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Gottipati MK, D'Amato AR, Saksena J, Popovich PG, Wang Y, Gilbert RJ. Delayed administration of interleukin-4 coacervate alleviates the neurotoxic phenotype of astrocytes and promotes functional recovery after a contusion spinal cord injury. J Neural Eng 2024; 21:046052. [PMID: 39029499 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad6596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Objective. Macrophages and astrocytes play a crucial role in the aftermath of a traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Infiltrating macrophages adopt a pro-inflammatory phenotype while resident astrocytes adopt a neurotoxic phenotype at the injury site, both of which contribute to neuronal death and inhibit axonal regeneration. The cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) has shown significant promise in preclinical models of SCI by alleviating the macrophage-mediated inflammation and promoting functional recovery. However, its effect on neurotoxic reactive astrocytes remains to be elucidated, which we explored in this study. We also studied the beneficial effects of a sustained release of IL-4 from an injectable biomaterial compared to bolus administration of IL-4.Approach. We fabricated a heparin-based coacervate capable of anchoring and releasing bioactive IL-4 and tested its efficacyin vitroandin vivo. Main results. We show that IL-4 coacervate is biocompatible and drives a robust anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype in culture. We also show that IL-4 and IL-4 coacervate can alleviate the reactive neurotoxic phenotype of astrocytes in culture. Finally, using a murine model of contusion SCI, we show that IL-4 and IL-4 coacervate, injected intraspinally 2 d post-injury, can reduce macrophage-mediated inflammation, and alleviate neurotoxic astrocyte phenotype, acutely and chronically, while also promoting neuroprotection with significant improvements in hindlimb locomotor recovery. We observed that IL-4 coacervate can promote a more robust regenerative macrophage phenotypein vitro, as well as match its efficacyin vivo,compared to bolus IL-4.Significance. Our work shows the promise of coacervate as a great choice for local and prolonged delivery of cytokines like IL-4. We support this by showing that the coacervate can release bioactive IL-4, which acts on macrophages and astrocytes to promote a pro-regenerative environment following a SCI leading to robust neuroprotective and functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Gottipati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, United States of America
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Anthony R D'Amato
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 134 Hollister Drive, 283 Kimball Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States of America
| | - Jayant Saksena
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, United States of America
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, United States of America
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Yadong Wang
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 134 Hollister Drive, 283 Kimball Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States of America
| | - Ryan J Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, United States of America
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, United States of America
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Habean ML, Kaiser KE, Williams JL. Orchestrating Stress Responses in Multiple Sclerosis: A Role for Astrocytic IFNγ Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7524. [PMID: 39062765 PMCID: PMC11276796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS), secretion of inflammatory factors, demyelination, and axonal degeneration. Inflammatory mediators such as cytokines alter cellular function and activate resident CNS cells, including astrocytes. Notably, interferon (IFN)γ is a prominent pleiotropic cytokine involved in MS that contributes to disease pathogenesis. Astrocytes are dynamic cells that respond to changes in the cellular microenvironment and are highly responsive to many cytokines, including IFNγ. Throughout the course of MS, intrinsic cell stress is initiated in response to inflammation, which can impact the pathology. It is known that cell stress is pronounced during MS; however, the specific mechanisms relating IFNγ signaling to cell stress responses in astrocytes are still under investigation. This review will highlight the current literature regarding the impact of IFNγ signaling alone and in combination with other immune mediators on astrocyte synthesis of free oxygen radicals and cell death, and cover what is understood regarding astrocytic mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Habean
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NC30, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kaitlin E. Kaiser
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NC30, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jessica L. Williams
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NC30, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Ding M, Zhang C, Wang W, Wang P, Pei Y, Wang N, Huang S, Hao C, Yao W. Silica-exposed macrophages-secreted exosomal miR125a-5p induces Th1/Th2 and Treg/Th17 cell imbalance and promotes fibroblast transdifferentiation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 267:115647. [PMID: 37918332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Until now, the specific pathogenesis of silicosis is not clear. Exosomal miRNAs, as a newly discovered intercellular communication medium, play an important role in many diseases. Our previous research found that serum exosomal miR125a-5p was increased in silicosis patients by miRNAs high-throughput sequencing. TRAF6, is a target gene of miR125a-5p, which is involved in T-cell differentiation. Furthermore, results from animal study indicate that knockdown of miR-125a-5p can regulate T lymphocyte subsets and significantly reduce pulmonary fibrosis by targeting TRAF6. However, the level of serum exosomal miR125a-5p in silicosis patients has not been reported, the role of macrophages-secreted exosomal miR-125a-5p in regulating T cell differentiation to promote fibroblast transdifferentiation (FMT) remains unknown. In this study, the levels of serum exosomal miR125a-5p and serum TGF-β1, IL-17A, IL-4 cytokines in silicosis patients were elevated, with the progression of silicosis, the level of serum exosomal miR125a-5p and serum IL-4 were increased; thus, the serum level of IFN-γ was negatively correlated with the progression of silicosis. In vitro, the levels of miR125a-5p in macrophages, exosomes, and T cells stimulated by silica were significantly increased. When the mimic was transfected into T cells, which directly suppressed TRAF6 and caused the imbalance of T cells differentiation, induced FMT. To sum up, these results indicate that exosomal miR-125a-5p may by targeting TRAF6 of T cells, induces the activation and apoptosis of T cells and the remodeling of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Tregs distribution, ultimately promotes FMT. Suggesting that exosomal miR-125a-5p may be a potential therapeutic target for silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcui Ding
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Control, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan, China
| | - Chengpeng Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Pengpeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yangqing Pei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Henan Institute of Food and Salt Industry Inspection Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Changfu Hao
- Department of child and Adolecence health, School of public health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Wu Yao
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
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Walter J, Mende J, Hutagalung S, Alhalabi OT, Grutza M, Zheng G, Skutella T, Unterberg A, Zweckberger K, Younsi A. The Single-Dose Application of Interleukin-4 Ameliorates Secondary Brain Damage in the Early Phase after Moderate Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12756. [PMID: 37628939 PMCID: PMC10454634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the interleukin-4 (IL-4) pathway ameliorates secondary injury mechanisms after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI); therefore, we assessed the effect of a therapeutic IL-4 administration on secondary brain damage after experimental TBI. We subjected 100 C57/Bl6 wildtype mice to controlled cortical impact (CCI) and administered IL-4 or a placebo control subcutaneously 15 min thereafter. Contusion volume (Nissl staining), neurological function (hole board, video open field, and CatWalkXT®), and the immune response (immunofluorescent staining) were analyzed up to 28 days post injury (dpi). Contusion volumes were significantly reduced after IL-4 treatment up to 14 dpi (e.g., 6.47 ± 0.41 mm3 vs. 3.80 ± 0.85 mm3, p = 0.011 3 dpi). Macrophage invasion and microglial response were significantly attenuated in the IL-4 group in the acute phase after CCI (e.g., 1.79 ± 0.15 Iba-1+/CD86+ cells/sROI vs. 1.06 ± 0.21 Iba-1/CD86+ cells/sROI, p = 0.030 in the penumbra 3 dpi), whereas we observed an increased neuroinflammation thereafter (e.g., mean GFAP intensity of 3296.04 ± 354.21 U vs. 6408.65 ± 999.54 U, p = 0.026 in the ipsilateral hippocampus 7 dpi). In terms of functional outcome, several gait parameters were improved in the acute phase following IL-4 treatment (e.g., a difference in max intensity of -7.58 ± 2.00 U vs. -2.71 ± 2.44 U, p = 0.041 3 dpi). In conclusion, the early single-dose administration of IL-4 significantly reduces secondary brain damage in the acute phase after experimental TBI in mice, which seems to be mediated by attenuation of macrophage and microglial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Walter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.M.); (S.H.); (O.T.A.); (M.G.); (G.Z.); (A.U.); (K.Z.)
