1
|
Xiong Y, Fu Y, Li Z, Zheng Y, Cui M, Zhang C, Huang XY, Jian Y, Chen BH. Laquinimod Inhibits Microglial Activation, Astrogliosis, BBB Damage, and Infarction and Improves Neurological Damage after Ischemic Stroke. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37161270 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial activation is involved in neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, which plays a key role in ischemic stroke-induced neuronal damage; therefore, regulating glial activation is an important way to inhibit ischemic brain injury. Effects of laquinimod (LAQ) include inhibiting axonal damage and neuroinflammation in multiple neuronal injury diseases. However, whether laquinimod can exert neuroprotective effects after ischemic stroke remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of LAQ on glial activation, BBB damage, and neuronal damage in an ischemic stroke model. Adult ICR mice were used to create a photothrombotic stroke (PT) model. LAQ was administered orally at 30 min after ischemic injury. Neurobehavioral tests, Evans Blue, immunofluorescence, TUNEL, Nissl staining, and western blot were performed to evaluate the neurofunctional outcome. Quantification of immunofluorescence was evaluated by unbiased stereology. LAQ post-treatment significantly reduced infarction and improved forepaw function at 5 days after PT. Interestingly, LAQ treatment significantly promoted anti-inflammatory microglial activation. Moreover, LAQ treatment reduced astrocyte activation, glial scar formation, and BBB breakdown in ischemic brains. Therefore, this study demonstrated that LAQ post-treatment restricted microglial polarization, astrogliosis, and glial scar and improved BBB damage and behavioral function. LAQ may serve as a novel target to develop new therapeutic agents for ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yanqiong Fu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoli Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Maiyin Cui
- Department of Rehabilitation and Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Chan Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yi Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yong Jian
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Bai Hui Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma XY, Yang TT, Liu L, Peng XC, Qian F, Tang FR. Ependyma in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Radiation-Induced Brain Injury and as a Therapeutic Target for Neurotrophic Factors. Biomolecules 2023; 13:754. [PMID: 37238624 PMCID: PMC10216700 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuron loss caused by the progressive damage to the nervous system is proposed to be the main pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Ependyma is a layer of ciliated ependymal cells that participates in the formation of the brain-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB). It functions to promotes the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the material exchange between CSF and brain interstitial fluid. Radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI) shows obvious impairments of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In the neuroinflammatory processes after acute brain injury, a large amount of complement proteins and infiltrated immune cells are circulated in the CSF to resist brain damage and promote substance exchange through the BCB. However, as the protective barrier lining the brain ventricles, the ependyma is extremely vulnerable to cytotoxic and cytolytic immune responses. When the ependyma is damaged, the integrity of BCB is destroyed, and the CSF flow and material exchange is affected, leading to brain microenvironment imbalance, which plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and other neurotrophic factors promote the differentiation and maturation of ependymal cells to maintain the integrity of the ependyma and the activity of ependymal cilia, and may have therapeutic potential in restoring the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment after RIBI or during the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Ma
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Feng Qian
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Feng-Ru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Laboratory, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shi G, Li M, E Y, Wang M, Gong P, Wang X, Lu J, Wu W, Xue S, Zhou J, Zhou R. Prognostic performance of serum YKL-40 for one-year clinical outcomes in acute ischemic stroke. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:1199-1209. [PMID: 36880855 PMCID: PMC10008488 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effects of YKL-40 on one-year clinical outcomes including poor clinical outcome, all-cause mortality, and stroke recurrence among acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients remained elusive. The purpose of this study was to explore the association between serum YKL-40 at admission and one-year clinical outcomes in AIS patients. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, a total of 1002 participants out of 1361 AIS patients from two centers were included for current analysis. Serum YKL-40 concentrations were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Multivariable logistic or Cox regression were performed to explore the independent association of YKL-40 with one-year clinical outcomes, including poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale of 3-6), all-cause mortality, and recurrent stroke. C-statistic, net reclassification index (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) were calculated to evaluate the discriminatory and predictive power of YKL-40 when added to conventional model. RESULTS Compared with the first quartile of YKL-40, the adjusted odds ratios or hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals of the fourth quartile were 3.032 (1.627-5.650) for poor outcome, 2.886 (1.320-6.308) for all-cause mortality and 1.694 (0.906-3.169) for recurrent stroke. The addition of serum YKL-40 to conventional model significantly improved reclassification for poor outcome (NRI 0.053, P = 0.031; IDI 0.018, P = 0.001) and all-cause mortality (NRI 0.162, P = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS Elevated serum YKL-40 at admission might be independently associated with one-year poor outcome and all-cause mortality but not stroke recurrence among Chinese AIS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guomei Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Taixing People’s Hospital, Taixing 225400, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Minghao Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Taixing People’s Hospital, Taixing 225400, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan E
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Pengyu Gong
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Taixing People’s Hospital, Taixing 225400, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jingye Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Taixing People’s Hospital, Taixing 225400, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weixiang Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Taixing People’s Hospital, Taixing 225400, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shouru Xue
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junshan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rujuan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Taixing People’s Hospital, Taixing 225400, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cui Y, Song HT, Zhang P, Yin X, Wang Y, Wei X, Jia XJ. Curcumin protects PC12 cells from a high glucose-induced inflammatory response by regulating the miR-218-5p/TLR4 axis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30967. [PMID: 36221434 PMCID: PMC9543010 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcumin exerts a protective effect on diabetic encephalopathy (DN), It is known for its potent neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. However, the underlying mechanisms of curcumin's neuroprotective effects resulting from high glucose (HG)-induced injuries remain unknown. The purpose of this study is to identify the protective mechanism of Curcumin in the DN. METHODS In this study, pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) were pretreated with different concentrations of Curcumin and then co-treated with Curcumin and glucose for 48 hours, and the cell viability was evaluated by CCK-8, the expression of the inflammatory mediators were detected by ELISA, the miR-218-5p and toll-like receptors (TLR4) level were examined by both quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting, the potential target genes of miR-218-5p were identified using luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS The viability of PC12 cells treated with HG was significantly reduced in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Cotreatment of curcumin with HG significantly increased cell viability. Curcumin inhibited the expression of the inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), and induced the expression of the anti-inflammatory mediator interleukin-10 (IL-10). Curcumin upregulated the levels of miR-218-5p and downregulated the expression of TLR4 in HG-treated PC12 cells. The curcumin-induced anti-inflammatory effect was abrogated by a miR-218-5p inhibitor and overexpression of TLR4. The results suggest that curcumin ameliorates the inflammatory response by upregulating miR-218-5p levels in PC12 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate a protective role for curcumin in PC12 cells and suggest that it should be considered for the prophylactic treatment of DN in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cui
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hong-Tao Song
- Department of Vascular surgery, Shijiazhuang Second Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Diabetes Screening Centre, Shijiazhuang Second Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiao Yin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang Yuxi Community Health Service Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Hemodialysis, Shijiazhuang Second Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xuan Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Shijiazhuang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xin-Ju Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Ju Jia, Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 89 Donggang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China. (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shi G, Chen W, Gong P, Wang M, Zhou J, Wang X, Guo M, Lu J, Li Y, Feng H, Fu X, Zhou R, Xue S. The Relationship Between Serum YKL-40 Levels on Admission and Stroke-Associated Pneumonia in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:4361-4369. [PMID: 34511972 PMCID: PMC8422031 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s329612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) is a standout complication after acute ischemic stroke (AIS), with a prevalence of 7–38%. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the relationship between serum YKL-40 levels at admission and SAP. Methods Between August 2020 and February 2021, consecutive AIS patients from two centers were enrolled prospectively. Serum YKL-40 concentrations were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We performed logistic regression analyses to explore the relationship between YKL-40 and SAP. Receiver operating characteristic curve was also used to assess the predictive ability of YKL-40 in predicting SAP. Results Ultimately, a total of 511 AIS patients were recruited. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that YKL-40 was independently related to SAP, whether as a continuous variable or as quartiles (P=0.001). The area under curve of YKL-40 to predict SAP was 0.765. The optimal cutoff value of YKL-40 as a predictor of SAP was determined to be 206.4 ng/mL, where the sensitivity was 63.1% and the specificity was 82.0%. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that YKL-40 might be considered as a useful biomarker to predict SAP in AIS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guomei Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxiu Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyu Gong
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junshan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Minwang Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingye Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital), Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuetao Fu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rujuan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouru Xue
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ashayeri Ahmadabad R, Mirzaasgari Z, Gorji A, Khaleghi Ghadiri M. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathways: Novel Therapeutic Targets for Cerebrovascular Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116153. [PMID: 34200356 PMCID: PMC8201279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a class of pattern recognition proteins, play an integral role in the modulation of systemic inflammatory responses. Cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of pathological conditions that temporarily or permanently affect the brain tissue mostly via the decrease of oxygen and glucose supply. TLRs have a critical role in the activation of inflammatory cascades following hypoxic-ischemic events and subsequently contribute to neuroprotective or detrimental effects of CVD-induced neuroinflammation. The TLR signaling pathway and downstream cascades trigger immune responses via the production and release of various inflammatory mediators. The present review describes the modulatory role of the TLR signaling pathway in the inflammatory responses developed following various CVDs and discusses the potential benefits of the modulation of different TLRs in the improvement of functional outcomes after brain ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rezan Ashayeri Ahmadabad
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran 1996835911, Iran; (R.A.A.); (Z.M.)
| | - Zahra Mirzaasgari
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran 1996835911, Iran; (R.A.A.); (Z.M.)
