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Haj-Yehia E, Mertens RW, Kahles F, Rückbeil MV, Rau M, Moellmann J, Biener M, Almalla M, Schroeder J, Giannitsis E, Katus HA, Marx N, Lehrke M. Peptide YY (PYY) Is Associated with Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3952. [PMID: 33291235 PMCID: PMC7762108 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Recent studies have found circulating concentrations of the gastrointestinal hormone GLP-1 to be an excellent predictor of cardiovascular risk in patients with myocardial infarction. This illustrates a yet not appreciated crosstalk between the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems, which requires further investigation. The gut-derived hormone Peptide YY (PYY) is secreted from the same intestinal L-cells as GLP-1. Relevance of PYY in the context of cardiovascular disease has not been explored. In this study, we aimed to investigate PYY serum concentrations in patients with acute myocardial infarction and to evaluate their association with cardiovascular events. MATERIAL AND METHODS PYY levels were assessed in 834 patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction (553 Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and 281 ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)) at the time of hospital admission. The composite outcomes of first occurrence of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke (3-P-MACE), and all-cause mortality were assessed with a median follow-up of 338 days. RESULTS PYY levels were significantly associated with age and cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, and kidney function in addition to biomarkers of heart failure (NT-pro BNP) and inflammation (hs-CRP). Further, PYY was significantly associated with 3-P-MACE (HR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1-2.97; p = 0.0495) and all-cause mortality (HR: 2.69; 95% CI: 1.61-4.47; p = 0.0001) by univariable Cox regression analyses, which was however lost after adjusting for multiple confounders. CONCLUSIONS PYY levels are associated with parameters of cardiovascular risk as well as cardiovascular events and mortality in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction. However, this significant association is lost after adjustment for further confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Haj-Yehia
- Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (E.H.-Y.); (R.W.M.); (F.K.); (M.R.); (J.M.); (M.A.); (J.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Robert Werner Mertens
- Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (E.H.-Y.); (R.W.M.); (F.K.); (M.R.); (J.M.); (M.A.); (J.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Florian Kahles
- Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (E.H.-Y.); (R.W.M.); (F.K.); (M.R.); (J.M.); (M.A.); (J.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Marcia Viviane Rückbeil
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 19, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Matthias Rau
- Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (E.H.-Y.); (R.W.M.); (F.K.); (M.R.); (J.M.); (M.A.); (J.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Julia Moellmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (E.H.-Y.); (R.W.M.); (F.K.); (M.R.); (J.M.); (M.A.); (J.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Moritz Biener
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.B.); (E.G.); (H.A.K.)
| | - Mohammad Almalla
- Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (E.H.-Y.); (R.W.M.); (F.K.); (M.R.); (J.M.); (M.A.); (J.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Jörg Schroeder
- Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (E.H.-Y.); (R.W.M.); (F.K.); (M.R.); (J.M.); (M.A.); (J.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Evangelos Giannitsis
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.B.); (E.G.); (H.A.K.)
| | - Hugo Albert Katus
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.B.); (E.G.); (H.A.K.)
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (E.H.-Y.); (R.W.M.); (F.K.); (M.R.); (J.M.); (M.A.); (J.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Michael Lehrke
- Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (E.H.-Y.); (R.W.M.); (F.K.); (M.R.); (J.M.); (M.A.); (J.S.); (N.M.)
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Hofmann S, Bellmann-Sickert K, Beck-Sickinger AG. Chemical modification of neuropeptide Y for human Y1 receptor targeting in health and disease. Biol Chem 2019; 400:299-311. [PMID: 30653463 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As a very abundant neuropeptide in the brain and widely distributed peptide hormone in the periphery, neuropeptide Y (NPY) appears to be a multisignaling key peptide. Together with peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide and the four human G protein-coupled receptor subtypes hY1R, hY2R, hY4R and hY5R it forms the NPY/hYR multiligand/multireceptor system, which is involved in essential physiological processes as well as in human diseases. In particular, NPY-induced hY1R signaling plays a central role in the regulation of food intake and stress response as well as in obesity, mood disorders and cancer. Thus, several hY1R-preferring NPY analogs have been developed as versatile tools to unravel the complex NPY/hY1R signaling in health and disease. Further, these peptides provide basic lead structures for the development of innovative drugs. Here, the current research is summarized focusing on the development of differently sized hY1R-preferring NPY analogs as well as their advances with respect to hY1R profiling, potential therapeutic applications and targeted cancer imaging and therapy. Finally, major limitations and innovative strategies for next generation hY1R-preferring NPY analogs are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Hofmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Bellmann-Sickert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Liu Y, Wu D, Qu MY, He JL, Yuan M, Zhao M, Wang JX, He J, Wang LQ, Guo XJ, Zuo M, Zhao SY, Ma MN, Li JN, Shou W, Qiao GF, Li BY. Neuropeptide Y-mediated sex- and afferent-specific neurotransmissions contribute to sexual dimorphism of baroreflex afferent function. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66135-66148. [PMID: 27623075 PMCID: PMC5323221 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuropeptide-Y (NPY)-mediated gender-difference in blood pressure (BP) regulation are largely unknown. Methods Baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS) was evaluated by measuring the response of BP to phenylephrine/nitroprusside. Serum NPY concentration was determined using ELISA. The mRNA and protein expression of NPY receptors were assessed in tissue and single-cell by RT-PCR, immunoblot, and immunohistochemistry. NPY was injected into the nodose while arterial pressure was monitored. Electrophysiological recordings were performed on nodose neurons from rats by patch-clamp technique. Results The BRS was higher in female than male and ovariectomized rats, while serum NPY concentration was similar among groups. The sex-difference was detected in Y1R, not Y2R protein expression, however, both were upregulated upon ovariectomy and canceled by estrogen replacement. Immunostaining confirmed Y1R and Y2R expression in myelinated and unmyelinated afferents. Single-cell PCR demonstrated that Y1R expression/distribution was identical between A- and C-types, whereas, expressed level of Y2R was ∼15 and ∼7 folds higher in Ah- and C-types than A-types despite similar distribution. Activation of Y1R in nodose elevated BP, while activation of Y2R did the opposite. Activation of Y1R did not alter action potential duration (APD) of A-types, but activation of Y2R- and Y1R/Y2R in Ah- and C-types frequency-dependently prolonged APD. N-type ICa was reduced in A-, Ah- and C-types when either Y1R, Y2R, or both were activated. The sex-difference in Y1R expression was also observed in NTS. Conclusions Sex- and afferent-specific expression of Neuropeptide-Y receptors in baroreflex afferent pathway may contribute to sexual-dimorphic neurocontrol of BP regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mei-Yu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian-Li He
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian He
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lu-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin-Jing Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shu-Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mei-Na Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jun-Nan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weinian Shou
- Riley Heart Research Center, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Guo-Fen Qiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research of Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bai-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Mueller PJ, Clifford PS, Crandall CG, Smith SA, Fadel PJ. Integration of Central and Peripheral Regulation of the Circulation during Exercise: Acute and Chronic Adaptations. Compr Physiol 2017; 8:103-151. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kozłowska A, Mikołajczyk A, Majewski M. Detailed Characterization of Sympathetic Chain Ganglia (SChG) Neurons Supplying the Skin of the Porcine Hindlimb. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071463. [PMID: 28686209 PMCID: PMC5535954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally known that in the skin sympathetic fibers innervate various dermal structures, including sweat glands, blood vessels, arrectores pilorum muscles and hair follicles. However, there is a lack of data about the distribution and chemical phenotyping of the sympathetic chain ganglia (SChG) neurons projecting to the skin of the pig, a model that is physiologically and anatomically very representative for humans. Thus, the present study was designed to establish the origin of the sympathetic fibers supplying the porcine skin of the hind leg, and the pattern(s) of putative co-incidence of dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH) with pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), somatostatin (SOM), neuronal nitric oxide synthase, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide, neuropeptide Y (NPY), leu5-enkephalin and galanin (GAL) using combined retrograde tracing and double-labeling immunohistochemistry. The Fast Blue-positive neurons were found in the L₂-S₂ ganglia. Most of them were small-sized and contained DβH with PACAP, SOM, NPY or GAL. The findings of the present study provide a detailed description of the distribution and chemical coding of the SChG neurons projecting to the skin of the porcine hind leg. Such data may be the basis for further studies concerning the plasticity of these ganglia under experimental or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kozłowska
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-082, Poland.
| | - Anita Mikołajczyk
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-082, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Majewski
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-082, Poland.
