1
|
Miguel S, Ruiz-Benito P, Rebollo P, Viana-Soto A, Mihai MC, García-Martín A, Tanase M. Forest disturbance regimes and trends in continental Spain (1985-2023) using dense landsat time series. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 262:119802. [PMID: 39147188 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Forest disturbance regimes across biomes are being altered by interactive effects of global change. Establishing baselines for assessing change requires detailed quantitative data on past disturbance events, but such data are scarce and difficult to obtain over large spatial and temporal scales. The integration of remote sensing with dense time series analysis and cloud computing platforms is enhancing the ability to monitor historical disturbances, and especially non-stand replacing events along climatic gradients. Since the integration of such tools is still scarce in Mediterranean regions, here, we combine dense Landsat time series and the Continuous Change Detection and Classification - Spectral Mixture Analysis (CCDC-SMA) method to monitor forest disturbance in continental Spain from 1985 to 2023. We adapted the CCDC-SMA method for improved disturbance detection creating new spectral libraries representative of the study region, and quantified the year, month, severity, return interval, and type of disturbance (stand replacing, non-stand replacing) at a 30 m resolution. In addition, we characterised forest disturbance regimes and trends (patch size and severity, and frequency of events) of events larger than 0.5 ha at the national scale by biome (Mediterranean and temperate) and forest type (broadleaf, needleleaf and mixed). We quantified more than 2.9 million patches of disturbed forest, covering 4.6 Mha over the region and period studied. Forest disturbances were on average larger but less severe in the Mediterranean than in the temperate biome, and significantly larger and more severe in needleleaf than in mixed and broadleaf forests. Since the late 1980s, forest disturbances have decreased in size and severity while increasing in frequency across all biomes and forest types. These results have important implications as they confirm that disturbance regimes in continental Spain are changing and should therefore be considered in forest strategic planning for policy development and implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Miguel
- Environmental Remote Sensing Research Group, Department of Geography and Geology, Universidad de Alcalá, Colegios 2, Alcalá de Henares, 28801, Spain.
| | - P Ruiz-Benito
- Environmental Remote Sensing Research Group, Department of Geography and Geology, Universidad de Alcalá, Colegios 2, Alcalá de Henares, 28801, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Grupo de Ecología y Restauración Forestal (FORECO), Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Rebollo
- Universidad de Alcalá, Grupo de Ecología y Restauración Forestal (FORECO), Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/ José Antonio Novais 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Viana-Soto
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Earth Observation for Ecosystem Management, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - M C Mihai
- Environmental Remote Sensing Research Group, Department of Geography and Geology, Universidad de Alcalá, Colegios 2, Alcalá de Henares, 28801, Spain
| | - A García-Martín
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa de Zaragoza, Academia General Militar, Ctra. de Huesca s/n, 50090, Zaragoza, Spain; Geoforest-IUCA, Department of Geography and Land Management, University of 6 Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Tanase
- Environmental Remote Sensing Research Group, Department of Geography and Geology, Universidad de Alcalá, Colegios 2, Alcalá de Henares, 28801, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang X, Qin H, Kan Z, Liu D, Wang B, Fan S, Jiang P. Growth and non-structural carbohydrates response patterns of Eucommia ulmoides under salt and drought stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1436152. [PMID: 39091320 PMCID: PMC11291362 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1436152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Salinity and droughts are severe abiotic stress factors that limit plant growth and development. However, the differences and similarities of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) responses patterns of trees under the two stress conditions remain unclear. Methods We determined and compared the growth, physiology, and NSCs response patterns and tested the relationships between growth and NSCs concentrations (or pool size) of Eucommia ulmoides seedlings planted in field under drought and salt stress with different intensities and durations. Results and discussion We found that drought and salt stress can inhibit the growth of E. ulmoides, and E. ulmoides tended to enhance its stress resistance by increasing proline concentration and leaf thickness or density but decreasing investment in belowground biomass in short-term stress. During short-term drought and salt stress, the aboveground organs showed different NSCs response characteristics, while belowground organs showed similar change characteristics: the starch (ST) and NSCs concentrations in the coarse roots decreased, while the ST and soluble sugar (SS) concentrations in the fine roots increased to enhance stress resistance and maintain water absorption function. As salt and drought stress prolonged, the belowground organs represented different NSCs response patterns: the concentrations of ST and SS in fine roots decreased as salt stress prolonged; while ST in fine roots could still be converted into SS to maintain water absorption as drought prolonged, resulting in an increase of SS and a decrease of ST. Significant positive relationships were found between growth and the SS and total NSCs concentrations in leaves and branches, however, no significant correlations were found between growth and below-ground organs. Moreover, relationships between growth and NSCs pool size across organs could be contrast. Conclusion Our results provide important insights into the mechanisms of carbon balance and carbon starvation and the relationship between tree growth and carbon storage under stress, which were of great significance in guiding for the management of artificial forest ecosystem under the context of global change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Zhang
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying, China
| | - Hao Qin
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
| | - Zhenchao Kan
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Center of Forest and Grass Germplasm Resources, Ji’nan, China
| | - Bingxin Wang
- Dalin Eucommia planting company of Gaomi County, Weifang, China
| | - Shoujin Fan
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying, China
| | - Peipei Jiang
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
- Dongying Key Laboratory of Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Application of Halophytes, Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu LL, Liu H, Wang J, Zhao KP, Miao Y, Li HC, Hao GY, Han SJ. Seasonal patterns of nonstructural carbohydrate storage and mobilization in two tree species with distinct life-history traits. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae042. [PMID: 38602710 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) are essential for tree growth and adaptation, yet our understanding of the seasonal storage and mobilization dynamics of whole-tree NSC is still limited, especially when tree functional types are involved. Here, Quercus acutissima Carruth. and Pinus massoniana Lamb, with distinct life-history traits (i.e. a deciduous broadleaf species vs an evergreen coniferous species), were studied to assess the size and seasonal fluctuations of organ and whole-tree NSC pools with a focus on comparing differences in carbon resource mobilization patterns between the two species. We sampled the organs (leaf, branch, stem and root) of the target trees repeatedly over four seasons of the year. Then, NSC concentrations in each organ were paired with biomass estimates from the allometric model to generate whole-tree NSC pools. The seasonal dynamics of the whole-tree NSC of Q. acutissima and P. massoniana reached the peak in autumn and summer, respectively. The starch pools of the two species were supplemented in the growing season while the soluble sugar pools were the largest in the dormant season. Seasonal dynamics of organ-level NSC concentrations and pools were affected by organ type and tree species, with above-ground organs generally increasing during the growing season and P. massoniana roots decreasing during the growing season. In addition, the whole-tree NSC pools of P. massoniana were larger but Q. acutissima showed larger seasonal fluctuations, indicating that larger storage was not associated with more pronounced seasonal fluctuations. We also found that the branch and root were the most dynamic organs of Q. acutissima and P. massoniana, respectively, and were the major suppliers of NSC to support tree growth activities. These results provide fundamental insights into the dynamics and mobilization patterns of NSC at the whole-tree level, and have important implications for investigating environmental adaptions of different tree functional types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long-Long Lu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Hao Liu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Jing Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Kun-Peng Zhao
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Yuan Miao
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Hai-Chang Li
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Guang-You Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Shi-Jie Han
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou X, Ouyang S, Saurer M, Feng M, Bose AK, Duan H, Tie L, Shen W, Gessler A. Species-specific responses of C and N allocation to N addition: evidence from dual 13C and 15N labeling in three tree species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172164. [PMID: 38580112 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Soil nitrogen (N) availability affects plant carbon (C) utilization. However, it is unclear how various tree functional types respond to N addition in terms of C assimilation, allocation, and storage. Here, a microcosm experiment with dual 13C and 15N labeling was conducted to study the effects of N addition (i.e., control, 0 g N kg-1; moderate N addition, 1.68 g N kg-1; and high N addition, 3.36 g N kg-1 soil) on morphological traits, on changes in nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) in different organs, as well as on C and N uptake and allocation in three European temperate forest tree species (i.e., Acer pseudoplatanus, Picea abies and Abies alba). Our results demonstrated that root N uptake rates of the three tree species increased by N addition. In A. pseudoplatanus, N uptake by roots, N allocation to aboveground organs, and aboveground biomass allocation significantly improved by moderate and high N addition. In A. alba, only the high N addition treatment considerably raised aboveground N and C allocation. In contrast, biomass as well as C and N allocation between above and belowground tissues were not altered by N addition in P. abies. Meanwhile, NSC content as well as C and N coupling (represented by the ratio of relative 13C and 15N allocation rates in organs) were affected by N addition in A. pseudoplantanus and P. abies but not in A. alba. Overall, A. pseudoplatanus displayed the highest sensitivity to N addition and the highest N requirement among the three species, while P. abies had a lower N demand than A. alba. Our findings highlight that the responses of C and N allocation to soil N availability are species-specific and vary with the amount of N addition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Zhou
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shengnan Ouyang
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Mei Feng
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Arun K Bose
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland; Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Honglang Duan
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Liehua Tie
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Weijun Shen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland; Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8902, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ouyang S, Tie L, Saurer M, Bose AK, Duan H, Li M, Xu X, Shen W, Gessler A. Divergent role of nutrient availability in determining drought responses of sessile oak and Scots pine seedlings: evidence from 13C and 15N dual labeling. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad105. [PMID: 37672222 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased soil nutrient availability can promote tree growth while drought impairs metabolic functioning and induces tree mortality. However, limited information is available about the role of nutrients in the drought responses of trees. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings, which were subjected to three fertilization treatments in the first year and two water regimes in the second year. Old and newly fixed carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) allocation were traced by dual labeling with 13C and 15N tracers, respectively, at two time points. Leaf gas exchange, biomass, as well as N and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations of all organs were measured. Fertilization predisposed sessile oak to drought-induced mortality, mainly by prioritizing aboveground growth, C and N allocation, reducing root NSC concentrations and decreasing old C contribution to new growth of leaves. In contrast, fertilization did not additionally predispose Scots pine to drought, with minor effects of fertilization and drought on newly fixed and old C allocation, tissues N and NSC concentrations. The role of nutrients for drought responses of trees seems to be species-specific. Therefore, we suggest nutrient availability and species identity to be considered in the framework of physiological mechanisms affecting drought-induced mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Ouyang
