temperatures prolonged mean transfer times of recent photoassimilates from the leaves to the roots, probably caused by enhanced intermediate storage alongside basipetal transfer, clearly impacting short-term carbon allocation. This temperature effect was seen in the delayed peak in (13)C excess of root sugars, decoupling the roots from the leaves in the short term. On average, ∼40% of the (13)C label initially present in the plant was recovered in the roots (over all treatment combinations), providing strong evidence for preferred carbon allocation into the roots at the end of the growing season. Root starch was the principal compound for long-term storage of carbon, whereas leaf (transitory) starch was remobilized again after some days, exhibiting the longest mean residence times under dry and warm conditions. These observation clearly point to different functionalities of the same compound (i.e., starch) in different plant tissues and the crucial role of roots for long-term carbon storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola H Blessing
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8048 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland A Werner
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8048 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Siegwolf
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8048 Zurich, Switzerland
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Richardson AD, Carbone MS, Huggett BA, Furze ME, Czimczik CI, Walker JC, Xu X, Schaberg PG, Murakami P. Distribution and mixing of old and new nonstructural carbon in two temperate trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:590-7. [PMID: 25558814 PMCID: PMC4405048 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We know surprisingly little about whole-tree nonstructural carbon (NSC; primarily sugars and starch) budgets. Even less well understood is the mixing between recent photosynthetic assimilates (new NSC) and previously stored reserves. And, NSC turnover times are poorly constrained. We characterized the distribution of NSC in the stemwood, branches, and roots of two temperate trees, and we used the continuous label offered by the radiocarbon (carbon-14, (14) C) bomb spike to estimate the mean age of NSC in different tissues. NSC in branches and the outermost stemwood growth rings had the (14) C signature of the current growing season. However, NSC in older aboveground and belowground tissues was enriched in (14) C, indicating that it was produced from older assimilates. Radial patterns of (14) C in stemwood NSC showed strong mixing of NSC across the youngest growth rings, with limited 'mixing in' of younger NSC to older rings. Sugars in the outermost five growth rings, accounting for two-thirds of the stemwood pool, had a mean age < 1 yr, whereas sugars in older growth rings had a mean age > 5 yr. Our results are thus consistent with a previously-hypothesized two-pool ('fast' and 'slow' cycling NSC) model structure. These pools appear to be physically distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Richardson
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Mariah S Carbone
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New HampshireDurham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Brett A Huggett
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Biology, Bates CollegeLewiston, ME, 04240, USA
| | - Morgan E Furze
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Claudia I Czimczik
- Department of Earth System Science, University of CaliforniaIrvine, CA, 92697-3100, USA
| | - Jennifer C Walker
- Department of Earth System Science, University of CaliforniaIrvine, CA, 92697-3100, USA
| | - Xiaomei Xu
- Department of Earth System Science, University of CaliforniaIrvine, CA, 92697-3100, USA
| | - Paul G Schaberg
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research StationBurlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Paula Murakami
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research StationBurlington, VT, 05405, USA
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Taylor AJ, Lai CT, Hopkins FM, Wharton S, Bible K, Xu X, Phillips C, Bush S, Ehleringer JR. Radiocarbon-Based Partitioning of Soil Respiration in an Old-Growth Coniferous Forest. Ecosystems 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-014-9839-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Ritter W, Lehmeier CA, Winkler JB, Matyssek R, Edgar Grams TE. Contrasting carbon allocation responses of juvenile European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) to competition and ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 196:534-543. [PMID: 25315225 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Allocation of recent photoassimilates of juvenile beech and spruce in response to twice-ambient ozone (2 × O(3)) and plant competition (i.e. intra vs. inter-specific) was examined in a phytotron study. To this end, we employed continuous (13)CO(2)/(12)CO(2) labeling during late summer and pursued tracer kinetics in CO(2) released from stems. In beech, allocation of recent photoassimilates to stems was significantly lowered under 2 × O(3) and increased in spruce when grown in mixed culture. As total tree biomass was not yet affected by the treatments, C allocation reflected incipient tree responses providing the mechanistic basis for biomass partitioning as observed in longer experiments. Compartmental modeling characterized functional properties of substrate pools supplying respiratory C demand. Respiration of spruce appeared to be exclusively supplied by recent photoassimilates. In beech, older C, putatively located in stem parenchyma cells, was a major source of respiratory substrate, reflecting the fundamental anatomical disparity between angiosperm beech and gymnosperm spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma Ritter
