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Fede SJ, Kisner MA, Dean SF, Buckler E, Chholak R, Momenan R. Alcohol attention bias modulates neural engagement during moral processing. Soc Neurosci 2024; 19:106-123. [PMID: 39038485 PMCID: PMC11382621 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2024.2377666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The neurobiology of typical moral cognition involves the interaction of frontal, limbic, and temporoparietal networks. There is still much to be understood mechanistically about how moral processing is disrupted; such understanding is key to combating antisociality. Neuroscientific models suggest a key role for attention mechanisms in atypical moral processing. We hypothesized that attention-bias toward alcohol cues in alcohol use disorder (AUD) leads to a failure to properly engage with morally relevant stimuli, reducing moral processing. We recruited patients with AUD (n = 30) and controls (n = 30). During functional magnetic resonance imaging, participants viewed pairs of images consisting of a moral or neutral cue and an alcohol or neutral distractor. When viewing moral cues paired with alcohol distractors, individuals with AUD had lower medial prefrontal cortex engagement; this pattern was also seen for left amygdala in younger iAUDs. Across groups, individuals had less engagement of middle/superior temporal gyri. These findings provide initial support for AUD-related attention bias interference in sociomoral processing. If supported in future longitudinal and causal study designs, this finding carries potential societal and clinical benefits by suggesting a novel, leverageable mechanism and in providing a cognitive explanation that may help combat persistent stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Fede
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Mallory A Kisner
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah F Dean
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emma Buckler
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robin Chholak
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Reza Momenan
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Clement A, Ravet M, Stanger C, Gabrielli J. Feasibility, usability, and acceptability of MobileCoach-Teen: A smartphone app-based preventative intervention for risky adolescent drinking behavior. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2024; 159:209275. [PMID: 38110119 PMCID: PMC11027171 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adolescence (ages 15-18) is a critical period for experimentation with substance use, especially alcohol. Adolescent drinking poses hazards to physical and mental health, amplifies risk associated with other activities typically initiated during this life stage (e.g., driving, sexual activity), and is associated with adverse outcomes in adolescence and adulthood. Existing preventative interventions are expensive and have questionable long-term efficacy. Digital interventions may represent an accessible and personalized approach to providing preventative intervention content to youth. METHODS This study recruited 29 adolescents aged 16-18 (M = 17.24, SD = 0.74) for a pilot feasibility trial of the MobileCoach-Teen (MC-Teen) smartphone app-based intervention. The study team randomized participants to receive either the alcohol intervention (MC-Teen) or attention control pseudo-intervention (MC-Fit). MC-Teen participants received 12 weeks of content adapted from a prior Swiss-based trial of a preventative alcohol intervention. Participants provided qualitative and quantitative feedback at baseline, via six biweekly surveys during and post-intervention. RESULTS Both groups rated the application as easy to download (M = 4.31, SD = 0.93; 5-point Likert). All participants completed the baseline survey in less than the estimated time of 10 min (M = 7:42, SD = 2:15) and rated the survey as easy to complete (M = 4.69, SD = 0.60; 5-point Likert). MC-Teen participants favorably assessed application user experience, message user experience, and digital working alliance with application. Qualitative themes included a desire for increased rate/amount and diversity of content, greater representation via coach options, user interface/user experience improvements, and additional features. CONCLUSION The MC-Teen intervention is feasible and acceptable based on a pilot feasibility trial with a sample of U.S. adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Clement
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - Mariah Ravet
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Catherine Stanger
- Geisel School of Medicine, Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Joy Gabrielli
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
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Tran DD, Fitzke RE, Wang J, Davis JP, Pedersen ER. Substance Use, Financial Stress, Employment Disruptions, and Anxiety among Veterans during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychol Rep 2023; 126:1684-1700. [PMID: 35324356 PMCID: PMC8958310 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221080413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in financial, employment, and mental health challenges. In general, American veterans report high rates of substance use, which may be influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Those with pre-existing mental health problems, employment disruptions, or financial stress may be particularly vulnerable. We examined the relationships between pre-existing self-report screens for a probable anxiety disorder, COVID-19-related financial stress, employment disruption (e.g., lost job, reduced hours), and alcohol, cannabis, and cigarette use during the pandemic among 1230 veterans (Mage = 34.5; 89% male). Participants were recruited through various social media sites and completed an online survey 1 month prior to implementation of the nationwide physical distancing guidelines in the United States (February 2020). Six months later (August 2020), they completed a follow-up survey. Compared to veterans who screened negative for anxiety prior to the pandemic, veterans who screened