- Department of Neurology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1593747811, Iran
| | - Ali Gorji
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran 1996835911, Iran; (R.A.A.); (Z.M.)
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany;
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-251-8355564; Fax: +49-251-8347479
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Microglia in Neurodegenerative Events-An Initiator or a Significant Other? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115818. [PMID: 34072307 PMCID: PMC8199265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A change in microglia structure, signaling, or function is commonly associated with neurodegeneration. This is evident in the patient population, animal models, and targeted in vitro assays. While there is a clear association, it is not evident that microglia serve as an initiator of neurodegeneration. Rather, the dynamics imply a close interaction between the various cell types and structures in the brain that orchestrate the injury and repair responses. Communication between microglia and neurons contributes to the physiological phenotype of microglia maintaining cells in a surveillance state and allows the cells to respond to events occurring in their environment. Interactions between microglia and astrocytes is not as well characterized, nor are interactions with other members of the neurovascular unit; however, given the influence of systemic factors on neuroinflammation and disease progression, such interactions likely represent significant contributes to any neurodegenerative process. In addition, they offer multiple target sites/processes by which environmental exposures could contribute to neurodegenerative disease. Thus, microglia at least play a role as a significant other with an equal partnership; however, claiming a role as an initiator of neurodegeneration remains somewhat controversial.
Collapse
|
8
|
von Linstow CU, Hindkjær SM, Nielsen PV, Degn M, Lambertsen KL, Finsen B, Clausen BH. Bone Marrow-Derived IL-1Ra Increases TNF Levels Poststroke. Cells 2021; 10:956. [PMID: 33924148 PMCID: PMC8074385 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) are key players in stroke, a disease in which cell-based therapies have shown great potential. Having shown an infarct-reducing effect of bone marrow (BM) cells, especially cells with high IL-1Ra expression, we here investigated the effect of BM cells on TNF and other stroke-related mediators in mice after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) and in vitro using adult microglial cultures. We analyzed stroke-related genes and inflammatory mediators using qPCR stroke Tier panels, electrochemiluminescence, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We found a significant correlation and cellular colocalization between microglial-derived TNF and IL-1Ra, though IL-1Ra production was TNF independent. BM treatment significantly increased TNF, interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-4 levels, while C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1), IL-12p70, and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) decreased, suggesting that BM treatment favors an anti-inflammatory environment. Hierarchical clustering identified Tnf and IL-1rn within the same gene cluster, and subsequent STRING analysis identified TLR2 as a shared receptor. Although IL-1Ra producing BM cells specifically modulated TNF levels, this was TLR2 independent. These results demonstrate BM cells as modulators of poststroke inflammation with beneficial effects on poststroke outcomes and place TNF and IL-1Ra as key players of the defense response after tMCAo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ulrich von Linstow
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA;
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Sofie Mozart Hindkjær
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Pernille Vinther Nielsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Matilda Degn
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- BRIDGE—Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
- BRIDGE—Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
- BRIDGE—Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Krinock MJ, Singhal NS. Diabetes, stroke, and neuroresilience: looking beyond hyperglycemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1495:78-98. [PMID: 33638222 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among type 2 diabetic patients. Preclinical and translational studies have identified critical pathophysiological mediators of stroke risk, recurrence, and poor outcome in diabetic patients, including endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Most clinical trials of diabetes and stroke have focused on treating hyperglycemia alone. Pioglitazone has shown promise in secondary stroke prevention for insulin-resistant patients; however, its use is not yet widespread. Additional research into clinical therapies directed at diabetic pathophysiological processes to prevent stroke and improve outcome for diabetic stroke survivors is necessary. Resilience is the process of active adaptation to a stressor. In patients with diabetes, stroke recovery is impaired by insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation, which impair key neuroresilience pathways maintaining cerebrovascular integrity, resolving poststroke inflammation, stimulating neural plasticity, and preventing neurodegeneration. Our review summarizes the underpinnings of stroke risk in diabetes, the clinical consequences of stroke in diabetic patients, and proposes hypotheses and new avenues of research for therapeutics to stimulate neuroresilience pathways and improve stroke outcome in diabetic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Krinock
- Department of Neurology, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Neel S Singhal
- Department of Neurology, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ronaldson PT, Davis TP. Regulation of blood-brain barrier integrity by microglia in health and disease: A therapeutic opportunity. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:S6-S24. [PMID: 32928017 PMCID: PMC7687032 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20951995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical regulator of CNS homeostasis. It possesses physical and biochemical characteristics (i.e. tight junction protein complexes, transporters) that are necessary for the BBB to perform this physiological role. Microvascular endothelial cells require support from astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, neurons, and constituents of the extracellular matrix. This intricate relationship implies the existence of a neurovascular unit (NVU). NVU cellular components can be activated in disease and contribute to dynamic remodeling of the BBB. This is especially true of microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, which polarize into distinct proinflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes. Current data indicate that M1 pro-inflammatory microglia contribute to BBB dysfunction and vascular "leak", while M2 anti-inflammatory microglia play a protective role at the BBB. Understanding biological mechanisms involved in microglia activation provides a unique opportunity to develop novel treatment approaches for neurological diseases. In this review, we highlight characteristics of M1 proinflammatory and M2 anti-inflammatory microglia and describe how these distinct phenotypes modulate BBB physiology. Additionally, we outline the role of other NVU cell types in regulating microglial activation and highlight how microglia can be targeted for treatment of disease with a focus on ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Ronaldson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mai N, Prifti V, Kim M, Halterman MW. Characterization of neutrophil-neuronal co-cultures to investigate mechanisms of post-ischemic immune-mediated neurotoxicity. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 341:108782. [PMID: 32445795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-mediated reperfusion injury is a critical component of post-ischemic central nervous system (CNS) damage. In this context, the activation and recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) to the CNS induces neurotoxicity in part through the release of degradative enzymes, cytokines, and reactive oxygen species. However, the extent to which close-range interactions between PMNs and neurons contribute to injury in this context has not been directly investigated. NEW METHOD We devised a co-culture model to investigate mechanisms of PMN-dependent neurotoxicity. Specifically, we established the effect of PMN dose, co-incident neuronal ischemia, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced PMN priming, and the requirement for cell-cell contact on cumulative neuron damage. RESULTS AND COMPARISON TO EXISTING METHOD(S) Pre-exposure of day in vitro 10 primary cortical neurons to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) enhanced PMN-dependent neuronal death. Likewise, LPS-induced priming of the PMN donor further increased PMN-induced toxicity in vitro compared to saline-injected controls. Compartmentalization of LPS-primed PMNs using net wells confirmed the requirement for close-range cell-cell interactions in the process of PMN-induced neuronal injury. Moreover, time-lapse imaging and quantitative neurite analyses implicate PMN-neurite interactions in this pathological response. These experiments establish a platform to investigate immune and neural factors that contribute to post-ischemic neurodegeneration. CONCLUSIONS Ischemic and immune priming enhance neurotoxicity in PMN-neuronal co-cultures. Moreover, cell-cell contact and neurite destruction are prominent features in the observed mechanism of post-ischemic neuronal death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Mai
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester NY 14642, United States.
| | - Viollandi Prifti
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester NY 14642, United States.
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester NY 14642, United States.