| | - Jannis Mende
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.M.); (S.H.); (O.T.A.); (M.G.); (G.Z.); (A.U.); (K.Z.)
| | - Samuel Hutagalung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.M.); (S.H.); (O.T.A.); (M.G.); (G.Z.); (A.U.); (K.Z.)
| | - Obada T. Alhalabi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.M.); (S.H.); (O.T.A.); (M.G.); (G.Z.); (A.U.); (K.Z.)
| | - Martin Grutza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.M.); (S.H.); (O.T.A.); (M.G.); (G.Z.); (A.U.); (K.Z.)
| | - Guoli Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.M.); (S.H.); (O.T.A.); (M.G.); (G.Z.); (A.U.); (K.Z.)
| | - Thomas Skutella
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Andreas Unterberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.M.); (S.H.); (O.T.A.); (M.G.); (G.Z.); (A.U.); (K.Z.)
| | - Klaus Zweckberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.M.); (S.H.); (O.T.A.); (M.G.); (G.Z.); (A.U.); (K.Z.)
| | - Alexander Younsi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.M.); (S.H.); (O.T.A.); (M.G.); (G.Z.); (A.U.); (K.Z.)
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Fenn-Moltu S, Deakin B, Drake R, Howes OD, Lawrie SM, Lewis S, Nikkheslat N, Walters JTR, MacCabe JH, Mondelli V, Egerton A. The association between peripheral inflammation, brain glutamate and antipsychotic response in Schizophrenia: Data from the STRATA collaboration. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 111:343-351. [PMID: 37182555 PMCID: PMC7615624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate and increased inflammation have been separately implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the extent of clinical response to antipsychotic treatment. Despite the mechanistic links between pro-inflammatory and glutamatergic pathways, the relationships between peripheral inflammatory markers and brain glutamate in schizophrenia have not yet been investigated. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that peripheral levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines would be positively associated with brain glutamate levels in schizophrenia. Secondary analyses determined whether this relationship differed according to antipsychotic treatment response. The sample consisted of 79 patients with schizophrenia, of whom 40 were rated as antipsychotic responders and 39 as antipsychotic non-responders. Brain glutamate levels were assessed in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and caudate using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and blood samples were collected for cytokine assay on the same study visit (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF- α and IFN-γ). Across the whole patient sample, there was a positive relationship between interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and caudate glutamate levels (r = 0.31, p = 0.02). In the antipsychotic non-responsive group only, there was a positive relationship between interleukin-8 (IL-8) and caudate glutamate (r = 0.46, p = 0.01). These findings provide evidence to link specific peripheral inflammatory markers and caudate glutamate in schizophrenia and may suggest that this relationship is most marked in patients who show a poor response to antipsychotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunniva Fenn-Moltu
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Bill Deakin
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Drake
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, UK; Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Shôn Lewis
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Naghmeh Nikkheslat
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James H MacCabe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alice Egerton
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, UK
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Afsar A, Chacon Castro MDC, Soladogun AS, Zhang L. Recent Development in the Understanding of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying the Etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7258. [PMID: 37108421 PMCID: PMC10138573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to dementia and patient death. AD is characterized by intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque deposition, and neurodegeneration. Diverse alterations have been associated with AD progression, including genetic mutations, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and metal ion imbalance.Additionally, recent studies have shown an association between altered heme metabolism and AD. Unfortunately, decades of research and drug development have not produced any effective treatments for AD. Therefore, understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying AD pathology and identifying potential therapeutic targets are crucial for AD drug development. This review discusses the most common alterations associated with AD and promising therapeutic targets for AD drug discovery. Furthermore, it highlights the role of heme in AD development and summarizes mathematical models of AD, including a stochastic mathematical model of AD and mathematical models of the effect of Aβ on AD. We also summarize the potential treatment strategies that these models can offer in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Li Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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Kann O, Almouhanna F, Chausse B. Interferon γ: a master cytokine in microglia-mediated neural network dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:913-927. [PMID: 36283867 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, lymphocytic interferon γ (IFN-γ) was considered to be a simple 'booster' of proinflammatory responses by microglia (brain-resident macrophages) during bacterial or viral infection. Recent slice culture (in situ) and in vivo studies suggest, however, that IFN-γ has a unique role in microglial activation. Priming by IFN-γ results in proliferation (microgliosis), enhanced synapse elimination, and moderate nitric oxide release sufficient to impair synaptic transmission, gamma rhythm activity, and cognitive functions. Moreover, IFN-γ is pivotal for driving Toll-like receptor (TLR)-activated microglia into neurotoxic phenotypes that induce energetic and oxidative stress, severe network dysfunction, and neuronal death. Pharmacological targeting of activated microglia could be beneficial during elevated IFN-γ levels, blood-brain barrier leakage, and parenchymal T lymphocyte infiltration associated with, for instance, encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kann
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Fadi Almouhanna
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Chausse