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Forest Dynamics, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Liehua Tie
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Forest Dynamics, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Arun K Bose
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Forest Dynamics, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
- Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Honglang Duan
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Maihe Li
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Forest Dynamics, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- School of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xingliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weijun Shen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Forest Dynamics, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8902, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shestakova TA, Sin E, Gordo J, Voltas J. Tree-ring isotopic imprints on time series of reproductive effort indicate warming-induced co-limitation by sink and source processes in stone pine. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad147. [PMID: 38079520 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that tree growth processes, including reproduction, can be either sink- or source-limited, or simultaneously co-limited by sink and source, depending on the interplay between internal and environmental factors. We tested the hypothesis that the relative strengths of photosynthate supply and demand by stem growth and reproduction create variable competition for substrate that is imprinted in the tree-ring isotopes (C and O) of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.), a masting gymnosperm with large costs of reproduction, under warming-induced drought. Across five representative stands of the Spanish Northern Plateau, we also identified reproductive phases where weather drivers of cone yield (CY) have varied over a 60-year period (1960-2016). We found that these drivers gradually shifted from winter-spring conditions 3 years before seed rain (cone setting) to a combination of 3- and 1-year lagged effects (kernel filling). Additionally, we observed positive regional associations between carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) of the year of kernel filling and CY arising at the turn of this century, which progressively offset similarly positive relationships between Δ13C of the year of cone setting and CY found during the first half of the study period. Altogether, these results pinpoint the increasing dependence of reproduction on fresh assimilates and suggest sink and source co-limitation superseding the sink-limited functioning of reproduction dominant before 2000. Under climate warming, it could be expected that drier conditions reinforce the role of source limitation on reproduction and, hence, on regeneration, forest structure and economic profit of the nutlike seeds of the species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Shestakova
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, Catalonia E-25198, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC-AGROTECNIO-CERCA, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, Catalonia E-25198, Spain
| | - Ester Sin
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, Catalonia E-25198, Spain
| | - Javier Gordo
- Servicio Territorial de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Castilla y León, Duque de la Victoria 5, Valladolid, Castile and León E-47071, Spain
| | - Jordi Voltas
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, Catalonia E-25198, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC-AGROTECNIO-CERCA, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, Catalonia E-25198, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Thompson RA. A neutral theory of plant carbon allocation. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad151. [PMID: 38102767 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
How plants use the carbon they gain from photosynthesis remains a key area of study among plant ecologists. Although numerous theories have been presented throughout the years, the field lacks a clear null model. To fill this gap, I have developed the first null model, or neutral theory, of plant carbon allocation using probability theory, plant biochemistry and graph theory at the level of a leaf. Neutral theories have been used to establish a null hypothesis in molecular evolution and community assembly to describe how much of an ecological phenomenon can be described by chance alone. Here, the aim of a neutral theory of plant carbon allocation is to ask: how is carbon partitioned between sinks if one assumes plants do not prioritize certain sinks over others? Using the biochemical network of plant carbon metabolism, I show that, if allocation was strictly random, carbon is more likely to be allocated to storage, defense, respiration and finally growth. This 'neutral hierarchy' suggests that a sink's biochemical distance from photosynthesis plays an important role in carbon allocation patterns, highlighting the potentially adaptive role of this biochemical network for plant survival in variable environments. A brief simulation underscores that our ability to measure the carbon allocation from photosynthesis to a given sink is unreliable due to simple probabilistic rules. While neutral theory may not explain all patterns of carbon allocation, its utility is in the minimal assumptions and role as a null model against which future data should be tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Alex Thompson
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hupperts SF, Islam KS, Gundale MJ, Kardol P, Sundqvist MK. Warming influences carbon and nitrogen assimilation between a widespread Ericaceous shrub and root-associated fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1062-1073. [PMID: 37950517 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
High-latitude ecosystems are warming faster than other biomes and are often dominated by a ground layer of Ericaceous shrubs, which can respond positively to warming. The carbon-for-nitrogen (C-for-N) exchange between Ericaceous shrubs and root-associated fungi may underlie shrub responses to warming, but has been understudied. In a glasshouse setting, we examined the effects of warming on the C-for-N exchange between the Ericaceous shrub Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum and its root-associated fungi. We applied different 13 C and 15 N isotope labels, including a simple organic N form (glycine) and a complex organic N form (moss litter) and quantified their assimilation into soil, plant biomass, and root fungal biomass pools. We found that warming lowered the amount of 13 C partitioned to root-associated fungi per unit of glycine 15 N assimilated by E. nigrum, but only in the short term. By contrast, warming increased the amount of 13 C partitioned to root-associated fungi per unit of moss 15 N assimilated by E. nigrum. Our study suggests that climate warming affects the short-term exchange of C and N between a widespread Ericaceous shrub and root-associated fungi. Furthermore, while most isotope tracing studies use labile N sources, we demonstrate that a ubiquitous recalcitrant N source may produce contrasting results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Hupperts
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Kazi Samiul Islam
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Maja K Sundqvist
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hart AT, Landhäusser SM, Wiley E. Tracing carbon and nitrogen reserve remobilization during spring leaf flush and growth following defoliation. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024:tpae015. [PMID: 38281259 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Woody plants rely on the remobilization of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) reserves to support growth and survival when resource demand exceeds supply at seasonally predictable times like spring leaf flush and following unpredictable disturbances like defoliation. However, we have a poor understanding of how reserves are regulated and whether distance between source and sink tissues affects remobilization. This leads to uncertainty about which reserves-and how much-are available to support plant functions like leaf growth. To better understand the source of remobilized reserves and constraints on their allocation, we created aspen saplings with organ-specific labeled reserves by using stable isotopes (13C,15N) and grafting unlabeled or labeled stems to labeled or unlabeled root stocks. We first determined which organs had imported root or stem-derived C and N reserves after spring leaf flush. We then further tested spatial and temporal variation in reserve remobilization and import by comparing 1) upper and lower canopy leaves, 2) early and late leaves, and 3) early flush and re-flush leaves after defoliation. During spring flush, remobilized root C and N reserves were preferentially allocated to sinks closer to the reserve source (i.e., lower vs upper canopy leaves). However, the reduced import of 13C in late versus early leaves indicates reliance on C reserves declined over time. Following defoliation, re-flush leaves imported the same proportion of root N as spring flush leaves, but they imported a lower proportion of root C. This lower import of reserve C suggests that, after defoliation, leaf re-flush rely more heavily on current photosynthate, which may explain the reduced leaf mass recovery of re-flush canopies (31% of initial leaf mass). The reduced reliance on reserves occurred even though roots retained significant starch concentrations (~5% dry wt), suggesting aspen prioritizes the maintenance of root reserves at the expense of fast canopy recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley T Hart
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simon M Landhäusser
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Erin Wiley
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, Arkansas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang Y, Wang S, Zhao C, Jiang X, Gao D. Responses of non-structural carbohydrates and biomass in plant to heavy metal treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 909:168559. [PMID: 37979880 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of heavy metals profoundly impacts plant metabolic processes and various physiological indicators, such as non-structural carbohydrates (NSC). However, a comprehensive understanding of how NSC in plants respond to heavy metal treatment and how different experimental setting and plant types affect the response of plant NSC is still lacking. Here, we compiled data of 2084 observations of NSC from 85 published studies and conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the responses of soluble sugars, starch, the ratio of soluble sugar to starch, and total non-structural carbohydrates (TNSC) to heavy metal treatment. Our results showed that, under heavy metal treatment, foliar soluble sugars, foliar TNSC, and the ratio of soluble sugars to starch in both foliage and root increased significantly by 21.6 %, 11.6 %, 55.9 %, and 65.1 %, respectively; and foliar starch, root starch, and root TNSC decreased significantly by 10 %, 23.3 %, and 11 %, respectively; while root soluble sugars remained unchanged. The treatment of heavy metals significantly diminished the biomass of foliage, above-ground, and root by 12.3 %, 29.5 %, and 34.3 %, respectively. The responses of foliar NSC to heavy metal treatment were strongly dependent on leaf habit, the duration and concentration of heavy metal treatment, and soil pH value. The magnitude of the response of NSC to heavy metals increased with the duration and concentration of heavy metal treatment. Furthermore, the types of heavy metals modulated the magnitude of the response of foliar NSC to heavy metal treatment. Overall, our findings provide valuable insights into the responses of plant NSC to heavy metal stress and contribute to a comprehensive understanding of this crucial aspect of plant physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security of Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security of Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangyu Jiang
- Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Decai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security of Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
He R, Shi H, Hu M, Zhou Q, Zhang Q, Dang H. Divergent effects of warming on nonstructural carbohydrates in woody plants: a meta-analysis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14117. [PMID: 38148215 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC, including soluble sugars and starch) are essential for supporting growth and survival of woody plants, and play multifunctional roles in various ecophysiological processes that are being rapidly changed by climate warming. However, it still remains unclear whether there is a consistent response pattern of NSC dynamics in woody plants to climate warming across organ types and species taxa. Here, based on a compiled database of 52 woody plant species worldwide, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the effects of experimental warming on NSC dynamics. Our results indicated that the responses of NSC dynamics to warming were primarily driven by the fluctuations of starch, while soluble sugars did not undergo significant changes. The effects of warming on NSC shifted from negative to positive with the extension of warming duration, while the negative warming effects on NSC became more pronounced as warming magnitude increased. Overall, our study showed the divergent responses of NSC and its components in different organs of woody plants to experimental warming, suggesting a potentially changed carbon (C) balance in woody plants in future global warming. Thus, our findings highlight that predicting future changes in plant functions and terrestrial C cycle requires a mechanism understanding of how NSC is linked to a specific global change driver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui He