| | - Marc W Halterman
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester NY 14642, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester NY 14642, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jiang M, Li Z, Zhu G. Immunological regulatory effect of flavonoid baicalin on innate immune toll-like receptors. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104890. [PMID: 32389860 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As an essential component of the innate immune system, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of well-recognized ligand-binding receptors found in various organisms and initiate host immune responses. Activation of TLRs signaling pathways lead to the induction of numerous genes that function in host defense. Baicalin is a natural compound from the dry raw root of Scutellaria baicalensis (S. baicalensis) and it has been found to exhibit several pharmaceutical actions, such as anti-inflammation, anti-tumor and antivirus. These biological activities are mainly related to the regulatory effect of baicalin on the host immune response. In this review, we provide an overview of the regulation of baicalin on TLRs signaling pathways in various pathological conditions, and highlight potential targets for the development of the regulatory effect of natural compound from traditional Chinese medicine on innate immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jiang
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Zhuoneng Li
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of Wuhan, China
| | - Guangxun Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ashayeri Ahmadabad R, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Gorji A. The role of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in cerebrovascular disorders: the impact of spreading depolarization. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:108. [PMID: 32264928 PMCID: PMC7140571 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders that affect the blood supply to the brain and lead to the reduction of oxygen and glucose supply to the neurons and the supporting cells. Spreading depolarization (SD), a propagating wave of neuroglial depolarization, occurs in different CVDs. A growing amount of evidence suggests that the inflammatory responses following hypoxic-ischemic insults and after SD plays a double-edged role in brain tissue injury and clinical outcome; a beneficial effect in the acute phase and a destructive role in the late phase. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the activation of inflammatory cascades and subsequent neuroprotective or harmful effects after CVDs and SD. Here, we review current data regarding the pathophysiological role of TLR signaling pathways in different CVDs and discuss the role of SD in the potentiation of the inflammatory cascade in CVDs through the modulation of TLRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rezan Ashayeri Ahmadabad
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Ali Gorji
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Neuroscience research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Popa-Wagner A, Dumitrascu DI, Capitanescu B, Petcu EB, Surugiu R, Fang WH, Dumbrava DA. Dietary habits, lifestyle factors and neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:394-400. [PMID: 31571647 PMCID: PMC6921346 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.266045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide stroke is increasing in parallel with modernization, changes in lifestyle, and the growing elderly population. Our review is focused on the link between diet, as part of 'modern lifestyle', and health in the context of genetic predisposition of individuals to 'unhealthy' metabolic pathway activity. It is concluded that lifestyle including high sugar diets, alcohol and tobacco addiction or high fat diets as well as ageing, brain injury, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, negatively influence the onset, severity and duration of neurodegenerative diseases. Fortunately, there are several healthy dietary components such as polyunsaturated fatty acids and the anti-oxidants curcumin, resveratrol, blueberry polyphenols, sulphoraphane, salvionic acid as well as caloric restriction and physical activity, which may counteract ageing and associated neurodegenerative diseases via increased autophagy or increased neurogenesis in the adult brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Griffith University School of Medicine, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Bogdan Capitanescu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
| | - Eugen Bogdan Petcu
- Griffith University School of Medicine, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - Roxana Surugiu
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
| | - Wen-Hui Fang
- School of Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Danut-Adrian Dumbrava
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Neumann S, Boothman-Burrell L, Gowing EK, Jacobsen TA, Ahring PK, Young SL, Sandager-Nielsen K, Clarkson AN. The Delta-Subunit Selective GABA A Receptor Modulator, DS2, Improves Stroke Recovery via an Anti-inflammatory Mechanism. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1133. [PMID: 31736685 PMCID: PMC6828610 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes are known to contribute to tissue damage in the central nervous system (CNS) across a broad range of neurological conditions, including stroke. Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, has been implicated in modulating peripheral immune responses by acting on GABA A receptors on antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes. Here, we investigated the effects and mechanism of action of the delta-selective compound, DS2, to improve stroke recovery and modulate inflammation. We report a decrease in nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation in innate immune cells over a concentration range in vitro. Following a photochemically induced motor cortex stroke, treatment with DS2 at 0.1 mg/kg from 1 h post-stroke significantly decreased circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-17, and IL-6 levels, reduced infarct size and improved motor function in mice. Free brain concentrations of DS2 were found to be lower than needed for robust modulation of central GABA A receptors and were not affected by the presence and absence of elacridar, an inhibitor of both P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Finally, as DS2 appears to dampen peripheral immune activation and only shows limited brain exposure, we assessed the role of DS2 to promote functional recovery after stroke when administered from 3-days after the stroke. Treatment with DS2 from 3-days post-stroke improved motor function on the grid-walking, but not on the cylinder task. These data highlight the need to further develop subunit-selective compounds to better understand change in GABA receptor signaling pathways both centrally and peripherally. Importantly, we show that GABA compounds such as DS2 that only shows limited brain exposure can still afford significant protection and promote functional recovery most likely via modulation of peripheral immune cells and could be given as an adjunct treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Neumann
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lily Boothman-Burrell
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Emma K Gowing
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Philip K Ahring
- School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah L Young
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Andrew N Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Clarkson AN, Boothman-Burrell L, Dósa Z, Nagaraja RY, Jin L, Parker K, van Nieuwenhuijzen PS, Neumann S, Gowing EK, Gavande N, Ahring PK, Holm MM, Hanrahan JR, Nicolazzo JA, Jensen K, Chebib M. The flavonoid, 2'-methoxy-6-methylflavone, affords neuroprotection following focal cerebral ischaemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:1266-1282. [PMID: 29376464 PMCID: PMC6668512 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18755628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tonic inhibitory currents, mediated by extrasynaptic GABAA receptors, are elevated at a delay following stroke. Flavonoids minimise the extent of cellular damage following stroke, but little is known about their mode of action. We demonstrate that the flavonoid, 2'-methoxy-6-methylflavone (0.1-10 µM; 2'MeO6MF), increases GABAA receptor tonic currents presumably via δ-containing GABAA receptors. Treatment with 2'MeO6MF 1-6 h post focal ischaemia dose dependently decreases infarct volume and improves functional recovery. The effect of 2'MeO6MF was attenuated in δ-/- mice, indicating that the effects of the flavonoid were mediated via δ-containing GABAA receptors. Further, as flavonoids have been shown to have multiple modes of action, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of 2'MeO6MF. Using a macrophage cell line, we show that 2'MeO6MF can dampen an LPS-induced elevation in NFkB activity. Assessment of vehicle-treated stroke animals revealed a significant increase in circulating IL1β, TNFα and IFγ levels. Treatment with 2'MeO6MF dampened the stroke-induced increase in circulating cytokines, which was blocked in the presence of the pan-AKT inhibitor, GSK690693. These studies support the hypothesis that compounds that potentiate tonic inhibition via δ-containing GABAA receptors soon after stroke can afford neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Clarkson
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,2 Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lily Boothman-Burrell
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Zita Dósa
- 3 Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Raghavendra Y Nagaraja
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Liang Jin
- 4 Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Kim Parker
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Silke Neumann
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,5 Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Emma K Gowing
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Navnath Gavande
- 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Philip K Ahring
- 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mai M Holm
- 3 Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jane R Hanrahan
- 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joseph A Nicolazzo
- 4 Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Kimmo Jensen
- 3 Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mary Chebib
- 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li M, Liu J, Bi Y, Chen J, Zhao L. Potential Medications or Compounds Acting on Toll-like Receptors in Cerebral Ischemia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:160-175. [PMID: 28571545 PMCID: PMC5883378 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170601125139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Toll-like receptors play an integral role in the process of inflammatory response after ischemic in-jury. The therapeutic potential acting on TLRs is worth of evaluations. The aim of this review was to introduce readers some potential medications or compounds which could alleviate the ischemic damage via TLRs. Methods: Research articles online on TLRs were reviewed. Categorizations were listed according to the follows, methods acting on TLRs directly, modulations of MyD88 or TRIF signaling pathway, and the ischemic tolerance induced by the pre-conditioning or postconditioning with TLR ligands or minor cerebral ischemia via acting on TLRs. Results: There are only a few studies concerning on direct effects. Anti-TLR4 or anti-TLR2 therapies may serve as promis-ing strategies in acute events. Approaches targeting on inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway and enhancing interferon regu-latory factor dependent signaling have attracted great interests. Not only drugs but compounds extracted from traditional Chinese medicine have been used to identify their neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia. In addition, many re-searchers have reported the positive therapeutic effects of preconditioning with agonists of TLR2, 3, 4, 7 and 9. Several trails have also explored the potential of postconditioning, which provide a new idea in ischemic treatments. Considering all the evidence above, many drugs and new compounds may have great potential to reduce ischemic insults. Conclusion: This review will focus on promising therapies which exerting neuroprotective effects against ischemic injury by acting on TLRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Department of Neurology, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Ying Bi
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jixiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Recent advances in the mechanisms of neuroinflammation and their roles in neurodegeneration. Neurochem Int 2018; 120:13-20. [PMID: 30016687 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington disease. Current studies in this area have advanced the mechanism of neuroinflammation and its role in neurodegeneration. Studies from epidemiologic, clinical and animal models also contributed in the various new mechanisms of neuroinflammation. In this line, activation of monocytes is an important emerging mechanism that has a, profound role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Ion channels, matrix metalloproteases and microRNAs are also found to be the key players in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. In particular, microRNA-32 regulates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and thus neurodegeneration. Notably, some important studies describe the role of Th17 cells in neuroinflammation, but, very little knowledge is available about their mechanism of action. Particularly, the role of autophagy gets emphasized, which plays a very critical role in protein aggregation and neurodegeneration. In this review, we highlight and discuss the mechanisms of these mediators of inflammation by which they contribute to the disease progression. In conclusion, we focus on the various newer molecular mechanisms that are associated with the basic understanding of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
19
|
Role of Damage Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules (DAMPs) in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (aSAH). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072035. [PMID: 30011792 PMCID: PMC6073937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) represents only a small portion of all strokes, but accounts for almost half of the deaths caused by stroke worldwide. Neurosurgical clipping and endovascular coiling can successfully obliterate the bleeding aneurysms, but ensuing complications such as cerebral vasospasm, acute and chronic hydrocephalus, seizures, cortical spreading depression, delayed ischemic neurological deficits, and delayed cerebral ischemia lead to poor clinical outcomes. The mechanisms leading to these complications are complex and poorly understood. Early brain injury resulting from transient global ischemia can release molecules that may be critical to initiate and sustain inflammatory response. Hence, the events during early brain injury can influence the occurrence of delayed brain injury. Since the damage associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) might be the initiators of inflammation in the pathophysiology of aSAH, so the aim of this review is to highlight their role in the context of aSAH from diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic, and drug therapy monitoring perspectives. DAMPs represent a diverse and a heterogenous group of molecules derived from different compartments of cells upon injury. Here, we have reviewed the most important DAMPs molecules including high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), S100B, hemoglobin and its derivatives, extracellular matrix components, IL-1α, IL-33, and mitochondrial DNA in the context of aSAH and their role in post-aSAH complications and clinical outcome after aSAH.