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Lang JA, Krajek AC, Smaller KA. Evidence for a functional vasoconstrictor role for ATP in the human cutaneous microvasculature. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:684-693. [PMID: 28295755 DOI: 10.1113/ep086231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? In young adults, about half of the cold-related reduction in skin blood flow during cold exposure is mediated by noradrenaline, while the remainder is attributable to other substances co-released with noradrenaline that have yet to be identified. What is the main finding and its importance? Purinergic receptor blockade blunted the vasoconstriction response to whole-body cooling and to intradermal administration of tyramine. These results indicate that ATP is necessary to vasoconstrict blood vessels in the skin adequately and prevent heat loss in a cold environment. Noradrenaline is responsible for eliciting ∼60% of the reflex cutaneous vasoconstriction (VC) response in young adults, while the remainder is attributable to one or more unidentified co-released sympathetic adrenergic neurotransmitter(s). Inconsistent evidence has placed neuropeptide Y in this role; however, other putative cotransmitters have yet to be tested. We hypothesize that ATP contributes to the reflex cutaneous VC response. Two protocols were conducted in young adults (n = 10); both involved the placement of three microdialysis probes in forearm skin and whole-body cooling (skin temperature = 30.5°C). In protocol 1, the following solutions were infused: (i) lactated Ringer solution (control); (ii) 10 mm l-NAME; and (iii) purinergic receptor blockade with 1 mm suramin plus l-NAME. In protocol 2, the following solutions were infused: (i) lactated Ringer solution; (ii) suramin plus l-NAME; and (iii) suramin plus l-NAME plus adrenoreceptor blockade with 5 mm yohimbine plus 1 mm propranolol. Laser Doppler flux (LDF) was measured over each microdialysis site, and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated (CVC = LDF/MAP) and expressed as percentage changes from baseline (%ΔCVCBASELINE ). l-NAME was used to block the vasodilatory influence of ATP and unmask the P2 X-mediated VC response to exogenous ATP infusion (-21 ± 6%ΔCVCBASELINE ). During cooling, the VC response (control, -39 ± 8%ΔCVCBASELINE ) was attenuated at the suramin site (-21 ± 4%ΔCVCBASELINE ) and further blunted with combined adrenoreceptor blockade (-9 ± 3%ΔCVCBASELINE ; P < 0.05). Compared with the control site (-22 ± 5%ΔCVCBASELINE ), suramin inhibited pharmacologically induced VC to tyramine (-12 ± 6%ΔCVCBASELINE ; P < 0.05), which displaces adrenergic neurotransmitters from axon terminals. These data indicate that ATP contributes to the cutaneous VC response in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Lang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Alex C Krajek
- Department of Physical Therapy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Kevin A Smaller
- Department of Neuroscience, Drake University, Des Moines, IA, USA
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Shoemaker JK, Badrov MB, Al-Khazraji BK, Jackson DN. Neural Control of Vascular Function in Skeletal Muscle. Compr Physiol 2015; 6:303-29. [PMID: 26756634 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system represents a fundamental homeostatic system that exerts considerable control over blood pressure and the distribution of blood flow. This process has been referred to as neurovascular control. Overall, the concept of neurovascular control includes the following elements: efferent postganglionic sympathetic nerve activity, neurotransmitter release, and the end organ response. Each of these elements reflects multiple levels of control that, in turn, affect complex patterns of change in vascular contractile state. Primarily, this review discusses several of these control layers that combine to produce the integrative physiology of reflex vascular control observed in skeletal muscle. Beginning with three reflexes that provide somewhat dissimilar vascular patterns of response despite similar changes in efferent sympathetic nerve activity, namely, the baroreflex, chemoreflex, and muscle metaboreflex, the article discusses the anatomical and physiological bases of postganglionic sympathetic discharge patterns and recruitment, neurotransmitter release and management, and details of regional variations of receptor density and responses within the microvascular bed. Challenges are addressed regarding the fundamentals of measurement and how conclusions from one response or vascular segment should not be used as an indication of neurovascular control as a generalized physiological dogma. Whereas the bulk of the article focuses on the vasoconstrictor function of sympathetic neurovascular integration, attention is also given to the issues of sympathetic vasodilation as well as the impact of chronic changes in sympathetic activation and innervation on vascular health. © 2016 American Physiological Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Shoemaker
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - M B Badrov
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - B K Al-Khazraji
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - D N Jackson
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Laughlin MH, Davis MJ, Secher NH, van Lieshout JJ, Arce-Esquivel AA, Simmons GH, Bender SB, Padilla J, Bache RJ, Merkus D, Duncker DJ. Peripheral circulation. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:321-447. [PMID: 23728977 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Blood flow (BF) increases with increasing exercise intensity in skeletal, respiratory, and cardiac muscle. In humans during maximal exercise intensities, 85% to 90% of total cardiac output is distributed to skeletal and cardiac muscle. During exercise BF increases modestly and heterogeneously to brain and decreases in gastrointestinal, reproductive, and renal tissues and shows little to no change in skin. If the duration of exercise is sufficient to increase body/core temperature, skin BF is also increased in humans. Because blood pressure changes little during exercise, changes in distribution of BF with incremental exercise result from changes in vascular conductance. These changes in distribution of BF throughout the body contribute to decreases in mixed venous oxygen content, serve to supply adequate oxygen to the active skeletal muscles, and support metabolism of other tissues while maintaining homeostasis. This review discusses the response of the peripheral circulation of humans to acute and chronic dynamic exercise and mechanisms responsible for these responses. This is accomplished in the context of leading the reader on a tour through the peripheral circulation during dynamic exercise. During this tour, we consider what is known about how each vascular bed controls BF during exercise and how these control mechanisms are modified by chronic physical activity/exercise training. The tour ends by comparing responses of the systemic circulation to those of the pulmonary circulation relative to the effects of exercise on the regional distribution of BF and mechanisms responsible for control of resistance/conductance in the systemic and pulmonary circulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, and the Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
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Westcott EB, Segal SS. Perivascular innervation: a multiplicity of roles in vasomotor control and myoendothelial signaling. Microcirculation 2013; 20:217-38. [PMID: 23289720 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The control of vascular resistance and tissue perfusion reflect coordinated changes in the diameter of feed arteries and the arteriolar networks they supply. Against a background of myogenic tone and metabolic demand, vasoactive signals originating from perivascular sympathetic and sensory nerves are integrated with endothelium-derived signals to produce vasodilation or vasoconstriction. PVNs release adrenergic, cholinergic, peptidergic, purinergic, and nitrergic neurotransmitters that lead to SMC contraction or relaxation via their actions on SMCs, ECs, or other PVNs. ECs release autacoids that can have opposing actions on SMCs. Respective cell layers are connected directly to each other through GJs at discrete sites via MEJs projecting through holes in the IEL. Whereas studies of intercellular communication in the vascular wall have centered on endothelium-derived signals that govern SMC relaxation, attention has increasingly focused on signaling from SMCs to ECs. Thus, via MEJs, neurotransmission from PVNs can evoke distinct responses from ECs subsequent to acting on SMCs. To integrate this emerging area of investigation in light of vasomotor control, the present review synthesizes current understanding of signaling events that originate within SMCs in response to perivascular neurotransmission in light of EC feedback. Although often ignored in studies of the resistance vasculature, PVNs are integral to blood flow control and can provide a physiological stimulus for myoendothelial communication. Greater understanding of these underlying signaling events and how they may be affected by aging and disease will provide new approaches for selective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika B Westcott
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA
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Neuropeptide y gates a stress-induced, long-lasting plasticity in the sympathetic nervous system. J Neurosci 2013; 33:12705-17. [PMID: 23904607 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3132-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute stress evokes the fight-or-flight reflex, which via release of the catecholamine hormones affects the function of every major organ. Although the reflex is transient, it has lasting consequences that produce an exaggerated response when stress is reexperienced. How this change is encoded is not known. We investigated whether the reflex affects the adrenal component of the sympathetic nervous system, a major branch of the stress response. Mice were briefly exposed to the cold-water forced swim test (FST) which evoked an increase in circulating catecholamines. Although this hormonal response was transient, the FST led to a long-lasting increase in the catecholamine secretory capacity measured amperometrically from chromaffin cells and in the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase. A variety of approaches indicate that these changes are regulated postsynaptically by neuropeptide Y (NPY), an adrenal cotransmitter. Using immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and NPY(GFP) BAC mice, we find that NPY is synthesized by all chromaffin cells. Stress failed to increase secretory capacity in NPY knock-out mice. Genetic or pharmacological interference with NPY and Y1 (but not Y2 or Y5) receptor signaling attenuated the stress-induced change in tyrosine hydroxylase expression. These results indicate that, under basal conditions, adrenal signaling is tonically inhibited by NPY, but stress overrides this autocrine negative feedback loop. Because acute stress leads to a lasting increase in secretory capacity in vivo but does not alter sympathetic tone, these postsynaptic changes appear to be an adaptive response. We conclude that the sympathetic limb of the stress response exhibits an activity-dependent form of long-lasting plasticity.
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Sisask G, Silfverswärd CJ, Bjurholm A, Nilsson O. Ontogeny of sensory and autonomic nerves in the developing mouse skeleton. Auton Neurosci 2013; 177:237-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Macarthur H, Wilken GH, Westfall TC, Kolo LL. Neuronal and non-neuronal modulation of sympathetic neurovascular transmission. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2011; 203:37-45. [PMID: 21362154 PMCID: PMC3139802 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Noradrenaline, neuropeptide Y and adenosine triphosphate are co-stored in, and co-released from, sympathetic nerves. Each transmitter modulates its own release as well as the release of one another; thus, anything affecting the release of one of these transmitters has consequences for all. Neurotransmission at the sympathetic neurovascular junction is also modulated by non-sympathetic mediators such as angiotensin II, serotonin, histamine, endothelin and prostaglandins through the activation of specific pre-junctional receptors. In addition, nitric oxide (NO) has been identified as a modulator of sympathetic neuronal activity, both as a physiological antagonist against the vasoconstrictor actions of the sympathetic neurotransmitters, and also by directly affecting transmitter release. Here, we review the modulation of sympathetic neurovascular transmission by neuronal and non-neuronal mediators with an emphasis on the actions of NO. The consequences for co-transmission are also discussed, particularly in light of hypertensive states where NO availability is diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Macarthur
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104, USA.
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He JW, Herath PM, Peng YB. Biphasic effects of the anterior cingulate cortex stimulation on glabrous skin blood flow in rats. Brain Res 2010; 1356:32-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hodges GJ, Jackson DN, Mattar L, Johnson JM, Shoemaker JK. Neuropeptide Y and neurovascular control in skeletal muscle and skin. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R546-55. [PMID: 19571208 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00157.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a ubiquitous peptide with multiple effects on energy metabolism, reproduction, neurogenesis, and emotion. In addition, NPY is an important sympathetic neurotransmitter involved in neurovascular regulation. Although early studies suggested that the vasoactive effects of NPY were limited to periods of high stress, there is growing evidence for the involvement of NPY on baseline vasomotor tone and sympathetically evoked vasoconstriction in vivo in both skeletal muscle and the cutaneous circulation. In Sprague-Dawley rat skeletal muscle, Y(1)-receptor activation appears to play an important role in the regulation of basal vascular conductance, and this effect is similar in magnitude to the alpha(1)-receptor contribution. Furthermore, under baseline conditions, agonist and receptor-based mechanisms for Y(1)-receptor-dependent control of vascular conductance in skeletal muscle are greater in male than female rats. In skin, there is Y(1)-receptor-mediated vasoconstriction during whole body, but not local, cooling. As with the NPY system in muscle, this neural effect in skin differs between males and females and in addition, declines with aging. Intriguingly, skin vasodilation to local heating also requires NPY and is currently thought to be acting via a nitric oxide pathway. These studies are establishing further interest in the role of NPY as an important vasoactive agent in muscle and skin, adding to the complexity of neurovascular regulation in these tissues. In this review, we focus on the role of NPY on baseline vasomotor tone in skeletal muscle and skin and how NPY modulates vasomotor tone in response to stress, with the aim of compiling what is currently known, while highlighting some of the more pertinent questions yet to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Hodges
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario.