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Meng J, Zhang J, Fang J, Li M, Ding H, Zhang W, Chen C. Dynamic inflammatory changes of the neurovascular units after ischemic stroke. Brain Res Bull 2022; 190:140-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Walter J, Kovalenko O, Younsi A, Grutza M, Unterberg AW, Zweckberger K. Interleukin-4 reduces lesion volume and improves neurological function in the acute phase after experimental traumatic brain injury in mice. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:1262-1272. [PMID: 35505616 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the impact of Interleukin-4 (IL-4) on secondary brain damage in the acute phase after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). Therefore, we evaluated the effect of IL-4-Knockout on structural damage as well as functional impairment in the acute phase after experimental TBI in mice. 28 C57Bl/6 wildtype and 20 C57BL/6-Il4tm1Nnt/J Interleukin-4-Knockout (IL-4-KO) mice were subjected to Controlled Cortical Impact (CCI). Contusion volumes, body weight and functional outcome (Video Open Field Test (VOF), Hole Board Test (HB), CatWalkXT®) were determined on postoperative days one (D1), three (D3) and seven (D7). Contusion volume (13.45 +/- 0.88 mm³ vs. 9.50 +/- 0.97 mm³, p=0.015) and weight loss (-2.92 +/- 0.52% vs. -0.85 +/- 0.67%, p=0.027) were significantly higher and exploration behavior significantly more impaired (e.g., 150.44 +/- 18.71 fields explored vs. 211.56 +/- 18.90 fields explored, p=0.028 in the VOF; 23.31 +/- 2.03 holes explored vs. 35.65 +/- 1.93 holes explored, p<0.001 in the HB) in IL-4-KO mice on D1. Gait impairment was significantly more pronounced in IL-4-KO mice throughout the first week after CCI (e.g., 0.07 +/- 0.01s vs. 0.00 +/- 0.01s, p=0.047 for right hindpaw Swing on D1; -1.76 +/- 1.34 U vs. 2.53 +/- 0.90 U, p=0.01 for right forepaw Mean Intensity on D3; -0.01 +/- 0.01cm² vs. 0.05 +/- 0.01cm², p=0.015 for left forepaw Mean Area on D7). In conclusion, IL-4 reduces structural damage and improves functional outcome in the acute phase after CCI. Neurobehavioral outcome assessment in IL-4-related studies should focus on motor function on the first three days after trauma induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Walter
- University of Heidelberg, Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Olga Kovalenko
- University of Heidelberg, Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Alexander Younsi
- University of Heidelberg, Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Martin Grutza
- University of Heidelberg, Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg, Germany;
| | | | - Klaus Zweckberger
- University of Heidelberg, Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg, Germany;
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Blood-Based Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease: A Central Role for Periphery? Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091525. [PMID: 34573867 PMCID: PMC8464786 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation represents a central feature in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The resident innate immune cells of the brain are the principal players in neuroinflammation, and their activation leads to a defensive response aimed at promoting β-amyloid (Aβ) clearance. However, it is now widely accepted that the peripheral immune system—by virtue of a dysfunctional blood–brain barrier (BBB)—is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of AD; microglial and astrocytic activation leads to the release of chemokines able to recruit peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS); at the same time, cytokines released by peripheral cells are able to cross the BBB and act upon glial cells, modifying their phenotype. To successfully fight this neurodegenerative disorder, accurate and sensitive biomarkers are required to be used for implementing an early diagnosis, monitoring the disease progression and treatment effectiveness. Interestingly, as a result of the bidirectional communication between the brain and the periphery, the blood compartment ends up reflecting several pathological changes occurring in the AD brain and can represent an accessible source for such biomarkers. In this review, we provide an overview on some of the most promising peripheral biomarkers of neuroinflammation, discussing their pathogenic role in AD.
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11
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Chen L, Zhu L, Lu D, Wu Z, Han Y, Xu P, Chang L, Wu Q. Interleukin 4 Affects Epilepsy by Regulating Glial Cells: Potential and Possible Mechanism. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:554547. [PMID: 33013320 PMCID: PMC7500526 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.554547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic brain dysfunction induced by an abnormal neuronal discharge that is caused by complicated psychopathologies. Recently, accumulating studies have revealed a close relationship between inflammation and epilepsy. Specifically, microglia and astrocytes are important inflammatory cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that have been proven to be related to the pathogenesis and development of epilepsy. Additionally, interleukin 4 (IL-4) is an anti-inflammatory factor that can regulate microglia and astrocytes in many aspects. This review article focuses on the regulatory role of IL-4 in the pathological changes of glial cells related to epilepsy. We additionally propose that IL-4 may play a protective role in epileptogenesis and suggest that IL-4 may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Di Lu
- Biomedicine Engineering Research Centre, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- Department of Psychology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yanbing Han
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Puying Xu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lvhua Chang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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12
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Abd-El-Basset EM, Rao MS, Alsaqobi A. Interferon-Gamma and Interleukin-1Beta Enhance the Secretion of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Promotes the Survival of Cortical Neurons in Brain Injury. Neurosci Insights 2020; 15:2633105520947081. [PMID: 32776009 PMCID: PMC7391446 DOI: 10.1177/2633105520947081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuro-inflammation is associated with the production of cytokines, which influence neuronal and glial functions. Although the proinflammatory cytokines interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-1Beta (IL-1β) are thought to be the major mediators of neuro-inflammation, their role in brain injury remains ill-defined. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of IFN-γ and IL-1β on survival of cortical neurons in stab wound injury in mice. A stab wound injury was made in the cortex of male BALB/c mice. Injured mice (I) were divide into IFN-γ and IL-1β treatment experiments. Mice in I + IFN-γ group were treated with IFN-γ (ip, 10 µg/kg/day) for 1, 3 and 7 days and mice in I + IL-1β group were treated with 5 IP injection of IL-1β (0.5 µg /12 h). Appropriate control mice were maintained for comparison. Immunostaining of frozen brain sections for astrocytes (GFAP), microglia (Iba-1) and Fluoro-Jade B staining for degenerating neurons were used. Western blotting and ELISA for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were done on the tissues isolated from the injured sites. Results showed a significant increase in the number of both astrocytes and microglia in I + IFN-γ and I + IL-1β groups. There were no significant changes in the number of astrocytes or microglia in noninjury groups (NI) treated with IFN-γ or IL-1β. The number of degenerating neurons significantly decreased in I + IFN-γ and I + IL-1β groups. GFAP and BDNF levels were significantly increased in I + IFN-γ and I + IL-1β groups. Interferon-γ and IL-1β induce astrogliosis, microgliosis, enhance the secretion of BDNF, one of the many neurotrophic factors after brain injury, and promote the survival of cortical neurons in stab wound brain injury.