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christoph Andreas Lehmeier
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Department of Plant Sciences, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85350 Freising, Germany; Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jana Barbro Winkler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Matyssek
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thorsten Erhard Edgar Grams
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Babst F, Alexander MR, Szejner P, Bouriaud O, Klesse S, Roden J, Ciais P, Poulter B, Frank D, Moore DJP, Trouet V. A tree-ring perspective on the terrestrial carbon cycle. Oecologia 2014; 176:307-22. [PMID: 25119160 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tree-ring records can provide valuable information to advance our understanding of contemporary terrestrial carbon cycling and to reconstruct key metrics in the decades preceding monitoring data. The growing use of tree rings in carbon-cycle research is being facilitated by increasing recognition of reciprocal benefits among research communities. Yet, basic questions persist regarding what tree rings represent at the ecosystem level, how to optimally integrate them with other data streams, and what related challenges need to be overcome. It is also apparent that considerable unexplored potential exists for tree rings to refine assessments of terrestrial carbon cycling across a range of temporal and spatial domains. Here, we summarize recent advances and highlight promising paths of investigation with respect to (1) growth phenology, (2) forest productivity trends and variability, (3) CO2 fertilization and water-use efficiency, (4) forest disturbances, and (5) comparisons between observational and computational forest productivity estimates. We encourage the integration of tree-ring data: with eddy-covariance measurements to investigate carbon allocation patterns and water-use efficiency; with remotely sensed observations to distinguish the timing of cambial growth and leaf phenology; and with forest inventories to develop continuous, annually-resolved and long-term carbon budgets. In addition, we note the potential of tree-ring records and derivatives thereof to help evaluate the performance of earth system models regarding the simulated magnitude and dynamics of forest carbon uptake, and inform these models about growth responses to (non-)climatic drivers. Such efforts are expected to improve our understanding of forest carbon cycling and place current developments into a long-term perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flurin Babst
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA,
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Mildner M, Bader MKF, Leuzinger S, Siegwolf RTW, Körner C. Long-term 13C labeling provides evidence for temporal and spatial carbon allocation patterns in mature Picea abies. Oecologia 2014; 175:747-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-2935-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Babst F, Bouriaud O, Papale D, Gielen B, Janssens IA, Nikinmaa E, Ibrom A, Wu J, Bernhofer C, Köstner B, Grünwald T, Seufert G, Ciais P, Frank D. Above-ground woody carbon sequestration measured from tree rings is coherent with net ecosystem productivity at five eddy-covariance sites. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:1289-1303. [PMID: 24206564 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
• Attempts to combine biometric and eddy-covariance (EC) quantifications of carbon allocation to different storage pools in forests have been inconsistent and variably successful in the past. • We assessed above-ground biomass changes at five long-term EC forest stations based on tree-ring width and wood density measurements, together with multiple allometric models. Measurements were validated with site-specific biomass estimates and compared with the sum of monthly CO₂ fluxes between 1997 and 2009. • Biometric measurements and seasonal net ecosystem productivity (NEP) proved largely compatible and suggested that carbon sequestered between January and July is mainly used for volume increase, whereas that taken up between August and September supports a combination of cell wall thickening and storage. The inter-annual variability in above-ground woody carbon uptake was significantly linked with wood production at the sites, ranging between 110 and 370 g C m(-2) yr(-1) , thereby accounting for 10-25% of gross primary productivity (GPP), 15-32% of terrestrial ecosystem respiration (TER) and 25-80% of NEP. • The observed seasonal partitioning of carbon used to support different wood formation processes refines our knowledge on the dynamics and magnitude of carbon allocation in forests across the major European climatic zones. It may thus contribute, for example, to improved vegetation model parameterization and provides an enhanced framework to link tree-ring parameters with EC measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flurin Babst
