Protective effects of a topical antioxidant mixture containing vitamin C, ferulic acid, and phloretin against ultraviolet-induced photodamage in human skin

The Impact of Carboxytherapy and Treatments Combining Carboxytherapy and Selected Chemical Peels on Vascular and Pigmentary Components of the Dark Circles

Objective

Particular attention is given to the enhancement of melanin-related pigmentation (dark circles, photoaging) and vascular circles, which are commonly located in the tear trough. The objective of the study is to provide an objective evaluation of the impact of carboxytherapy and the treatment regimen combining carboxytherapy with lactobionic acid (20%, pH 2.1) or ferulic acid (14%, pH 4.0-5.0) and ascorbic acid (12%) on skin defects in the eye area.

Materials and Methods

A group of 39 Caucasian people were subjected to a series of five carboxytherapy treatments (right eye area) and five treatments combining carboxytherapy with a selected chemical peel for the skin around the eyes (left eye area). The efficacy of therapy was assessed based on parameters (MI and EI) measured with the Mexameter probe. Measurements were made in the tear trough and the middle of the lower eyelid.

Results

We demonstrated that a series of carboxytherapy (right side) significantly statistically influenced the EI parameter (in different measurement points: P <0.0001, P = 0.015, P = 0.002), which reflects the intensity of vascular circles under the eyes. Improvement of this parameter by 7.2 units was also shown in the tear trough in 82.1% of participants after the application of carboxytherapy combined with acids (left side) on the valley of tears for this parameter (EI). Lactobionic acid and carboxytherapy were associated with a statistically significant improvement (P = 0.011) in the tear trough. In this study, a reduction in the combined pigmentation (MI plus EI) for both the right and left sides (p = 0.001 and p = 0.015, respectively) was observed.

Conclusion

The study provides objective evidence for the effectiveness of sole carboxytherapy and carboxytherapy combined with acids in the reduction of dark circles, in particular vascular circles in the tear trough. Lactobionic acid, ferulic acid, and ascorbic acid can be used as safe supplements to enhance carboxytherapy.

Ameliorative effect of ferulic acid on thyroid dysfunction against propyl-thiouracil induced hypothyroid rats

PURPOSE

Hypothyroidism is an endocrine disorder characterised by decreased T3, T4 and increased TSH levels. This study aims to examine the potential effects of Ferulic acid (FA) on rats with hypothyroidism induced by propylthiouracil through the estimation of biochemical parameters and histopathological studies.

METHODS

Twenty-five female wistar rats were allocated into five groups: Control group [1% CMC, p.o.], Disease group [PTU-50 mg/kg, p.o.], [Levothyroxine (LT4) group - 20 µg/kg, p.o. + PTU-50 mg/kg, p.o.], [FA -25 mg/kg, p.o. + PTU-50 mg/kg, p.o.] and [FA 50 mg/kg, p.o. + PTU-50 mg/kg, p.o.]. On 15th day blood was collected and serum was separated for estimation of biochemical parameters, liver and kidney homogenate was utilised for the estimation of oxidative stress markers and the thyroid gland was dissected to examine histological features.

RESULTS

PTU administration for 14 days showed a substantial decline in T3 and T4 and increases in TSH levels. PTU-administered rats significantly increased TC, TG and LDL levels, and decreased HDL levels. AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, and IL-6 were determined and these levels were significantly altered in PTU-induced hypothyroid group. In hypothyroid rats MDA, NO, GSH and SOD levels were significantly altered. However, treatment with FA for 14 days attenuated PTU-induced alterations. Furthermore, FA improves the histological changes of the thyroid gland.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, FA treatment showed a protective effect against hypothyroidism by stimulating the thyroid hormones through the activation of thyroid peroxidase enzyme and improving thyroid function. In addition, FA diminished the increase in lipids, liver and kidney markers, oxidative stress and inflammation.

Strategy for the Enzymatic Acylation of the Apple Flavonoid Phloretin Based on Prior α-Glucosylation

The acylation of flavonoids serves as a means to alter their physicochemical properties, enhance their stability, and improve their bioactivity. Compared with natural flavonoid glycosides, the acylation of nonglycosylated flavonoids presents greater challenges since they contain fewer reactive sites. In this work, we propose an efficient strategy to solve this problem based on a first α-glucosylation step catalyzed by a sucrose phosphorylase, followed by acylation using a lipase. The method was applied to phloretin, a bioactive dihydrochalcone mainly present in apples. Phloretin underwent initial glucosylation at the 4'-OH position, followed by subsequent (and quantitative) acylation with C8, C12, and C16 acyl chains employing an immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus. Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D-NMR) confirmed that the acylation took place at 6-OH of glucose. The water solubility of C8 acyl glucoside closely resembled that of aglycone, but for C12 and C16 derivatives, it was approximately 3 times lower. Compared with phloretin, the radical scavenging capacity of the new derivatives slightly decreased with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and was similar to 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+). Interestingly, C12 acyl-α-glucoside displayed an enhanced (3-fold) transdermal absorption (using pig skin biopsies) compared to phloretin and its α-glucoside.

Evaluation of an advanced antioxidant and double-conjugated retinoid/AHA cream in participants with FST IV-V

BACKGROUND

Topical antioxidants and retinoids are foundational components of an effective skincare regimen. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a potent free radical scavenger that supports efficient mitochondrial energy creation. An advanced antioxidant combines topical allyl PQQ with existing WEL antioxidant technology (TAP) to comprehensively address extrinsic and intrinsic skin aging. In conjunction with TAP, a double-conjugated retinoid/alpha hydroxy acid (AHA-Ret) designed to minimize irritation and optimize delivery was used over 12 weeks to improve the appearance of photodamaged skin.

PATIENTS/METHODS

Twice-daily application of TAP and nightly application of AHA-Ret was evaluated in female participants aged 40-65 years with FST IV-V and mild (3) to moderate (6) facial photodamage using a 10-point grading scale. Visible improvements from baseline in lines/wrinkles, skin texture, skin tone, skin dullness and erythema were assessed using a six-point grading scale (0 = None to 5 = Severe). Adverse Events (AEs) were captured throughout the study period.

RESULTS

Participants (N = 21; mean age, 56 years) equally represented mild and moderate photodamage, and FST IV and V (41%, Hispanic; 36%, African American; and 32%, Caucasian). Significant mean improvements from baseline occurred in skin dullness, skin texture, and skin tone (all, p < 0.0001), and significant mean reductions from baseline were demonstrated in erythema and melanin at Week 12. Mild, transient AEs were reported. No participant discontinued study participation due to an AE.

CONCLUSIONS

A skincare regimen comprised of an advanced antioxidant and AHA-Ret cream, in conjunction with daily use of a broad-spectrum sunscreen (SPF 56), led to significant improvements at 12 weeks in the appearance of photodamaged skin in females with FST IV and V.