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13
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Diaz MF, Horton PD, Kumar A, Livingston M, Mohammadalipour A, Xue H, Skibber MA, Ewere A, Toledano Furman NE, Aroom KR, Zhang S, Gill BS, Cox CS, Wenzel PL. Injury intensifies T cell mediated graft-versus-host disease in a humanized model of traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10729. [PMID: 32612177 PMCID: PMC7330041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays critical roles in promoting tissue repair during recovery from neurotrauma but is also responsible for unchecked inflammation that causes neuronal cell death, systemic stress, and lethal immunodepression. Understanding the immune response to neurotrauma is an urgent priority, yet current models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) inadequately recapitulate the human immune response. Here, we report the first description of a humanized model of TBI and show that TBI places significant stress on the bone marrow. Hematopoietic cells of the marrow are regionally decimated, with evidence pointing to exacerbation of underlying graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) linked to presence of human T cells in the marrow. Despite complexities of the humanized mouse, marrow aplasia caused by TBI could be alleviated by cell therapy with human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). We conclude that MSCs could be used to ameliorate syndromes triggered by hypercytokinemia in settings of secondary inflammatory stimulus that upset marrow homeostasis such as TBI. More broadly, this study highlights the importance of understanding how underlying immune disorders including immunodepression, autoimmunity, and GVHD might be intensified by injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel F Diaz
- Children's Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Paulina D Horton
- Children's Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Akshita Kumar
- Children's Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Megan Livingston
- Children's Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Amina Mohammadalipour
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hasen Xue
- Children's Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Max A Skibber
- Children's Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Adesuwa Ewere
- Children's Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Naama E Toledano Furman
- Children's Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kevin R Aroom
- Children's Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Songlin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Brijesh S Gill
- Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Charles S Cox
- Children's Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Pamela L Wenzel
- Children's Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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14
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Mashkaryan V, Siddiqui T, Popova S, Cosacak MI, Bhattarai P, Brandt K, Govindarajan N, Petzold A, Reinhardt S, Dahl A, Lefort R, Kizil C. Type 1 Interleukin-4 Signaling Obliterates Mouse Astroglia in vivo but Not in vitro. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:114. [PMID: 32181251 PMCID: PMC7057913 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that reduced neurogenesis could be one of the underlying reasons for the exacerbated neuropathology in humans, thus restoring the neural stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis could help to circumvent some pathological aspects of Alzheimer’s disease. We recently identified Interleukin-4/STAT6 signaling as a neuron–glia crosstalk mechanism that enables glial proliferation and neurogenesis in adult zebrafish brain and 3D cultures of human astroglia, which manifest neurogenic properties. In this study, by using single cell sequencing in the APP/PS1dE9 mouse model of AD, we found that IL4 receptor (Il4r) is not expressed in mouse astroglia and IL4 signaling is not active in these cells. We tested whether activating IL4/STAT6 signaling would enhance cell proliferation and neurogenesis in healthy and disease conditions. Lentivirus-mediated expression of IL4R or constitutively active STAT6VT impaired the survival capacity of mouse astroglia in vivo but not in vitro. These results suggest that the adult mouse brain generates a non-permissive environment that dictates a negative effect of IL4 signaling on astroglial survival and neurogenic properties in contrast to zebrafish brains and in vitro mammalian cell cultures. Our findings that IL4R signaling in dentate gyrus (DG) of adult mouse brain impinges on the survival of DG cells implicate an evolutionary mechanism that might underlie the loss of neuroregenerative ability of the brain, which might be utilized for basic and clinical aspects for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Mashkaryan
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Dresden, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tohid Siddiqui
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Dresden, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stanislava Popova
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Dresden, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mehmet Ilyas Cosacak
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Dresden, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany
| | - Prabesh Bhattarai
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Dresden, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kerstin Brandt
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Dresden, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nambirajan Govindarajan
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Dresden, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Petzold
- DRESDEN-Concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Reinhardt
- DRESDEN-Concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- DRESDEN-Concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Roger Lefort
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Caghan Kizil
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Dresden, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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15
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Thalamic Proteome Changes and Behavioral Impairments in Thiamine-deficient Rats. Neuroscience 2018; 385:181-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Stampanoni Bassi M, Garofalo S, Marfia GA, Gilio L, Simonelli I, Finardi A, Furlan R, Sancesario GM, Di Giandomenico J, Storto M, Mori F, Centonze D, Iezzi E. Amyloid-β Homeostasis Bridges Inflammation, Synaptic Plasticity Deficits and Cognitive Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:390. [PMID: 29209169 PMCID: PMC5702294 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are frequently observed in multiple sclerosis (MS), mainly involving processing speed and episodic memory. Both demyelination and gray matter atrophy can contribute to cognitive deficits in MS. In recent years, neuroinflammation is emerging as a new factor influencing clinical course in MS. Inflammatory cytokines induce synaptic dysfunction in MS. Synaptic plasticity occurring within hippocampal structures is considered as one of the basic physiological mechanisms of learning and memory. In experimental models of MS, hippocampal plasticity is profoundly altered by proinflammatory cytokines. Although mechanisms of inflammation-induced hippocampal pathology in MS are not completely understood, alteration of Amyloid-β (Aβ) metabolism is emerging as a key factor linking together inflammation, synaptic plasticity and neurodegeneration in different neurological diseases. We explored the correlation between concentrations of Aβ1–42 and the levels of some proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL1-ra, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interferon γ (IFNγ)) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 103 remitting MS patients. CSF levels of Aβ1–42 were negatively correlated with the proinflammatory cytokine IL-8 and positively correlated with the anti-inflammatory molecules IL-10 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). Other correlations, although noticeable, were either borderline or not significant. Our data show that an imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines may lead to altered Aβ homeostasis, representing a key factor linking together inflammation, synaptic plasticity and cognitive dysfunction in MS. This could be relevant to identify novel therapeutic approaches to hinder the progression of cognitive dysfunction in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Stampanoni Bassi
- Unit of Neurology & Unit of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Multiple Sclerosis Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Garofalo
- Unit of Neurology & Unit of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Girolama A Marfia
- Unit of Neurology & Unit of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Multiple Sclerosis Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Luana Gilio
- Unit of Neurology & Unit of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Multiple Sclerosis Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Simonelli
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Service of Medical Statistics & Information Technology, Fondazione Fatebenefratelli per la Ricerca e la Formazione Sanitaria e Sociale, Rome, Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia M Sancesario