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E Lowell St., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Olivier Bouriaud
- Forest Research and Management Institute ICAS, Sos. Stefanesti 128, O77190, Voluntari, Romania
| | - Dario Papale
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Bert Gielen
- University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Eero Nikinmaa
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 9, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Christian Bernhofer
- Technical University of Dresden, Pienner Strasse 23, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Barbara Köstner
- Technical University of Dresden, Pienner Strasse 23, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Thomas Grünwald
- Technical University of Dresden, Pienner Strasse 23, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Günther Seufert
- EC-JRC, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Via Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, Italy
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de L'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Frank
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Oeschger Center for Climate Change, Zähringerstr. 25, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Zang U, Goisser M, Grams TEE, Häberle KH, Matyssek R, Matzner E, Borken W. Fate of recently fixed carbon in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) saplings during drought and subsequent recovery. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:29-38. [PMID: 24420388 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Drought reduces the carbon (C) assimilation of trees and decouples aboveground from belowground carbon fluxes, but little is known about the response of drought-stressed trees to rewetting. This study aims to assess dynamics and patterns of C allocation in beech saplings under dry and rewetted soil conditions. In October 2010, 5-year-old beech saplings from a forest site were transplanted into 20 l pots. In 2011, the saplings were subjected to different levels of soil drought ranging from non-limiting water supply (control) to severe water limitation with soil water potentials of less than -1.5 MPa. As a physiologically relevant measure of drought, the cumulated soil water potential (i.e., drought stress dose (DSD)) was calculated for the growing season. In late August, the saplings were transferred into a climate chamber and pulse-labeled with (13)C-depleted CO2 (δ(13)C of -47‰). Isotopic signatures in leaf and soil respiration were repeatedly measured. Five days after soil rewetting, a second label was applied using 99 atom% (13)CO2. After another 12 days, the fate of assimilated C in each sapling was assessed by calculating the (13)C mass balance. Photosynthesis decreased by 60% in saplings under severe drought. The mean residence time (MRT) of recent assimilates in leaf respiration was more than three times longer than under non-limited conditions and was positively correlated to DSD. Also, the appearance of the label in soil respiration was delayed. Within 5 days after rewetting, photosynthesis, MRT of recent assimilates in leaf respiration and appearance of the label in soil respiration recovered fully. Despite the fast recovery, less label was recovered in the biomass of the previously drought-stressed plants, which also allocated less C to the root compartment (45 vs 64% in the control). We conclude that beech saplings quickly recover from extreme soil drought, although transitional after-effects prevail in C allocation, possibly due to repair-driven respiratory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Zang
- Soil Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Dr-Hans-Frisch-Str. 1-3, D-95448 Bayreuth, Germany
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Dietze MC, Sala A, Carbone MS, Czimczik CI, Mantooth JA, Richardson AD, Vargas R. Nonstructural carbon in woody plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 65:667-87. [PMID: 24274032 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonstructural carbon (NSC) provides the carbon and energy for plant growth and survival. In woody plants, fundamental questions about NSC remain unresolved: Is NSC storage an active or passive process? Do older NSC reserves remain accessible to the plant? How is NSC depletion related to mortality risk? Herein we review conceptual and mathematical models of NSC dynamics, recent observations and experiments at the organismal scale, and advances in plant physiology that have provided a better understanding of the dynamics of woody plant NSC. Plants preferentially use new carbon but can access decade-old carbon when the plant is stressed or physically damaged. In addition to serving as a carbon and energy source, NSC plays important roles in phloem transport, osmoregulation, and cold tolerance, but how plants regulate these competing roles and NSC depletion remains elusive. Moving forward requires greater synthesis of models and data and integration across scales from -omics to ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Dietze