Evaluation of the effect of phenylpropanoids on the binding of heparin to human serum albumin and glycosylated human serum albumin concerning anticoagulant activity: A comparison study

The nonenzymatic advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and the accumulation of AGEs are the two main factors associated with the long-term pathogenesis of diabetes. Human serum albumin (HSA) as the most abundant serum protein has a higher fortuity to be modified by nonenzymatic glycation. In this study, the interaction of three phenylpropanoids (caffeic acid (Caf), p-coumaric acid (Cou), and cinnamic acid (Cin)) toward HSA and glycosylated HSA (gHSA) was analyzed by multiple spectroscopic techniques combined with molecular docking. The formation of fibrils in HSA and gHSA was confirmed by the Thioflavin T (ThT) assay. The phenylpropanoids have shown anti-fibrillation properties in vitro. The obtained thermodynamic parameters indicated that hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces are the main forces in the binding interaction, and the quenching mechanism of the protein fluorescence is static. Molecular docking results, as well as the in vitro results, showed that Caf, Cou, and Cin exhibit more stable interactions with HSA, respectively. In addition, molecular docking analysis showed that Caf and Cou interact well with K199. Given the critical role of K199 in HSA glycosylation in diabetic patients, this process inhibits the interaction of stabilizer compounds and thus accelerates gHSA aggregation.

In Vitro Safety and Efficacy Evaluation of a Juniperus communis Callus Culture Extract and Matricaria recutita Processing Waste Extract Combination as a Cosmetic Ingredient

For skin health promotion and cosmetic applications, combinations of plant cell extracts are extensively utilized. As most natural ingredient suppliers offer crude extracts from individual plants or specific isolated compounds, the potential interactions between them are assessed in the development phase of cosmetic products. The industry seeks extract combinations that have undergone optimization and scrutiny for their bioactivities. This study presents a combination of two sustainably produced botanical ingredients and outlines their chemical composition, in vitro safety, and bioactivity for skin health enhancement. The amalgamation comprises the extract of Matricaria recutita processing waste and the extract from Juniperus communis callus culture. Chemical analysis revealed distinct compounds within the extracts, and their combination led to a broader array of potentially synergistic compounds. In vitro assessments on skin cells demonstrated that the combination possesses robust antioxidant properties and the ability to stimulate keratinocyte proliferation, along with regulating collagen type I and matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) production by dermal fibroblasts. The identified traits of this combination render it an appealing cosmetic component. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first case when the extracts derived from medicinal plant processing waste and biotechnological plant cell cultivation processes have been combined and evaluated for their bioactivity.

Screening and evaluation of skin potential probiotic from high-altitude Tibetans to repair ultraviolet radiation damage

Human skin microbes play critical roles in skin health and diseases. Microbes colonizing on the skin of Tibetans living in the high-altitude area for generations may have a stronger ability to resist the harsh environment, such as high ultraviolet radiation (UV). Isolation of a potential probiotic from Tibetans skin is beneficial for resistance of skin disease for humans in the world. In this study, the signature microbiota for Tibetan skin were characterized compared to low-altitude humans. Next, using culture-omics, 118 species were isolated. The culturability of high-altitude of Tibetan skin microbiome reached approximate 66.8%. Next, we found that one strain, Pantoea eucrina, had the greatest ability to repair UV damage to the skin as the lowest pathological score was observed in this group. Interestingly, another animal trial found this bacterium resisted UV rather than its metabolites. Using whole genome sequencing, this strain P. eucrina KBFS172 was confirmed, and its functions were annotated. It might involve in the metabolic pathway of carotenoid biosynthesis with anti-oxidative stress properties, which plays critical roles in UV-damage repair. In conclusion, we characterized the signature microbes of skin in high-altitude Tibetans, isolated a skin bacterium of Pantoea eucrina KBFS172 which could repair UV damage via involving the metabolic pathway of carotenoid biosynthesis. Our results provide a new potential skin probiotic for skin disease prevention or sunburn.

Engineering natural molecule-triggered genetic control systems for tunable gene- and cell-based therapies

The ability to precisely control activities of engineered designer cells provides a novel strategy for modern precision medicine. Dynamically adjustable gene- and cell-based precision therapies are recognized as next generation medicines. However, the translation of these controllable therapeutics into clinical practice is severely hampered by the lack of safe and highly specific genetic switches controlled by triggers that are nontoxic and side-effect free. Recently, natural products derived from plants have been extensively explored as trigger molecules to control genetic switches and synthetic gene networks for multiple applications. These controlled genetic switches could be further introduced into mammalian cells to obtain synthetic designer cells for adjustable and fine tunable cell-based precision therapy. In this review, we introduce various available natural molecules that were engineered to control genetic switches for controllable transgene expression, complex logic computation, and therapeutic drug delivery to achieve precision therapy. We also discuss current challenges and prospects in translating these natural molecule-controlled genetic switches developed for biomedical applications from the laboratory to the clinic.

Evidence-Based Utility of Adjunct Antioxidant Supplementation for the Prevention and Treatment of Dermatologic Diseases: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Skin conditions are a significant cause of fatal and nonfatal disease burdens globally, ranging from mild irritations to debilitating diseases. Oxidative stress, which is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and the cells' ability to repair damage, is implicated in various skin diseases. Antioxidants have been studied for their potential benefits in dermatologic health, but the evidence is limited and conflicting. Herein, we conducted a systematic review of controlled trials, meta-analyses, and Cochrane review articles to evaluate the current evidence on the utility of antioxidant supplementation for adjunct prevention and treatment of skin disease and to provide a comprehensive assessment of their role in promoting dermatologic health. The Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, and Epistemonikos databases were queried. Eligibility criteria included (1) primary focus on nanoparticle utility for skin cancer; (2) includes measurable outcomes data with robust comparators; (3) includes a number of human subjects or cell-line types, where applicable; (4) English language; and (5) archived as full-text journal articles. A total of 55 articles met the eligibility criteria for the present review. Qualitative analysis revealed that topical and oral antioxidant supplementation has demonstrated preliminary efficacy in reducing sunburns, depigmentation, and photoaging. Dietary exogenous antioxidants (namely vitamins A, C, and E) have shown chemopreventive effects against skin cancer. Antioxidant supplementation has also shown efficacy in treating non-cancer dermatoses, including rosacea, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and acne vulgaris. While further studies are needed to validate these findings on a larger scale, antioxidant supplementation holds promise for improving skin health and preventing skin diseases.

How cyclodextrin encapsulation improves molecular stability of apple polyphenols phloretin, phlorizin, and ferulic acid: Atomistic insights through structural chemistry

Phloretin (PRT), phlorizin (PRZ), and ferulic acid (FEA) prevalent in apples are unstable and less soluble in water, which can be improved by cyclodextrin (CD) encapsulation. This study aimed to provide atomistic insights of β-CD-PRT (1), β-CD-PRZ (2), and α-CD-FEA (3) complexes. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that one PRZ (2) and one FEA (3) insert the aromatic B-ring and C=C-C=O(O) group respectively into the β-CD (2) and α-CD (3) cavities, whereas a half-occupied PRT (1) inserts the B-ring across the β-CD cavity. The induced-fit process yielded thermodynamically stable complexes 2 > 1 > 3, in agreement with the density functional theory (DFT)-optimized structures with the corresponding number of intermolecular OH···O H-bonds (7 > 3 > 1). Perpendicular conformations of the pharmaceutically active forms of PRT (1) and PRZ (2) are first observed crystallographically. This study confirmed the potential applications of CDs as molecular stabilizers and aqueous solubilizers for the improved bioavailability and efficient delivery of food bioactive compounds.