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15
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Jacques D, Abdel-Samad D. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and NPY receptors in the cardiovascular system: implication in the regulation of intracellular calcium. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 85:43-53. [PMID: 17487244 DOI: 10.1139/y06-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The 3-dimensional confocal microscopy technique has allowed us to identify the presence of yet another cardioactive factor and its receptor, namely neuropeptide Y (NPY) and its Y1 receptor, at the level of vascular smooth muscle cells and heart cells including endocardial endothelial cells (EECs). Using this technique, we also demonstrated that NPY is able to induce an increase in both cytosolic and nuclear calcium in all these cell types. Furthermore, besides being expressed at the level of EECs, NPY is also released from these cells following a sustained increase of intracellular Ca2+. This suggests the ability of NPY to contribute to the regulation of the excitation-secretion coupling of EECs and the excitation-contraction coupling of cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells.
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MESH Headings
- Aniline Compounds
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/metabolism
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endocardium/cytology
- Endocardium/drug effects
- Endocardium/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Fluorescent Dyes
- Humans
- Microscopy, Confocal/methods
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocardial Contraction
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Neuropeptide Y/metabolism
- Neuropeptide Y/pharmacology
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/agonists
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Xanthenes
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Jacques
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.
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16
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Coney AM, Marshall JM. Contribution of alpha2-adrenoceptors and Y1 neuropeptide Y receptors to the blunting of sympathetic vasoconstriction induced by systemic hypoxia in the rat. J Physiol 2007; 582:1349-59. [PMID: 17510186 PMCID: PMC2075239 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.132563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that sympathetically evoked vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle is blunted in systemic hypoxia, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not clear. In Saffan-anaesthetized Wistar rats, we have studied the role of α2-adrenoceptors and neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptors in mediating vasoconstriction evoked by direct stimulation of the lumbar sympathetic chain by different patterns of impulses in normoxia (N) and systemic hypoxia (H: breathing 8% O2). Patterns comprised 120 impulses delivered in bursts over a 1 min period at 40 or 20 Hz, or continuously at 2 Hz. Hypoxia attenuated the evoked increases in femoral vascular resistance (FVR) by all patterns, the response to 2 Hz being most affected (40 Hz bursts: N = 3.25 ± 0.75 arbitrary resistance units (RU); H = 1.14 ± 0.29 RU). Yohimbine (Yoh, α2-adrenoceptor antagonist) or BIBP 3226 (Y1-receptor antagonist) did not affect baseline FVR. In normoxia, Yoh attenuated the responses evoked by high frequency bursts and 2 Hz, whereas BIBP 3226 only attenuated the response to 40 Hz (40 Hz bursts: N + Yoh = 2.1 ± 0.59 RU; N + BIBP 3226 = 1.9 ± 0.4 RU). In hypoxia, Yoh did not further attenuate the evoked responses, but BIBP 3226 further attenuated the response to 40 Hz bursts. These results indicate that neither α2-adrenoceptors nor Y1 receptors contribute to basal vascular tone in skeletal muscle, but both contribute to constrictor responses evoked by high frequency bursts of sympathetic activity. We propose that in systemic hypoxia, the α2-mediated component represents about 50% of the sympathetically evoked constriction that is blunted, whereas the contribution made by Y1 receptors is resistant. Thus we suggest the importance of NPY in the regulation of FVR and blood pressure increases during challenges such as systemic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Coney
- Department of Physiology, The Medical School, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Westfall
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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18
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Jobst EE, Enriori PJ, Sinnayah P, Cowley MA. Hypothalamic regulatory pathways and potential obesity treatment targets. Endocrine 2006; 29:33-48. [PMID: 16622291 DOI: 10.1385/endo:29:1:33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
With an ever-growing population of obese people as well as comorbidities associated with obesity, finding effective weight loss strategies is more imperative than ever. One of the challenges in curbing the obesity crisis is designing successful strategies for long-term weight loss and weight-loss maintenance. Currently, weight-loss strategies include promotion of therapeutic lifestyle changes (diet and exercise), pharmacological therapy, and bariatric surgery. This review focuses on several pharmacological targets that activate central nervous system pathways that normally limit food intake and body weight. Though it is likely that no single therapy will prove effective for everyone, this review considers several recent pre-clinical targets, and several compounds that have been in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Jobst
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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19
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Winaver J, Abassi Z. Role of neuropeptide Y in the regulation of kidney function. EXS 2005:123-32. [PMID: 16383002 DOI: 10.1007/3-7643-7417-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence in the mammalian kidney of NPY and at least one of its receptor subtypes has been proven by several independent methodologies. Also, numerous studies using physiological and pharmacological approaches indicated that this peptide has the capacity to alter renal function. In particular, these studies suggest that NPY may exert renal vasoconstrictor and tubular actions that are species dependent, and may also influence renin secretion by the kidney. The question whether NPY plays an important role in the physiological regulation of renal hemodynamics and electrolyte excretion, remains largely unanswered at present. No major impairments in renal function have been reported in genetically models deficient in NPY or its Y1 receptor. Thus, additional studies are required to elucidate the role of NPY in the physiological and pathophysiological regulation of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Winaver
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, The B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, IIT, P.O. Box 9649, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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20
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Buckwalter JB, Hamann JJ, Clifford PS. Neuropeptide Y1receptor vasoconstriction in exercising canine skeletal muscles. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 99:2115-20. [PMID: 16099895 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00427.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing evidence suggests that neuropeptide Y (NPY) acts as a neurotransmitter in vascular smooth muscle and is coreleased with norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves. We hypothesized that release of NPY stimulates NPY Y(1) receptors in the skeletal muscle vasculature to produce vasoconstriction during dynamic exercise. Eleven mongrel dogs were instrumented chronically with flow probes on the external iliac arteries of both hindlimbs and a catheter in one femoral artery. In resting dogs (n = 4), a 2.5-mg bolus of BIBP-3226 (NPY Y(1) antagonist) infused into the femoral artery increased external iliac conductance by 150 +/- 82% (1.80 +/- 0.44 to 3.50 +/- 0.14 ml.min(-1).mmHg(-1); P < 0.05). A 10-mg bolus of BIBP-3226 infused into the femoral artery in dogs (n = 7) exercising on a treadmill at a moderate intensity (6 miles/h) increased external iliac conductance by 28 +/- 6% (6.00 +/- 0.49 to 7.64 +/- 0.61 ml.min(-1).mmHg(-1); P < 0.05), whereas the solvent vehicle did not (5.74 +/- 0.51 to 5.98 +/- 0.43 ml.min(-1).mmHg(-1); P > 0.05). During exercise, BIBP-3226 abolished the reduction in conductance produced by infusions of the NPY Y(1) agonist [Leu(31),Pro(34)]NPY (-19 +/- 3 vs. 0.5 +/- 1%). Infusions of BIBP-3226 (n = 7) after alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonism with prazosin and rauwolscine also increased external iliac conductance (6.82 +/- 0.43 to 8.22 +/- 0.48 ml.min(-1).mmHg(-1); P < 0.05). These data support the hypothesis that NPY Y(1) receptors produce vasoconstriction in exercising skeletal muscle. Furthermore, the NPY Y(1) receptor-mediated tone appears to be independent of alpha-adrenergic receptor-mediated vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Buckwalter
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA.
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21
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Hudspith MJ, Munglani R. The therapeutic potential of neuropeptide Y in cardiovascular disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 6:437-45. [PMID: 15989611 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.6.4.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a widely distributed peptide neurotransmitter, is implicated in both the central and peripheral control of the cardiovascular system. Pathological changes in endogenous NPY release and receptor function may contribute to the development and maintenance of hypertension, myocardial ischaemia and cardiac failure. At least six NPY receptor subtypes are known to exist, and the activation of a certain number of these results in complex central and peripheral changes in cardiovascular function. The cloning and sequencing of NPY receptor subtypes has led to the possibility of developing subtype-specific ligands targeted at NPY receptors, and this article will consider their therapeutic potential in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hudspith
- Cambridge University, Department of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
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22
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Buckwalter JB, Hamann JJ, Kluess HA, Clifford PS. Vasoconstriction in exercising skeletal muscles: a potential role for neuropeptide Y? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287:H144-9. [PMID: 15210450 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00071.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that neuropeptide Y (NPY) acts as a neurotransmitter in vascular smooth muscle and is released with norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves. We hypothesized that NPY Y1 receptor stimulation would produce vasoconstriction in resting and exercising skeletal muscle. Nine mongrel dogs were instrumented chronically with flow probes on the external iliac arteries of both hindlimbs and a catheter in one femoral artery. The selective NPY Y1 receptor agonist [Leu31,Pro34]NPY was infused as a bolus into the femoral artery catheter at rest and during mild, moderate, and heavy exercise. Intra-arterial infusions of [Leu31,Pro34]NPY elicited reductions ( P < 0.05) in vascular conductance of 38 ± 3, 25 ± 2, 17 ± 1, and 11 ± 1% at rest, 3 miles/h, 6 miles/h, and 6 miles/h and 10% grade, respectively. The agonist infusions did not affect ( P > 0.05) blood flow in the contralateral iliac artery. To examine whether nitric oxide (NO) is responsible for the attenuated vasoconstrictor response during exercise to NPY Y1 receptor stimulation, the infusions were repeated after NO synthase blockade. These infusions yielded reductions ( P < 0.05) in vascular conductance of 47 ± 3, 23 ± 2, 19 ± 3, and 12 ± 2% at rest, 3 miles/h, 6 miles/h, and 6 miles/h and 10% grade, respectively. NPY Y1 receptor responsiveness was attenuated ( P < 0.05) during exercise compared with rest. Blockade of NO production did not affect ( P > 0.05) the attenuation of NPY Y1 receptor responsiveness during exercise. These data support the hypothesis that NPY Y1 receptors can produce vasoconstriction in exercising skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Buckwalter
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA.