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Jonny Di Giandomenico
- Unit of Neurology & Unit of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Marianna Storto
- Clinical Pathology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Francesco Mori
- Unit of Neurology & Unit of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Multiple Sclerosis Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Unit of Neurology & Unit of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Multiple Sclerosis Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Ennio Iezzi
- Unit of Neurology & Unit of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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17
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Brain interference: Revisiting the role of IFNγ in the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 156:149-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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18
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Stampanoni Bassi M, Mori F, Buttari F, Marfia GA, Sancesario A, Centonze D, Iezzi E. Neurophysiology of synaptic functioning in multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:1148-1157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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19
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Haroon E, Miller AH, Sanacora G. Inflammation, Glutamate, and Glia: A Trio of Trouble in Mood Disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:193-215. [PMID: 27629368 PMCID: PMC5143501 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing data indicate that inflammation and alterations in glutamate neurotransmission are two novel pathways to pathophysiology in mood disorders. The primary goal of this review is to illustrate how these two pathways may converge at the level of the glia to contribute to neuropsychiatric disease. We propose that a combination of failed clearance and exaggerated release of glutamate by glial cells during immune activation leads to glutamate increases and promotes aberrant extrasynaptic signaling through ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, ultimately resulting in synaptic dysfunction and loss. Furthermore, glutamate diffusion outside the synapse can lead to the loss of synaptic fidelity and specificity of neurotransmission, contributing to circuit dysfunction and behavioral pathology. This review examines the fundamental role of glia in the regulation of glutamate, followed by a description of the impact of inflammation on glial glutamate regulation at the cellular, molecular, and metabolic level. In addition, the role of these effects of inflammation on glia and glutamate in mood disorders will be discussed along with their translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Haroon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew H Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gerard Sanacora
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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20
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Ellwardt E, Walsh JT, Kipnis J, Zipp F. Understanding the Role of T Cells in CNS Homeostasis. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:154-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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21
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Mead J, Ashwood P. Evidence supporting an altered immune response in ASD. Immunol Lett 2014; 163:49-55. [PMID: 25448709 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in social interactions, communication, and increased stereotypical repetitive behaviors. The immune system plays an important role in neurodevelopment, regulating neuronal proliferation, synapse formation and plasticity, as well as removing apoptotic neurons. Immune dysfunction in ASD has been repeatedly described by many research groups across the globe. Symptoms of immune dysfunction in ASD include neuroinflammation, presence of autoantibodies, increased T cell responses, and enhanced innate NK cell and monocyte immune responses. Moreover these responses are frequently associated with more impairment in core ASD features including impaired social interactions, repetitive behaviors and communication. In mouse models replacing immune components in animals that exhibit autistic relevant features leads to improvement in behavior in these animals. Taken together this research suggests that the immune dysfunction often seen in ASD directly affects aspects of neurodevelopment and neurological processes leading to changes in behavior. Discussion of immune abnormalities in ASD will be the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mead
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, CA, USA; The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis, CA, USA
| | - Paul Ashwood
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis, CA, USA; The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis, CA, USA.
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22
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Walsh JT, Watson N, Kipnis J. T cells in the central nervous system: messengers of destruction or purveyors of protection? Immunology 2014; 141:340-4. [PMID: 24708415 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the destructive effects of an overactive adaptive immune system have been well established, especially in the context of autoimmune diseases, recently an understanding of the beneficial effects of the adaptive immunity in central nervous system (CNS) injuries has emerged. CD4(+) T cells have been shown to benefit injured CNS tissue through various mechanisms; both traditional cytokine signalling and by modulating the phenotype of neural cells in the injury site. One of the major targets of the cytokine signalling in the CNS are myeloid cells, both resident microglia and monocytes, that infiltrate the tissue after injury and whose phenotype; protective or destructive, appears to be directly influenced by T cells. This cross-talk between the adaptive and innate immune systems presents potential new targets that could provide tangible benefits in pathologies that currently have few treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Walsh
- School of Medicine, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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23
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Jang E, Kim JH, Lee S, Kim JH, Seo JW, Jin M, Lee MG, Jang IS, Lee WH, Suk K. Phenotypic Polarization of Activated Astrocytes: The Critical Role of Lipocalin-2 in the Classical Inflammatory Activation of Astrocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5204-19. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Towards a 'systems'-level understanding of the nervous system and its disorders. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:674-84. [PMID: 23988221 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming clear that nervous system development and adult functioning are highly coupled with other physiological systems. Accordingly, neurological and psychiatric disorders are increasingly being associated with a range of systemic comorbidities including, most prominently, impairments in immunological and bioenergetic parameters as well as in the gut microbiome. Here, we discuss various aspects of the dynamic crosstalk between these systems that underlies nervous system development, homeostasis, and plasticity. We believe a better definition of this underappreciated systems physiology will yield important insights into how nervous system diseases with systemic comorbidities arise and potentially identify novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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25
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Chiang SSW, Riedel M, Schwarz M, Mueller N. Is T-helper type 2 shift schizophrenia-specific? Primary results from a comparison of related psychiatric disorders and healthy controls. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013; 67:228-36. [PMID: 23683153 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM An imbalance between T-helper type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2) cytokines has been implicated in schizophrenia, although empirical evidence is rare. The aim of this study was to examine if a Th1/Th2 imbalance occurs in schizophrenia and schizophrenia-related disorder. METHODS Twenty-six subjects with schizophrenia, 26 subjects with schizophrenia-related disorders, and 26 healthy controls were recruited. The Human Th1/Th2 Cytokine Cytometric Bead Array Kit-II was utilized to assess serum Th1/Th2 cytokines and ratios simultaneously. MANOVA was used to detect differences among the three diagnostic groups in distinct Th1/Th2 cytokines/ratios. Pearson/Spearman correlations were used to examine the relationships between distinct Th1/Th2 cytokines/ratios and clinical/psychopathological data in schizophrenia. RESULTS Interferon (IFN)-γ/interleukin (IL)-4, IFN-γ/IL-10, IL-2/IL-4, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/IL-4 ratios were significantly decreased in schizophrenia, but not in schizophrenia-related disorders compared to healthy controls. IFN-γ/IL-4 and IFN-γ/IL-10 in schizophrenia subjects positively correlated with age, but not in schizophrenia-related disorder subjects or in healthy controls. CONCLUSION A clear Th2 shift was observed in schizophrenia, but not in schizophrenia-related disorders. The Th2 shift in schizophrenia appeared to be an aberrant developmental phenomenon.