Solid-in-oil nanodispersion as a novel topical transdermal delivery to enhance stability and skin permeation and retention of hydrophilic drugs l-ascorbic acid

l-ascorbic acid （Vitamin C, VC） is the most abundant antioxidant in human skin. But its poor penetration into the skin and unstability limit the application. The aim of the study was to promote the topical skin permeation and retention of VC, increase the stability as well as effectiveness by a novel solid in oil nanodispersion. In the nanodispersions system, nano-sized particles of hydrophilic molecules are dispersed in an oil vehicle with the assistance of hydrophobic surfactants. The optimized formula composed of O170 and S1570 (12.5:1, w/w) showed high EE% of 98% and good stability. FTIR analysis confirmed that there may be hydrogen bond between VC and surfactants. The results of DSC, and XRD revealed that the drug was successfully encapsulated in the surfactants, which maintained the stability of drug. By analyzing and fitting the release data in vitro, the drug release mechanism of SONDs was predicted as a multi-dynamic model. Skin permeation of VC was improved 3.43-fold for SONDs compared with VC aqueous solution, highlighting that the lipophilicity and nano size of the carrier more easily penetrated into the skin. Finally, the photoaging study revealed that topical application of VC-SONDs provided the highest skin protection compared UV and VC aqueous solution treated group which was evident by the normal thick epidermal morphology, no obvious melanocytes and the densely arranged dermal elastic fibers. These results demonstrated that the solid-in-oil nanodispersions may be a potential transdermal delivery system for hydrophilic bioactive ingredients.

Enhanced intradermal delivery of Dragon's blood in biocompatible nanosuspensions hydrogel patch for skin photoprotective effect

Dragon's Blood is a member of the Chinese medicinal herb, having anti-oxygen and anti-inflammatory activity for the photoprotective effect. However, the poor water solubility of raw Dragon's Blood powder has limited its intradermal delivery process. In this study, we evaluated nanosuspensions to enhance intradermal delivery of Dragon's Blood exerting a photoprotective effect. The prepared nanosuspension was added to a composite hydrogel patch matrix for better skin application. In the present research, we used biocompatible materials hyaluronic acid and amino acid surfactants as nanosuspension stabilizers and agar/gelatin/sodium polyacrylate as hydrogel patch matrix. The prepared Dragon's Blood nanosuspension had a particle size of 447.0 ± 48.6 nm. The micro-structures morphology and viscoelasticity characteristics by SEM and rheological testing confirmed a sufficient crosslinked hydrogel network. The skin retention amount of Dragon's Blood nanosuspension was 1.48 times of raw Dragon's Blood powder water suspension, and the skin penetration amount of Dragon's Blood nanosuspension was only about 1/3 of Dragon's Blood DMSO solution. In the UVB-irradiated HaCaT cell phototoxicity model, Dragon's Blood nanosuspension also significantly increased cell viability by about 1 time of the model group and decreased the production of reactive oxygen species about 1/2 times of model group. In vivo safety and efficiency evaluation experiment illustrated that DB-NS hydrogel patch processes have favorable safety and photoprotective effect with no skin irritancy and phototoxicity. Furthermore, DB-NS and DB-NS hydrogel patches could protect skin from UVA and UVB irritating skin reactions. Overall, our study of the combined use of biocompatible and biodegradable materials as excipients of nanosuspension and hydrogel patch could be used as an effective additive of Intradermal delivery and skin photoprotection.

A Subjective and Objective Assessment of Combined Methods of Applying Chemical Peels and Microneedling in Antiaging Treatments

Combined methods of applying chemical peels and antioxidants could be an option for skin rejuvenation with no down-time. The penetration of active substances can be enhanced by microneedle mesotherapy. The study was conducted on a group of 20 female volunteers, aged 40-65 years. All volunteers received a series of eight treatments performed every seven days. The whole face was first treated with azelaic acid; following this, the right side received a 40% solution of vitamin C and the left side 10% vitamin C with microneedling. Hydration and skin elasticity were markedly improved, with better results observed on the microneedling side. Melanin and erythema index decreased. No significant side effects were seen. The combination of active ingredients and delivery techniques have great potential to enhance the effectiveness of cosmetic preparations, probably by multidirectional ways of action. In our study, we demonstrated that both 20% azelaic acid + 40% vitamin C treatment and 20% azelaic acid + 10% vitamin C + microneedle mesotherapy efficiently improved the assessed parameters of aging skin. However, the use of microneedling mesotherapy as a means of direct delivery of active compound to the dermis enhanced the effectiveness of the studied preparation.

Multifunctional Profiling of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extracts for Topical Application: A Comparative Study of Different Collection Time

This research investigated plant extracts as a source of potential new actives in the nutritional, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical fields. Moringa oleifera, which is extensively known for its nutritional properties, has been investigated in this work by preparation, characterization, and evaluation of the antioxidant (FRAP, DPPH, ORAC, and PCL test), antifungal, photoprotective, and cytotoxicity profile against human melanoma Colo38 cell line of two different extracts (hydroalcoholic and methanolic) and one infusion of dry leaves collected from Paraguay in four distinct harvest times (February, March, April, and May 2017). The outcomes of this study highlight Moringa oleifera as a potential ally to counteract skin aging and oxidative stress, as indicated by the favorable antioxidant profile of the extracts and infusions of Paraguay, which was, in all cases, superior to that provided by the same plant species when collected from Senegal. Moreover, some samples were more efficient in preventing the photodegradation of UVA filter butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (Avobenzone) compared to commercial filters, thus suggesting an interesting future role as natural additives in sunscreens.

Bioactive Substances and Biological Functions in Malus hupehensis: A Review

Malus hupehensis (MH), as a natural resource, contains various active ingredients such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, proteins, amino acids, volatile substances, and other components. Increasingly, studies have indicated that MH showed a variety of biological activities, including antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activities, and other activities. Hence, MH has attracted wide interest because of its high medical and nutritional value. It is necessary to review the active components and biological activities of MH. This paper systematically reviewed the chemical substances, biological activities, and potential problems of MH to further promote the related research of MH and provide an important reference for its application and development in medicine and food.

Anti-inflammation and anti-aging mechanisms of mercaptopurine in vivo and in vitro

Skin is the biggest organ of the human body, which easily gets irritated by exposure to the sun. Skin photoaging and acute photodamage are caused by intense UV-B radiation. Therefore, it is imperative to find new compounds to prevent skin damage and aging. Mercaptopurine is an immunologic agent commonly used for treating Acute lymphoblastic leukemia and inflammatory bowel disease. The beneficial effects of mercaptopurine on the skin have not been reported, and its intrinsic mechanism of action is unclear. Therefore, this study was to explore mercaptopurine when exposed to UV-B radiation in HacaT cells and C57BL6 mice aging and damage effects. The model of in vivo UV-B-induced skin damage and skin photoaging was established, and the impact of mercaptopurine on cell and animal skin was studied. The study found that mercaptopurine, on the one hand, inhibits cellular and animal senescence. On the other, it inhibits the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), which are important signaling molecules in the early UV-B reaction signaling pathway. In addition, mercaptopurine downregulates matrix metalloproteinase expression, increases collagen fiber content, and facilitates collagen synthesis. Treatment with mercaptopurine also inhibits the expression of inflammatory factors and reduces inflammatory cell infiltration of the skin. In conclusion, our study elucidates mercaptopurine's anti-photoaging and anti-inflammatory activity in cellular and animal models.