Collapse
|
20
|
Tahsili-Fahadan P, Farrokh S, Geocadin RG. Hypothermia and brain inflammation after cardiac arrest. Brain Circ 2018; 4:1-13. [PMID: 30276330 PMCID: PMC6057700 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cessation (ischemia) and restoration (reperfusion) of cerebral blood flow after cardiac arrest (CA) induce inflammatory processes that can result in additional brain injury. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has been proven as a brain protective strategy after CA. In this article, the underlying pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion brain injury with emphasis on the role of inflammatory mechanisms is reviewed. Potential targets for immunomodulatory treatments and relevant effects of TH are also discussed. Further studies are needed to delineate the complex pathophysiology and interactions among different components of immune response after CA and identify appropriate targets for clinical investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Tahsili-Fahadan
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Falls Church, Virginia, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Salia Farrokh
- Department of Pharmacy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Romergryko G Geocadin
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vawter MP, Philibert R, Rollins B, Ruppel PL, Osborn TW. Exon Array Biomarkers for the Differential Diagnosis of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2018; 3:197-213. [PMID: 29888231 DOI: 10.1159/000485800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study developed potential blood-based biomarker tests for diagnosing and differentiating schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder type I (BD), and normal control (NC) subjects using mRNA gene expression signatures. A total of 90 subjects (n = 30 each for the three groups of subjects) provided blood samples at two visits. The Affymetrix exon microarray was used to profile the expression of over 1.4 million probesets. We selected potential biomarker panels using the temporal stability of the probesets and also back-tested them at two different visits for each subject. The 18-gene biomarker panels, using logistic regression modeling, correctly differentiated the three groups of subjects with high accuracy across the two different clinical visits (83-88% accuracy). The results are also consistent with the actual data and the "leave-one-out" analyses, indicating that the models should be predictive when applied to independent data cohorts. Many of the SZ and BD subjects were taking antipsychotic and mood stabilizer medications at the time of blood draw, raising the possibility that these drugs could have affected some of the differential transcription signatures. Using an independent Illumina data set of gene expression data from antipsychotic medication-free SZ subjects, the 18-gene biomarker panels produced a receiver operating characteristic curve accuracy greater than 0.866 in patients that were less than 30 years of age and medication free. We confirmed select transcripts by quantitative PCR and the nCounter® System. The episodic nature of psychiatric disorders might lead to highly variable results depending on when blood is collected in relation to the severity of the disease/symptoms. We have found stable trait gene panel markers for lifelong psychiatric disorders that may have diagnostic utility in younger undiagnosed subjects where there is a critical unmet need. The study requires replication in subjects for ultimate proof of the utility of the differential diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marquis Philip Vawter
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Robert Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Brandi Rollins
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Katsumoto A, Miranda AS, Butovsky O, Teixeira AL, Ransohoff RM, Lamb BT. Laquinimod attenuates inflammation by modulating macrophage functions in traumatic brain injury mouse model. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:26. [PMID: 29382353 PMCID: PMC5791334 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a critical public health and socio-economic problem worldwide. A growing body of evidence supports the involvement of inflammatory events in TBI. It has been reported that resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes promote an inflammatory reaction that leads to neuronal death and eventually behavioral and cognitive impairment. Currently, there is no effective treatment for TBI and the development of new therapeutic strategies is a scientific goal of highest priority. Laquinimod, an orally administered neuroimmunomodulator initially developed for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, might be a promising neuroprotective therapy for TBI. Herein, we aim to investigate the hypothesis that laquinimod will reduce the central nervous system (CNS) damage caused by TBI. Methods To test our hypothesis, Ccr2rfp/+Cx3cr1gfp/+ mice were submitted to a moderate TBI induced by fluid percussion. Sham controls were submitted only to craniotomy. Mice were treated daily by oral gavage with laquinimod (25 mg/kg) 7 days before and 3 days after TBI. The brains of mice treated or not treated with laquinimod were collected at 3 and 120 days post injury, and brain morphological changes, axonal injury, and neurogenesis were evaluated by microscopy analysis. We also isolated microglia from infiltrating monocytes, and the expression of immune gene mRNAs were analyzed by employing a quantitative NanoString nCounter technique. Results Laquinimod prevented ventricle enlargement caused by TBI in the long term. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed decreased axonal damage and restored neurogenesis in the laquinimod-treated TBI group at early stage (3 days post injury). Notably, laquinimod inhibited the monocytes infiltration to the brain. Hierarchial clustering demonstrated that the microglial gene expression from the TBI group treated with laquinimod resembles the sham group more than the TBI-water control group. Conclusions Administration of laquinimod reduced lesion volume and axonal damage and restored neurogenesis after TBI. Laquinimod might be a potential therapy strategy to improve TBI long-term prognosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1075-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Katsumoto
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W 15th St, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Aline S Miranda
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Oleg Butovsky
- Center of Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antônio L Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Richard M Ransohoff
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bruce T Lamb
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W 15th St, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Ischemic Stroke Injury by Anti-Inflammatory Properties in Rat Model of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.55085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
24
|
The Role of Toll-Like Receptors and Vitamin D in Cardiovascular Diseases-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112252. [PMID: 29077004 PMCID: PMC5713222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Therefore, a better understanding of their pathomechanisms and the subsequent implementation of optimal prophylactic and therapeutic strategies are of utmost importance. A growing body of evidence states that low-grade inflammation is a common feature for most of the cardiovascular diseases in which the contributing factors are the activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and vitamin D deficiency. In this article, available data concerning the association of cardiovascular diseases with TLRs and vitamin D status are reviewed, followed by a discussion of new possible approaches to cardiovascular disease management.
Collapse
|
25
|
Proximate Mediators of Microvascular Dysfunction at the Blood-Brain Barrier: Neuroinflammatory Pathways to Neurodegeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:1549194. [PMID: 28890893 PMCID: PMC5584365 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1549194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current projections are that by 2050 the numbers of people aged 65 and older with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the US may increase threefold while dementia is projected to double every 20 years reaching ~115 million by 2050. AD is clinically characterized by progressive dementia and neuropathologically by neuronal and synapse loss, accumulation of amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in specific brain regions. The preclinical or presymptomatic stage of AD-related brain changes may begin over 20 years before symptoms occur, making development of noninvasive biomarkers essential. Distinct from neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, plasma or serum biomarkers can be analyzed to assess (i) the presence/absence of AD, (ii) the risk of developing AD, (iii) the progression of AD, or (iv) AD response to treatment. No unifying theory fully explains the neurodegenerative brain lesions but neuroinflammation (a lethal stressor for healthy neurons) is universally present. Current consensus is that the earlier the diagnosis, the better the chance to develop treatments that influence disease progression. In this article we provide a detailed review and analysis of the role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) as well as coagulation molecules in the onset and progression of these neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
|
26
|
Electroacupuncture Improved Hippocampal Neurogenesis following Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice through Inhibition of TLR4 Signaling Pathway. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:5841814. [PMID: 28848607 PMCID: PMC5564094 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5841814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective role of electroacupuncture (EA) treatment in diverse neurological diseases such as ischemic stroke is well acknowledged. However, whether and how EA act on hippocampal neurogenesis following traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the effect of EA on hippocampal neurogenesis and neurological functions, as well as its underlying association with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in TBI mice. BrdU/NeuN immunofluorescence was performed to label newborn neurons in the hippocampus after EA treatment. Water maze test and neurological severity score were used to evaluate neurological function posttrauma. The hippocampal level of TLR4 and downstream molecules and inflammatory cytokines were, respectively, detected by Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. EA enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis and inhibited TLR4 expression at 21, 28, and 35 days after TBI, but the beneficial effects of EA on posttraumatic neurogenesis and neurological functions were attenuated by lipopolysaccharide-induced TLR4 activation. In addition, EA exerted an inhibitory effect on both TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB and TLR4/TRIF/NF-κB pathways, as well as the inflammatory cytokine expression in the hippocampus following TBI. In conclusion, EA promoted hippocampal neurogenesis and neurological recovery through inhibition of TLR4 signaling pathway posttrauma, which may be a potential approach to improve the outcome of TBI.
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen XL, Li Q, Huang WS, Lin YS, Xue J, Wang B, Jin KL, Shao B. Serum YKL-40, a prognostic marker in patients with large-artery atherosclerotic stroke. Acta Neurol Scand 2017; 136:97-102. [PMID: 27650381 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inflammation comprises important aspects of large-artery atherosclerosis (LAA) stroke pathophysiology. YKL-40 is a new and emerging biomarker that is associated with both acute and chronic inflammations. Elevated serum concentrations of YKL-40 have been reported in patients with atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. This study investigates whether serum YKL-40 concentrations on admission can predict 3-month clinical outcomes after LAA stroke. METHODS We recruited control patients (n=85) and those with LAA stroke (n=141) according to the TOAST classification system. The modified Rankin scale at 3 months after stroke was used to evaluate the prognosis. The prognostic accuracy was assessed by the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS Serum YKL-40 level was significantly higher for LAA patients than for controls (P<.001). Patients with poor outcomes (n=36) had significantly increased serum YKL-40 concentrations on admission (P=.01). High YKL-40 levels predicted poor functional outcome (OR=6.47, P=.02). Moreover, the combination of YKL-40 level and the NIHSS score could improve the prognostic accuracy of the NIHSS in predicting functional outcome (combined areas under the curve, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.80-0.94; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS The level of serum YKL-40 is a significant and independent biomarker to predict the clinical outcome of LAA stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X.-L. Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research; First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
- Department of Rehabilitation; Wenzhou people’s hospital; Wenzhou China
| | - Q. Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research; First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - W.-S. Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research; First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - Y.-S. Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research; First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - J. Xue
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research; First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - B. Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience; University of North Texas Health Science Center; Fort Worth TX USA
| | - K.-L. Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research; First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience; University of North Texas Health Science Center; Fort Worth TX USA
| | - B. Shao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research; First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Type-I interferon pathway in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration: focus on Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:797-807. [PMID: 28676934 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Past research in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has largely been driven by the amyloid hypothesis; the accompanying neuroinflammation seen in AD has been assumed to be consequential and not disease modifying or causative. However, recent data from both clinical and preclinical studies have established that the immune-driven neuroinflammation contributes to AD pathology. Key evidence for the involvement of neuroinflammation in AD includes enhanced microglial and astroglial activation in the brains of AD patients, increased pro-inflammatory cytokine burden in AD brains, and epidemiological evidence that chronic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use prior to disease onset leads to a lower incidence of AD. Identifying critical mediators controlling this neuroinflammation will prove beneficial in developing anti-inflammatory therapies for the treatment of AD. The type-I interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines that control pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and are master regulators of the innate immune response that impact on disorders of the central nervous system. This review provides evidence that the type-I IFNs play a critical role in the exacerbation of neuroinflammation and actively contribute to the progression of AD.