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Man Hu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Quanfa Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Haishan Dang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zi L, Reynaert S, Nijs I, De Boeck H, Verbruggen E, Beemster GTS, Asard H, AbdElgawad H. Biochemical composition changes can be linked to the tolerance of four grassland species under more persistent precipitation regimes. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14083. [PMID: 38148201 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Climate models suggest that the persistence of summer precipitation regimes (PRs) is on the rise, characterized by both longer dry and longer wet durations. These PR changes may alter plant biochemical composition and thereby their economic and ecological characteristics. However, impacts of PR persistence have primarily been studied at the community level, largely ignoring the biochemistry of individual species. Here, we analyzed biochemical components of four grassland species with varying sensitivity to PR persistence (Holcus lanatus, Phleum pratense, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Plantago lanceolata) along a range of increasingly persistent PRs (longer consecutive dry and wet periods) in a mesocosm experiment. The more persistent PRs decreased nonstructural sugars, whereas they increased lignin in all species, possibly reducing plant quality. The most sensitive species Lychnis seemed less capable of altering its biochemical composition in response to altered PRs, which may partly explain its higher sensitivity. The more tolerant species may have a more robust and dynamic biochemical network, which buffers the effects of changes in individual biochemical components on biomass. We conclude that the biochemical composition changes are important determinants for plant performance under increasingly persistent precipitation regimes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zi
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Simon Reynaert
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ivan Nijs
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Hans De Boeck
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Erik Verbruggen
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Han Asard
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chang CY, Unda F, Mansfield SD, Ensminger I. Rapid response of nonstructural carbohydrate allocation and photosynthesis to short photoperiod, low temperature, or elevated CO 2 in Pinus strobus. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14095. [PMID: 38148184 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
During autumn, decreasing photoperiod and temperature temporarily perturb the balance between carbon uptake and carbon demand in overwintering plants, requiring coordinated adjustments in photosynthesis and carbon allocation to re-establish homeostasis. Here we examined adjustments of photosynthesis and allocation of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) following a sudden shift to short photoperiod, low temperature, and/or elevated CO2 in Pinus strobus seedlings. Seedlings were initially acclimated to 14 h photoperiod (22/15°C day/night) and ambient CO2 (400 ppm) or elevated CO2 (800 ppm). Seedlings were then shifted to 8 h photoperiod for one of three treatments: no temperature change at ambient CO2 (22/15°C, 400 ppm), low temperature at ambient CO2 (12/5°C, 400 ppm), or no temperature change at elevated CO2 (22/15°C, 800 ppm). Short photoperiod caused all seedlings to exhibit partial nighttime depletion of starch. Short photoperiod alone did not affect photosynthesis. Short photoperiod combined with low temperature caused hexose accumulation and repression of photosynthesis within 24 h, followed by a transient increase in nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Under long photoperiod, plants grown under elevated CO2 exhibited significantly higher NSCs and photosynthesis compared to ambient CO2 plants, but carbon uptake exceeded sink capacity, leading to elevated NPQ; carbon sink capacity was restored and NPQ relaxed within 24 h after shift to short photoperiod. Our findings indicate that P. strobus rapidly adjusts NSC allocation, not photosynthesis, to accommodate short photoperiod. However, the combination of short photoperiod and low temperature, or long photoperiod and elevated CO2 disrupts the balance between photosynthesis and carbon sink capacity, resulting in increased NPQ to alleviate excess energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Y Chang
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Graduate Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Faride Unda
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ingo Ensminger
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Graduate Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Graduate Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Su H, Zheng W, Li M, Wang C, Fu G, Le R, Sun G. Effects of benthic fish and light regimes on water quality and the growth of Vallisneria natans with two sediment types. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27587-w. [PMID: 37191748 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27587-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In shal low eutrophic lakes, submersed macrophytes are essential for maintaining a clear water state and they are significantly affected by benthic fish disturbance, light availability, and sediment types. We conducted a mesocosm experiment with benthic fish (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), two light regimes, and submerged macrophyte (Vallisneria natans) growing in two sediment types to investigate the ecological effects of benthic fish and light regimes on water quality and the growth of submersed macrophyte. Our findings indicated that the benthic fish increased the concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total dissolved phosphorus in the overlying water. The effects of benthic fish on ammonia-nitrogen (NH4+-N) and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) contents were related to light regimes. Fish disturbance indirectly promoted the growth of macrophytes growing in sand by increasing NH4+-N content in overlying water. However, the increasing Chl-a content stimulated by fish disturbance and high light regime reduced the growth of submersed macrophytes growing in clay due to shading. Macrophytes with different sediments had different strategies coping with light. Plants growing in sand responded to low light mainly by adjusting the leaf and root biomass allocation, whereas plants growing in clay responded to low light by physiologically adjusting the soluble carbohydrate content. The findings of this study might help restore lake vegetation to some degree, and using nutrient-poor sediment might be an appropriate method to avoid the detrimental effects of fish-mediated disturbances on the growth of submerged macrophytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Su
- School of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming, 365004, Fujian, China.
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- School of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming, 365004, Fujian, China
| | - Mingfan Li
- School of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming, 365004, Fujian, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming, 365004, Fujian, China
| | - Guanbao Fu
- School of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming, 365004, Fujian, China
| | - Ruijie Le
- School of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming, 365004, Fujian, China
| | - Gang Sun
- School of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming, 365004, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Punyasu N, Kalapanulak S, Saithong T. CO 2 recycling by phospho enolpyruvate carboxylase enables cassava leaf metabolism to tolerate low water availability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1159247. [PMID: 37229106 PMCID: PMC10204807 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1159247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cassava is a staple crop that acclimatizes well to dry weather and limited water availability. The drought response mechanism of quick stomatal closure observed in cassava has no explicit link to the metabolism connecting its physiological response and yield. Here, a genome-scale metabolic model of cassava photosynthetic leaves (leaf-MeCBM) was constructed to study on the metabolic response to drought and stomatal closure. As demonstrated by leaf-MeCBM, leaf metabolism reinforced the physiological response by increasing the internal CO2 and then maintaining the normal operation of photosynthetic carbon fixation. We found that phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) played a crucial role in the accumulation of the internal CO2 pool when the CO2 uptake rate was limited during stomatal closure. Based on the model simulation, PEPC mechanistically enhanced drought tolerance in cassava by providing sufficient CO2 for carbon fixation by RuBisCO, resulting in high production of sucrose in cassava leaves. The metabolic reprogramming decreased leaf biomass production, which may lead to maintaining intracellular water balance by reducing the overall leaf area. This study indicates the association of metabolic and physiological responses to enhance tolerance, growth, and production of cassava in drought conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nattharat Punyasu
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, and School of Information Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saowalak Kalapanulak
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, and School of Information Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, Thailand
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, Thailand
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Treenut Saithong
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, and School of Information Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, Thailand
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, Thailand
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Thompson RA, Adams HD, Breshears DD, Collins AD, Dickman LT, Grossiord C, Manrique-Alba À, Peltier DM, Ryan MG, Trowbridge AM, McDowell NG. No carbon storage in growth-limited trees in a semi-arid woodland. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1959. [PMID: 37029120 PMCID: PMC10081995 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37577-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant survival depends on a balance between carbon supply and demand. When carbon supply becomes limited, plants buffer demand by using stored carbohydrates (sugar and starch). During drought, NSCs (non-structural carbohydrates) may accumulate if growth stops before photosynthesis. This expectation is pervasive, yet few studies have combined simultaneous measurements of drought, photosynthesis, growth, and carbon storage to test this. Using a field experiment with mature trees in a semi-arid woodland, we show that growth and photosynthesis slow in parallel as [Formula: see text] declines, preventing carbon storage in two species of conifer (J. monosperma and P. edulis). During experimental drought, growth and photosynthesis were frequently co-limited. Our results point to an alternative perspective on how plants use carbon that views growth and photosynthesis as independent processes both regulated by water availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Alexander Thompson
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Henry D Adams
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - David D Breshears
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Adam D Collins
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Earth & Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - L Turin Dickman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Earth & Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Drew M Peltier
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Michael G Ryan
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Amy M Trowbridge
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Lab, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Blumstein M, Gersony J, Martínez-Vilalta J, Sala A. Global variation in nonstructural carbohydrate stores in response to climate. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1854-1869. [PMID: 36583374 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Woody plant species store nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) for many functions. While known to buffer against fluctuations in photosynthetic supply, such as at night, NSC stores are also thought to buffer against environmental extremes, such as drought or freezing temperatures by serving as either back-up energy reserves or osmolytes. However, a clear picture of how NSCs are shaped by climate is still lacking. Here, we update and leverage a unique global database of seasonal NSC storage measurements to examine whether maximum total NSC stores and the amount of soluble sugars are associated with clinal patterns in low temperatures or aridity, indicating they may confer a benefit under freezing or drought conditions. We examine patterns using the average climate at each study site and the unique climatic conditions at the time and place in which the sample was taken. Altogether, our results support the idea that NSC stores act as critical osmolytes. Soluble Sugars increase with both colder and drier conditions in aboveground tissues, indicating they can plastically increase a plants' tolerance of cold or arid conditions. However, maximum total NSCs increased, rather than decreased, with average site temperature and had no relationship to average site aridity. This result suggests that the total amount of NSC a plant stores may be more strongly determined by its capacity to assimilate carbon than by environmental stress. Thus, NSCs are unlikely to serve as reservoir of energy. This study is the most comprehensive synthesis to date of global NSC variation in relation to climate and supports the idea that NSC stores likely serve as buffers against environmental stress. By clarifying their role in cold and drought tolerance, we improve our ability to predict plant response to environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Blumstein