Therapeutic Potential and Pharmaceutical Development of a Multitargeted Flavonoid Phloretin

Phloretin is a flavonoid of the dihydrogen chalcone class, present abundantly in apples and strawberries. The beneficial effects of phloretin are mainly associated with its potent antioxidant properties. Phloretin modulates several signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms to exhibit therapeutic benefits against various diseases including cancers, diabetes, liver injury, kidney injury, encephalomyelitis, ulcerative colitis, asthma, arthritis, and cognitive impairment. It ameliorates the complications associated with diabetes such as cardiomyopathy, hypertension, depression, memory impairment, delayed wound healing, and peripheral neuropathy. It is effective against various microbial infections including Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Considering the therapeutic benefits, it generated interest for the pharmaceutical development. However, poor oral bioavailability is the major drawback. Therefore, efforts have been undertaken to enhance its bioavailability by modifying physicochemical properties and molecular structure, and developing nanoformulations. In the present review, we discussed the pharmacological actions, underlying mechanisms and molecular targets of phloretin. Moreover, the review provides insights into physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and approaches to promote the pharmaceutical development of phloretin for its therapeutic applications in the future. Although convincing experimental data are reported, human studies are not available. In order to ascertain its safety, further preclinical studies are needed to encourage its pharmaceutical and clinical development.

Ultraviolet Light Protection: Is It Really Enough?

Our current understanding of the pathogenesis of skin aging includes the role of ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared, pollution, cigarette smoke and other environmental exposures. The mechanism of action common to these exposures is the disruption of the cellular redox balance by the directly or indirectly increased formation of reactive oxygen species that overwhelm the intrinsic antioxidant defense system, resulting in an oxidative stress condition. Altered redox homeostasis triggers downstream pathways that contribute to tissue oxinflammation (cross-talk between inflammation and altered redox status) and accelerate skin aging. In addition, both ultraviolet light and pollution increase intracellular free iron that catalyzes reactive oxygen species generation via the Fenton reaction. This disruption of iron homeostasis within the cell further promotes oxidative stress and contributes to extrinsic skin aging. More recent studies have demonstrated that iron chelators can be used topically and can enhance the benefits of topically applied antioxidants. Thus, an updated, more comprehensive approach to environmental or atmospheric aging protection should include sun protective measures, broad spectrum sunscreens, antioxidants, chelating agents, and DNA repair enzymes.

Stability and Anti-Aging of Encapsulated Ferulic Acid in Phosphorylated Rice Starch

Ferulic acid (FA) provides broad biological functions that have been used in cosmetics formulation as a photoprotection, anti-aging, and brightening agent. However, its application is limited by its tendency to deteriorate by exposure to heat, humidity, and light. This study aimed to enhance the stability of FA by encapsulation in phosphorylated rice starch (PRS) and evaluate its effect on improving human skin. First, FA was encapsulated in PRS and characterized by FTIR, SEM, XRD, and DSC. Then, its stability when exposed to a temperature of 45 °C and light and its anti-aging effect on 16 volunteers were investigated. The results indicated that FA was successfully encapsulated in PRS with an encapsulation yield of 77%, EE (73%) and LE (65%). After 1 month at the high temperature/80%RH, the encapsulated FA retained its quantity (70%), whereas free FA was retained at only 50%. Under light exposure conditions, the encapsulated FA was retained at 65%, which was higher than FA (35%). Franz diffusion cell was used and demonstrated that PRS provided the controlled release of FA. Application of encapsulated FA and FA creams showed an absence of skin irritation in all volunteers. After 1 month, the encapsulated FA cream was found to be better than the FA cream on skin lightening, elasticity, smoothness, roughness, scaliness, and wrinkle. The results indicated that PRS is a potential wall material for enhancing the stability of FA, resulting in more efficacious skin lightening and anti-aging properties.

Ferulic acid - a novel topical agent in reducing signs of photoaging

INTRODUCTION

Continuous production of reactive oxygen species, induced by UV radiation, is one of the main mechanisms contributing to skin photoaging. Therefore, the use of novel superior antioxidants, which ferulic acid belongs to, is an innovative treatment option. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 14% ferulic acid peel on skin hydration, topography, the level of melanin, and the severity of erythema, in people with skin photoaging symptoms.

METHODS

20 women aged 45 to 60, received 8 treatments of chemical peeling in 1-week intervals. Efficacy was measured using The Multi Probe Adapter (MPA) Systems (Courage + Khazaka electronic GmbH, Köln, Germany). The measurements were taken before, 8, and 12 weeks after the first treatment. Additionally, the photo documentation was made with Fotomedicus (Elfo) and VISIA® Complexion Analysis System (Canfield Scientific, Inc.). Results The objective evaluation showed statistically significant improvement in all measured skin parameters (P<0,05). The best results of skin hydration and melanin level were observed right after the end of the series (P<0,001). The best improvement in erythema reduction was noted a month after the last treatment (P<0,0001). At the control, untreated point none of the probes showed statistically significant changes.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, a series of treatments with 14% ferulic acid peel has a significant bleaching, erythema-reducing, and moisturizing activity. The results achieved by apparatus, are reflected by photo documentation. The effects achieved during a series persist over time.

Two superior antioxidants: Ferulic acid and ascorbic acid in reducing signs of photoaging-A split-face comparative study

The assessment of the signs of photoaging in mexametric (melanin and erythema index), corneometric (hydration level), and cutometric (elasticity) examination after the treatment with ascorbic acid and ferulic acid. This study was conducted in a group of 20 women aged 39-61 (mean age 54), with Fitzpatrick skin types II and III. The study included a series of eight treatments performed once a week. Two layers of peeling, based on 14% ferulic acid (left half of the face) and 12% l-ascorbic acid serum (right half of the face) were applied. To determine skin parameters: moisture, elasticity, melanin level, and erythema intensity, the Multi Probe Adapter Systems (Courage + Khazaka electronic GmbH, Köln, Germany) were used. Additionally, before and after the series of treatments, photographs were taken with the standardized photographic system Fotomedicus (Elfo®). The results of mexametric measurement for melanin level and erythema intensity were statistically significant (p < 0.0001) for both acids. Slightly greater lightening of the skin was demonstrated for ascorbic acid. The results of corneometric measurement of hydration level for ferulic acid and ascorbic acid were both statistically significant (p < 0.0001). First beneficial changes in improved elasticity could be observed as early as after 8 weeks but the increase in flexibility grew with time (after 12 weeks). These changes affected both acids and all measurement points. The changes in parameters were highly statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Based on the conducted research, it is not possible to state which of the tested acids is more effective in reducing the symptoms of photoaging. Both acids (ascorbic and ferulic), which have a high antioxidant potential, affect the measurable parameters of the skin: pigmentation (melanin index), erythema (erythema index), skin hydration, and elasticity.

Ferulic Acid Activity in Topical Formulations: Technological and Scientific Prospecting

INTRODUCTION

Ferulic acid is a phenolic compound widely distributed in monocotyledons, with several applications, especially in pharmaceutical and dermo-cosmetic industries. It has proven antioxidant and anti- inflammatory activities, among others, which are mainly ascribed to its molecular structure. The main factor that can lead to serious skin damages like inflammation, dryness, wrinkles, and cancer is the exposure to UV radiation that is responsible for an increased level of radical oxygen species.

OBJECTIVE

This review aims to evaluate the application of ferulic acid in topical formulations and the technologies used to enhance its bioavailability and stability, as well as to get a clearer picture of its effects by in vivo and in vitro studies.

METHODS

It covers technological publications in the WIPO, EPO, INPI, and USPTO databases and scientific publications in the PubMed, Web of Sciences, and Science Direct databases, exploring the trend and application of this compound by country and year of publication.