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang M, Downes CE, Wong CHY, Brody KM, Guio-Agulair PL, Gould J, Ates R, Hertzog PJ, Taylor JM, Crack PJ. Type-I interferon signalling through IFNAR1 plays a deleterious role in the outcome after stroke. Neurochem Int 2017. [PMID: 28647375 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation contributes significantly to the pathophysiology of stroke. Here we test the hypothesis that the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR1) plays a critical role in neural injury after stroke by regulating the resultant pro-inflammatory environment. Wild-type and IFNAR1-/- primary murine neurons and glia were exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) and cell viability was assessed. Transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury was induced by mid-cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in wild-type and IFNAR1-/- and IFNAR2-/- mice in vivo, and infarct size, and molecular parameters measured. To block IFNAR1 signalling, wild-type mice were treated with a blocking monoclonal antibody directed to IFNAR1 (MAR-1) and MCAO was performed. Quantitative PCR confirmed MCAO in wild-type mice induced a robust type-I interferon gene regulatory signature. Primary cultured IFNAR1-deficient neurons were found to be protected from cell death when exposed to OGD in contrast to primary cultured IFNAR1-deficient glial cells. IFNAR1-/- mice demonstrated a decreased infarct size (24.9 ± 7.1 mm3 n = 8) compared to wild-type controls (65.1 ± 4.8 mm3 n = 8). Western blot and immunohistochemistry showed alterations in Akt and Stat-3 phosphorylation profiles in the IFNAR1-/- brain. MAR-1 injection into WT mice (i.v. 0.5 mg 60 min prior to MCAO) resulted in a 60% decrease in infarct size when compared to the IgG control. IFNAR2-/- mice failed to display the neuroprotective phenotype seen in IFNAR1-/- mice after MCAO. Our data proposes that central nervous system signalling through IFNAR1 is a previously unrecognised factor that is critical to neural injury after stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moses Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Catherine E Downes
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Connie H Y Wong
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Kate M Brody
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Pedro L Guio-Agulair
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jodee Gould
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Robert Ates
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Paul J Hertzog
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Juliet M Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Peter J Crack
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nisticò R, Salter E, Nicolas C, Feligioni M, Mango D, Bortolotto ZA, Gressens P, Collingridge GL, Peineau S. Synaptoimmunology - roles in health and disease. Mol Brain 2017. [PMID: 28637489 PMCID: PMC5480158 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0308-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that the nervous and immune systems are intricately linked. Many proteins first identified in the immune system have since been detected at synapses, playing different roles in normal and pathological situations. In addition, novel immunological functions are emerging for proteins typically expressed at synapses. Under normal conditions, release of inflammatory mediators generally represents an adaptive and regulated response of the brain to immune signals. On the other hand, when immune challenge becomes prolonged and/or uncontrolled, the consequent inflammatory response leads to maladaptive synaptic plasticity and brain disorders. In this review, we will first provide a summary of the cell signaling pathways in neurons and immune cells. We will then examine how immunological mechanisms might influence synaptic function, and in particular synaptic plasticity, in the healthy and pathological CNS. A better understanding of neuro-immune system interactions in brain circuitries relevant to neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders should provide specific biomarkers to measure the status of the neuroimmunological response and help design novel neuroimmune-targeted therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nisticò
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy. .,Pharmacology of Synaptic Disease Lab, European Brain Research Institute, 00143, Rome, Italy.
| | - Eric Salter
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Celine Nicolas
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marco Feligioni
- Pharmacology of Synaptic Disease Lab, European Brain Research Institute, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Dalila Mango
- Pharmacology of Synaptic Disease Lab, European Brain Research Institute, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Zuner A Bortolotto
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Pierre Gressens
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College, St Thomas' Campus, London, UK
| | - Graham L Collingridge
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephane Peineau
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. .,PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. .,INSERM-ERi 24 (GRAP), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Becchi S, Buson A, Foot J, Jarolimek W, Balleine BW. Inhibition of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase/vascular adhesion protein-1 reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2302-2317. [PMID: 28437839 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neuroinflammation is initiated by a variety of stimuli including infections, sepsis, neurodegenerative diseases or traumatic brain injury and, if not adequately controlled, can lead to various degrees of neuronal damage and behavioural impairment. A critical event in the initial steps of inflammation is neutrophil extravasation. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO, also known as vascular adhesion protein 1 or VAP-1) regulates neutrophil adhesion and extravasation. Here, we elucidate the role of SSAO/VAP-1 in the early stage inflammatory response after LPS insult in the brain. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH PXS-4681A, a selective and irreversible SSAO/VAP-1 inhibitor, was tested in two rat models of neuroinflammation, following systemic or i.c.v. LPS. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques were used to measure neutrophils and microglia. VAP-1 was quantitated by Western blotting. KEY RESULTS Both systemic and i.c.v. administration of LPS induced an increase in neutrophil recruitment and microglial response in various brain areas including the substantia nigra and striatum. PXS-4681A produced a significant inhibition of neutrophil recruitment and extravasation after i.c.v. LPS injection and also reversed microglial cell recruitment and morphological changes to the level of the sham controls in both LPS models. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS PXS-4681A acted as an effective anti-inflammatory agent after both systemic and i.c.v. LPS injections suggesting that SSAO/VAP-1 inhibition could be beneficial in the treatment of brain inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Becchi
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of NSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Bernard W Balleine
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of NSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Goulopoulou S, McCarthy CG, Webb RC. Toll-like Receptors in the Vascular System: Sensing the Dangers Within. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:142-67. [PMID: 26721702 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are components of the innate immune system that respond to exogenous infectious ligands (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) and endogenous molecules that are released during host tissue injury/death (damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs). Interaction of TLRs with their ligands leads to activation of downstream signaling pathways that induce an immune response by producing inflammatory cytokines, type I interferons (IFN), and other inflammatory mediators. TLR activation affects vascular function and remodeling, and these molecular events prime antigen-specific adaptive immune responses. Despite the presence of TLRs in vascular cells, the exact mechanisms whereby TLR signaling affects the function of vascular tissues are largely unknown. Cardiovascular diseases are considered chronic inflammatory conditions, and accumulating data show that TLRs and the innate immune system play a determinant role in the initiation and development of cardiovascular diseases. This evidence unfolds a possibility that targeting TLRs and the innate immune system may be a novel therapeutic goal for these conditions. TLR inhibitors and agonists are already in clinical trials for inflammatory conditions such as asthma, cancer, and autoimmune diseases, but their study in the context of cardiovascular diseases is in its infancy. In this article, we review the current knowledge of TLR signaling in the cardiovascular system with an emphasis on atherosclerosis, hypertension, and cerebrovascular injury. Furthermore, we address the therapeutic potential of TLR as pharmacological targets in cardiovascular disease and consider intriguing research questions for future study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Goulopoulou
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas; and Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Cameron G McCarthy
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas; and Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas; and Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Schwartz H, Blacher E, Amer M, Livneh N, Abramovitz L, Klein A, Ben-Shushan D, Soffer S, Blazquez R, Barrantes-Freer A, Müller M, Müller-Decker K, Stein R, Tsarfaty G, Satchi-Fainaro R, Umansky V, Pukrop T, Erez N. Incipient Melanoma Brain Metastases Instigate Astrogliosis and Neuroinflammation. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4359-71. [PMID: 27261506 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the deadliest of skin cancers. Melanoma frequently metastasizes to the brain, resulting in dismal survival. Nevertheless, mechanisms that govern early metastatic growth and the interactions of disseminated metastatic cells with the brain microenvironment are largely unknown. To study the hallmarks of brain metastatic niche formation, we established a transplantable model of spontaneous melanoma brain metastasis in immunocompetent mice and developed molecular tools for quantitative detection of brain micrometastases. Here we demonstrate that micrometastases are associated with instigation of astrogliosis, neuroinflammation, and hyperpermeability of the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, we show a functional role for astrocytes in facilitating initial growth of melanoma cells. Our findings suggest that astrogliosis, physiologically instigated as a brain tissue damage response, is hijacked by tumor cells to support metastatic growth. Studying spontaneous melanoma brain metastasis in a clinically relevant setting is the key to developing therapeutic approaches that may prevent brain metastatic relapse. Cancer Res; 76(15); 4359-71. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hila Schwartz
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Blacher
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Malak Amer
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Livneh
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lilach Abramovitz
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Klein
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dikla Ben-Shushan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shelly Soffer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Raquel Blazquez
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Meike Müller
- Tumor Models Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Reuven Stein
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Galia Tsarfaty
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Neta Erez
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
PARP inhibition attenuates early brain injury through NF-κB/MMP-9 pathway in a rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Brain Res 2016; 1644:32-8. [PMID: 27157545 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) play an important role in a range of neurological disorders, however, the role of PARP in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remains unclear. This study was designed to explore the role and the potential mechanisms of PARP in early brain injury after SAH. Eighty-nine male SD rats were randomly divided into the Sham group, SAH+Vehicle group and SAH+PARP inhibitor (PJ34) group. An endovascular perforation model was used to induce SAH in rats. PJ34 (10mg/kg) or vehicle (0.9% NaCl) was intraperitoneally administered at 5min and 8h after SAH induction. Mortality, SAH grades, neurological function, evans blue extravasation, brain edema, immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were performed. PJ34 reduced BBB permeability and brain edema, improved neurological function and attenuated neuronal cell death in the rat model of SAH. Moreover, PJ34 inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, decreased the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α, reduced the expression of MMP-9, prevented the degradation of tight junction proteins, and decreased microglia activation. These data indicated that PARP inhibition through PJ34 might be an important therapeutic drug for SAH.