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica Gersony
- Department of Natural Resources, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Long RW, Adams HD. The osmotic balancing act: When sugars matter for more than metabolism in woody plants. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1684-1687. [PMID: 36545769 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sugars and other non-structural carbohydrates are known to serve as currency in plants, to either fuel metabolic activities or as storage for later use. They can also serve non-metabolic purposes of osmoregulation and cryoprotection, especially in perennial woody plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randall W Long
- Biology Department, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Henry D Adams
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Potkay A, Feng X. Do stomata optimize turgor-driven growth? A new framework for integrating stomata response with whole-plant hydraulics and carbon balance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:506-528. [PMID: 36377138 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Every existing optimal stomatal model uses photosynthetic carbon assimilation as a proxy for plant evolutionary fitness. However, assimilation and growth are often decoupled, making assimilation less ideal for representing fitness when optimizing stomatal conductance to water vapor and carbon dioxide. Instead, growth should be considered a closer proxy for fitness. We hypothesize stomata have evolved to maximize turgor-driven growth, instead of assimilation, over entire plants' lifetimes, improving their abilities to compete and reproduce. We develop a stomata model that dynamically maximizes whole-stem growth following principles from turgor-driven growth models. Stomata open to assimilate carbohydrates that supply growth and osmotically generate turgor, while stomata close to prevent losses of turgor and growth due to negative water potentials. In steady state, the growth optimization model captures realistic stomatal, growth, and carbohydrate responses to environmental cues, reconciles conflicting interpretations within existing stomatal optimization theories, and explains patterns of carbohydrate storage and xylem conductance observed during and after drought. Our growth optimization hypothesis introduces a new paradigm for stomatal optimization models, elevates the role of whole-plant carbon use and carbon storage in stomatal functioning, and has the potential to simultaneously predict gross productivity, net productivity, and plant mortality through a single, consistent modeling framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Potkay
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gremer JR. Looking to the past to understand the future: linking evolutionary modes of response with functional and life history traits in variable environments. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:751-757. [PMID: 36349401 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In a variable world, plants must have strategies to deal with environmental conditions as they change. Understanding these strategies is critical since climate change not only affects mean conditions but also affects variability and predictability of those conditions. Doing so requires identifying how functional and life history traits interact throughout the life cycle to drive responses, as well as exploring how past variability will shape future responses. Here, I highlight relevant life history theory for predicting strategies in relation to the nature of environmental variability, relate theory to empirical studies integrating functional and life history traits to understand responses, and identify key areas for future research that will facilitate the application of this understanding toward predicting responses to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Gremer
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Oswald SW, Aubrey DP. Modeling starch dynamics from seasonal variations of photosynthesis, growth, and respiration. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023:tpad007. [PMID: 36708035 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) buffer differences in plant carbon supply (photosynthesis) and demand (respiration, growth, etc.) but the regulation of their dynamics remains unresolved. Seasonal variations in NSCs are well-documented, but differences in the time-average, amplitude, phase, and other characteristics across ecosystems and functional types lack explanation; furthermore, observed dynamics do not always match expectations. The failure to match observed and expected dynamics has stimulated debate on whether carbon supply or demand drives NSC dynamics. To gain insight into how carbon supply and demand drive seasonal NSC dynamics, we derive a simple model of NSC dynamics based on carbon mass balance and linearizing the NSC demand to determine how supply-driven and demand-driven seasonal NSC dynamics differ. We find that supply-driven and demand-driven dynamics yield distinct timings of seasonal extrema, and supply overrides demand when carbon supply is low in winter (e.g., at high latitudes). Our results also suggest that NSC dynamics often lag changes carbon mass balance. We also predict differences in NSC dynamics across mass, suggesting saplings are more dynamics and respond faster to the environment than mature trees. Our findings suggest substrate-dependent regulation with environmental variation is sufficient to generate complex NSC dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Oswald
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Savannah River Site, Jackson, SC, USA
- Warnell School of Forestry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Doug P Aubrey
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Savannah River Site, Jackson, SC, USA
- Warnell School of Forestry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wu H, Zhang J, Rodríguez-Calcerrada J, Salomón RL, Yin D, Zhang P, Shen H. Large investment of stored nitrogen and phosphorus in female cones is consistent with infrequent reproduction events of Pinus koraiensis, a high value woody oil crop in Northeast Asia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1084043. [PMID: 36714788 PMCID: PMC9878279 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1084043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pinus koraiensis is famous for its high-quality timber production all the way and is much more famous for its high value health-care nut oil production potential since 1990's, but the less understanding of its reproduction biology seriously hindered its nut productivity increase. Exploring the effects of reproduction on nutrient uptake, allocation and storage help to understand and modify reproduction patterns in masting species and high nut yield cultivar selection and breeding. Here, we compared seasonality in growth and in nitrogen ([N]) and phosphorus ([P]) concentrations in needles, branches and cones of reproductive (cone-bearing) and vegetative branches (having no cones) of P. koraiensis during a masting year. The growth of one- and two-year-old reproductive branches was significantly higher than that of vegetative branches. Needle, phloem and xylem [N] and [P] were lower in reproductive branches than in vegetative branches, although the extent and significance of the differences between branch types varied across dates. [N] and [P] in most tissues were high in spring, decreased during summer, and then recovered by the end of the growing season. Overall, [N] and [P] were highest in needles, lowest in the xylem and intermediate in the phloem. More than half of the N (73.5%) and P (51.6%) content in reproductive branches were allocated to cones. There was a positive correlation between cone number and N and P content in needles (R2 = 0.64, R2 = 0.73) and twigs (R2 = 0.65, R2 = 0.62) of two-year-old reproductive branches. High nutrient sink strength of cones and vegetative tissues of reproductive branches suggested that customized fertilization practices can help improve crop yield in Pinus koraiensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Department of Natural Systems and Resources, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Technology Research Center of Korean Pine, Harbin, China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Forestry Research Institute of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Calcerrada
- Department of Natural Systems and Resources, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto L. Salomón
- Department of Natural Systems and Resources, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dongsheng Yin
- Forestry Research Institute of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Technology Research Center of Korean Pine, Harbin, China
| | - Hailong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fang X, Lin T, Zhang B, Lai Y, Chen X, Xiao Y, Xie Y, Zhu J, Yang Y, Wang J. Regulating carbon and water balance as a strategy to cope with warming and drought climate in Cunninghamia lanceolata in southern China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1048930. [PMID: 36466246 PMCID: PMC9714357 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1048930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Human activities have increased the possibility of simultaneous warming and drought, which will lead to different carbon (C) allocation and water use strategies in plants. However, there is no conclusive information from previous studies. To explore C and water balance strategies of plants in response to warming and drought, we designed a 4-year experiment that included control (CT), warming (W, with a 5°C increase in temperature), drought (D, with a 50% decrease in precipitation), and warming and drought conditions (WD) to investigate the non-structural carbohydrate (NSC), C and nitrogen (N) stoichiometry, and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) of leaves, roots, and litter of Cunninghamia lanceolata, a major tree species in southern China. We found that W significantly increased NSC and starch in the leaves, and increased NSC and soluble sugar is one of the components of NSC in the roots. D significantly increased leaves' NSC and starch, and increased litter soluble sugar. The NSC of the WD did not change significantly, but the soluble sugar was significantly reduced. The iWUE of leaves increased under D, and surprisingly, W and D significantly increased the iWUE of litter. The iWUE was positively correlated with NSC and soluble sugar. In addition, D significantly increased N at the roots and litter, resulting in a significant decrease in the C/N ratio. The principal component analysis showed that NSC, iWUE, N, and C/N ratio can be used as identifying indicators for C. lanceolata in both warming and drought periods. This study stated that under warming or drought, C. lanceolata would decline in growth to maintain high NSC levels and reduce water loss. Leaves would store starch to improve the resiliency of the aboveground parts, and the roots would increase soluble sugar and N accumulation to conserve water and to help C sequestration in the underground part. At the same time, defoliation was potentially beneficial for maintaining C and water balance. However, when combined with warming and drought, C. lanceolata growth will be limited by C, resulting in decreased NSC. This study provides a new insight into the coping strategies of plants in adapting to warming and drought environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Fang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, China
| | - Tian Lin
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Biyao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongru Lai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xupeng Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yixin Xiao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Xie
- Institute of Economic Forestry, Fujian Academy of Forestry, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinmao Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yusheng Yang
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, China
- State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology of the Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, China