RESULTS

Both the scientific and technological analyses showed the importance and tendency in the association of the Ferulic Acid and other vitamins and actives. The synergic effect certainly provides a better result, performance, and stability of the compounds, which cleared the great spectrum and applicability of the Ferulic Acid in topical formulations.

CONCLUSION

The present literature survey revealed that ferulic acid exerts an important activity in several formulations for topical application and improved the stability and bioavailability when combined with new technologies and methods, showing an open path to target the treatment of skin disorders.

Oxidative stress in the skin: Impact and related protection

Skin, our first interface to the external environment, is subjected to oxidative stress caused by a variety of factors such as solar ultraviolet, infrared and visible light, environmental pollution, including ozone and particulate matters, and psychological stress. Excessive reactive species, including reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, exacerbate skin pigmentation and aging, which further lead to skin tone unevenness, pigmentary disorder, skin roughness and wrinkles. Besides these, skin microbiota are also a very important factor ensuring the proper functions of skin. While environmental factors such as UV and pollutants impact skin microbiota compositions, skin dysbiosis results in various skin conditions. In this review, we summarize the generation of oxidative stress from exogenous and endogenous sources. We further introduce current knowledge on the possible roles of oxidative stress in skin pigmentation and aging, specifically with emphasis on oxidative stress and skin pigmentation. Meanwhile, we summarize the science and rationale of using three well-known antioxidants, namely vitamin C, resveratrol and ferulic acid, in the treatment of hyperpigmentation. Finally, we discuss the strategy for preventing oxidative stress-induced skin pigmentation and aging.

Keratinocyte Carcinoma and Photoprevention: The Protective Actions of Repurposed Pharmaceuticals, Phytochemicals and Vitamins

Simple Summary

Keratinocyte carcinoma is the most common type of cancer. Sun exposure and ultraviolet radiation are significant contributors to the development of carcinogenesis, mediated by DNA damage, increased oxidative stress, inflammation, immunosuppression and dysregulated signal transduction. Photoprevention involves using different compounds to delay or prevent ultraviolet radiation-induced skin cancer. In this review, we look at new avenues for systemic photoprevention that are based on pharmaceuticals, plant-derived phytochemicals and vitamins. We also investigate the mechanisms underlying these strategies for preventing the onset of carcinogenesis.

Abstract

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) arising from sun exposure represents a major risk factor in the development of keratinocyte carcinomas (KCs). UVR exposure induces dysregulated signal transduction, oxidative stress, inflammation, immunosuppression and DNA damage, all of which promote the induction and development of photocarcinogenesis. Because the incidence of KCs is increasing, better prevention strategies are necessary. In the concept of photoprevention, protective compounds are administered either topically or systemically to prevent the effects of UVR and the development of skin cancer. In this review, we provide descriptions of the pathways underlying photocarcinogenesis and an overview of selected photoprotective compounds, such as repurposed pharmaceuticals, plant-derived phytochemicals and vitamins. We discuss the protective potential of these compounds and their effects in pre-clinical and human trials, summarising the mechanisms of action involved in preventing photocarcinogenesis.

Potential of Olive Oil Mill Wastewater as a Source of Polyphenols for the Treatment of Skin Disorders: A Review

Current trends toward naturally occurring compounds of therapeutic interest have contributed to an increasing number of studies on olive oil phenolics in the treatment of diseases with oxidative and inflammatory origins. Recent focus has been on olive oil wastewater, which is richer in phenolic compounds than olive oil itself. In this review, we present findings demonstrating the potential use of olive mill wastewater in dermatology. Particular attention is given to compounds with proven benefits in topical pharmacology: caffeic and ferulic acids, tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, verbascoside, and oleuropein. The review is divided into different sections: inflammatory skin diseases, microbial effects, wound healing in addition to the antimelanoma properties of olive mill waste phenolics, and their potential in sun protection agents. There is strong evidence to support further studies into the valorization of this abundant and sustainable source of phenolic compounds for use in dermatology and dermo-cosmetic preparations.

Phloretin suppresses neuroinflammation by autophagy-mediated Nrf2 activation in macrophages

Background

Macrophages play a dual role in neuroinflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). They are involved in lesion onset and progression but can also promote the resolution of inflammation and repair of damaged tissue. In this study, we investigate if and how phloretin, a flavonoid abundantly present in apples and strawberries, lowers the inflammatory phenotype of macrophages and suppresses neuroinflammation.

Methods

Transcriptional changes in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages upon phloretin exposure were assessed by bulk RNA sequencing. Underlying pathways related to inflammation, oxidative stress response and autophagy were validated by quantitative PCR, fluorescent and absorbance assays, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) knockout mice, western blot, and immunofluorescence. The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model was used to study the impact of phloretin on neuroinflammation in vivo and confirm underlying mechanisms.

Results

We show that phloretin reduces the inflammatory phenotype of macrophages and markedly suppresses neuroinflammation in EAE. Phloretin mediates its effect by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Nrf2 activation was attributed to 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent activation of autophagy and subsequent kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) degradation.

Conclusions

This study opens future perspectives for phloretin as a therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammatory disorders such as MS.

Trial registration

Not applicable.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02194-z.

A comprehensive topical antioxidant inhibits oxidative stress induced by blue light exposure and cigarette smoke in human skin tissue

OBJECTIVE

Skin damage from visible light predominantly results from exposure to the blue light spectrum (400-500 nm) which generates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) causing a cascade of harmful effects to skin. Topical antioxidants reduce the effects of free radical damage caused by environmental exposures. This study evaluated a comprehensive topical antioxidant's ability to inhibit ROS production induced by blue light and cigarette smoke (CS) in human skin.

METHODS

Two experiments were conducted utilizing human skin (Fitzpatrick Skin Types III and V; N = 3, each). After confirmed reactivity of untreated tissues at 412 nm, 20J/cm2 , untreated and pretreated (WEL-DS, 2 mg/cm2 ) skin tissue was exposed to blue light and blue light plus CS and left overnight. A nonfluorescent probe (DCFH-DA) was added to skin and exposed to blue light (412 nm, 20J/cm2 ) and blue light plus CS. Fluorescent 2',7'-DCF was generated upon enzymatic reduction and subsequent oxidation by ROS.

RESULTS

ROS increased at least tenfold following initial exposure to blue light and blue light plus CS in untreated skin. Pretreatment with WEL-DS decreased ROS in FST III exposed to blue light by 51% and 46% in skin exposed to blue light plus CS vs. untreated skin (both, P < .001). In FST V, pretreatment with WEL-DS decreased ROS exposed to blue light by 54% (P < .001) and 50% in skin exposed to blue light plus CS vs. untreated skin (P < .0001).

CONCLUSION

WEL-DS demonstrated significant reduction in ROS induced by blue light and blue light in combination with CS compared with untreated, exposed skin.

Synthesis of Biobased Phloretin Analogues: An Access to Antioxidant and Anti-Tyrosinase Compounds for Cosmetic Applications

The current cosmetic and nutraceutical markets are characterized by a strong consumer demand for a return to natural products that are less harmful to both the consumers and the environment than current petrosourced products. Phloretin, a natural dihydrochalcone (DHC) found in apple, has been widely studied for many years and identified as a strong antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase ingredient for cosmetic formulations. Its low concentration in apples does not allow it to be obtained by direct extraction from biomass in large quantities to meet market volumes and prices. Moreover, its remarkable structure prevents its synthesis through a green process. To overcome these issues, the synthesis of phloretin analogs appears as an alternative to access valuable compounds that are potentially more active than phloretin itself. Under such considerations, 12 chalcones (CHs) and 12 dihydrochalcones (DHCs) were synthesized through a green Claisen-Schmidt condensation using bio-based reagents. In order to evaluate the potential of these molecules, radical scavenging DPPH and anti-tyrosinase tests have been conducted. Moreover, the UV filtering properties and the stability of these analogs towards UV-radiations have been evaluated. Some molecules showed competitive antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities regarding phloretin. Two compounds in particular showed EC₅₀ lower than phloretin, one chalcone and one dihydrochalcone.