Collapse
|
35
|
Minter MR, Taylor JM, Crack PJ. The contribution of neuroinflammation to amyloid toxicity in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2015; 136:457-74. [PMID: 26509334 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia. Deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) remains a hallmark feature of the disease, yet the precise mechanism(s) by which this peptide induces neurotoxicity remain unknown. Neuroinflammation has long been implicated in AD pathology, yet its contribution to disease progression is still not understood. Recent evidence suggests that various Aβ complexes interact with microglial and astrocytic expressed pattern recognition receptors that initiate innate immunity. This process involves secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and generation of reactive oxygen species that, in excess, drive a dysregulated immune response that contributes to neurodegeneration. The mechanisms by which a neuroinflammatory response can influence Aβ production, aggregation and eventual clearance are now becoming key areas where future therapeutic intervention may slow progression of AD. This review will focus on evidence supporting the combined neuroinflammatory-amyloid hypothesis for pathogenesis of AD, describing the key cell types, pathways and mediators involved. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Deposition of intracellular plaques containing amyloid-beta (Aβ) is a hallmark proteinopathy of the disease yet the precise mechanisms by which this peptide induces neurotoxicity remains unknown. A neuroinflammatory response involving polarized microglial activity, enhanced astrocyte reactivity and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine load has long been implicated in AD and proposed to facilitate neurodegeneration. In this issue we discuss key receptor systems of innate immunity that detect Aβ, drive pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production and influence Aβ aggregation and clearance. Evidence summarized in this review supports the combined neuroinflammatory-amyloid hypothesis for pathogenesis of AD and highlights the potential of immunomodulatory agents as potential future therapies for AD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myles R Minter
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juliet M Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Crack
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhao J, Zhang X, Dong L, Wen Y, Zheng X, Zhang C, Chen R, Zhang Y, Li Y, He T, Zhu X, Li L. Cinnamaldehyde inhibits inflammation and brain damage in a mouse model of permanent cerebral ischaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5009-23. [PMID: 26234631 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recent findings suggest the importance of inflammation in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischaemia and its potential as a therapeutic target. Cinnamaldehyde is a diterpene with a wide range of anti-inflammatory effects thus may be advantageous in the treatment of cerebral ischaemia. The present study examined the potential therapeutic effects of cinnamaldehyde on cerebral ischaemia using a mouse model with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male CD-1 mice, which had the middle cerebral artery occluded, were treated (i.p.) with cinnamaldehyde. Neuroprotection by cinnamaldehyde was analysed by evaluating neurological deficit scores, brain oedema and infarct volume. Expressions of signal transduction molecules and inflammatory mediators were measured by Western blotting, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining. Activation of NF-κB was assessed by Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. KEY RESULTS Cinnamaldehyde reduced the neurological deficit scores, brain oedema and infarct volume. Cinnamaldehyde suppressed the activation of signal transduction molecules including toll-like receptor 4, tumour necrosis receptor-associated factor 6 and NF-κB, attenuated the increased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, CCL2 and endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 and ultimately reduced leukocyte infiltration into the ischaemic brain areas after cerebral ischaemia. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Cinnamaldehyde protects against cerebral ischaemia injury by inhibiting inflammation, partly mediated by reducing the expression of toll-like receptor 4, tumour necrosis receptor-associated factor 6 and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Our findings suggest that cinnamaldehyde may serve as a new candidate for further development as a treatment for stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lipeng Dong
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ya Wen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiufen Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yaoru Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tingting He
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xingyuan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Litao Li
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Brand FJ, de Rivero Vaccari JC, Mejias NH, Alonso OF, de Rivero Vaccari JP. RIG-I contributes to the innate immune response after cerebral ischemia. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2015; 12:52. [PMID: 26379474 PMCID: PMC4570046 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-015-0101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Focal cerebral ischemia induces an inflammatory response that when exacerbated contributes to deleterious outcomes. The molecular basis regarding the regulation of the innate immune response after focal cerebral ischemia remains poorly understood. Methods In this study we examined the expression of retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-like receptor-I (RIG-I) and its involvement in regulating inflammation after ischemia in the brain of rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). In addition, we studied the regulation of RIG-I after oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) in astrocytes in culture. Results In this study we show that in the hippocampus of rats, RIG-I and IFN-α are elevated after MCAO. Consistent with these results was an increased in RIG-I and IFN-α after OGD in astrocytes in culture. These data are consistent with immunohistochemical analysis of hippocampal sections, indicating that in GFAP-positive cells there was an increase in RIG-I after MCAO. In addition, in this study we have identified n-propyl gallate as an inhibitor of IFN-α signaling in astrocytes. Conclusion Our findings suggest a role for RIG-I in contributing to the innate immune response after focal cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Brand
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Juan Carlos de Rivero Vaccari
- Louisiana State University School of Medicine/Ochsner Medical Center - Ophthalmology Department, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Nancy H Mejias
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Ofelia F Alonso
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gao W, Zhao Z, Yu G, Zhou Z, Zhou Y, Hu T, Jiang R, Zhang J. VEGI attenuates the inflammatory injury and disruption of blood-brain barrier partly by suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in experimental traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2015; 1622:230-9. [PMID: 26080076 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) tends to cause the over-activation of inflammatory response and disruption of blood brain barrier (BBB), associating with long-term cognitive and behavioral dysfunction. Vascular endothelial growth inhibitor (VEGI), as a suppressor in the angiogenesis specifically by inducing apoptosis in proliferating endothelial cells, has been applied to different diseases, especially the tumors. But rare study had been done in the field of brain injury. So in this study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms associated with VEGI-induced neuroprotection following CNS injury in mice TBI models. We demonstrated that the VEGI treatment reduced the contusion brain tissue loss, the permeation of inflammatory cells (MPO(+)) and the activation of microglia (Iba-1(+)). The treatment up-regulated the tight junction proteins (CLN5, ZO-1 and OCLN), which are vital importance for the integrity of the blood brain barrier (BBB), the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) cell survival factors, while down-regulated the expression of TLR4, NF-κB and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS). The treatment also decreased the expression of reactive astrocytes (GFAP(+)), as well as the VEGF, and lowered the permeability of Evens Blue (EB). These findings suggested that the VEGI-treatment could alleviate the post-traumatic excessive inflammatory response, and maintain the stability of blood vessels, remitting the secondary brain damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Zilong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Gongjie Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Ziwei Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Tingting Hu
- Department of Nursing, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Iyer A, Brown L, Whitehead JP, Prins JB, Fairlie DP. Nutrient and immune sensing are obligate pathways in metabolism, immunity, and disease. FASEB J 2015; 29:3612-25. [PMID: 26065858 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-271155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The growth and survival of multicellular organisms depend upon their abilities to acquire and metabolize nutrients, efficiently store and harness energy, and sense and fight infection. Systems for sensing and using nutrients have consequently coevolved alongside systems for sensing and responding to danger signals, including pathogens, and share many of the same cell signaling proteins and networks. Diets rich in carbohydrates and fats can overload these systems, leading to obesity, metabolic dysfunction, impaired immunity, and cardiovascular disease. Excessive nutrient intake promotes adiposity, typically altering adipocyte function and immune cell distribution, both of which trigger metabolic dysfunction. Here, we discuss novel mechanistic links between metabolism and immunity that underlie metabolic dysfunction in obesity. We aim to stimulate debate about how the endocrine and immune systems are connected through autocrine, paracrine, and neuroendocrine signaling in sophisticated networks that are only now beginning to be resolved. Understanding the expression and action of signaling proteins, together with modulating their receptors or pattern recognition using agonists or antagonists, will enable rational intervention in immunometabolism that may lead to novel treatments for obesity and metabolic dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abishek Iyer
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lindsay Brown
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Whitehead
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johannes B Prins
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nair AR, Ebenezer PJ, Saini Y, Francis J. Angiotensin II-induced hypertensive renal inflammation is mediated through HMGB1-TLR4 signaling in rat tubulo-epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2015; 335:238-47. [PMID: 26033363 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Angiotensin II is a vaso-constrictive peptide that regulates blood pressure homeostasis. Even though the inflammatory effects of AngII in renal pathophysiology have been studied, there still exists a paucity of data with regard to the mechanism of action of AngII-mediated kidney injury. The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanistic role of HMGB1-TLR4 signaling in AngII-induced inflammation in the kidney. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rat tubular epithelial cells (NRK52E) were treated with AngII over a preset time-course. In another set of experiments, HMGB1 was neutralized and TLR4 was knocked down using small interfering RNA targeting TLR4. Cell extracts were subjected to RT-PCR, immunoblotting, flow cytometry, and ELISA. KEY RESULTS AngII-induced inflammation in NRK52E cells increased gene and protein expression of TLR4, HMGB1 and key proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL1β). Pretreatment with Losartan (an AT1 receptor blocker) attenuated the AngII-induced expression of TLR4 and inflammatory cytokines. TLR4 silencing was used to elucidate the specific role played by TLR4 in AngII-induced inflammation. TLR4siRNA treatment in these cells significantly decreased the AngII-induced inflammatory effect. Consistent observations were made when the Ang II treated cells were pretreated with anti-HMGB1. Downstream activation of NFκB and rate of generation of ROS was also decreased on gene silencing of TLR4 and exposure to anti-HMGB1. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results indicate a key role for HMGB1-TLR4 signaling in AngII-mediated inflammation in the renal epithelial cells. Our data also reveal that AngII-induced effects could be alleviated by HMGB1-TLR4 inhibition, suggesting this pathway as a potential therapeutic target for hypertensive renal dysfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anand R Nair