- School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Imada S, Tako Y. Seasonal accumulation of photoassimilated carbon relates to growth rate and use for new aboveground organs of young apple trees in following spring. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2294-2305. [PMID: 35796531 PMCID: PMC9652006 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Deciduous trees accumulate carbon (C) in woody parts during the growth season which is subsequently used for the initial development and growth of newly formed organs in the following season; however, it is unclear which period during the growth season contributes to C accumulation. Three-year-old potted Malus domestica (apple) trees were grown in controlled growth chambers during the growth season and exposed to 13CO2 in an exposure chamber at seven different periods of the growth season, including vegetative and reproductive growth periods. Approximately half of the trees were harvested in late autumn, and the remaining trees were grown in a field in the following year. The 13C accumulation in the different organs in late autumn, and its concentration in the new aboveground growth during the following growth season, was determined. The concentration of the photoassimilated 13C in woody parts (shoots, trunk, rootstock and coarse roots) in the late autumn was higher in the trees labeled during the period of vigorous vegetative growth than in those labeled during other periods of growth. Furthermore, 13C concentration in the leaves, annual shoots, flower buds and flowers in the following early spring was also high in the trees labeled during this period. The concentration of 13C in the flower buds and flowers was positively correlated with that in the woody parts in the late autumn and old shoots in the following spring. Hence, the seasonal accumulation of photoassimilated C in woody parts in late autumn is related to growth rates during the growth season and its use for the initial development of newly formed organs in the following spring. These results suggest that under non-stressed conditions, C accumulated during the period of vigorous vegetative growth largely contributes to the C reserves that are used for the development of new organs in the following year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuhiro Tako
- Department of Radioecology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Miao G, Noormets A, Gavazzi M, Mitra B, Domec JC, Sun G, McNulty S, King JS. Beyond carbon flux partitioning: Carbon allocation and nonstructural carbon dynamics inferred from continuous fluxes. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2655. [PMID: 35567435 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon (C) allocation and nonstructural carbon (NSC) dynamics play essential roles in plant growth and survival under stress and disturbance. However, quantitative understanding of these processes remains limited. Here we propose a framework where we connect commonly measured carbon cycle components (eddy covariance fluxes of canopy CO2 exchange, soil CO2 efflux, and allometry-based biomass and net primary production) by a simple mass balance model to derive ecosystem-level NSC dynamics (NSCi ), C translocation (dCi ), and the biomass production efficiency (BPEi ) in above- and belowground plant (i = agp and bgp) compartments. We applied this framework to two long-term monitored loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations of different ages in North Carolina and characterized the variations of NSC and allocation in years under normal and drought conditions. The results indicated that the young stand did not have net NSC flux at the annual scale, whereas the mature stand stored a near-constant proportion of new assimilates as NSC every year under normal conditions, which was comparable in magnitude to new structural growth. Roots consumed NSC in drought and stored a significant amount of NSC post drought. The above- and belowground dCi and BPEi varied more from year to year in the young stand and approached a relatively stable pattern in the mature stand. The belowground BPEbgp differed the most between the young and mature stands and was most responsive to drought. With the internal C dynamics quantified, this framework may also improve biomass production estimation, which reveals the variations resulting from droughts. Overall, these quantified ecosystem-scale dynamics were consistent with existing evidence from tree-based manipulative experiments and measurements and demonstrated that combining the continuous fluxes as proposed here can provide additional information about plant internal C dynamics. Given that it is based on broadly available flux data, the proposed framework is promising to improve the allocation algorithms in ecosystem C cycle models and offers new insights into observed variability in soil-plant-climate interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Miao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Resources and Environment, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Asko Noormets
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Gavazzi
- Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bhaskar Mitra
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences AGRO, UMR1391 ISPA INRA, Gradignan Cedex, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ge Sun
- Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steve McNulty
- Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - John S King
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Russo SE, Ledder G, Muller EB, Nisbet RM. Dynamic Energy Budget models: fertile ground for understanding resource allocation in plants in a changing world. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac061. [PMID: 36128259 PMCID: PMC9477497 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is having dramatic effects on the diversity and distribution of species. Many of these effects are mediated by how an organism's physiological patterns of resource allocation translate into fitness through effects on growth, survival and reproduction. Empirically, resource allocation is challenging to measure directly and so has often been approached using mathematical models, such as Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) models. The fact that all plants require a very similar set of exogenous resources, namely light, water and nutrients, integrates well with the DEB framework in which a small number of variables and processes linked through pathways represent an organism's state as it changes through time. Most DEB theory has been developed in reference to animals and microorganisms. However, terrestrial vascular plants differ from these organisms in fundamental ways that make resource allocation, and the trade-offs and feedbacks arising from it, particularly fundamental to their life histories, but also challenging to represent using existing DEB theory. Here, we describe key features of the anatomy, morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and ecology of terrestrial vascular plants that should be considered in the development of a generic DEB model for plants. We then describe possible approaches to doing so using existing DEB theory and point out features that may require significant development for DEB theory to accommodate them. We end by presenting a generic DEB model for plants that accounts for many of these key features and describing gaps that would need to be addressed for DEB theory to predict the responses of plants to climate change. DEB models offer a powerful and generalizable framework for modelling resource allocation in terrestrial vascular plants, and our review contributes a framework for expansion and development of DEB theory to address how plants respond to anthropogenic change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina E Russo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, 1104 T Street Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0118, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, N300 Beadle Center, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0660, USA
| | - Glenn Ledder
- Department of Mathematics, University of Nebraska, 203 Avery Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0130, USA
| | - Erik B Muller
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Institut für Biologische Analytik und Consulting IBACON GmbH, Arheilger Weg 17 Roß dorf, Hesse D-64380, Germany
| | - Roger M Nisbet
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cho N, Agossou C, Kim E, Lim JH, Hwang T, Kang S. Recent field findings and modeling on non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs): How to synthesize? ECOL INFORM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
28
|
Piper FI, Moreno‐Meynard P, Fajardo A. Non‐structural carbohydrates predict survival in saplings of temperate trees under carbon stress. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frida I. Piper
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas (ICB), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay 3460000 Talca Chile
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Barrio Universitario S/N Concepción Chile
| | - Paulo Moreno‐Meynard
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Moraleda 16 Coyhaique Chile
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Barrio Universitario S/N Concepción Chile
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinaria (I3), Universidad de Talca Chile
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Enhanced leaf turnover and nitrogen recycling sustain CO 2 fertilization effect on tree-ring growth. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1271-1278. [PMID: 35817826 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01811-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Whether increased photosynthates under elevated atmospheric CO2 could translate into sustained biomass accumulation in forest trees remains uncertain. Here we demonstrate how tree radial growth is closely linked to litterfall dynamics, which enhances nitrogen recycling to support a sustained effect of CO2 fertilization on tree-ring growth. Our ten-year observations in two alpine treeline forests indicated that annual (or seasonal) stem radial increments generally had a positive relationship with the previous year's (or season's) litterfall and its associated nitrogen return and resorption. Annual tree-ring width, annual litterfall and annual nitrogen return and resorption all showed an increasing trend during 2007-2017, and most of the variations were explained by elevated atmospheric CO2 rather than climate change. Similar patterns were found in the longer time series of tree-ring width index from 1986-2017. The regional representativeness of our observed patterns was confirmed by the literature data of six other tree species at 11 treeline sites over the Tibetan Plateau. Enhanced nitrogen recycling through increased litterfall under elevated atmospheric CO2 supports a general increasing trend of tree-ring growth in recent decades, especially in cold and nitrogen-poor environments.
Collapse
|
30
|
Yang Y, Ouyang S, Gessler A, Wang X, Na R, He HS, Wu Z, Li MH. Root Carbon Resources Determine Survival and Growth of Young Trees Under Long Drought in Combination With Fertilization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:929855. [PMID: 35720584 PMCID: PMC9204053 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.929855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Current increases in not only the intensity and frequency but also the duration of drought events could affect the growth, physiology, and mortality of trees. We experimentally studied the effects of drought duration in combination with fertilization on leaf water potential, gas exchange, growth, tissue levels of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), tissue NSC consumption over-winter, and recovery after drought release in oak (Quercus petraea) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) saplings. Long drought duration (>1 month) decreased leaf water potential, photosynthesis, and NSC concentrations in both oak and beech saplings. Nitrogen fertilization did not mitigate the negative drought effects on both species. The photosynthesis and relative height increment recovered in the following rewetting year. Height growth in the rewetting year was significantly positively correlated with both pre- and post-winter root NSC levels. Root carbon reserve is critical for tree growth and survival under long-lasting drought. Our results indicate that beech is more sensitive to drought and fertilization than oak. The present study, in a physiological perspective, experimentally confirmed the view that the European beech, compared to oak, may be more strongly affected by future environmental changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Shengnan Ouyang
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Jiyang College of Zhejiang A and F University, Zhuji, China
| | - Risu Na
- School of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
| | - Hong S. He
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Zhengfang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Mai-He Li
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Impact of Growing Season Precipitation Regime on the Performance of Masson Pine Saplings. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13040627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The growth and physiological effects of either decreased precipitation (e.g., drought) or increased one (e.g., flooding) on trees have been extensively studied. However, less attention has been paid to the questions of whether and how trees respond to changes in precipitation regime with different rainfall amounts. To investigate the effects of water availability on sapling’s growth, tissue levels of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), and nutrients, we carried out a greenhouse experiment with Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) saplings grown in precipitation amounts of 300, 500, and 700 mm (3 levels) in combination with two levels of a watering regime (i.e., regular watering vs. pulsed watering, i.e., frequent low rainfall coupled with fewer instances of heavy rain) for a growing season in subtropical China. Pulsed watering caused higher soil pH (>7.5) but lower soil organic carbon and soil nutrients, and consequently led to smaller plant biomass and height of the saplings than regular watering, especially in the water amount treatment of 300 and 500 mm. Additionally, higher levels of NSCs in plant tissue concentrations were observed under pulsed watering than under regular watering, due to greater carbon consumption for supporting higher growth rate and a dilution effect by bigger plant size and biomass in the latter. Our results indicated that the growing season precipitation amount of 300 mm is sufficient for the drought-tolerant tree species P. massoniana. In such a case, the growing season precipitation regime rather than the precipitation amount will have a much stronger impact on the tree performance.