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; ,
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Carbone MS, Czimczik CI, Keenan TF, Murakami PF, Pederson N, Schaberg PG, Xu X, Richardson AD. Age, allocation and availability of nonstructural carbon in mature red maple trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:1145-55. [PMID: 24032647 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The allocation of nonstructural carbon (NSC) to growth, metabolism and storage remains poorly understood, but is critical for the prediction of stress tolerance and mortality. We used the radiocarbon ((14) C) 'bomb spike' as a tracer of substrate and age of carbon in stemwood NSC, CO2 emitted by stems, tree ring cellulose and stump sprouts regenerated following harvesting in mature red maple trees. We addressed the following questions: which factors influence the age of stemwood NSC?; to what extent is stored vs new NSC used for metabolism and growth?; and, is older, stored NSC available for use? The mean age of extracted stemwood NSC was 10 yr. More vigorous trees had both larger and younger stemwood NSC pools. NSC used to support metabolism (stem CO2 ) was 1-2 yr old in spring before leaves emerged, but reflected current-year photosynthetic products in late summer. The tree ring cellulose (14) C age was 0.9 yr older than direct ring counts. Stump sprouts were formed from NSC up to 17 yr old. Thus, younger NSC is preferentially used for growth and day-to-day metabolic demands. More recently stored NSC contributes to annual ring growth and metabolism in the dormant season, yet decade-old and older NSC is accessible for regrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah S Carbone
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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46
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Gruber A, Pirkebner D, Oberhuber W. Seasonal dynamics of mobile carbohydrate pools in phloem and xylem of two alpine timberline conifers. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:1076-83. [PMID: 24186941 PMCID: PMC4816195 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) reserves in trees focused on xylem NSC reserves, while still little is known about changes in phloem carbohydrate pools, where NSC charging might be significantly different. To gain insight on NSC dynamics in xylem and phloem, we monitored NSC concentrations in stems and roots of Pinus cembra (L.) and Larix decidua (Mill.) growing at the alpine timberline throughout 2011. Species-specific differences affected tree phenology and carbon allocation during the course of the year. After a delayed start in spring, NSC concentrations in L. decidua were significantly higher in all sampled tissues from August until the end of growing season. In both species, NSC concentrations were five to seven times higher in phloem than that in xylem. However, significant correlations between xylem and phloem starch content found for both species indicate a close linkage between long-term carbon reserves in both tissues. In L. decidua also, free sugar concentrations in xylem and phloem were significantly correlated throughout the year, while a lack of correlation between xylem and phloem free sugar pools in P. cembra indicate a decline of phloem soluble carbohydrate pools during periods of high sink demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gruber
- Institute of Botany, University Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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47
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Lynch DJ, Matamala R, Iversen CM, Norby RJ, Gonzalez-Meler MA. Stored carbon partly fuels fine-root respiration but is not used for production of new fine roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:420-430. [PMID: 23646982 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The relative use of new photosynthate compared to stored carbon (C) for the production and maintenance of fine roots, and the rate of C turnover in heterogeneous fine-root populations, are poorly understood. We followed the relaxation of a (13)C tracer in fine roots in a Liquidambar styraciflua plantation at the conclusion of a free-air CO(2) enrichment experiment. Goals included quantifying the relative fractions of new photosynthate vs stored C used in root growth and root respiration, as well as the turnover rate of fine-root C fixed during [CO(2)] fumigation. New fine-root growth was largely from recent photosynthate, while nearly one-quarter of respired C was from a storage pool. Changes in the isotopic composition of the fine-root population over two full growing seasons indicated heterogeneous C pools; < 10% of root C had a residence time < 3 months, while a majority of root C had a residence time > 2 yr. Compared to a one-pool model, a two-pool model for C turnover in fine roots (with 5 and 0.37 yr(-1) turnover times) doubles the fine-root contribution to forest NPP (9-13%) and supports the 50% root-to-soil transfer rate often used in models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Lynch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Roser Matamala
- Argonne National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Richard J Norby
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Miquel A Gonzalez-Meler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