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23
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Nordheim U, Hofbauer KG. Stimulation of NPY Y2 receptors by PYY3-36 reveals divergent cardiovascular effects of endogenous NPY in rats on different dietary regimens. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 286:R138-42. [PMID: 14551170 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00374.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present experiments the gut hormone peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36), which inhibits neuropeptide Y (NPY) release, was used as a tool to study the cardiovascular effects of endogenous NPY under different dietary regimens in rats instrumented with a telemetry transmitter. In a first experiment, rats were placed on a standard chow diet ad libitum and in a second experiment on a high-fat diet ad libitum. After 6 wk, PYY3-36 (300 μg/kg) or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally. In a third experiment, PYY3-36 or vehicle was administered after 14 days of 50% restriction of a standard chow diet. In food-restricted rats, PYY3-36 increased mean arterial pressure (7 ± 1 mmHg, mean ± SE, P < 0.001 vs. saline, 1-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni t-test) and heart rate (22 ± 4 beats/min, P < 0.001) during 3 h after administration. Conversely, PYY3-36 did not influence mean arterial pressure (0 ± 1 mmHg) and heart rate (-8 ± 5 beats/min) significantly in rats on a high-fat diet. Rats fed standard chow diet ad libitum showed an intermediate response (mean arterial pressure 4 ± 1 mmHg, P < 0.05, and heart rate 5 ± 2 beats/min, not significant). Thus, in our studies, divergent cardiovascular responses to PYY3-36 were observed in rats on different dietary regimens. These findings suggest that the cardiovascular effects of PYY3-36 depend on the hypothalamic NPY release, which is increased after chronic food restriction and decreased during a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Nordheim
- Applied Pharmacology, Biozentrum, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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24
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Malmström RE. 5. Neuropeptide Y receptor antagonists in cardiovascular pharmacology. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2004; 42:207-44. [PMID: 15003722 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(04)42005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rickard E Malmström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Chu DQ, Cox HM, Costa SKP, Herzog H, Brain SD. The ability of neuropeptide Y to mediate responses in the murine cutaneous microvasculature: an analysis of the contribution of Y1 and Y2 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 140:422-30. [PMID: 12970079 PMCID: PMC1574044 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The ability of neuropeptide Y (NPY) to modulate skin blood flow, oedema formation and neutrophil accumulation was investigated. Experiments were designed to examine the possible contribution of the Y2 receptor, in addition to the Y1 receptor, through use of Y2 receptor knockout mice (Y2-/-) and selective receptor antagonists. 2. The development of a 99mTc clearance technique for the measurement of microvascular blood flow changes in mouse dorsal skin revealed a dose-dependent ability of picomole amounts of NPY, and also of the Y1-preferred agonist Pro34NPY and the Y2-preferred agonist PYY(3-36) to decrease blood flow. 3. The Y1 receptor antagonist BIBO3304 blocked responses to the Y1 agonist at the lower doses, but only partially inhibited at the higher doses tested in Y2+/+. In Y2-/- receptor mice, the responses to the Y2 agonist were abolished at the lower doses and partially reduced at the highest dose tested, while those to the Y1 agonist were similar in both Y2+/+ and Y2-/-receptor mice. 4. In Y2+/+ receptor mice, the simultaneous injection of the Y2 antagonist BIIE0246 with BIBO3304 abolished Y2 agonist-induced decreases in blood flow over the dose range used (10-100 pmol). When the Y2 receptor antagonist BIIE0246 was given alone, it was not able to significantly affect the PYY(3-36)-induced response, whereas the Y1 receptor antagonist BIBO3304 partially (P<0.001) inhibited the decrease in blood flow evoked by PYY(3-36) at the highest dose. 5. NPY did not mediate either oedema formation, even when investigated in the presence of the vasodilator calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), or neutrophil accumulation in murine skin. 6. We conclude that the major vasoactive activity of NPY in the cutaneous microvasculature is to act in a potent manner to decrease blood flow via Y1 receptors, with evidence for the additional involvement of postjunctional Y2 receptors. Our results do not provide evidence for a potent proinflammatory activity of NPY in the cutaneous microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Quyen Chu
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology & Medicine, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL
| | - Helen M Cox
- Centre for Neuroscience Research, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL
| | - Soraia K P Costa
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology & Medicine, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neurobiology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Susan D Brain
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology & Medicine, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL
- Author for correspondence:
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Chen SH, Cheung RTF. Intracerebroventricular injection of a neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptor agonist increases while BIBP3226, a Y1 antagonist, reduces the infarct volume following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Neuroscience 2003; 116:119-26. [PMID: 12535945 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies using middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat have suggested a role of neuropeptide Y in ischemic pathophysiology. In this study, we investigated the effects of an i.c.v. injection of a neuropeptide Y-Y2 receptor agonist, neuropeptide Y 3-36, a Y1 receptor agonist, [Leu(31),Pro(34)]-neuropeptide Y, or a Y1 receptor antagonist, BIBP3226, on infarct volume and hemodynamic parameters following middle cerebral artery occlusion. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2 h. A single i.c.v. injection of neuropeptide Y 3-36 (15 microg/kg), [Leu(31),Pro(34)]-neuropeptide Y (30 microg/kg), or BIBP3226 (5, 15, or 45 microg/kg) was given at 30 min of ischemia. Blood pressure, heart rate, and regional cerebral perfusion were monitored during ischemia and reperfusion. The rats were decapitated after 70 h of reperfusion, and their brains were cut into 2-mm-thick coronal slices before reaction with a 2% solution of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride to reveal the infarct. When compared with an infarct volume of 17.4+/-4.4% of the ipsilateral hemisphere following injection of neuropeptide Y 3-36, administration of the Y1 receptor analogs significantly modified the infarct volume (ordinary one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), P<0.0001). [Leu(31),Pro(34)]-neuropeptide Y increased the infarct volume to 32.0+/-4.1% (Student-Newman-Keuls post-test, P<0.01), whereas BIBP3226 at 15 microg/kg decreased the infarct volume to 6.5+/-1.0% (post-test P<0.05). Although there was no major difference in the hemodynamic parameters among the groups, injection of [Leu(31),Pro(34)]-neuropeptide Y tended to further reduce cerebral perfusion during ischemia, while injection of BIBP3226 at 15 microg/kg appeared to have the opposite effect. In addition to glutamate, calcium ion and nitric oxide, activation of the neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptors may mediate cerebral damage during focal ischemia. Conversely, inhibiting the Y1 receptors may protect the brain against ischemic injury. Further studies are warranted to confirm the neuroprotective potential of neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptor inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Chen
- Division of Neurology, University Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Bradley E, Law A, Bell D, Johnson CD. Effects of varying impulse number on cotransmitter contributions to sympathetic vasoconstriction in rat tail artery. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 284:H2007-14. [PMID: 12742824 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01061.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the contributions of the cotransmitters norepinephrine (NE), ATP, and neuropeptide Y (NPY) to sympathetically evoked vasoconstriction in the rat tail artery in isolated vascular rings by using 1-100 stimulation impulses at 20 Hz. Phentolamine (2 microM), the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly reduced responses to all stimuli, although responses to lower impulse numbers were reduced less than responses to longer trains. The purinergic receptor antagonist suramin (100 microM) reduced all responses, but to a much greater extent with few impulse trains. Responses were further reduced or abolished by addition of the second antagonist. Any remaining responses were abolished by the NPY-Y(1) receptor antagonist BIBP-3226 (75 nM). NPY had a direct agonist action and potentiated sympathetically mediated responses. NPY (75 nM) potentiated responses and BIBP-3226 decreased responses to 2- and 20-impulse trains. Both affected responses from 2 impulses to >20 impulses, but there was no preferential effect on purinergic contributions to responses because neurally released NPY potentiated both "pure" NE and ATP responses equally. We conclude that all three cotransmitters contribute significantly to vascular responses and their contribution varies markedly with impulse numbers. There is considerable synergy between cotransmitters, especially with lower impulse numbers where NPY contributions are greater than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Bradley
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, United Kingdom
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28
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Silva AP, Cavadas C, Grouzmann E. Neuropeptide Y and its receptors as potential therapeutic drug targets. Clin Chim Acta 2002; 326:3-25. [PMID: 12417094 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid peptide that exhibits a large number of physiological activities in the central and peripheral nervous systems. NPY mediates its effects through the activation of six G-protein-coupled receptor subtypes named Y(1), Y(2), Y(3), Y(4), Y(5), and y(6). Evidence suggests that NPY is involved in the pathophysiology of several disorders, such as the control of food intake, metabolic disorders, anxiety, seizures, memory, circadian rhythm, drug addiction, pain, cardiovascular diseases, rhinitis, and endothelial cell dysfunctions. The synthesis of agonists and antagonists for these receptors could be useful to treat several of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio P Silva