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Philip J Ebenezer
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Yogesh Saini
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Joseph Francis
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Morzaev D, Nicholson JD, Caspi T, Weiss S, Hochhauser E, Goldenberg-Cohen N. Toll-like receptor-4 knockout mice are more resistant to optic nerve crush damage than wild-type mice. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 43:655-65. [PMID: 25752496 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to investigate the role of the inflammatory response following optic nerve crush (ONC) in knockout mice for the toll-like receptor-4 gene (TLR4-/-) compared to wild-type (WT) mice. METHODS ONC was induced in TLR4-/- and C57BL6 WT mice. Histological sections of the retina and optic nerve were analysed on days 1, 3 or 21 after injury. Molecular analysis with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to study the expression of CD45, tumour necrosis-alpha (TNF-α) and glial fibrillary acidic protein, as well as retinal ganglion cell (RGC) markers THY-1 and Brn3b. RESULTS There was a 25.5% and 38% loss in the RGC layer of the ONC-injured eyes of the TLR4-/- and the WT mice, respectively (with 27% and 9% of the remaining cells positive for Brn3a, respectively). Mean levels of Thy-1 and Brn3b were higher in the TLR4-/- mice. CD45 and Iba1 staining revealed infiltration of inflammatory cells into the injured nerve and retina in both groups. Molecular analysis of the optic nerve on day 1 showed increased TNF-α expression and reduced CD45 and GFAP expression; on day 3, CD45 reverted to baseline but GFAP remained low; on day 21, all 3 markers were at baseline in the TLR4-/- group and decreased in the WT group. CONCLUSION Inflammation plays a major role in the response to ONC injury. Reduced levels of inflammation are associated with improved RGC preservation. The increase in TNF-α and reduction in CD45 in both TLR4-/- and WT mice may indicate the presence of an alternative pathway for induction of RGC death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Morzaev
- The Krieger Eye Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - James D Nicholson
- The Krieger Eye Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tomm Caspi
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shirel Weiss
- The Krieger Eye Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Edith Hochhauser
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Laboratory of Cardiac Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Nitza Goldenberg-Cohen
- The Krieger Eye Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Ophthalmology, Pediatric Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Minter MR, Main BS, Brody KM, Zhang M, Taylor JM, Crack PJ. Soluble amyloid triggers a myeloid differentiation factor 88 and interferon regulatory factor 7 dependent neuronal type-1 interferon response in vitro. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:71. [PMID: 25879763 PMCID: PMC4407532 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuro-inflammation has long been implicated as a contributor to the progression of Alzheimer's disease in both humans and animal models. Type-1 interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines critical in mediating the innate immune pro-inflammatory response. The production of type-1 IFNs following pathogen detection is, in part, through the activation of the toll-like receptors (TLRs) and subsequent signalling through myeloid differentiation factor-88 (Myd88) and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs). We have previously identified that neuronal type-1 IFN signalling, through the type-1 interferon alpha receptor-1 (IFNAR1), is detrimental in models of AD. Using an in vitro approach, this study investigated the TLR network as a potential production pathway for neuronal type-1 IFNs in response to Aβ. METHODS Wildtype and Myd88(-/-) primary cultured cortical and hippocampal neurons were treated with 2.5 μM Aβ1-42 for 24 to 72 h or 1 to 10 μM Aβ1-42 for 72 h. Human BE(2)M17 neuroblastoma cells stably expressing an IRF7 small hairpin RNA (shRNA) or negative control shRNA construct were subjected to 7.5 μM Aβ1-42/Aβ42-1 for 24 to 96 h, 2.5 to 15 μM Aβ1-42 for 96 h or 100 ng/ml LPS for 0.5 to 24 h. Q-PCR was used to analyse IFNα, IFNβ, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα mRNA transcript levels. Phosphorylation of STAT-3 was detected by Western blot analysis, and cell viability was assessed by MTS assay. RESULTS Reduced IFNα, IFNβ, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα expression was detected in Aβ1-42-treated Myd88(-/-) neurons compared to wildtype cells. This correlated with reduced phosphorylation of STAT-3, a downstream type-1 IFN signalling mediator. Significantly, Myd88(-/-) neuronal cultures were protected against Aβ1-42-induced neurotoxicity compared to wildtype as determined by MTS assay. Knockdown of IRF7 in M17 cells was sufficient in blocking IFNα, IFNβ and p-STAT-3 induction to both Aβ1-42 and the TLR4 agonist LPS. M17 IRF7 KD cells were also protected against Aβ1-42-induced cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that the neuronal type-1 IFN response to soluble amyloid is mediated primarily through TLRs. This production is dependent upon Myd88 and IRF7 signalling. This study suggests that targeting this pathway to modulate neuronal type-1 IFN levels may be beneficial in controlling Aβ-induced neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myles Robert Minter
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Bevan Scott Main
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Kate Maree Brody
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Moses Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Juliet Marie Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Peter John Crack
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Uzoni A, Ciobanu O, Sandu RE, Buga AM, Popa-Wagner A. Life style, Perfusion deficits and Co-morbidities Precipitate Inflammation and Cerebrovascular Disorders in Aged Subjects. Discoveries (Craiova) 2015; 3:e39. [PMID: 32309564 PMCID: PMC6941542 DOI: 10.15190/d.2015.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular diseases represent 2nd leading cause of death worldwide. Understanding how genetic predispositions and their interaction with environmental factors affect cerebrovascular diseases is fundamental for prevention, diagnosis and for the development of safe and efficient therapies. Cerebrovascular diseases have not only a very high mortality rate, but also results in debilitating neurological impairments or permanent disability in survivors associated with huge economic losses. Among the women and men individuals with a low-risk lifestyle (smoking, exercising daily, consuming a prudent diet including moderate alcohol and having a healthy weight during mid-life) had a significantly lower risk of stroke than individuals without a low-risk lifestyle. Current review focuses on determining the relationship between diet, as an important component of ‘life style’, aging and cerebrovascular diseases.This review may help to unravel biological mechanisms linking lifestyle, diet-induced, metabolic inflammation, aging and cerebral hypoperfusion to development of cerebrovascular diseases, a prerequisite for development of science-based preventive strategies needed to combat the major public health challenges like obesity and stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Uzoni
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine Rostock, Germany.,Biochemistry Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes", Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Ciobanu
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Research, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania.,Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Raluca Elena Sandu
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Research, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
| | - Ana Maria Buga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine Rostock, Germany.,Center of Clinical and Experimental Research, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine Rostock, Germany.,Center of Clinical and Experimental Research, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
O'Hare FM, Watson RWG, O'Neill A, Blanco A, Donoghue V, Molloy EJ. Persistent systemic monocyte and neutrophil activation in neonatal encephalopathy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 29:582-9. [PMID: 25694256 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1012060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Circulating immune cell activation is associated with worse outcome in adult and animal models of brain injury. Our aim was to profile the systemic inflammatory response over the first week of life in infants at risk of neonatal encephalopathy and correlate early neutrophil and monocyte endotoxin and activation responses with outcome. METHODS Prospective observational study in a tertiary referral university hospital including 22 infants requiring resuscitation at birth who had serial (five time points) neutrophil and monocyte CD11b (marker of cell adhesion) (intracellular Reactive oxygen intermediates) ROI (cell activation), and Toll-like receptor (endotoxin recognition) before and after endotoxin stimulation ex vivo compared to neonatal controls. RESULTS All neonates requiring resuscitation at delivery (n = 122 samples) had higher neutrophil and monocyte CD11b and TLR-4 expressions compared with adults and neonatal controls. Neonates with abnormal neuroimaging and/or severe neonatal encephalopathy had increased CD11b, ROI and TLR-4. Increased PMN TLR-4 expression was associated with increased mortality in infants with neonatal encephalopathy (NE). CONCLUSION Innate immune dysregulation in the first week of life is associated with severity of outcome in neonatal brain injury in this cohort and may be amenable to immunomodulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F M O'Hare
- a Department of Paediatrics , National Maternity Hospital , Dublin , Ireland .,b UCD School of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland .,c National Children's Research Centre , Crumlin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - R W G Watson
- b UCD School of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - A O'Neill
- b UCD School of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - A Blanco
- b UCD School of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - V Donoghue
- a Department of Paediatrics , National Maternity Hospital , Dublin , Ireland .,d Department of Radiology , Children's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - E J Molloy
- a Department of Paediatrics , National Maternity Hospital , Dublin , Ireland .,b UCD School of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland .,e Department of Paediatrics , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland .,f Department of Neonatology , Our Lady's Children's Hospital , Crumlin , Dublin , Ireland .,g Department of Paediatrics , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland , and.,h Academic Paediatric Centre, National Children's Hospital , Tallaght , Dublin , Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
O'Hare FM, Watson RWG, O'Neill A, Blanco A, Donoghue V, Molloy EJ. Persistent systemic monocyte and neutrophil activation in neonatal encephalopathy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 29:309-16. [PMID: 25655529 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2014.1000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Circulating immune cell activation is associated with worse outcome in adult and animal models of brain injury. Our aim was to profile the systemic inflammatory response over the first week of life in infants at risk of neonatal encephalopathy (NE) and correlate early neutrophil and monocyte endotoxin and activation responses with outcome. METHODS Prospective observational study in a tertiary referral university hospital including 22 infants requiring resuscitation at birth who had serial (five time points) neutrophil and monocyte CD11b (marker of cell adhesion), intracellular reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI; cell activation) and Toll-like receptor (TLR; endotoxin recognition) before and after endotoxin stimulation ex vivo compared to neonatal controls. RESULTS All neonates requiring resuscitation at delivery (n = 122 samples) had higher neutrophil and monocyte CD11b and TLR-4 expression compared with adults and neonatal controls. Neonates with abnormal neuroimaging and/or severe NE had increased CD11b, ROI and TLR-4. Increased polymorphonuclear leukocytes TLR-4 expression was associated with increased mortality in infants with NE. CONCLUSION Innate immune dysregulation in the first week of life is associated with severity of outcome in neonatal brain injury in this cohort and may be amenable to immunomodulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M O'Hare