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Muhr J, Angert A, Negrón-Juárez RI, Muñoz WA, Kraemer G, Chambers JQ, Trumbore SE. Carbon dioxide emitted from live stems of tropical trees is several years old. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:743-52. [PMID: 23893086 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Storage carbon (C) pools are often assumed to contribute to respiration and growth when assimilation is insufficient to meet the current C demand. However, little is known of the age of stored C and the degree to which it supports respiration in general. We used bomb radiocarbon ((14)C) measurements to determine the mean age of carbon in CO2 emitted from and within stems of three tropical tree species in Peru. Carbon pools fixed >1 year previously contributed to stem CO2 efflux in all trees investigated, in both dry and wet seasons. The average age, i.e., the time elapsed since original fixation of CO2 from the atmosphere by the plant to its loss from the stem, ranged from 0 to 6 years. The average age of CO2 sampled 5-cm deep within the stems ranged from 2 to 6 years for two of the three species, while CO2 in the stem of the third tree species was fixed from 14 to >20 years previously. Given the consistency of (14)C values observed for individuals within each species, it is unlikely that decomposition is the source of the older CO2. Our results are in accordance with other studies that have demonstrated the contribution of storage reserves to the construction of stem wood and root respiration in temperate and boreal forests. We postulate the high (14)C values observed in stem CO2 efflux and stem-internal CO2 result from respiration of storage C pools within the tree. The observed age differences between emitted and stem-internal CO2 indicate an age gradient for sources of CO2 within the tree: CO2 produced in the outer region of the stem is younger, originating from more recent assimilates, whereas the CO2 found deeper within the stem is older, fueled by several-year-old C pools. The CO2 emitted at the stem-atmosphere interface represents a mixture of young and old CO2. These observations were independent of season, even during a time of severe regional drought. Therefore, we postulate that the use of storage C for respiration occurs on a regular basis challenging the assumption that storage pools serve as substrates for respiration only during times of limited assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Muhr
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena 07745, Germany.
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49
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Richardson AD, Carbone MS, Keenan TF, Czimczik CI, Hollinger DY, Murakami P, Schaberg PG, Xu X. Seasonal dynamics and age of stemwood nonstructural carbohydrates in temperate forest trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013. [PMID: 23190200 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonstructural carbohydrate reserves support tree metabolism and growth when current photosynthates are insufficient, offering resilience in times of stress. We monitored stemwood nonstructural carbohydrate (starch and sugars) concentrations of the dominant tree species at three sites in the northeastern United States. We estimated the mean age of the starch and sugars in a subset of trees using the radiocarbon ((14) C) bomb spike. With these data, we then tested different carbon (C) allocation schemes in a process-based model of forest C cycling. We found that the nonstructural carbohydrates are both highly dynamic and about a decade old. Seasonal dynamics in starch (two to four times higher in the growing season, lower in the dormant season) mirrored those of sugars. Radiocarbon-based estimates indicated that the mean age of the starch and sugars in red maple (Acer rubrum) was 7-14 yr. A two-pool (fast and slow cycling reserves) model structure gave reasonable estimates of the size and mean residence time of the total NSC pool, and greatly improved model predictions of interannual variability in woody biomass increment, compared with zero- or one-pool structures used in the majority of existing models. This highlights the importance of nonstructural carbohydrates in the context of forest ecosystem carbon cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Richardson
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Mariah S Carbone
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - Trevor F Keenan
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Claudia I Czimczik
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - David Y Hollinger
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Paula Murakami
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Burlington, VT, 05403, USA
| | - Paul G Schaberg
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Burlington, VT, 05403, USA
| | - Xiaomei Xu
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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50
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Suseela V, Dukes JS. The responses of soil and rhizosphere respiration to simulated climatic changes vary by season. Ecology 2013; 94:403-13. [DOI: 10.1890/12-0150.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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