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Av. Pierre Decker, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Chiba S, Yang XP. Pharmacological analysis of functional neurovascular transmission in canine splenic arteries: role of neuropeptide Y. AUTONOMIC & AUTACOID PHARMACOLOGY 2002; 22:187-97. [PMID: 12656944 DOI: 10.1046/j.1474-8673.2002.00265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1 The effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) upon the isolated vasculature are reviewed. 2 The vasconstrictor responses to periarterial nerve stimulation (PNS) and neurotransmission by noradrenaline (NA) and ATP are discussed and illustrated using canine isolated perfused splenic artery. 3 Modulation of the vascular responses to PNS by NPY via pre- and post-junctional NPY Y2 and Y1 receptors is discussed. 4 Evidence is presented for different alpha1-adrenoceptor subtypes mediating vasoconstriction to exogenous and endogenously released NA and their different locations in the neurovascular junction and extrajunctional regions. 5 Activation of NPY Y1-receptors potentiates sympathetic nerve activated alpha1-adrenoceptor vasoconstriction. The proposal that the postjunctional alpha1B adrenoceptor may be linked to the NPY Y1-receptor and is responsible for co-operation between sympathetic and NPYergic interactions in the vasculature is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chiba
- Department of Pharmacology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
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30
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Malmström RE. Pharmacology of neuropeptide Y receptor antagonists. Focus on cardiovascular functions. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 447:11-30. [PMID: 12106798 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01889-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y is one of the most abundant mammalian neuropeptides identified to date. The possible actions of neuropeptide Y, that is co-localized and released with noradrenaline, as a sympathetic co-transmitter has attracted much attention during the last decade. In recent years, several non-peptide antagonists with high subtype selectivity for neuropeptide Y receptors have been introduced. With them, the status of neuropeptide Y as a sympathetic transmitter has been established, and so have profound cardiovascular effects mediated by neuropeptide Y Y(1) and Y(2) receptors. Significant release of neuropeptide Y occurs especially upon stronger sympathetic activation, and recent data suggest that the importance of neuropeptide Y seems enhanced in stress-related cardiovascular disorders. The true significance of neuropeptide Y has thus started to unfold, owing to the presence of the first generation of selective neuropeptide Y receptor antagonists. This review concerns the pharmacology of these agents, what we have learnt from them, and might find out in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickard E Malmström
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Malmström RE, Lundberg JON, Weitzberg E. Autoinhibitory function of the sympathetic prejunctional neuropeptide Y Y(2) receptor evidenced by BIIE0246. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 439:113-9. [PMID: 11937100 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The significance of neuropeptide Y Y(2) receptors in sympathetic nonadrenergic transmission was investigated using the novel selective antagonist BIIE0246 ((S)-N2-[[1-[2-[4-[(R,S)-5,11-dihydro-6(6h)-oxodibenz[b,e]azepin-11-yl]-1-piperazinyl]-2-oxoethyl]cyclopentyl]acetyl]-N-[2-[1,2-dihydro-3,5 (4H)-dioxo-1,2-diphenyl-3H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]ethyl]-argininamide). In anaesthetized pigs pretreated with reserpine, and after transection of sympathetic nerves (depleted of noradrenaline), electrical stimulation of renal and splanchnic sympathetic nerves evoked vasoconstriction in, and overflow of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity from, kidney and spleen, respectively. In the presence of BIIE0246, the nerve-evoked overflows of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity were markedly increased and the splenic vasoconstrictor response prolonged. In addition, BIIE0246 caused splenic vasodilatation per se in this model where basal levels of circulating neuropeptide Y exceed 40 pM. It is concluded that endogenous neurogenical neuropeptide Y regulates its own release via activation of sympathetic prejunctional inhibitory neuropeptide Y Y(2) receptors in both spleen and kidney in the reserpinized pig. Moreover, when circulating levels of neuropeptide Y are moderately increased, activation of neuropeptide Y Y(2) receptors seems to contribute to basal splenic vascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickard E Malmström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Uriz J, Ginès P, Ortega R, Jiménez W, Cárdenas A, Calahorra B, Sort P, Fernández J, Bataller R, Arroyo V, Rivera F, Rodés J. Increased plasma levels of neuropeptide Y in hepatorenal syndrome. J Hepatol 2002; 36:349-55. [PMID: 11867178 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(01)00286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To investigate the relationship between neuropeptide Y (NPY), a potent renal vasoconstrictor peptide released upon marked stimulations of sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and renal and circulatory function in cirrhosis. METHODS Plasma levels of NPY (radioimmunoassay) and norepinephrine and renal function parameters were determined in 17 healthy controls, nine patients with cirrhosis without ascites, and 37 patients with cirrhosis and ascites, of whom 12 had hepatorenal syndrome (HRS). RESULTS Patients with ascites showed circulating levels of NPY similar to those of patients without ascites and controls (73+/-4, +/-4 and 68+/-4 pmol/l, respectively; NS). However, patients with HRS had significantly increased levels of NPY with respect to the other groups (110+/-6 pmol/l; P<0.001). NPY levels correlated inversely with renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate and directly with norepinephrine. In patients with HRS (n=6) treatment with terlipressin and albumin was associated with a marked improvement in circulatory and renal function and marked suppression of NPY and norepinephrine levels. CONCLUSIONS Patients with HRS have increased levels of NPY which are related to circulatory dysfunction and SNS activation and may contribute to renal vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Uriz
- Liver Unit, Institut de Malalties Digestives, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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Stephens DP, Bennett LAT, Aoki K, Kosiba WA, Charkoudian N, Johnson JM. Sympathetic nonnoradrenergic cutaneous vasoconstriction in women is associated with reproductive hormone status. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 282:H264-72. [PMID: 11748071 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.2002.282.1.h264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We tested whether a nonnoradrenergic component of reflex vasoconstriction of skin blood flow (SkBF) is sensitive to female reproductive hormones. Six women taking oral contraceptives underwent whole-body cooling during high-hormone (HH) and low-hormone (LH) phases of oral contraceptive use. SkBF was monitored by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) at sites treated by intradermal injection of yohimbine-propranolol (5 mM and 1 mM; YOPR) to block the effects of norepinephrine (NE) or at saline (Sal) control sites. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured with the use of the Penaz method. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC = LDF/mean arterial pressure) was expressed as a percentage of baseline. Whole body skin temperature was decreased from 34 to 31 degrees C in HH and LH. In both HH and LH, CVC at Sal-treated sites was reduced during cooling (CVC = 53.1 +/- 8.6% and 54.4 +/- 4.2%, both P < 0.05). In HH, CVC at YOPR sites was reduced during cooling (78.8 +/- 3.6%, P < 0.05). In contrast, CVC at YOPR sites was not reduced significantly during cooling in LH (CVC = 95.9 +/- 2.8%, P > 0.05). Across phases, CVC at YOPR sites during cooling was significantly different (P < 0.05). After cooling, the effects of NE at YOPR sites were completely blocked. These data indicate that a nonnoradrenergic mechanism of reflex cutaneous vasoconstriction is present in women and is associated with reproductive hormone status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan P Stephens
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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Malmström RE. Vascular pharmacology of BIIE0246, the first selective non-peptide neuropeptide Y Y(2) receptor antagonist, in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 133:1073-80. [PMID: 11487518 PMCID: PMC1572877 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2001] [Revised: 05/02/2001] [Accepted: 05/15/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BIIE0246, a recently introduced non-peptide neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y(2) receptor antagonist, was pharmacologically characterized in vivo, on vascular responses evoked in the anaesthetized pig. The NPY Y(2) receptor agonist N-acetyl[Leu(28)Leu(31)]NPY(24-36) evoked dose-dependent vasoconstriction in spleen. These vascular responses were potently and dose-dependently antagonized by BIIE0246. Significant inhibition was seen already at 1 nmol kg(-1), whereas at 100 nmol kg(-1) of BIIE0246 these responses were completely abolished. The ID(50) value for this antagonism was 2.1 nmol kg(-1). Peptide YY (PYY) evoked dose-dependent vasoconstriction in both kidney and spleen, vascular responses mediated by the NPY Y(1) receptor and both NPY Y(1) and Y(2) receptors, respectively. Only the splenic response was inhibited by BIIE0246, the effect of which reached significance at 1 nmol kg(-1). Already 30 min after the last dose of BIIE0246 there was a significant recovery of the PYY-evoked splenic vasoconstriction, and a further 60 min later, this response was no longer significantly inhibited compared to control. BIIE0246 (100 nmol kg(-1)) did not affect renal and splenic vasoconstrictor responses either to the NPY Y(1) receptor agonist [Leu(31)Pro(34)]NPY, the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine, the P2X(1)-purinoceptor agonist alpha,beta-methylene ATP or angiotensin II, demonstrating both selectivity and specificity for the NPY Y(2) receptor in vivo. It is concluded that BIIE0246 is a highly potent and selective NPY Y(2) receptor antagonist, albeit with rather short duration of action, in vivo. BIIE0246 thus represents the first interesting tool for studies on NPY Y(2) receptor-mediated transmission in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Malmström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Malmström RE, Balmér KC, Weilitz J, Nordlander M, Sjölander M. Pharmacology of H 394/84, a dihydropyridine neuropeptide Y Y(1) receptor antagonist, in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 418:95-104. [PMID: 11334870 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)00919-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The object of the present paper was to investigate the in vivo pharmacological profile of the dihydropyridine neuropeptide Y Y(1) receptor antagonist 1,4-Dihydro-4-[3-[[[[3-[spiro(indene-4,1'-piperidin-1-yl)]propyl]amino]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridine dicarboxylic acid, dimethylester (H 394/84). The renal vasoconstrictor response to neuropeptide Y in anaesthetized rats was dose-dependently antagonized by H 394/84 (ID(50) value=41+/-4 nmol/kg/min), whereas the renal vascular responses to noradrenaline and angiotensin II were only slightly affected by H 394/84 (500 nmol/kg/min). In pigs pretreated with reserpine and transection of sympathetic nerves (depleted of noradrenaline), H 394/84 dose-dependently antagonized renal and femoral vasoconstrictor responses evoked by sympathetic nerve activation (neuronally released neuropeptide Y) and exogenous neuropeptide Y. Significant inhibition was seen already at 1.0 nmol/kg/min, when plasma levels of the antagonist reached 29+/-4 nM. Around 70% of the antagonism remained 90 min after H 394/84 was given. The disposition of H 394/84 fits a biexponential model with initial and terminal half-lives of 2.6 and 48 min, respectively. H 394/84 (100 nmol/kg/min) did not inhibit vascular responses to neuropeptide Y Y(2) receptor-, alpha-adrenoceptor- or purinoceptor-activation in the pig in vivo. It is concluded that H 394/84 is a potent neuropeptide Y Y(1) receptor antagonist with rather long duration of action in vivo. The selectivity and specificity in vivo is more than 100-fold, and H 394/84 antagonizes vascular responses to exogenous and endogenous, neuronally released, neuropeptide Y with similar potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Malmström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Stephens DP, Aoki K, Kosiba WA, Johnson JM. Nonnoradrenergic mechanism of reflex cutaneous vasoconstriction in men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001; 280:H1496-504. [PMID: 11247759 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.4.h1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We tested for a nonnoradrenergic mechanism of reflex cutaneous vasoconstriction with whole body progressive cooling in seven men. Forearm sites (<1 cm(2)) were pretreated with: 1) yohimbine (Yoh; 5 mM id) to antagonize alpha-adrenergic receptors, 2) Yoh plus propranolol (5 mM Yoh-1 mM PR id) to block alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors, 3) iontophoretic application of bretylium tosylate (BT) to block all sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve effects, or 4) intradermal saline. Skin blood flow was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry and arterial pressure by finger photoplethysmography; cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was indexed as the ratio of the two. Whole body skin temperature (T(SK)) was controlled at 34 degrees C (water-perfused suit) for 10 min and then lowered to 31 degrees C over 15 min. During cooling, vasoconstriction was blocked at BT sites (P > 0.05). CVC at saline sites fell significantly beginning at T(SK) of 33.4 +/- 0.01 degrees C (P <0.05). CVC at Yoh-PR sites was significantly reduced beginning at TSK of 33.0 +/- 0.01 degrees C (P < 0.05). After cooling, iontophoretic application of norepinephrine (NE) confirmed blockade of adrenergic receptors by Yoh-PR. Because the effects of NE were blocked at sites showing significant reflex vasoconstriction, a nonnoradrenergic mechanism in human skin is indicated, probably via a sympathetic cotransmitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Stephens
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA
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Malmström RE. Neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor mediated mesenteric vasoconstriction in the pig in vivo. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2000; 95:59-63. [PMID: 11062333 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(00)00128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The object of the present study was to investigate the effects of the sympathetic cotransmitter neuropeptide Y (NPY), and the closely related gut hormone peptide YY (PYY), on splanchnic blood flow regulation in the anaesthetized pig in vivo. Systemic injections of NPY, PYY and the NPY Y(1) receptor agonist [Leu(31)Pro(34)]NPY (470 pmol kg(-1) each) evoked pressor and mesenteric vasoconstrictor responses that were largely abolished by the selective NPY Y(1) receptor antagonist H 409/22 (60 nmol kg(-1) min(-1)). In contrast, the NPY Y(2) receptor agonist N-acetyl[Leu(28)Leu(31)]NPY(24-36) (1.1 nmol kg(-1)), a dose of which potently evoked splenic NPY Y(2) receptor mediated (not affected by H 409/22) vasoconstriction, did not evoke any mesenteric vascular response. Mesenteric vascular responses to angiotensin II (10 pmol kg(-1)), alpha,beta-methylene ATP (10 nmol kg(-1)) and the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine (15 nmol kg(-1)), were not inhibited by H 409/22. It is concluded that NPY and PYY evokes porcine mesenteric vasoconstriction mediated by the NPY Y(1) receptor subtype, as demonstrated by selective and specific inhibition exerted by the NPY Y(1) receptor antagonist H 409/22, in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Malmström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, S-17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Malmström RE, Alexandersson A, Balmér KC, Weilitz J. In vivo characterization of the novel neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist H 409/22. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2000; 36:516-25. [PMID: 11026655 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200010000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of the novel neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptor antagonist H 409/22, and its inactive enantiomer H 510/45, on vascular responses evoked by endogenous and exogenous NPY in the pig in vivo. H 409/22 and H 510/45 were given as 30-min infusions, and the antagonistic effects and circulating plasma concentrations were measured. The initial and terminal half-lives of H 409/22 in plasma were approximately 3 and 30 min, respectively. In pigs pretreated with reserpine and transection of sympathetic nerves (depletion of noradrenaline), sympathetic nerve stimulation evoked nonadrenergic vasoconstrictor responses in kidney and hindlimb, mediated by neuronally released NPY. Significant inhibition of these vasoconstrictor responses, as well as of vascular responses to injections of exogenous NPY, were seen during a low-dose infusion of H 409/22 (1.8 nmol/kg/min), when plasma levels of the antagonist reached 77 +/- 8 nM. Greatest inhibitory effects were seen at the highest dose of H 409/22 (180 nmol/kg/min, giving plasma levels of 7.4 +/- 0.6 microM) when all vascular responses evoked by NPY were strongly attenuated or largely abolished. H 510/45 did not affect any of the vascular responses studied. It is concluded that H 409/22 potently and dose-dependently antagonizes vascular responses to exogenous and endogenous NPY in the pig, and thus represents an interesting tool for studies on NPY Y1 receptor-mediated effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Malmström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Yang XP, Chiba S. Effects of a selective neuropeptide Y Y(1) receptor antagonist BIBP 3226 on double peaked vasoconstrictor responses to periarterial nerve stimulation in canine splenic arteries. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 130:1699-705. [PMID: 10928977 PMCID: PMC1572238 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The periarterial electrical nerve stimulation (30 s trains of pulses at a frequency of 1, 4 or 10 Hz) induced a double peaked vasoconstriction consisting of an initial transient constriction (first peak) followed by a prolonged response (second peak) in the isolated, perfused canine splenic artery. At low frequencies (1 and 4 Hz), a neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y(1) receptor antagonist BIBP 3226 (0.1-1 microM) produced a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the second peak, but did not modify the first peak. At a high frequency (10 Hz), 1 microM BIBP 3226 induced a slight, but significant inhibition on both the first and second peaked responses. At a low frequency (1 Hz), the first peak was not influenced by blockade of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors or NPY Y(1) receptors with prazosin (0.1 microM) or BIBP 3226 (1 microM), respectively, but abolished by P2X receptor desensitization with alpha,beta-methylene ATP (alphabeta-m ATP, 1 microM). At a high frequency (10 Hz), the first peak was mostly inhibited by alphabeta-m ATP and partially by prazosin and BIBP 3226. On the other hand, the second peak at a low frequency was largely decreased by BIBP 3226 and partially by prazosin and alphabeta-m ATP, whereas at a high frequency, it was largely attenuated by prazosin and partially by alphabeta-m ATP and BIBP 3226. The results suggest that at a low frequency, the firstly transient constriction of double peaked responses is mainly induced via an activation of P2X-receptors, whereas at a high frequency, it is mostly mediated by the P2X-receptors, and partially by alpha(1)-receptors and NPY Y(1)-receptors. The secondary prolonged vasoconstriction at frequencies used is predominantly mediated via both alpha(1)-receptor and NPY Y(1) receptor activations, and in part by P2X-receptors. Furthermore, an activation of NPY Y(1) receptors may play an important role in evoking the prolonged vasoconstrictor response to longer pulse trains of stimulation at a low frequency, whereas an alpha(1)-adrenoceptor activation exerts a main vasomotor effect for the prolonged response at a high frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Chiba
- Department of Pharmacology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
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Yang XP, Chiba S. Dissociation of potentiation of Leu31 Pro34 neuropeptide Y on adrenergic and purinergic transmission in isolated canine splenic artery. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 2000; 83:197-205. [PMID: 10952068 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.83.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study observed the effects of an activation of neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptors on adrenergic and purinergic components of double-peaked vasoconstrictor responses to periarterial nerve stimulation in the isolated, perfused canine splenic arteries. The results showed that 3-30 nM Leu31 Pro34 neuropeptide Y (LP-NPY) produced a dose-dependent potentiation of double-peaked vasoconstrictor responses to trains of 30-s pulses at 1, 4 or 10 Hz of stimulation. The potentiation of LP-NPY of the nerve-stimulated vasoconstrictions were completely inhibited by subsequent blockade of alpha1-adrenoceptors or Y1 receptors with 0.1 microM prazosin or with 1 microM BIBP 3226 ((R)-N2-(diphenylacetyl)-N-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-argininami de), respectively. The remaining responses in the presence of LP-NPY and prazosin were abolished by P2X receptor desensitization with 1 microM alpha,beta-methylene ATP. Moreover, 30 nM LP-NPY failed to modify the vasoconstrictor responses to nerve stimulation after treatment with prazosin. A subsequent administration of alpha,beta-methylene ATP completely suppressed the remaining responses after prazosin and LP-NPY. The vasoconstrictions induced by 0.003-1 nmol noradrenaline and 0.003-1 micromol ATP were slightly, but not significantly enhanced by 30 nM LP-NPY. The observations indicated that activation of postjunctional NPY Y1 receptors may have an important role in the modulation of adrenergic rather than purinergic transmission of the sympathetic co-transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- X P Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Dumont Y, Cadieux A, Doods H, Pheng LH, Abounader R, Hamel E, Jacques D, Regoli D, Quirion R. BIIE0246, a potent and highly selective non-peptide neuropeptide Y Y(2) receptor antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 129:1075-88. [PMID: 10725255 PMCID: PMC1571943 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. BIIE0246, a newly synthesized non-peptide neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y(2) receptor antagonist, was able to compete with high affinity (8 to 15 nM) for specific [(125)I]PYY(3 - 36) binding sites in HEK293 cells transfected with the rat Y(2) receptor cDNA, and in rat brain and human frontal cortex membrane homogenates. 