Inhibition of Ultraviolet-B Radiation Induced Photodamage by Trigonelline Through Modulation of Mitogen Activating Protein Kinases and Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Axis in Skin

Cutaneous photodamage is incited via exposure of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation to skin, characterized by the manifestation of oxidative stress, inflammation, collagen degradation and apoptosis which translates to external aging signs such as wrinkle formation and leathery skin appearance. Meanwhile, it increases cellular susceptibility to photocarcinogenesis. Several studies have accumulated evidence regarding the usage of natural agents in reversing the clinical signs of photoaging as well as preventing photo-toxicity at molecular level. In this study, we have explored the therapeutic potential of natural agent Trigonelline (TG) against UV-B radiation mediated skin photodamage. Various parameters modulated by the exposure of UV-B radiation were investigated in human skin cells and chronic photodamage mice model (Balb/c). We found that TG alleviates UV-B radiation induced photodamage in human skin cells and Balb/c skin mice. TG treatment in UV-B irradiated skin cells abates UV-B radiation mediated phototoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. At molecular level, we observed TG treatment significantly prevents the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and lipid peroxidation, restores collagen synthesis and matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) levels. The in vitro findings were replicated in the in vivo model. We found that the TG acts potentially via modulation of ROS-MAPKs-NF-κB axis. Collectively, we propose that TG acts antagonistically against UV-B mediated skin damage and has strong potential to be developed as a therapeutic and cosmetical agent against photodamage disorders.

Innovative hydrogel containing polymeric nanocapsules loaded with phloretin: Enhanced skin penetration and adhesion

Dermatological applications of phloretin are restricted by its poor aqueous solubility. Nanotechnology has been proposed as strategy to increase the apparent drug solubility in aqueous media. This study aimed to develop, characterize, and evaluate the antitumoral effects and safety of polymeric nanocapsules containing phloretin (NCPhl). Further, to incorporate NC-Phl in an innovative semi-solid formulation (HG-NCPhl) to evaluate its performance using porcine skin model. NC-Phl was prepared and the effects in MRC5, HACAT, and SK-mel28 cells were evaluated. Hydrogels were prepared with Lecigel ® and characterized for their nanotechnological properties, adhesion (in vitro washability), and penetration/permeation studies in porcine skin. NC-Phl had a cytotoxic effect against Sk-Mel-28 cells and the population doubling time was increased upon treatment with NC-Phl for longer culture periods; notably when cells were treated for 72 h and then followed for 7 days after the treatment was removed (p < 0.05). HG-NC-Phl was considered adhesive and had a higher capacity to penetrate all skin layers compared with HG-Phl (p < 0.05). The innovative hydrogel HGNC-Phl promoted a drug-reservoir in the stratum corneum and higher penetration of the flavonoid into the epidermis. Therefore, this approach can be considered as a platform to establish versatile dermatological solutions for both cosmeceutics and melanoma therapy.

A hybrid systems biology and systems pharmacology investigation of Zingerone's effects on reconstructed human epidermal tissues

Background

As individuals live longer, elderly populations can be expected to face issues. This pattern urges researchers to investigate the aging concept further to produce successful anti-aging agents. In the current study, the effects of Zingerone (a natural compound) on epidermal tissues were analyzed using a bioinformatics approach.

Methods

For this purpose, we chose the GEO dataset GSE133338 to carry out the systems biology and systems pharmacology approaches, ranging from identifying the differentially expressed genes to analyzing the gene ontology, determining similar structures of Zingerone and their features (i.e., anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and skin disorders), constructing the gene-chemicals network, analyzing gene-disease relationships, and validating significant genes through the evidence presented in the literature.

Results

The post-processing of the microarray dataset identified thirteen essential genes among control and Zingerone-treated samples. The procedure revealed various structurally similar chemical and herbal compounds with possible skin-related effects. Additionally, we studied the relationships of differentially expressed genes with skin-related diseases and validated their direct connections with skin disorders the evidence available in the literature. Also, the analysis of the microarray profiling dataset revealed the critical role of interleukins as a part of the cytokines family on skin aging progress.

Conclusions

Zingerone, and potentially any constituents of Zingerone (e.g., their similar compound scan functionality), can be used as therapeutic agents in managing skin disorders such as skin aging. However, the beneficial effects of Zingerone should be assessed in other models (i.e., human or animal) in future studies.

Dermatological applications of the flavonoid phloretin

Botanical molecules are known to have the ability to counteract ultraviolet radiation-induced skin damage. The interest in the development of natural compound-based products for the prevention of solar ultraviolet radiation-induced skin photoaging, melasma, and photocarcinogenesis has been increasing. Recently, the flavonoid phloretin has attracted the attention of researchers in the dermatological field for application in cosmetics and therapeutics. In addition to its antioxidant activity, phloretin has been shown to have properties such as anti-aging and depigmenting effects. In this study, we review the dermatological treatments with phloretin for conditions such as melasma, photoaging, acne, and melanoma. Phloretin has been shown to inhibit elastase and matrix metalloproteinase-1 activity, to reduce cellular tyrosinase activity and melanin content, and induce apoptosis in B16 mouse melanoma 4A5 cells. An in vivo study showed that phloretin, applied topically to the dorsal skin of mice, suppressed the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-induced expression of COX-2, a critical molecular target of many chemopreventive, as well as anti-inflammatory agents. Phloretin can penetrate the skin; nevertheless, its penetration profile in different skin layers has not yet been evaluated. Despite its health benefits, phloretin application has been limited because of its photoinstability and poor aqueous solubility, among other limitations. Therefore, we reviewed the recent advances in pharmaceutical applications such as the use of nanotechnology, in order to improve the cutaneous availability of phloretin. In this review, we also focus on the oral application, product development challenges, and recent progress and future research directions on phloretin.

Comparative Assessment of the Antioxidant Activities among the Extracts of Different Parts of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels in Human Gingival Fibroblast Cells

Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels (wampee) is an outstanding natural plant with medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to compare the cytoprotective effects of four parts of wampee under oxidative stress. The aqueous extracts of leaf, peel, pulp, and seed were tested for the proliferation effects on human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells and the protective effects in the hydrogen peroxide-induced HGF model. Furthermore, the total glutathione assay and identification of rutin by high-performance liquid chromatography were carried out to attempt to determine whether the cytoprotective effects were related to the total glutathione (GSH) stability and rutin content. The results showed that all of the extracts had no cytotoxicity to HGF at tested concentrations ranging from 50 to 5000 μg/ml during 24 h, and the leaf, pulp, and seed extracts increased proliferation of HGF at relatively high concentrations. All the extracts except for the seed extract significantly decreased the production of reactive oxygen species, and the peel extracts exhibited the most effective antioxidant effect. The leaf extract had the highest anticytotoxicity and GSH stabilization effect in the HGF challenged with hydrogen peroxide. In addition, the relative content of rutin in peel and leaf extracts was higher than that in pulp and seed. The results of GSH assay and rutin identification suggest that different cellular protective effects among the four parts of wampee are partially related to the GSH stabilization and rutin content. These findings provide a scientific basis for the antioxidant effect-related biological activities of wampee extracts.