- a Department of Paediatrics , National Maternity Hospital , Dublin , Ireland .,b UCD School of Medicine & Medical Sciences & Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland .,c National Children's Research Centre , Crumlin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - R W G Watson
- b UCD School of Medicine & Medical Sciences & Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Amanda O'Neill
- b UCD School of Medicine & Medical Sciences & Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Alfonso Blanco
- b UCD School of Medicine & Medical Sciences & Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Veronica Donoghue
- a Department of Paediatrics , National Maternity Hospital , Dublin , Ireland .,d Department of Radiology , Children's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Eleanor J Molloy
- a Department of Paediatrics , National Maternity Hospital , Dublin , Ireland .,b UCD School of Medicine & Medical Sciences & Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland .,e Department of Paediatrics , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland .,f Department of Neonatology , Our Lady's Children's Hospital , Crumlin , Dublin , Ireland .,g Department of Paediatrics , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland , and.,h Academic Paediatric Centre, National Children's Hospital , Tallaght , Dublin , Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen CC, Hung TH, Lee CY, Wang LF, Wu CH, Ke CH, Chen SF. Berberine protects against neuronal damage via suppression of glia-mediated inflammation in traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115694. [PMID: 25546475 PMCID: PMC4278716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers a series of neuroinflammatory processes that contribute to evolution of neuronal injury. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects and anti-inflammatory actions of berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, in both in vitro and in vivo TBI models. Mice subjected to controlled cortical impact injury were injected with berberine (10 mg·kg−1) or vehicle 10 min after injury. In addition to behavioral studies and histology analysis, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and brain water content were determined. Expression of PI3K/Akt and Erk signaling and inflammatory mediators were also analyzed. The protective effect of berberine was also investigated in cultured neurons either subjected to stretch injury or exposed to conditioned media with activated microglia. Berberine significantly attenuated functional deficits and brain damage associated with TBI up to day 28 post-injury. Berberine also reduced neuronal death, apoptosis, BBB permeability, and brain edema at day 1 post-injury. These changes coincided with a marked reduction in leukocyte infiltration, microglial activation, matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity, and expression of inflammatory mediators. Berberine had no effect on Akt or Erk 1/2 phosphorylation. In mixed glial cultures, berberine reduced TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling. Berberine also attenuated neuronal death induced by microglial conditioned media; however, it did not directly protect cultured neurons subjected to stretch injury. Moreover, administration of berberine at 3 h post-injury also reduced TBI-induced neuronal damage, apoptosis and inflammation in vivo. Berberine reduces TBI-induced brain damage by limiting the production of inflammatory mediators by glial cells, rather than by a direct neuroprotective effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Cheng Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tai-Ho Hung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taipei and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chao Yu Lee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Liang-Fei Wang
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hu Wu
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Hua Ke
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Szu-Fu Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zendedel A, Habib P, Dang J, Lammerding L, Hoffmann S, Beyer C, Slowik A. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ameliorate neuroinflammation and mitigate ischemic stroke damage through interactions with astrocytes and microglia. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 278:200-11. [PMID: 25468770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA n3) provide neuroprotection due to their anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties as well as their regulatory function on growth factors and neuronal plasticity. These qualities enable PUFA n3 to ameliorate stroke outcome and limit neuronal damage. Young adult male rats received transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). PUFA n3 were intravenously administered into the jugular vein immediately after stroke and 12h later. We analyzed stroke volume and behavioral performance as well as the regulation of functionally-relevant genes in the penumbra. The extent of ischemic damage was reduced and behavioral performance improved subject to applied PUFA n3. Expression of Tau and growth-associated protein-43 genes were likewise restored. Ischemia-induced increase of cytokine mRNA levels was abated by PUFA n3. Using an in vitro approach, we demonstrate that cultured astroglial and microglia directly respond to PUFA n3 administration by preventing ischemia-induced increase of cyclooxygenase 2, hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and interleukin 1beta. Cultured cortical neurons also appeared as direct targets, since PUFA n3 shifted the Bcl-2-like protein 4 (Bax)/B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl 2) ratio towards an anti-apoptotic constellation. Thus, PUFA n3 reveal a high neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory potential in an acute ischemic stroke model by targeting astroglial and microglial function as well as improving neuronal survival strategies. Our findings signify the potential clinical feasibility of PUFA n3 therapeutic treatment in stroke and other acute neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Pardes Habib
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jon Dang
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Leoni Lammerding
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hoffmann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Alexander Slowik
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Spejo AB, Oliveira ALR. Synaptic rearrangement following axonal injury: Old and new players. Neuropharmacology 2014; 96:113-23. [PMID: 25445484 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Following axotomy, the contact between motoneurons and muscle fibers is disrupted, triggering a retrograde reaction at the neuron cell body within the spinal cord. Together with chromatolysis, a hallmark of such response to injury is the elimination of presynaptic terminals apposing to the soma and proximal dendrites of the injured neuron. Excitatory inputs are preferentially eliminated, leaving the cells under an inhibitory influence during the repair process. This is particularly important to avoid glutamate excitotoxicity. Such shift from transmission to a regeneration state is also reflected by deep metabolic changes, seen by the regulation of several genes related to cell survival and axonal growth. It is unclear, however, how exactly synaptic stripping occurs, but there is substantial evidence that glial cells play an active role in this process. In one hand, immune molecules, such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, members of the complement family and Toll-like receptors are actively involved in the elimination/reapposition of presynaptic boutons. On the other hand, plastic changes that involve sprouting might be negatively regulated by extracellular matrix proteins such as Nogo-A, MAG and scar-related chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. Also, neurotrophins, stem cells, physical exercise and several drugs seem to improve synaptic stability, leading to functional recovery after lesion. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Neuroimmunology and Synaptic Function'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Barroso Spejo
- Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre L R Oliveira
- Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Jha MK, Lee HW, Kim SY, Suk K. Innate immune proteins as biomarkers for CNS injury: critical evaluation (WO2013119673 A1). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 25:241-5. [PMID: 25377183 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.972937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Injuries to the CNS represent a major global health problem. CNS injuries cause the elevation of many proteins, including innate immune proteins in biological fluids, such as the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). These innate immune proteins can be considered as biomarkers to predict the severity of CNS injury in patients. AREAS COVERED This invention describes a method for the diagnosis/prognosis, treatment or rehabilitation efforts, and monitoring of post-treatment responses after CNS injuries in a patient, based on the detection and quantification of the expression levels of protein components of inflammasomes in the CSF. This study evaluates the elevated levels of inflammasome proteins such as NLRP1 (NAcht leucine-rich-repeat protein 1), ASC and caspase-1 in biological samples as important biomarkers that can assess the extent of neuroinflammation and reflect the magnitude of inflammation-induced damage following CNS injury. EXPERT OPINION Although inflammasome proteins may be of great clinical significance in the near future, a more detailed analysis of inflammasome proteins needs to be taken into account for the prognosis and treatment of diverse CNS conditions. Moreover, the potential inflammasome biomarker candidates have to be validated in a large number of patients for an extended period post-injury to further support clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Kumar Jha
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 PLUS KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine , Daegu , Republic of Korea +82 53 420 4835 ; +82 53 256 1566 ;
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
da Fonseca ACC, Matias D, Garcia C, Amaral R, Geraldo LH, Freitas C, Lima FRS. The impact of microglial activation on blood-brain barrier in brain diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:362. [PMID: 25404894 PMCID: PMC4217497 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB), constituted by an extensive network of endothelial cells (ECs) together with neurons and glial cells, including microglia, forms the neurovascular unit (NVU). The crosstalk between these cells guarantees a proper environment for brain function. In this context, changes in the endothelium-microglia interactions are associated with a variety of inflammation-related diseases in brain, where BBB permeability is compromised. Increasing evidences indicate that activated microglia modulate expression of tight junctions, which are essential for BBB integrity and function. On the other hand, the endothelium can regulate the state of microglial activation. Here, we review recent advances that provide insights into interactions between the microglia and the vascular system in brain diseases such as infectious/inflammatory diseases, epilepsy, ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carolina Carvalho da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco F, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Diana Matias
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco F, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Celina Garcia
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco F, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rackele Amaral
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco F, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Geraldo
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco F, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Catarina Freitas
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco F, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flavia Regina Souza Lima
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco F, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|