2. Interestingly, in rat brain homogenates while NPY, C2-NPY and PYY(3 - 36) inhibited all specific [(125)I]PYY(3 - 36) labelling, BIIE0246 failed to compete for all specific binding suggesting that [(125)I]PYY(3 - 36) recognized, in addition to the Y(2) subtype, another population of specific NPY binding sites, most likely the Y(5) receptor. 3. Quantitative receptor autoradiographic data confirmed the presence of [(125)I]PYY(3 - 36)/BIIE0246-sensitive (Y(2)) and-insensitive (Y(5)) binding sites in the rat brain as well as in the marmoset monkey and human hippocampal formation. 4. In the rat vas deferens and dog saphenous vein (two prototypical Y(2) bioassays), BIIE0246 induced parallel shifts to the right of NPY concentration-response curves with pA(2) values of 8.1 and 8.6, respectively. In the rat colon (a Y(2)/Y(4) bioassay), BIIE0246 (1 microM) completely blocked the contraction induced by PYY(3 - 36), but not that of [Leu(31), Pro(34)]NPY (a Y(1), Y(4) and Y(5) agonist) and hPP (a Y(4) and Y(5) agonist). Additionally, BIIE0246 failed to alter the contractile effects of NPY in prototypical Y(1) in vitro bioassays. 5. Taken together, these results demonstrate that BIIE0246 is a highly potent, high affinity antagonist selective for the Y(2) receptor subtype. It should prove most useful to establish further the functional role of the Y(2) receptor in the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Dumont
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Blvd., Verdun, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Alain Cadieux
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Henri Doods
- Preclinical Res. Department, Boehringer-Ingleheim, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Leng Hong Pheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Roger Abounader
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology, McGill University, 3801 University St., Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Edith Hamel
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology, McGill University, 3801 University St., Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Danielle Jacques
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Blvd., Verdun, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Domenico Regoli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Rémi Quirion
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Blvd., Verdun, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Author for correspondence:
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Duhault J, Boulanger M, Chamorro S, Boutin JA, Zuana OD, Douillet E, Fauchère JL, Félétou M, Germain M, Husson B, Vega AM, Renard P, Tisserand F. Food intake regulation in rodents: Y5 or Y1 NPY receptors or both? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/y99-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), one of the most abundant peptides in rat and human brains, appears to act in the hypothalamus to stimulate feeding. It was first suggested that the NPY Y1 receptor (Y1R) was involved in feeding stimulated by NPY. More recently a novel NPY receptor subtype (Y5R) was identified in rat and human as the NPY feeding receptor subtype. There is, however, no absolute consensus since selective Y1R antagonists also antagonize NPY-induced hyperphagia. Nevertheless, new anti-obesity drugs may emerge from further pharmacological characterization of the NPY receptors and their antagonists. A large panel of Y1R and Y5R antagonists (such as CGP71683A, BIBO3304, BIBP3226, 1229U91, and SYNAPTIC and BANYU derivatives but also patentable in-house-synthesized compounds) have been evaluated through in vitro and in vivo tests in an attempt to establish a predictive relationship between the binding selectivity for human receptors, the potency in isolated organs assays, and the inhibitory effect on food intake in both normal and obese hyperphagic rodents. Although these results do not allow one to conclude on the implication of a single receptor subtype at the molecular level, this approach is crucial for the design of novel NPY receptor antagonists with potential use as anti-obesity drugs and for evaluation of their possible adverse peripheral side effects, such as hypotension.Key words: obesity, weight reduction, food intake, neuropeptide Y, rodents.
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Jacques D, Sader S, El-Bizri N, Chouffani S, Hassan G, Shbaklo H. Neuropeptide Y induced increase of cytosolic and nuclear Ca2+ in heart and vascular smooth muscle cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/y99-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It was reported that neuropeptide Y (NPY) affects cardiac and vascular smooth muscle (VSM) function probably by increasing intracellular Ca2+. In this study, using fura-2 microfluorometry and fluo-3 confocal microscopy techniques for intracellular Ca2+ measurement, we attempted to verify whether the action of NPY receptor's stimulation in heart and VSM cells modulates intracellular Ca2+ and whether this effect is mediated via the Y1 receptor type. Using spontaneously contracting single ventricular heart cells of 10-day-old embryonic chicks and the fluo-3 confocal microscopy Ca2+ measurement technique to localize cytosolic ([Ca]c) and nuclear ([Ca]n) free Ca2+ level and distribution, 10-10 M of human (h) NPY significantly (P < 0.05) increased the frequency of cytosolic and nuclear Ca2+ transients during spontaneous contraction. Increasing the concentration of hNPY (10-9 M) did not further increase the frequency of Ca2+ transients. The L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, nifedipine (10-5 M), significantly (P < 0.001) blocked the spontaneous rise of intracellular Ca2+ in the absence and presence of hNPY (10-10 and 10-9 M). However, the selective Y1 receptor antagonist, BIBP3226 (10-6 M), significantly decreased the hNPY-induced (10-10 and 10-9 M) increase in the frequency of Ca2+ transients back to near the control level (P < 0.05). In resting nonworking heart and human aortic VSM cells, hNPY induced a dose-dependent sustained increase of basal resting intracellular Ca2+ with an EC50 near 10-9 M. This sustained increase was cytosolic and nuclear and was completely blocked by the Ca2+ chelator EGTA, and was significantly decreased by the Y1 receptor antagonist BIBP3226 in both heart (P < 0.05) and VSM (P < 0.01) cells. These results strongly suggest that NPY stimulates the resting basal steady-state Ca2+ influx through the sarcolemma and induces sustained increases of cytosolic and nuclear calcium, in good part, via the activation of the sarcolemma membrane Y1 receptor type in both resting heart and VSM cells. In addition, NPY also increased the frequency of Ca2+ transients during spontaneous contraction of heart cells mainly via the activation of the Y1 receptor type, which may explain in part the active cardiovascular action of this peptide.Key words: heart, vascular smooth muscle, neuropeptide Y, BIBP3226, calcium, nucleus.
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Zhang W, Lundberg JM, Thorén P. The effect of a neuropeptide Y antagonist, BIBP 3226, on short-term arterial pressure control in conscious unrestrained rats with congestive heart failure. Life Sci 1999; 65:1839-44. [PMID: 10576563 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of a neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1-receptor antagonist (BIBP 3226) on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate were investigated in conscious unrestrained rats with chronic congestive heart failure. The rats were randomly assigned to 2 groups, and received either BIBP 3226 or its inactive enantiomer (BIBP 3435) as an intravenous infusion (6 mg/kg/h for 1.5 h, respectively). Before, during and after the infusion, rats were stressed with a jet of air and received a bolus injection of NPY (2 nmol/kg iv.). There was no difference between the 2 groups in resting MAP and heart rate before, during or after infusion (BIBP 3226 vs. BIBP 3435). The effects of exogenous NPY on MAP were significantly attenuated in BIBP 3226 group during and 1 h after the infusion (p<0.05). The tissue NPY levels in heart, adrenal gland and kidney in heart failure rats were not different from those in sham-operated rats. The results suggest that Y1-receptor mechanisms are of minor importance in the short-term control of basal MAP and heart rate in conscious unrestrained rats with congestive heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Modin A, Malmström RE, Meister B. Vascular neuropeptide Y Y1-receptors in the rat kidney: vasoconstrictor effects and expression of Y1-receptor mRNA. Neuropeptides 1999; 33:253-9. [PMID: 10657500 DOI: 10.1054/npep.1999.0755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) -receptor subtypes were studied in the rat kidney in vivo by systemic administration of NPY, the two agonists [Leu(31), Pro(34)]NPY (Y1-receptor agonist) and NPY (13-36) (Y2-receptor agonist), or the Y1-receptor antagonist BIBP 3226. Effects on mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and renal arterial blood flow were recorded. The Y1-receptor agonist evoked a dose-dependent increase in MAP concomitantly with a reduction in renal blood flow. At the largest dose administered (1.42 pmol/g), the Y1-agonist [Leu(31), Pro(34)] NPY increased MAP by 20 +/- 6 mmHg and reduced the renal vascular conductance by more than 50%. The same dose of the Y2-agonist NPY (13-36) did not evoke any clear-cut effects on the renal blood flow or MAP. Furthermore, administration of the Y1-receptor antagonist BIBP 3226 reduced the NPY-induced renal vasoconstriction, but did not affect the response to angiotensin II or phenylephrine. The effects evoked by 0.71 pmol/g NPY were almost abolished by 3 mg/kg BIBP 3226. In situ hybridization histochemistry was used to study the expression of Y1-receptor mRNA in the developing rat kidney. The levels of Y1-receptor mRNA expression in the vascular smooth muscle of the rat kidney varied at different ages, with low levels at postnatal day 10 and high levels at 20 days and again low levels at 40 days. In summary, the present study show a maturation-specific expression pattern of NPY Y1-receptor mRNA as well as functional effects of vascular NPY receptors of the Y1-subtype in the rat kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Modin
- Department of Physiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden.