Beetroot, a Remarkable Vegetable: Its Nitrate and Phytochemical Contents Can be Adjusted in Novel Formulations to Benefit Health and Support Cardiovascular Disease Therapies

The cardioprotective effects of dietary nitrate from beetroot in healthy and hypertensive individuals are undeniable and irrefutable. Nitrate and nitrate-derived nitrite are precursors for nitric oxide synthesis exhibiting an effect on cardiomyocytes and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, improving endothelial function, reducing arterial stiffness and stimulating smooth muscle relaxation, decreasing systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Beetroot phytochemicals like betanin, saponins, polyphenols, and organic acids can resist simulated gastrointestinal digestion, raising the hypothesis that the cardioprotective effects of beetroots result from the combination of nitrate/nitrite and bioactive compounds that limit the generation of reactive oxygen species and modulate gene expression. Nitrate and phytochemical concentrations can be adjusted in beet formulations to fulfill requirements for acute or long-term supplementations, enhancing patient adherence to beet intervention. Based on in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials, beet nitrate and its bioactive phytochemicals are promising as a novel supportive therapy to ameliorate cardiovascular diseases.

Topical Over-the-Counter Antiaging Agents: An Update and Systematic Review

Over-the-counter antiaging formulations aim to prevent or minimize the signs of aging skin, and to maintain the benefits obtained from different cosmetic procedures. Even though a huge selection of such products is available on the market, evidence and good clinical practice of the data supporting their use are oftentimes lacking. In this systematic review, the authors reviewed scientific data available in the published literature on the most common ingredients used in antiaging cosmetics, with a particular focus on in vivo studies.

Phloretin Modulates Human Th17/Treg Cell Differentiation In Vitro via AMPK Signaling

Objective

We conducted studies to explore the effect of phloretin on glucose uptake, proliferation, and differentiation of human peripheral blood CD4⁺ T cells and investigated the mechanism of phloretin on inducing Th17/Treg development.

Methods

Naïve CD4⁺ T cells were purified from peripheral blood of healthy volunteers, stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies, and polarized in vitro to generate Th17 or Treg cells. Glucose uptake, proliferation, cell cycle, protein expression (phospho-Stat3, phospho-Stat5), and Th17 and Treg cell numbers were analyzed by flow cytometry. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling was analyzed by western blot. Results and Discussion. Phloretin could inhibit the glucose uptake and proliferation of activated CD4⁺ T cells. The proliferation inhibition was due to the G0/G1 phase arrest. Phloretin decreased Th17 cell generation and phospho-Stat3 expression as well as increased Treg cell generation and phospho-Stat5 expression in the process of inducing Th17/Treg differentiation. The phosphorylation level of AMPK was significantly enhanced, while the phosphorylation level of mTOR was significantly decreased in activated CD4⁺ T cells under phloretin treatment. The AMPK signaling inhibitor compound C (Com C) could neutralize the effect of phloretin, while the agonist 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) could impact the Th17/Treg balance similar to phloretin during Th17/Treg induction.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that phloretin can mediate the Th17/Treg balance by regulating metabolism via the AMPK signal pathway.

The effectiveness of ferulic acid and microneedling in reducing signs of photoaging: A split-face comparative study

Photoaging is closely related to ultraviolet-induced oxidative stress. Ferulic acid is a plant-based antioxidant with antiaging activity. Combining ferulic acid peel with microneedling enhances its transdermal penetration. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of 14% ferulic acid peel combined with microneedling for facial photoaging. Sixteen women aged 45 to 60 years with Fitzpatrick skin types II and III were enrolled in this trial. All patients received eight treatment sessions with a full face application of chemical peeling based on 14% ferulic acid in 1-week intervals. During each session, on the right half of patient's face, peeling application was followed by microneedling. Efficacy was measured using Multi Probe Adapter (Courage + Khazaka electronic). The measurement of hydration, elasticity, melanin index, and erythema index were taken before treatments, after eighth session and 1 month after the last application. The objective evaluation showed statistically significant improvement in all measured skin parameters (P < .05), after ferulic acid peel application, as well as ferulic acid peel followed by microneedling. Combined therapy showed significantly greater improvement especially in skin elasticity, comparing to peeling administered alone. Ferulic acid has a significant bleaching, antiredness, smoothing, and moisturizing activity. When combined with microneedling, the efficiency is increased, in particular regarding skin elasticity.

Biocatalytic Production of a Potent Inhibitor of Adipocyte Differentiation from Phloretin Using Engineered CYP102A1

In this study, we investigated an efficient enzymatic strategy for producing potentially valuable phloretin metabolites from phlorizin, a glucoside of phloretin that is rich in apple pomace. Almond β-glucosidase efficiently removed phlorizin's glucose moiety to produce phloretin. CYP102A1 engineered by site-directed mutagenesis, domain swapping, and random mutagenesis catalyzed the highly regioselective C-hydroxylation of phloretin into 3-OH phloretin with high conversion yields. Under the optimal hydroxylation conditions of 15 g cells L^-1 and a 20 mM substrate for whole-cell biocatalysis, phloretin was regioselectively hydroxylated into 3.1 mM 3-OH phloretin each hour. Furthermore, differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes and lipid accumulation were dramatically inhibited by 3-OH phloretin but promoted by phloretin. Consistent with these inhibitory effects, the expression of adipogenic regulator genes was downregulated by 3-OH phloretin. We propose a platform for the sustainable production and value creation of phloretin metabolites from apple pomace capable of inhibiting adipogenesis.

Protective effects of a comprehensive topical antioxidant against ozone-induced damage in a reconstructed human skin model

Tropospheric ozone (O₃) is a source of oxidative stress. This study examined the ability of a topical antioxidant (WEL-DS) to inhibit O₃-mediated damage in a human epidermal skin model. Four groups of tissues (N = 24) were compared: Group 1 (control) were untreated and unexposed; Group 2 were untreated and exposed to O₃ (0.4 ppm, 4 h); Group 3 were pretreated with WEL-DS and unexposed; Group 4 were pretreated with WEL-DS and exposed to O₃ (0.4 ppm, 4 h). Pretreated tissues were topically treated with 20 uL of WEL-DS and incubated for up to 20 h at 37 °C [humidified, 5% carbon dioxide (CO₂)]. After 24 h, tissues were re-treated with WEL-DS and exposed to O_3. Tissues were evaluated for Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) protein adducts, NF-κB p65 response and histology. In O₃-exposed groups, WEL-DS significantly inhibited ROS formation vs. untreated tissues (p < 0.05). Pretreatment with WEL-DS inhibited H₂O₂ production vs. untreated tissues (p < 0.05), and decreased NF-κB p65 transcription factor signal. Oxidative stress induction in O₃-exposed tissues was confirmed by increased levels of 4-HNE protein adducts (marker of lipid peroxidation); WEL-DS application reduced this effect. WEL-DS inhibited damage in tissues exposed to O₃ with no significant changes in epidermal structure. A comprehensive topical antioxidant significantly diminished O₃-induced oxidative damage in a human epidermal skin model.