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26
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O'Brien ER, Howarth C, Sibson NR. The role of astrocytes in CNS tumors: pre-clinical models and novel imaging approaches. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:40. [PMID: 23596394 PMCID: PMC3627137 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastasis is a significant clinical problem, yet the mechanisms governing tumor cell extravasation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and CNS colonization are unclear. Astrocytes are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of brain metastasis but in vitro work suggests both tumoricidal and tumor-promoting roles for astrocyte-derived molecules. Also, the involvement of astrogliosis in primary brain tumor progression is under much investigation. However, translation of in vitro findings into in vivo and clinical settings has not been realized. Increasingly sophisticated resources, such as transgenic models and imaging technologies aimed at astrocyte-specific markers, will enable better characterization of astrocyte function in CNS tumors. Techniques such as bioluminescence and in vivo fluorescent cell labeling have potential for understanding the real-time responses of astrocytes to tumor burden. Transgenic models targeting signaling pathways involved in the astrocytic response also hold great promise, allowing translation of in vitro mechanistic findings into pre-clinical models. The challenging nature of in vivo CNS work has slowed progress in this area. Nonetheless, there has been a surge of interest in generating pre-clinical models, yielding insights into cell extravasation across the BBB, as well as immune cell recruitment to the parenchyma. While the function of astrocytes in the tumor microenvironment is still unknown, the relationship between astrogliosis and tumor growth is evident. Here, we review the role of astrogliosis in both primary and secondary brain tumors and outline the potential for the use of novel imaging modalities in research and clinical settings. These imaging approaches have the potential to enhance our understanding of the local host response to tumor progression in the brain, as well as providing new, more sensitive diagnostic imaging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R. O'Brien
- Department of Oncology, CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Churchill Hospital, University of OxfordOxford, UK
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Goines PE, Ashwood P. Cytokine dysregulation in autism spectrum disorders (ASD): possible role of the environment. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2013; 36:67-81. [PMID: 22918031 PMCID: PMC3554862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental diseases that affect an alarming number of individuals. The etiological basis of ASD is unclear, and evidence suggests it involves both genetic and environmental factors. There are many reports of cytokine imbalances in ASD. These imbalances could have a pathogenic role, or they may be markers of underlying genetic and environmental influences. Cytokines act primarily as mediators of immunological activity but they also have significant interactions with the nervous system. They participate in normal neural development and function, and inappropriate activity can have a variety of neurological implications. It is therefore possible that cytokine dysregulation contributes directly to neural dysfunction in ASD. Further, cytokine profiles change dramatically in the face of infection, disease, and toxic exposures. Imbalances in cytokines may represent an immune response to environmental contributors to ASD. The following review is presented in two main parts. First, we discuss select cytokines implicated in ASD, including IL-1Β, IL-6, IL-4, IFN-γ, and TGF-Β, and focus on their role in the nervous system. Second, we explore several neurotoxic environmental factors that may be involved in the disorders, and focus on their immunological impacts. This review represents an emerging model that recognizes the importance of both genetic and environmental factors in ASD etiology. We propose that the immune system provides critical clues regarding the nature of the gene by environment interactions that underlie ASD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula E. Goines
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Molecular Biosciences
| | - Paul Ashwood
- University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
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Wang K, Chao R, Guo QN, Liu MY, Liang HP, Liu P, Zhao JH. Expressions of some neurotrophins and neurotrophic cytokines at site of spinal cord injury in mice after vaccination with dendritic cells pulsed with homogenate proteins. Neuroimmunomodulation 2013; 20:87-98. [PMID: 23257628 DOI: 10.1159/000345522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune cells are key mediators of secondary damage following spinal cord injury (SCI), and dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines have received considerable interest for treatment of SCI. We previously showed that vaccination with DCs pulsed with homogenate proteins of the spinal cord (hpDCs) promotes functional recovery from SCI in mice. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, changes of neurotrophins, cytokines and T cells at the site of SCI in mice after vaccination with hpDCs were investigated and correlated with recovery from SCI. METHODS hpDCs, DCs (control) or PBS (control) were injected intraperitoneally into injured mouse spinal cords. Functional recovery of the spinal cord was measured weekly using the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) and confirmed by histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels in T cell culture supernatants and spinal cord tissues were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Eighty-four days after immunization, the BMS score of the hpDCs group (6.92 ± 0.20) was significantly higher than those of the DCs and PBS groups (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, the injury area and number of cysts in the hpDCs group decreased significantly compared with control groups. BDNF, NT-3, IL-4 and IFN-γ levels at the injured site as well as BDNF and NT-3 levels in the supernatant of cultured T cells from the hpDCs group were significantly higher than in control groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results reveal that vaccination with hpDCs can promote SCI repair potentially by upregulating BDNF, NT-3, IL-4 and IFN-γ at the injury site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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Gadani SP, Cronk JC, Norris GT, Kipnis J. IL-4 in the brain: a cytokine to remember. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:4213-9. [PMID: 23087426 PMCID: PMC3481177 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IL-4 has been extensively studied in the context of its role in immunity. Accumulating evidence indicates, however, that it also plays a critical role in higher functions of the normal brain, such as memory and learning. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the basic immunology of IL-4, describe how and where this cytokine appears to operate in normal brain function, and propose a hypothesis concerning its potential role in neurological pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin P Gadani
- Department of Neuroscience and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Mullett SJ, Di Maio R, Greenamyre JT, Hinkle DA. DJ-1 expression modulates astrocyte-mediated protection against neuronal oxidative stress. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 49:507-11. [PMID: 23065353 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DJ-1 deficiency is a cause of genetic Parkinson's disease (PARK7 PD). In sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD), however, DJ-1 is abundantly expressed in reactive astrocytes. This may represent a compensatory protective response. In initial support of this hypothesis, we have shown in vitro that DJ-1-overexpressing astrocytes protect neurons against rotenone-induced death. Rotenone, a pesticide linked to increased PD risk, can stimulate oxidative stress. This process is implicated in PD pathogenesis. Since DJ-1 can enhance antioxidant systems, we hypothesized that augmenting its expression in astrocytes would protect cocultured neurons against oxidative stress. We report here that DJ-1-overexpressing astrocytes were significantly more protective against rotenone-induced neuronal thiol oxidation than wild-type astrocytes in neuron-astrocyte cocultures. DJ-1-knockdown astrocytes, on the other hand, were significantly impaired in their capacity to protect neurons against thiol oxidation. Each of these findings was replicated using astrocyte-conditioned media on neuron-enriched cultures. Thus, DJ-1-modulated, astrocyte-released soluble factors must be involved in the mechanism. This is the first demonstration that the manipulation of a PD-causing gene in astrocytes affects their ability to protect neurons against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Mullett