Collapse
|
32
|
Dominguez PG, Niittylä T. Mobile forms of carbon in trees: metabolism and transport. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:458-487. [PMID: 34542151 PMCID: PMC8919412 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants constitute 80% of the biomass on earth, and almost two-thirds of this biomass is found in wood. Wood formation is a carbon (C)-demanding process and relies on C transport from photosynthetic tissues. Thus, understanding the transport process is of major interest for understanding terrestrial biomass formation. Here, we review the molecules and mechanisms used to transport and allocate C in trees. Sucrose is the major form in which C is transported in plants, and it is found in the phloem sap of all tree species investigated so far. However, in several tree species, sucrose is accompanied by other molecules, notably polyols and the raffinose family of oligosaccharides. We describe the molecules that constitute each of these transport groups, and their distribution across different tree species. Furthermore, we detail the metabolic reactions for their synthesis, the mechanisms by which trees load and unload these compounds in and out of the vascular system, and how they are radially transported in the trunk and finally catabolized during wood formation. We also address a particular C recirculation process between phloem and xylem that occurs in trees during the annual cycle of growth and dormancy. A search of possible evolutionary drivers behind the diversity of C-carrying molecules in trees reveals no consistent differences in C transport mechanisms between angiosperm and gymnosperm trees. Furthermore, the distribution of C forms across species suggests that climate-related environmental factors will not explain the diversity of C transport forms. However, the consideration of C-transport mechanisms in relation to tree-rhizosphere coevolution deserves further attention. To conclude the review, we identify possible future lines of research in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Guadalupe Dominguez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires B1686IGC, Argentina
| | - Totte Niittylä
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90183, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Csilléry K, Buchmann N, Brendel O, Gessler A, Glauser A, Doris Kupferschmid A. Recovery of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) seedlings from ungulate browsing mirrors soil nitrogen availability. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:273-288. [PMID: 34528673 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Abies alba (Mill.) has a high potential for mitigating climate change in European mountain forests; yet, its natural regeneration is severely limited by ungulate browsing. Here, we simulated browsing in a common garden experiment to study growth and physiological traits, measured from bulk needles, using a randomized block design with two levels of browsing severity and seedlings originating from 19 populations across Switzerland. Genetic factors explained most variation in growth (on average, 51.5%) and physiological traits (10.2%) under control conditions, while heavy browsing considerably reduced the genetic effects on growth (to 30%), but doubled those on physiological traits related to carbon storage. While browsing reduced seedling height, it also lowered seedling water-use efficiency (decreased $\delta ^{13}$C) and increased their $\delta ^{15}$N. Different populations reacted differently to browsing stress, and for seedling height, starch concentration and $\delta ^{15}$N, population differences appeared to be the result of natural selection. First, we found that populations originating from the warmest regions recovered the fastest from browsing stress, and they did so by mobilizing starch from their needles, which suggests a genetic underpinning for a growth-storage trade-off across populations. Second, we found that seedlings originating from mountain populations growing on steep slopes had a higher $\delta ^{15}$N in the common garden than those originating from flat areas, indicating that they have been selected to grow on N-poor, potentially drained, soils. This finding was corroborated by the fact that nitrogen concentration in adult needles was lower on steep slopes than on flat ground, strongly indicating that steep slopes are the most N-poor environments. These results suggest that adaptation to climate and soil nitrogen availability, as well as ungulate browsing pressure, co-determine the regeneration and range limit of silver fir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Csilléry
- Land Change Science, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Brendel
- UMR Silva, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Glauser
- Forest Resources and Management, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cai Q, Liu C, Yuan M, Pan L, Yang Q, Zhou L. HLB induce changes in the tree physiology of citron ( Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle). PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:517-531. [PMID: 35400879 PMCID: PMC8943090 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01129-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Huanglongbing (HLB) is a highly destructive disease that decreases the yield and quality of Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle (C. medica var. sarcodactylis) and poses a great threat to the development of the global citrus industry. To explore the influence of HLB infection on C. medica var. sarcodactylis, levels of photosynthetic pigments, malondialdehyde (MDA), and carbohydrates, as well as antioxidant enzyme activities, were measured. The results show that HLB infection decreased photosynthetic pigment content, increased MDA content and antioxidant enzyme activities, and caused various changes in carbohydrate levels in stem, fruit, and leaf tissues. Transcriptomic analysis of C. medica var. sarcodactylis was also used to identify key genes related to the carbohydrate metabolic synthesis pathway in C. medica var. sarcodactylis. The C. medica var. sarcodactylis ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase1 (CmAGP1), CmAGP2, C. medica var. sarcodactylis Granule-bound starch synthase (CmGBSS), C. medica var. sarcodactylis Sucrose synthases1 (CmSUS1), CmSUS2, C. medica var. sarcodactylis Sucrose phosphate synthase (CmSPS), C. medica var. sarcodactylis alkaline/neutral invertase1 (CmNi1), CmNi2, CmNi3 and CmNi4 were successfully cloned and identified, and differential expression analysis showed that HLB infection significantly upregulated these genes in stems and leaves. In conclusion, HLB infection causes cellular damage, a reduction in photosynthetic capacity, decreased pathogen resistance, and severe disorders in carbohydrate metabolism in C. medica var. sarcodactylis. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01129-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qizhong Cai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Provincial Research Center On Good Agricultural Practice and Comprehensive Agricultural Development Engineering Technology of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Comprehensive Experimental Station of Guangzhou, Chinese Material Medica, China Agriculture Research System (CARS-21-16), Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Changzheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Shanting District Healthealth Bureau, Zaozhuang, 277299 China
| | - Liming Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Provincial Research Center On Good Agricultural Practice and Comprehensive Agricultural Development Engineering Technology of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Comprehensive Experimental Station of Guangzhou, Chinese Material Medica, China Agriculture Research System (CARS-21-16), Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Quan Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Provincial Research Center On Good Agricultural Practice and Comprehensive Agricultural Development Engineering Technology of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Comprehensive Experimental Station of Guangzhou, Chinese Material Medica, China Agriculture Research System (CARS-21-16), Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Liangyun Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Provincial Research Center On Good Agricultural Practice and Comprehensive Agricultural Development Engineering Technology of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Comprehensive Experimental Station of Guangzhou, Chinese Material Medica, China Agriculture Research System (CARS-21-16), Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Fermaniuk C, Fleurial KG, Wiley E, Landhäusser SM. Large seasonal fluctuations in whole-tree carbohydrate reserves: is storage more dynamic in boreal ecosystems? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:943-957. [PMID: 34293090 PMCID: PMC8577199 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Carbon reserves are a critical source of energy and substrates that allow trees to cope with periods of minimal carbon gain and/or high carbon demands, conditions which are prevalent in high-latitude forests. However, we have a poor understanding of carbon reserve dynamics at the whole-tree level in mature boreal trees. We therefore sought to quantify the seasonal changes in whole-tree and organ-level carbon reserve pools in mature boreal Betula papyrifera. METHODS Non-structural carbohydrate (NSC; soluble sugars and starch) tissue concentrations were measured at key phenological stages throughout a calendar year in the roots, stem (inner bark and xylem), branches and leaves, and scaled up to estimate changes in organ and whole-tree NSC pool sizes. Fine root and stem growth were also measured to compare the timing of growth processes with changes in NSC pools. KEY RESULTS The whole-tree NSC pool increased from its spring minimum to its maximum at bud set, producing an average seasonal fluctuation of 0.96 kg per tree. This fluctuation represents a 72 % change in the whole-tree NSC pool, which greatly exceeds the relative change reported for more temperate conspecifics. At the organ level, branches accounted for roughly 48-60 % of the whole-tree NSC pool throughout the year, and their seasonal fluctuation was four to eight times greater than that observed in the stemwood, coarse roots and inner bark. CONCLUSIONS Branches in boreal B. papyrifera were the largest and most dynamic storage pool, suggesting that storage changes at the branch level largely drive whole-tree storage dynamics in these trees. The greater whole-tree seasonal NSC fluctuation in boreal vs. temperate B. papyrifera may result from (1) higher soluble sugar concentration requirements in branches for frost protection, and/or (2) a larger reliance on reserves to fuel new leaf and shoot growth in the spring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Fermaniuk
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - K G Fleurial
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - E Wiley
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, USA
| | - S M Landhäusser
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nantongo JS, Potts BM, Davies NW, Aurik D, Elms S, Fitzgerald H, O'Reilly-Wapstra JM. Chemical Traits that Predict Susceptibility of Pinus radiata to Marsupial Bark Stripping. J Chem Ecol 2021; 48:51-70. [PMID: 34611747 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bark stripping by mammals is a major problem in managed conifer forests worldwide. In Australia, bark stripping in the exotic plantations of Pinus radiata is mainly caused by native marsupials and results in reduced survival, growth, and in extreme cases death of trees. Herbivory is influenced by a balance between primary metabolites that are sources of nutrition and secondary metabolites that act as defences. Identifying the compounds that influence herbivory may be a useful tool in the management of forest systems. This study aimed to detect and identify both constitutive and induced compounds that are associated with genetic differences in susceptibility of two-year-old P. radiata trees to bark stripping by marsupials. An untargeted profiling of 83 primary and secondary compounds of the needles and bark samples from 21 susceptible and 21 resistant families was undertaken. These were among the most and least damaged families, respectively, screened in a trial of 74 families that were exposed to natural field bark stripping by marsupials. Experimental plants were in the same field trial but protected from bark stripping and a subset were subjected to artificial bark stripping to examine induced and constitutive chemistry differences between resistant and susceptible families. Machine learning (random forest), partial least squares plus discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and principal components analysis with discriminant analysis (PCA-DA), as well as univariate methods were used to identify the most important totals by compound group and individual compounds differentiating the resistant and susceptible families. In the bark, the constitutive amount of two sesquiterpenoids - bicyclogermacrene and an unknown sesquiterpenoid alcohol -were shown to be of higher levels in the resistant families, whereas the constitutive sugars, fructose, and glucose, as well individual phenolics, were higher in the more susceptible families. The chemistry of the needles was not useful in differentiating the resistant and susceptible families to marsupial bark stripping. After artificial bark stripping, the terpenes, sugars, and phenolics responded in both the resistant and susceptible families by increasing or reducing amounts, which leveled the differences in the amounts of the compounds between the different resistant and susceptible classes observed at the constitutive level. Overall, based on the families with extreme values for less and more susceptibility, differences in the amounts of secondary compounds were subtle and susceptibility due to sugars may outweigh defence as the cause of the genetic variation in bark stripping observed in this non-native tree herbivory system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith S Nantongo
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Brad M Potts
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, TAS, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Noel W Davies
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 74, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Don Aurik
- Timberlands Pacific Pty Ltd, Launceston, 7250, Australia
| | - Stephen Elms
- Hancock Victorian Plantations, Churchill, 3842, Australia
| | - Hugh Fitzgerald
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Julianne M O'Reilly-Wapstra
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, TAS, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Furze ME, Wainwright DK, Huggett BA, Knipfer T, McElrone AJ, Brodersen CR. Ecologically driven selection of nonstructural carbohydrate storage in oak trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:567-578. [PMID: 34235751 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Leaf habit is a major axis of plant diversity that has consequences for carbon balance since the leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis. Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) produced by photosynthesis can be allocated to storage and serve as a resiliency mechanism to future abiotic and biotic stress. However, how leaf habit affects NSC storage in an evolutionary context has not been shown. Using a comparative physiological framework and an analysis of evolutionary model fitting, we examined if variation in NSC storage is explained by leaf habit. We measured sugar and starch concentrations in 51 oak species (Quercus spp.) growing in a common garden and representing multiple evolutions of three different leaf habits (deciduous, brevideciduous and evergreen). The best fitting evolutionary models indicated that deciduous oak species are evolving towards higher NSC concentrations than their brevideciduous and evergreen relatives. Notably, this was observed for starch (the primary storage molecule) in the stem (a long-term C storage organ). Overall, our work provides insight into the evolutionary drivers of NSC storage and suggests that a deciduous strategy may confer an advantage against stress associated with a changing world. Future work should examine additional clades to further corroborate this idea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E Furze
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Dylan K Wainwright
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Brett A Huggett
- Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, 04240, USA
| | - Thorsten Knipfer
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Andrew J McElrone
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- US Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Craig R Brodersen
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Duchicela SA, Cuesta F, Tovar C, Muriel P, Jaramillo R, Salazar E, Pinto E. Microclimatic Warming Leads to a Decrease in Species and Growth Form Diversity: Insights From a Tropical Alpine Grassland. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.673655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to warming, changes in microclimatic temperatures have shifted plant community structure and dynamics in tundra and alpine regions. The directionality and magnitude of these changes are less known for tropical alpine ecosystems. To understand the likely trajectory of these shifts in the Andes, we conducted a warming experiment in the northern Andes—using open-top chambers (OTC). In this study, we ask (1) how do OTCs affect air and soil temperatures in microclimates of tropical alpine regions, year-round and during the dry season? (2) What are the effects of 7 years of warming on (a) the aboveground biomass (AGB) and (b) the plant taxonomic and growth form diversity? We installed five monitoring blocks in 2012 at ca. 4,200 m asl with 20 OTCs and 50 control plots randomly distributed within each block. We measured AGB, plant community diversity, and growth form diversity between 2014 and 2019. After 7 years of warming, we found significant increases in mean monthly (+0.24°C), daily (+0.16°C), and night air temperatures (+0.33°C) inside the OTCs, and the OTCs intensified microclimatic conditions during the dry season. Additionally, OTCs attenuated extreme temperatures—particularly in the soil—and the number of freezing events. AGB significantly increased in OTCs, and by 2019, it was 27% higher in OTCs than in control. These changes were driven mainly by a progressive increment of tussock grasses such as Calamagrostis intermedia, typical of lower elevations. The increase of tussocks led to a significant decrease in species diversity and evenness inside OTCs, but not in species richness after accounting by sampling time. Furthermore, cushions and herbs decreased inside OTCs. Our results show that experimental warming using OTCs in equatorial regions leads to decreased daily thermal amplitude and night temperatures rather than the level of increase in mean temperatures observed in temperate regions. The increase of tussocks and decrease in diversity of species and growth forms due to prolonged modifications in microclimatic temperature might be a step toward shrub-dominated ecosystems. Further research on this topic would help understand shifts in growth form dominance and the direction and rate of change of the system.