Topical application of a commercially available formulation of vitamin C stabilized by vitamin E and ferulic acid reduces tissue viability and protein synthesis in ex vivo human normal skin

BACKGROUND

Aqueous formulations of vitamin C stabilized by vitamin E and ferulic acid at low pH effectively protect skin against reactive oxygen species-induced damage. However, the effects of these formulations on human skin have not clearly been described. The aim of this study was to investigate whether topical application of two commercially available formulations of vitamin C alter human skin using an ex vivo model.

METHODS

Human skin explants were topically treated on alternate days with commercially available formulation 1 (15% vitamin C) at 100% (without dilution), 50%, or 10% diluted in saline or formulation 2 (20% vitamin C) at 100% (without dilution), 50%, or 10% diluted in saline. Only saline was applied to control skin explants.

RESULTS

Topical formulation 1 at 100%, 50%, or 10%, but not formulation 2 at 100%, 50%, or 10%, reduced the viability of ex vivo human skin compared to the control after 7, 10, and 13 days. In addition, compared to the control, ex vivo human skin treated with formulation 1 at 50%, but not formulation 2 at 50%, also decreased mRNA levels of actin and ribosomal protein L10 and gene expression of extracellular matrix components after 10 days. Furthermore, after 10 days, topical application of formulation 1 at 50%, but not formulation 2 at 50%, decreased the protein expression of proliferating cellular nuclear antigen, lysyl oxidase, β-actin, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase compared to the control.

CONCLUSIONS

Topical formulation 1, but not formulation 2, may reduce the viability of and protein synthesis in ex vivo human skin. Those effects might be due to action of vehicle of formulation 1 on ex vivo human skin.

Therapeutic Potential of Plant Phenolic Acids in the Treatment of Cancer

Globally, cancer is the second leading cause of death. Different conventional approaches to treat cancer include chemotherapy or radiotherapy. However, these are usually associated with various deleterious effects and numerous disadvantages in clinical practice. In addition, there are increasing concerns about drug resistance. In the continuous search for safer and more effective treatments, plant-derived natural compounds are of major interest. Plant phenolics are secondary metabolites that have gained importance as potential anti-cancer compounds. Phenolics display a great prospective as cytotoxic anti-cancer agents promoting apoptosis, reducing proliferation, and targeting various aspects of cancer (angiogenesis, growth and differentiation, and metastasis). Phenolic acids are a subclass of plant phenolics, furtherly divided into benzoic and cinnamic acids, that are associated with potent anticancer abilities in various in vitro and in vivo studies. Moreover, the therapeutic activities of phenolic acids are reinforced by their role as epigenetic regulators as well as supporters of adverse events or resistance associated with conventional anticancer therapy. Encapsulation of phyto-substances into nanocarrier systems is a challenging aspect concerning the efficiency of natural substances used in cancer treatment. A summary of phenolic acids and their effectiveness as well as phenolic-associated advances in cancer treatment will be discussed in this review.

In situ antioxidant activity of a dermo-cosmetic product: A randomized controlled clinical study

Ultraviolet light enhances the generation of reactive oxygen species that are responsible for skin photoageing. The aim of this randomized, vehicle- and active-controlled double-blind, intra-individual monocentric study was to evaluate in situ the antioxidant activity of a dermo-cosmetic product in photoaged skin. Twenty healthy volunteers had defined skin areas randomized to receive a topical product containing 3 antioxidants (pre-tocopheryl® , retinaldehyde and glycylglycine ole-amide), its vehicle and a positive antioxidant control cream. The products were applied daily for 30-day period. The skin areas were exposed to a controlled dose of UVA rays, and the skin oxidative status was evaluated 4 and 24 hours post-UVA exposure at D0 (basal value) and after 15 and 30 days of product application. Skin layers were collected by stripping, and antioxidant capacity was measured using the ferric reducing ability of a plasma assay. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) was assessed using the malonyldialdehyde test. The tested product significantly improved the skin antioxidant capacity after 15 and 30 days and significantly decreased the basal level of the skin LPO. The skin LPO level significantly decreased 4 and 24 hours after UVA exposure at 15 and 30 days. These findings were comparable to positive control treated sites and were significantly different from the vehicle and untreated sites. This minimally invasive methodology enabled a quantitative evaluation of potent antioxidant activity in situ in the stratum corneum reflecting real-life skin conditions and confirming the benefits of the topical application of a product containing 3 antioxidants in the prevention of UVA-induced oxidative damage.

Pharmacological Aspects and Potential Use of Phloretin: A Systemic Review

Over the past two decades, many researchers have concluded that a diet rich in polyphenolic compounds plays an important therapeutic role in reducing the risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, inflammation, diabetes, and other degenerative diseases. Polyphenolic compounds have been reported to be involved in neutralization of reactive oxygen species and charged radicals, and have anticarcinogenic effects, hepatoprotective effects, low-glycaemic response, and other benefits. The benefits of fruits and vegetables may be partly attributable to polyphenolic compounds, which have antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. Fruits such as apples contain a variety of phytochemicals, including (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin, phlorizin, phloretin quercetin, cyanidin-3-Ogalactoside, chlorogenic acid, and p-coumaric acid, all of which are strong antioxidants. Phloretin, a natural phenolic compound, is a dihydrochalcone, which is present in the apple. It exhibits a wide variety of activities such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-allergic, anticarcinogenic, anti-thrombotic, and hepatoprotective, besides being involved in the activation of apoptotic associated gene expression and signal transduction in molecular pathways. Despite a multitude of clinical studies, new efforts are needed in clinical research to determine the complete therapeutic potential of phloretin.

Phenylpropanoids and its derivatives: biological activities and its role in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries

Phenylpropanoids and their derivatives are plant secondary metabolites widely present in fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, beverages, spices and herbs. They are known to have multifaceted effects which include antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer activities and as well as exhibits renoprotective, neuroprotective, cardioprotective and hepatoprotective effects. Owing to their antioxidant, antimicrobial and photoprotective properties, these compounds have wide application in the food (preservation, packaging films and edible coating), pharmaceutical, cosmetic and other industries such as textile (colorant), biofuel (antioxidant additive) and sensors (sensing biologically relevant molecules). Phenylpropanoids are present in commercially available dietary supplements and skin care products. In this review, we have presented the current knowledge on the biosynthesis, occurrence, biological activities of phenylpropanoids and their derivatives, along with the mechanism of action and their potential applications in various industries.

Target Proteins of Phloretin for Its Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Activities Against Propionibacterium acnes-Induced Skin Infection

Phloretin is a natural chalcone with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. This study investigated the anti-acne activity of phloretin against Propionibacterium acnes-induced skin infection and the potential target proteins of its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. Phloretin potently inhibited the growth of P. acnes and P. acnes-induced Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2-mediated inflammatory signaling in human keratinocytes. Secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase assay confirmed that the anti-inflammatory activity of phloretin is associated with the P. acnes-stimulated TLR2-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. Phloretin significantly decreased the level of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), showing a binding affinity of 1.184 × 10⁻⁵ M⁻¹. We also found that phloretin binds with micromolar affinity to P. acnes β-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthase III (KAS III), an enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis. Conformation-sensitive native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that phloretin reduced KAS III-mediated 3-ketoacyl ACP production by over 66%. A docking study revealed that phloretin interacts with the active sites of JNK1 and KAS III, suggesting their involvement in P. acnes-induced inflammation and their potential as targets for the antibacterial activity of phloretin. These results demonstrate that phloretin may be useful in the prevention or treatment of P. acnes infection.