- Department of Neurology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Vitvitsky VM, Garg SK, Keep RF, Albin RL, Banerjee R. Na+ and K+ ion imbalances in Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1671-81. [PMID: 22820549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with impaired glutamate clearance and depressed Na(+)/K(+) ATPase levels in AD brain that might lead to a cellular ion imbalance. To test this hypothesis, [Na(+)] and [K(+)] were analyzed in postmortem brain samples of 12 normal and 16 AD individuals, and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from AD patients and matched controls. Statistically significant increases in [Na(+)] in frontal (25%) and parietal cortex (20%) and in cerebellar [K(+)] (15%) were observed in AD samples compared to controls. CSF from AD patients and matched controls exhibited no differences, suggesting that tissue ion imbalances reflected changes in the intracellular compartment. Differences in cation concentrations between normal and AD brain samples were modeled by a 2-fold increase in intracellular [Na(+)] and an 8-15% increase in intracellular [K(+)]. Since amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) is an important contributor to AD brain pathology, we assessed how Aβ affects ion homeostasis in primary murine astrocytes, the most abundant cells in brain tissue. We demonstrate that treatment of astrocytes with the Aβ 25-35 peptide increases intracellular levels of Na(+) (~2-3-fold) and K(+) (~1.5-fold), which were associated with reduced levels of Na(+)/K(+) ATPase and the Na(+)-dependent glutamate transporters, GLAST and GLT-1. Similar increases in astrocytic Na(+) and K(+) levels were also caused by Aβ 1-40, but not by Aβ 1-42 treatment. Our study suggests a previously unrecognized impairment in AD brain cell ion homeostasis that might be triggered by Aβ and could significantly affect electrophysiological activity of brain cells, contributing to the pathophysiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Vitvitsky
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0600, USA
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Mirabelli-Badenier M, Braunersreuther V, Lenglet S, Galan K, Veneselli E, Viviani GL, Mach F, Montecucco F. Pathophysiological role of inflammatory molecules in paediatric ischaemic brain injury. Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42:784-94. [PMID: 22248042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2012.02640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke is one of the major causes of death and lifelong disability also in the paediatric population. Strong scientific effort has been put to clarify the pathophysiology of this disease in adults. However, only few studies have been performed in children. Preliminary results indicate that pathophysiological processes might differently affect the poststroke neuronal injury in neonates as compared to children. During the neural development, selective molecular mechanisms might be differently triggered by an ischaemic insult, thus potentially resulting in defined postischaemic clinical outcomes. Basic research studies in neonatal animal models of cerebral ischaemia have recently shown a potential role of soluble inflammatory molecules (such as cytokines, chemokines and oxidants) as pivotal players of neuronal injury in both perinatal and childhood ischaemic stroke. Although larger clinical trials are still needed to confirm these preliminary results, the potential benefits of selective treatments targeting inflammation in perinatal asphyxia encephalopathy might represent a promising investigation field in the near future. In this review, we will update evidence on the pathophysiological role of soluble inflammatory mediators in neonatal and childhood ischaemic stroke. Recent evidence on potential anti-inflammatory treatments to improve paediatric stroke prognosis will be discussed.
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Vitvitsky V, Garg SK, Banerjee R. Taurine biosynthesis by neurons and astrocytes. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:32002-10. [PMID: 21778230 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.253344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological roles of taurine, a product of cysteine degradation and one of the most abundant amino acids in the body, remain elusive. Taurine deficiency leads to heart dysfunction, brain development abnormalities, retinal degradation, and other pathologies. The taurine synthetic pathway is proposed to be incomplete in astrocytes and neurons, and metabolic cooperation between these cell types is reportedly needed to complete the pathway. In this study, we analyzed taurine synthesis capability as reported by incorporation of radioactivity from [(35)S]cysteine into taurine, in primary murine astrocytes and neurons, and in several transformed cell lines (human (SH-SY5Y) and murine (N1E-115) neuroblastoma, human astrocytoma (U-87 MG and 1321 N1), and rat glioma (C6)). Extensive incorporation of radioactivity from [(35)S]cysteine into taurine was observed in rat glioma cells as well as in primary mouse astrocytes and neurons, establishing the presence of an intact taurine synthesis pathway in these cells. Interestingly, exposure of cells to cysteine or cysteamine resulted in elevated intracellular hypotaurine without a corresponding increase in taurine levels, suggesting that oxidation of hypotaurine limits taurine synthesis in cells. Consistent with its role as an organic osmolyte, taurine synthesis was stimulated under hypertonic conditions in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Vitvitsky
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0600, USA
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Ron-Harel N, Cardon M, Schwartz M. Brain homeostasis is maintained by "danger" signals stimulating a supportive immune response within the brain's borders. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:1036-43. [PMID: 21182929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An organism's behavior is determined by the way it senses and perceives the surrounding environment, and by its responses to these stimuli. The major factors known to affect the behavioral response to an event are genetic background, environmental factors, and past experiences, and their imprinting on the relevant brain circuits. Recently, circulating immune cells were introduced as novel players into this system. It was proposed that the brain and circulating immune cells engage in a continuous dialogue that takes place within the brain's territory, though outside the parenchyma (occurring within the brain's borders - the choroid plexi, the brain meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)). The cytokines secreted by activated leukocytes residing at the borders were shown to affect neurotrophic factors production within the parenchyma. Here, we suggest that such a dialogue is stimulated at the brain's borders, upon need, by a "danger" signal that originates in the parenchyma in response to any destabilizing event, and discuss the potential role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in transmitting this signal. Accordingly, a failure to restore balance is likely to lead to aberrant responses to subsequent events. This view thus supports the contention that circulating immune cells are required to maintain the brain's balanced activity and suggests a novel mechanism whereby the surveying immune cells are sensing the brain's status and needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Ron-Harel