Collapse
|
39
|
Piper FI. Putting non-structural compounds on the map of plant life history strategies: a commentary on Schoonmaker et al. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1559-1562. [PMID: 34274975 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frida I Piper
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinario (I3), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca 3460000, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ouyang SN, Gessler A, Saurer M, Hagedorn F, Gao DC, Wang XY, Schaub M, Li MH, Shen WJ, Schönbeck L. Root carbon and nutrient homeostasis determines downy oak sapling survival and recovery from drought. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1400-1412. [PMID: 33595075 PMCID: PMC8436808 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The role of carbon (C) and nutrient uptake, allocation, storage and especially their interactions in survival and recovery of trees under increased frequencies and intensities of drought events is not well understood. A full factorial experiment with four soil water content regimes ranging from extreme drought to well-watered conditions and two fertilization levels was carried out. We aimed to investigate whether nutrient addition mitigates drought effects on downy oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) and whether storage pools of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are modified to enhance survival after 2.5 years of drought and recovery after drought relief. Physiological traits, such as photosynthesis, predawn leaf water potential as well as tissue biomass together with pools and dynamics of NSC and nutrients at the whole-tree level were investigated. Our results showed that fertilization played a minor role in saplings' physiological processes to cope with drought and drought relief, but reduced sapling mortality during extreme drought. Irrespective of nutrient supply, Q. pubescens showed increased soluble sugar concentration in all tissues with increasing drought intensity, mostly because of starch degradation. After 28 days of drought relief, tissue sugar concentrations decreased, reaching comparable values to those of well-watered plants. Only during the recovery process from extreme drought, root NSC concentration strongly declined, leading to an almost complete NSC depletion after 28 days of rewetting, simultaneously with new leaves flushing. These findings suggest that extreme drought can lead to root C exhaustion. After drought relief, the repair and regrowth of organs can even exacerbate the root C depletion. We concluded that under future climate conditions with repeated drought events, the insufficient and lagged C replenishment in roots might eventually lead to C starvation and further mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Ouyang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences,723 XingKe Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zurcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zurcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Ramistrasse 101, Zurich 8902, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zurcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Frank Hagedorn
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zurcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - De-Cai Gao
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zurcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
- School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renming Road, Nanguan District, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang A&F University, 72 Puyang Road,Jiyang District, Zhuji 311800, China
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zurcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Mai-He Li
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zurcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
- School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renming Road, Nanguan District, Changchun 130024, China
| | | | - Leonie Schönbeck
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zurcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, Route Cantonale, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ramirez JA, Vitali V, Martínez-Vilalta J, Handa IT, Messier C. Reserve Accumulation Is Prioritized Over Growth Following Single or Combined Injuries in Three Common North American Urban Tree Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:715399. [PMID: 34421968 PMCID: PMC8378402 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.715399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Trees that grow in urban areas are confronted with a wide variety of stresses that undermine their long-term survival. These include mechanical damage to the crown, root reduction and stem injury, all of which remove significant parts of plant tissues. The single or combined effects of these stresses generate a complex array of growth and ecophysiological responses that are hard to predict. Here we evaluated the effects of different individual and combined damage on the dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC, low weight sugars plus starch) concentration and new tissue growth (diameter increment) in young trees. We hypothesized that (i) tissue damage will induce larger reductions in diameter growth than in NSC concentrations and (ii) combinations of stress treatments that minimally alter the "functional equilibrium" (e.g., similar reductions of leaf and root area) would have the least impact on NSC concentrations (although not on growth) helping to maintain tree health and integrity. To test these hypotheses, we set up a manipulative field experiment with 10-year-old trees of common urban species (Celtis occidentalis, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, and Tilia cordata). These trees were treated with a complete array of mechanical damage combinations at different levels of intensity (i.e., three levels of defoliation and root reduction, and two levels of stem damage). We found that tree growth declined in relation to the total amount of stress inflicted on the trees, i.e., when the combined highest level of stress was applied, but NSC concentrations were either not affected or, in some cases, increased with an increasing level of stress. We did not find a consistent response in concentration of reserves in relation to the combined stress treatments. Therefore, trees appear to reach a new "functional equilibrium" that allows them to adjust their levels of carbohydrate reserves, especially in stems and roots, to meet their metabolic demand under stressful situations. Our results provide a unique insight into the carbon economy of trees facing multiple urban stress conditions in order to better predict long-term tree performance and vitality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Andres Ramirez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
- Centre d’Étude de la Forêt (CEF), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Valentina Vitali
- Centre d’Étude de la Forêt (CEF), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- WSL Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Research Group Ecosystem-Ecology Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - I. Tanya Handa
- Centre d’Étude de la Forêt (CEF), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculté des Sciences, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Messier
- Centre d’Étude de la Forêt (CEF), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculté des Sciences, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Institut des Sciences de la Foret Tempérée, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Ripon, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Blumstein M, Hopkins R. Adaptive variation and plasticity in non-structural carbohydrate storage in a temperate tree species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2494-2505. [PMID: 33244757 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trees' total amount of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) stores and the proportion of these stores residing as insoluble starch are vital traits for individuals living in variable environments. However, our understanding of how stores vary in response to environmental stress is poorly understood as the genetic component of storage is rarely accounted for in studies. Here, we quantified variation in NSC traits in branch samples taken from over 600 clonally transplanted black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) trees grown in two common gardens. We found heritable variation in both total NSC stores and the proportion of stores in starch (H2TNC = 0.19, H2PropStarch = 0.31), indicating a substantial genetic component of variation. In addition, we found high amounts of plasticity in both traits in response to cold temperatures and significant genotype-by-environment (GxE) interactions in the total amount of NSC stored (54% of P is GxE). This finding of high GxE indicates extensive variation across trees in their response to environment, which may explain why previous studies of carbohydrate stores' responses to stress have failed to converge on a consistent pattern. Overall, we found high amounts of environmental and genetic variation in NSC storage concentrations, which may bolster species against future climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Blumstein
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robin Hopkins
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- The Arnold Arboretum, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Petrovska R, Brang P, Gessler A, Bugmann H, Hobi ML. Grow slowly, persist, dominate-Explaining beech dominance in a primeval forest. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:10077-10089. [PMID: 34367560 PMCID: PMC8328449 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Being able to persist in deep shade is an important characteristic of juvenile trees, often leading to a strong dominance of shade-tolerant species in forests with low canopy turnover and a low disturbance rate. While leaf, growth, and storage traits are known to be key components of shade tolerance, their interplay during regeneration development and their influence on juveniles' survival time remains unclear. We assessed the ontogenetic effects of these three traits on the survival time of beech (Fagus sylvatica), and Norway and sycamore maples (Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides) in a primeval beech forest. Biomass allocation, age, and content of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) were measured in the stems and roots of 289 seedlings and saplings in high- and low-vitality classes. Saplings experienced a trade-off between absolute growth rate (AGR) and storage (NSC) as the leaf area ratio (LAR) decreases with biomass development. High LAR but low AGR and low NSC corresponded to beech with a marked ability to persist in deep shade while awaiting canopy release. In turn, a comparably small LAR in combination with a high AGR and higher storage (NSC), as observed in Norway maple and sycamore maple, reduced sapling survival time, thus offering an explanation for beech dominance and maple disappearance in the undergrowth of old-growth beech forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roksolana Petrovska
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Forest EcologyDepartment of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Peter Brang
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Forest EcologyDepartment of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Martina Lena Hobi
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lirette AO, Despland E. Defensive Traits during White Spruce ( Picea glauca) Leaf Ontogeny. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12070644. [PMID: 34357304 PMCID: PMC8306798 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Leaves can only toughen after they have finished growing and, as a result, many herbivorous insects specialize in newly developing leaves because softer leaves are easier to chew. The foliage of conifer trees is particularly tough, and so one would expect conifers to invest more defensive chemicals into soft vulnerable growing needles than into tough mature ones. We summarize the literature describing how chemical defenses of foliage change during the growing season in white spruce, an economically important conifer tree. We next report measurements of the toughness of white spruce buds as they swell, burst, and grow into young needles. As expected, buds soften as they swell in spring, but after budburst, needles become tougher until they are similar to previous-year foliage in mid-summer. Leaves grown in the sun are slightly tougher than leaves grown in the shade. However, there was no indication that trees invest more in chemical defense of growing leaves than of mature leaves. Abstract Changes during leaf ontogeny affect palatability to herbivores, such that many insects, including the eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)), are specialist feeders on growing conifer leaves and buds. Developmental constraints imply lower toughness in developing foliage, and optimal defense theory predicts higher investment in chemical defense in these vulnerable yet valuable developing leaves. We summarize the literature on the time course of defensive compounds in developing white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) needles and report original research findings on the ontogeny of white spruce needle toughness. Our results show the predicted pattern of buds decreasing in toughness followed by leaves increasing in toughness during expansion, accompanied by opposite trends in water content. Toughness of mature foliage decreased slightly during the growing season, with no significant relationship with water content. Toughness of sun-grown leaves was slightly higher than that of shade-grown leaves. However, the literature review did not support the expected pattern of higher defensive compounds in expanding leaves than in mature leaves, suggesting that white spruce might instead exhibit a fast-growth low-defense strategy.