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Oberhauser V, Vonend O, Rump LC. Neuropeptide Y and ATP interact to control renovascular resistance in the rat. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10:1179-85. [PMID: 10361855 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v1061179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and ATP are cotransmitters of norepinephrine (NE). Modulation of ATP-mediated purinergic neurotransmission by NPY was investigated in rat perfused kidney. Beta,gamma-Methylene-L-ATP (beta,gamma-mATP; 1.0 to 1.5 microM, n = 8), NE (0.1 microM, n = 8), and NPY (0.1 microM, n = 14) increased perfusion pressure by maximally 12 +/- 1, 17 +/- 2, and 9 +/- 1 mmHg, respectively. In the presence of NPY, responses to ATP and NE were dramatically enhanced. Renal nerve stimulation in the presence of the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine (1 microM) induced pressor responses of 54 +/- 5 mmHg (n = 6). Alpha-blockade-resistant responses were abolished by the P2-purinoceptor blocker suramin (300 microM) and thus mediated by ATP. Purinergic responses were also reduced significantly (50%) by the NPY-Y1 receptor blocker BIBP 3226 (1 microM). NPY (0.1 microM) potentiated purinergic pressor responses and enhanced ATP release from 0.7 +/- 0.2 to 4.1 +/- 0.9 pmol (n = 4) associated with a significant increase of soluble ATPase activity. All NPY effects were prevented by BIBP 3226. Pressor responses to renal nerve stimulation delivered at short time intervals, mimicking enhanced sympathetic drive to the kidney, were not constant but showed a progressive rise, which was prevented by BIBP 3226. In this study, it is suggested that purinergic vasoconstriction in rat kidney depends on concomitantly released NPY. NPY by itself is only a weak vasoconstrictor but acts as a modulator of renal vascular resistance by enhancing the effects of its sympathetic cotransmitters, especially during sympathetic overactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Oberhauser
- Medizinische Universitätsklinik Freiburg, Innere Medizin IV, Germany
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Racchi H, Irarrázabal MJ, Howard M, Morán S, Zalaquett R, Huidobro-Toro JP. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate and neuropeptide Y are co-transmitters in conjunction with noradrenaline in the human saphenous vein. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 126:1175-85. [PMID: 10205006 PMCID: PMC1565874 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/1998] [Revised: 11/27/1998] [Accepted: 12/02/1998] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Human saphenous veins were used to assess the cooperative participation of adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and noradrenaline (NA) in the vasomotor responses elicited following electrical depolarization of the perivascular nerve terminals. Rings from recently dissected human biopsies were mounted to record isometric muscular contractions; the motor activity elicited in the circular muscle layer following electrical depolarization (2.5-20 Hz, 50 V, 0.5 msec) were recorded. 2. Incubation of the biopsies with either 100 nM tetrodotoxin (TTX) or 1 microM guanethidine abolished the vasomotor response elicited by electrical nerve depolarization. The independent application of either ATP or NA to vein rings induced concentration-dependent contractions. 3. Tissue incubation with 30 microM suramin or 10 nM prazosin produced 10 fold rightward displacements of the alpha,beta-methylene ATP and NA concentration-response curves respectively. NPY contracted a limited number of biopsies, the vasoconstriction elicited was completely blocked by 1 microM BIBP 3226. A 5 min incubation of the biopsies with 10-100 nM NPY synergized, in a concentration-dependent fashion, both the ATP and the ATP analogue-induced contractions. Likewise, tissue preincubation with 10 nM NPY potentiated the vasomotor responses evoked with 20-60 nM NA. 4. Neither suramin, BIBP 3226, nor prazosin was individually able to significantly modify the derived frequency-tension curves. In contrast, the co-application of 30 microM suramin and 10 nM prazosin or 30 microM suramin and 1 microM BIBP 3226, elicited a significant (P<0.01) downward displacement of the respective frequency-tension curves. 5. The simultaneous application of the three antagonists-30 microM suramin, 1 microM BIBP 3226 and 10 nM prazosin-caused a significantly greater displacement of the frequency-tension curve than that achieved in experiments using two of these antagonists. 6. Electrically-evoked vasomotor activity is blocked to a larger extent by tissue incubation with 2.5 microM chloroethylclonidine and 30 microM suramin rather than with 10 nM 5 methyl urapidil and 30 microM suramin. As a result, the alpha1-adrenoceptor involved in the vasomotor activity has tentatively been associated with the alpha1B adrenoceptor family subtype. 7. Results support the physiological role of ATP in sympathetic neurotransmission. The present results are consistent with the working hypothesis that human sympathetic vasomotor reflexes involve the coordinated motor action of ATP, NPY, and NA acting on vascular smooth muscle cells. The present results support the concept of sympathetic co-transmission in the human saphenous vein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Racchi
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad de Regulación Neurohumoral Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Escuela de Medicina, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel J Irarrázabal
- Departamento de Cirugía de Tórax, Escuela de Medicina, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michel Howard
- Departamento de Cirugía de Tórax, Escuela de Medicina, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Morán
- Departamento de Cirugía de Tórax, Escuela de Medicina, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Zalaquett
- Departamento de Cirugía de Tórax, Escuela de Medicina, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Pablo Huidobro-Toro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad de Regulación Neurohumoral Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Escuela de Medicina, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
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Wieland HA, Engel W, Eberlein W, Rudolf K, Doods HN. Subtype selectivity of the novel nonpeptide neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist BIBO 3304 and its effect on feeding in rodents. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 125:549-55. [PMID: 9806339 PMCID: PMC1565641 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The novel Y1-selective argininamide derivative BIBO 3304 ((R)-N-[[4-(aminocarbonylaminomethyl)-phenyl]methyl]-N2-(diphen ylacetyl)-argininamide trifluoroacetate) has been synthesized and was examined for its subtype selectivity, its in vitro antagonistic properties and its food intake inhibitory properties. 2. BIBO 3304 displayed subnanomolar affinity for both the human and the rat Y1 receptor (IC50 values 0.38+/-0.06 nM and 0.72+/-0.42 nM, respectively). The inactive enantiomer of BIBO 3304 (BIBO 3457) had low affinity for both the human and rat Y1 receptor subtype (IC50> 1000 nM). BIBO 3304 showed low affinity for the human Y2 receptor, human and rat Y4 receptor as well as for the human and rat Y5 receptor (IC50 values > 1000 nM). 3. 30 microg BIBO 3304 administered into the paraventricular nucleus inhibited the feeding response induced by 1 microg NPY as well as the hyperphagia induced by a 24 h fast implying a role for Y1 receptors in NPY mediated feeding. The inactive enantiomer had no effect. 4. BIBO 3304 inhibits neither the galanin nor the noradrenaline induced orexigenic response. but it blocked feeding behaviour elicited by both [Leu31, Pro24]NPY and NPY (3 36) suggesting an interplay between different NPY receptor subtypes in feeding behavior. 5. The present study reveals that BIBO 3304 is a subtype selective nonpeptide antagonist with subnanomolar affinity for the Y1 receptor subtype that significantly inhibits food intake induced by application of NPY or by fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Wieland
- Department of Biology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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Malmström RE, Hökfelt T, Björkman JA, Nihlén C, Byström M, Ekstrand AJ, Lundberg JM. Characterization and molecular cloning of vascular neuropeptide Y receptor subtypes in pig and dog. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1998; 75-76:55-70. [PMID: 9802394 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(98)00053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cloning with subsequent in vitro and in vivo characterization of vascular neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor subtypes in porcine and canine peripheral tissues was performed. RT-PCR with Y1 and Y2 receptor-specific primers, indicated expression of Y1 receptors in both kidney and spleen of dog and pig, and expression of Y2 receptors in pig spleen. In pig kidney, expression of Y1 receptor mRNA was located to intrarenal arteries, as demonstrated with in situ hybridization using human probes. The cloned and sequenced canine Y1, porcine Y1 and Y2 receptors revealed high homologies to previously characterized mammalian NPY receptors. Membrane and autoradiographic receptor binding studies showed specific high-affinity binding sites for the purported Y1-selective radioligands 125I-[Leu31Pro34]peptide YY (PYY) and 3H-BIBP 3226 in dog spleen, and for the putative Y2-selective 125I-PYY(3-36) in dog and pig spleen. In the pig in vivo, [Leu31Pro34]PYY, administered i.v., evoked vasoconstriction in spleen and kidney, actions that were potently inhibited by the non-peptide Y receptor antagonist SR 120107A. In contrast, PYY(3-36) evoked vasoconstriction only in spleen and this effect was not influenced by SR 120107A. NPY evoked renal and splenic vasoconstriction in the dog in vivo, vascular responses that were inhibited by both BIBP 3226 and SR 120107A. Furthermore, the Y1 receptor agonist [Leu31Pro34]NPY also caused vasoconstriction in dog kidney and spleen, whereas the putative Y2 agonist N-acetyl[Leu28Leu31]NPY(24-36) evoked no such vascular responses. It is concluded that the pig spleen is likely to contain Y1 and Y2 receptors, both involved in splenic vasoconstriction. In contrast, the Y1 receptor seems to be the sole vascular NPY receptor subtype in pig kidney. Moreover, Y1 receptors predominate in dog spleen and kidney. Furthermore, the cloned canine Y1 receptor and the porcine Y1 and Y2 receptors show great homologies to, and possess ligand requirement profiles in accordance with, the human forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Malmström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kask A, Rägo L, Harro J. Anxiogenic-like effect of the NPY Y1 receptor antagonist BIBP3226 administered into the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter in rats. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1998; 75-76:255-62. [PMID: 9802417 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(98)00076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous neuropeptide Y (NPY) administered intracerebroventricularly or into the central nucleus of amygdala has anxiolytic-like effects in animal models of anxiety. These effects are probably mediated by the NPY Y1 receptor. The role of the NPY Y1 receptor activation by endogenous NPY in this and other brain areas has not been fully elucidated. The selective NPY Y1 receptor antagonist (R)-N2-(diphenylacetyl)-N-[(4-hydroxy-phenyl)methyl]-D-arginine amide (BIBP3226) was microinjected into various brain sites implicated in the regulation of anxiety-related behaviour and resultant behavioural changes were assessed using the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and open-field test in rats. Intracerebroventricular application of BIBP3226 (5.0 microg) which caused an anxiogenic-like effect in the EPM did not affect exploratory activity in the open-field test. A decrease in EPM exploration was observed also when BIBP3226 (0.5 microg) was microinjected into the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter (DPAG). Intra-DPAG BIBP3226 did not change open-field behaviour suggesting that the effects of BIBP3226 in the EPM test were not related to changes in locomotor activity in general. Bilateral application of BIBP3226 into the central nucleus of amygdala (0.5 and 2.5 microg/side) and unilateral injections into the locus coeruleus and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (both 0.5 microg) were ineffective in modifying the plus-maze exploration. These data suggest that endogenous NPY may regulate anxiety-related behaviour in rats by acting via the NPY Y1 receptors in DPAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kask
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Estonia.
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