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Garg SK, Vitvitsky V, Albin R, Banerjee R. Astrocytic redox remodeling by amyloid beta peptide. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:2385-97. [PMID: 21235355 PMCID: PMC3096517 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are critical for neuronal redox homeostasis providing them with cysteine needed for glutathione synthesis. In this study, we demonstrate that the astrocytic redox response signature provoked by amyloid beta (Aβ) is distinct from that of a general oxidant (tertiary-butylhydroperoxide [t-BuOOH]). Acute Aβ treatment increased cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) levels and enhanced transsulfuration flux in contrast to repeated Aβ exposure, which decreased CBS and catalase protein levels. Although t-BuOOH also increased transsulfuration flux, CBS levels were unaffected. The net effect of Aβ treatment was an oxidative shift in the intracellular glutathione/glutathione disulfide redox potential in contrast to a reductive shift in response to peroxide. In the extracellular compartment, Aβ, but not t-BuOOH, enhanced cystine uptake and cysteine accumulation, and resulted in remodeling of the extracellular cysteine/cystine redox potential in the reductive direction. The redox changes elicited by Aβ but not peroxide were associated with enhanced DNA synthesis. CBS activity and protein levels tended to be lower in cerebellum from patients with Alzheimer's disease than in age-matched controls. Our study suggests that the alterations in astrocytic redox status could compromise the neuroprotective potential of astrocytes and may be a potential new target for therapeutic intervention in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Rossi S, Mancino R, Bergami A, Mori F, Castelli M, De Chiara V, Studer V, Mataluni G, Sancesario G, Parisi V, Kusayanagi H, Bernardi G, Nucci C, Bernardini S, Martino G, Furlan R, Centonze D. Potential role of IL-13 in neuroprotection and cortical excitability regulation in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2011; 17:1301-12. [PMID: 21677024 DOI: 10.1177/1352458511410342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation triggers secondary neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVES It is unclear whether classical anti-inflammatory cytokines have the potential to interfere with synaptic transmission and neuronal survival in MS. METHODS Correlation analyses between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contents of anti-inflammatory cytokines and molecular, imaging, clinical, and neurophysiological measures of neuronal alterations were performed. RESULTS Our data suggest that interleukin-13 (IL-13) plays a neuroprotective role in MS brains. We found, in fact, that the levels of IL-13 in the CSF of MS patients were correlated with the contents of amyloid-β(1-42). Correlations were also found between IL-13 and imaging indexes of axonal and neuronal integrity, such as the retinal nerve fibre layer thickness and the macular volume evaluated by optical coherence tomography. Furthermore, the levels of IL-13 were related to better performance in the low-contrast acuity test and Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite scoring. Finally, by means of transcranial magnetic stimulation, we have shown that GABAA-mediated cortical inhibition was more pronounced in patients with high IL-13 levels in the CSF, as expected for a neuroprotective, anti-excitotoxic effect. CONCLUSIONS The present correlation study provides some evidence for the involvement of IL-13 in the modulation of neuronal integrity and synaptic function in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rossi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Astrocyte-rich primary cultures were used to investigate the consequences of a copper exposure on the glucose metabolism of astrocytes. After application of CuCl(2) (30 μM) the specific cellular copper content increased from initial 1.5 ± 0.2 nmol/mg to a steady state level of 7.9 ± 0.9 nmol/mg within about 12 h. The copper accumulation was accompanied by a significant increase in the extracellular lactate concentration. The stimulating effect of copper on the lactate production remained after removal of extracellular copper. Copper treatment accelerated the rates of both glucose consumption and lactate production by about 60%. The copper induced acceleration of glycolytic flux was prevented by inhibition of protein synthesis, and additive to the stimulation of glycolysis observed for inhibitors of respiration or prolyl hydroxylases. A copper induced stimulation of glycolytic flux in astrocytes could have severe consequences for the glucose metabolism of the brain in conditions of copper overload.
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Bjugstad KB, Lampe K, Kern DS, Mahoney M. Biocompatibility of poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogels in the brain: An analysis of the glial response across space and time. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 95:79-91. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Derecki NC, Privman E, Kipnis J. Rett syndrome and other autism spectrum disorders--brain diseases of immune malfunction? Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15:355-63. [PMID: 20177406 PMCID: PMC3368984 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimmunology was once referred to in terms of its pathological connotation only and was generally understood as covering the deleterious involvement of the immune system in various diseases and disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). However, our conception of the function of the immune system in the structure, function, and plasticity of the CNS has undergone a sea change after relevant discoveries over the past two decades, and continues to be challenged by more recent studies of neurodevelopment and cognition. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding of immune-system participation in the development and functioning of the CNS under physiological conditions. Considering as an example Rett syndrome a devastating neurodevelopmental disease, we offer a hypothesis that might help to explain the part played by immune cells in its etiology, and hence suggests that the immune system might be a feasible therapeutic target for alleviation of some of the symptoms of this and other autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- NC Derecki
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
,Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - E Privman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - J Kipnis
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
,Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Reynolds AD, Stone DK, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Proteomic studies of nitrated alpha-synuclein microglia regulation by CD4+CD25+ T cells. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:3497-511. [PMID: 19432400 DOI: 10.1021/pr9001614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglial inflammatory responses affect Parkinson's disease (PD) associated nigrostriatal degeneration. This is triggered, in measure, by misfolded, nitrated alpha-synuclein (N-alpha-syn) contained within Lewy bodies that are released from dying or dead dopaminergic neurons into the extravascular space. N-alpha-syn-stimulated microglial immunity is regulated by CD4+ T cell subset. Indeed, CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) induce neuroprotective immune responses. This is seen in rodent models of stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, human immunodeficiency virus associated neurocognitive disorders, and PD. To elucidate the mechanism for Treg-mediated microglial neuroregulatory responses, we used a proteomic platform integrating difference gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry peptide sequencing. These tests served to determine consequences of Treg on the N-alpha-syn stimulated microglia. The data demonstrated that Treg substantially alter the microglial proteome in response to N-alpha-syn. This is seen through Treg abilities to suppress microglial proteins linked to cell metabolism, migration, protein transport and degradation, redox biology, cytoskeletal, and bioenergetic activities. We conclude that Treg modulate the N-alpha-syn microglial proteome and, in this way, can slow the tempo and course of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Reynolds
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5800, USA
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