Collapse
|
45
|
Long RW, Dudley TL, D'Antonio CM, Grady KC, Bush SE, Hultine KR. Spenders versus savers: Climate‐induced carbon allocation trade‐offs in a recently introduced woody plant. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Randall W. Long
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California‐Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Tom L. Dudley
- Marine Science Institute University of California‐Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Carla M. D'Antonio
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California‐Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Kevin C. Grady
- School of Forestry Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA
| | - Susan E. Bush
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections Desert Botanical Garden Phoenix AZ USA
| | - Kevin R. Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections Desert Botanical Garden Phoenix AZ USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhou Q, Shi H, He R, Liu H, Zhu W, Yu D, Zhang Q, Dang H. Prioritized carbon allocation to storage of different functional types of species at the upper range limits is driven by different environmental drivers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145581. [PMID: 33582346 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The upper elevational range limit of tree species (including treeline and non-treeline species) is generally considered to result from either carbon limitation or sink limitation. Some evidence also suggests that tree line might reflect preferential carbon allocation to NSC storage at the expense of growth. How might the importance of these potential mechanisms be determined? We used an elevational gradient to examine light-saturated photosynthesis (Asat) and NSC concentrations in plant tissues of three different functional types of tree species. We also examined the effects of consecutive 4 years of in situ defoliation on growth and NSCs at the upper elevational range limit. Declining temperature with increasing elevation did not reduce Asat in any of the species. We found NSC increased with elevation in major storage tissues (e.g., roots and twigs) but not in leaves. The defoliation showed that C storage took priority over growth. Such preferential carbon allocation, directly caused by growth decline, always existed in the deciduous tree species. In the evergreen tree species, however, growth decline resulted from preferential carbon allocation to storage was only detected in 2017 and then disappeared as the intensity of defoliation increased. Our results showed that trees prioritized sustaining stores of C more highly than allocation of growth, regardless of the trees' C or sink limitations. At the cold range limits, the prioritized carbon allocation to storage in deciduous tree species was in response to low temperature stress, while in evergreen tree species, the prioritization of carbon allocation was only a transient physiological response to defoliation disturbances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Hang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Rui He
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Haikun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Wenting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, PR China
| | - Dongyue Yu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Quanfa Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Haishan Dang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Boyd MA, Berner LT, Foster AC, Goetz SJ, Rogers BM, Walker XJ, Mack MC. Historic declines in growth portend trembling aspen death during a contemporary leaf miner outbreak in Alaska. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Boyd
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona86011USA
| | - Logan T. Berner
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona86011USA
| | - Adrianna C. Foster
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona86011USA
| | - Scott J. Goetz
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona86011USA
| | - Brendan M. Rogers
- Woodwell Climate Research Center Falmouth Massachusetts02540‐1644USA
| | - Xanthe J. Walker
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona86011USA
| | - Michelle C. Mack
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona86011USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Guo X, Peng C, Li T, Huang J, Song H, Zhu Q, Wang M. The Effects of Drought and Re-Watering on Non-Structural Carbohydrates of Pinus tabulaeformis Seedlings. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040281. [PMID: 33808347 PMCID: PMC8066268 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Drought is one of the main drivers resulting in carbon imbalance in terrestrial ecosystems and the mortality of plants. How plants can survive under drought stress is becoming a major focus of interest. Non-structural carbohydrates include sugars and starch that are essential to plant metabolism and their roles in drought stress are thought to be critically important. Our study examined the allocation strategies of non-structural carbohydrates for three-year-old Pinus tabulaeformis (Chinese pine) seedlings under drought and subsequent re-watering conditions. Our results indicated that P. tabulaeformis seedlings showed strong drought resistance by investing limited non-structural carbohydrates to roots and depleting the starch storage in each organ (leaf, twig, stem, and root) to fuel the needs of plant metabolism and osmotic adjustment. Starch storage was first reconstructed after the drought stress was released. Our findings not only prove the important role of non-structural carbohydrates, especially starch storage, in the survival of P. tabulaeformis seedlings under drought condition, but also complement the limited studies on allocation strategies of non-structural carbohydrate after the drought stress is released, and broaden our understanding of the physiological mechanisms of plants in response to drought stress. Abstract Intense and frequent drought events strongly affect plant survival. Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) are important “buffers” to maintain plant functions under drought conditions. We conducted a drought manipulation experiment using three-year-old Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. seedlings. The seedlings were first treated under different drought intensities (i.e., no irrigation, severe, and moderate) for 50 days, and then they were re-watered for 25 days to explore the dynamics of NSCs in the leaves, twigs, stems, and roots. The results showed that the no irrigation and severe drought treatments significantly reduced photosynthetic rate by 93.9% and 32.6% for 30 days, respectively, leading to the depletion of the starch storage for hydraulic repair, osmotic adjustment, and plant metabolism. The seedlings under moderate drought condition also exhibited starch storage consumption in leaves and twigs. After re-watering, the reduced photosynthetic rate recovered to the control level within five days in the severe drought group but showed no sign of recovery in the no irrigation group. The seedlings under the severe and moderate drought conditions tended to invest newly fixed C to starch storage and hydraulic repair instead of growth due to the “drought legacy effect”. Our findings suggest the depletion and recovery of starch storage are important strategies for P. tabulaeformis seedlings, and they may play key roles in plant resistance and resilience under environmental stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Guo
- Center for Ecological Forecasting and Global Change, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.G.); (T.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Changhui Peng
- Center for Ecological Forecasting and Global Change, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.G.); (T.L.); (J.H.)
- Department of Biology Sciences, Institute of Environment Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, P.O. Box 8888, Station Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada;
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Tong Li
- Center for Ecological Forecasting and Global Change, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.G.); (T.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Center for Ecological Forecasting and Global Change, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.G.); (T.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Hanxiong Song
- Department of Biology Sciences, Institute of Environment Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, P.O. Box 8888, Station Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada;
| | - Qiuan Zhu
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China;
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Institute for Peat and Mire Research, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Wetland Ecological Processes and Environmental Change in the Changbai Mountains, Changchun 130024, China
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (M.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang Z, Zhou Z, Wang C. Defoliation-induced tree growth declines are jointly limited by carbon source and sink activities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:143077. [PMID: 33131880 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Defoliation resulting from herbivory, storm, drought, and frost may seriously impair tree growth and forest production. However, a comprehensive evaluation of defoliation impacts on tree carbon (C) assimilation and growth has not been conducted. We performed a meta-analysis of a dataset that included 1562 observations of 40 tree species from 50 studies worldwide, and evaluated defoliation impacts on photosynthetic capacity, C allocation, and tree growth. Our results showed that the reduced tree-level leaf area by defoliation outweighed the enhanced leaf-level photosynthesis, leading to a net reduction in tree C assimilation that was accompanied with decreases in nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) concentrations. The negative effects of defoliation on leaf NSCs decreased over time, but leaf production increased following defoliation, suggesting a shift in the C allocation towards shoots over roots. Defoliation intensity negatively affected tree growth, but post-defoliated recovery time did oppositely. The structure equation modelling showed that defoliation reduced tree growth mainly by indirectly reducing C assimilation (r = -0.4), and minorly by direct negative effect of defoliation intensity (r = -0.28) and positive effect of post-defoliated time (r = 0.33). These findings suggest that tree growth declines caused by defoliation are co-limited by C-source and sink activities, which provide a physiological basis of tree growth that is of significance in tree growth modelling and forest management under global changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoguo Wang
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management - Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhenghu Zhou
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management - Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chuankuan Wang
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management - Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Milligan PD, Martin TA, John GP, Riginos C, Goheen JR, Carpenter SM, Palmer TM. Mutualism disruption by an invasive ant reduces carbon fixation for a foundational East African ant-plant. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1052-1062. [PMID: 33745197 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Invasive ants shape assemblages and interactions of native species, but their effect on fundamental ecological processes is poorly understood. In East Africa, Pheidole megacephala ants have invaded monodominant stands of the ant-tree Acacia drepanolobium, extirpating native ant defenders and rendering trees vulnerable to canopy damage by vertebrate herbivores. We used experiments and observations to quantify direct and interactive effects of invasive ants and large herbivores on A. drepanolobium photosynthesis over a 2-year period. Trees that had been invaded for ≥ 5 years exhibited 69% lower whole-tree photosynthesis during key growing seasons, resulting from interaction between invasive ants and vertebrate herbivores that caused leaf- and canopy-level photosynthesis declines. We also surveyed trees shortly before and after invasion, finding that recent invasion induced only minor changes in leaf physiology. Our results from individual trees likely scale up, highlighting the potential of invasive species to alter ecosystem-level carbon fixation and other biogeochemical cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Milligan
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Timothy A Martin
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Grace P John
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Jacob R Goheen
- Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya.,Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | | | - Todd M Palmer
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|