positive reported consuming more drinks per week (b = 3.05), were more likely to use cannabis (OR = 6.53), and smoked more cigarettes (b = 2.06) during the first 6 months of the pandemic. Financial stress was positively associated with alcohol (b = 1.09) and cannabis use (OR = 1.90). Alcohol use was heaviest among veterans with a positive pre-existing anxiety screen and high financial stress. Moreover, veterans who experienced employment disruption due to the pandemic consumed less alcohol but were more likely to use cannabis during the pandemic. Veterans with pre-pandemic anxiety and pandemic-related financial stress may be using substances at higher rates and may benefit from intervention to mitigate negative substance use-related outcomes. Findings also enhance our understanding of veteran substance use behaviors following disruptions in employment due to the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise D Tran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Reagan E Fitzke
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Wang
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jordan P Davis
- USC Center for Artificial Intelligence in Society. USC Center for Mindfulness Science. USC Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric R Pedersen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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The Perceptions of Domestic Violence by a Family Member Who Uses Crack or Cocaine: A Secondary Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106325. [PMID: 35627860 PMCID: PMC9141127 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between crack/cocaine use and domestic violence perpetration from the perspective of substance users' families. A secondary retrospective cross-sectional study, with 3162 family members of crack/cocaine users seeking treatment in the Recomeço Família Programme in São Paulo/Brazil was undertaken. Family members of crack/cocaine users reported that their relatives were more involved in domestic violence such as stealing (money and objects) at home [Odds Ratio Adjusted ORA = 2.17 (CI 95% 1.87; 2.53)], the family gave money to the user to buy drugs [ORA = 1.27 (1.08; 1.48)], and having problems with the judiciary [ORA = 1.48 (CI 95% 1.28; 1.71)]. Relatives of snorted cocaine users reported that there was physical and interpersonal violence, such as fathers being assaulted [ORA = 2.50 (CI 95% 1.08; 5.82)], assaulted someone else [ORA = 1.86 (CI 95% 1.32; 2.60)], threats of violence fights, arguments when the family talk about problematic drug use [ORA = 1.50 (CI 95% 1.13; 1.96)] and threatened some family members [ORA = 1.52 (CI 95% 1.14; 2.04)]. In this sample, there was a connection between crack/cocaine use and the perpetuation of domestic violence, corroborating with important implications for public policies, substance use treatment and prevention of domestic violence interventions.
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Rakovski C, Cardoso TDA, da Mota JC, Bastos FI, Kapczinski F, De Boni RB. Underage drinking in Brazil: findings from a community household survey. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2021; 44:257-263. [PMID: 34932691 PMCID: PMC9169469 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2021-2103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Previous studies have estimated the 30-day prevalence of alcohol use to be approximately 21% among youth in Brazil, despite the legal drinking age of 18 years. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of underage drinking and its associated factors among adolescents in Brazil. Methods: The 3rd National Survey on Drug Use by the Brazilian Population (III Levantamento Nacional sobre o Uso de Drogas pela População Brasileira) is a nationwide, multi-stage, probability-sample household survey. Herein, youth between the ages of 12-17 years were included. Lifetime and 12-month alcohol use prevalence were estimated. Factors associated with 12-month alcohol use were evaluated through multivariate analysis considering survey weights and design. Results: Overall, 628 youth were interviewed. Estimated lifetime and 12-month alcohol use were 34.3% (standard error [SE] = 1.9) and 22.2% (SE = 1.7), respectively. Factors associated with 12-month drinking were: other/no religion vs. Christianity; living in rural vs. urban areas; self-reported diagnosis of depression vs. no self-reported depression; lifetime tobacco use vs. no history of tobacco use; and any illicit drug use vs. no history of illicit drug use. Conclusion: Considering that alcohol use is a major risk factor for early death among Brazilian youth, our findings highlight the importance of preventative measures to reduce underage drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral Rakovski
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jurema Corrêa da Mota
- Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Francisco I Bastos
- Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flavio Kapczinski
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Departamento de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Clínica, Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, HCPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Raquel Brandini De Boni
- Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Schizophrenia and substance use disorder: Characteristics of coexisting issues in a forensic setting. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 226:108850. [PMID: 34198133 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent research has identified higher prevalence of offending behavior in patients with comorbid schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) and substance use disorder (SUD) compared to patients with SSD only and to the general population. However, findings on the subgroup of patients with SUD, SSD and offending behavior in forensic psychiatric care are scarce and inconsistent. The present study used machine learning to uncover more detailed characteristics of offender patients in forensic psychiatric care with comorbid SSD and SUD. METHODS Using machine learning algorithms, 370 offender patients (91.6 % male, mean age of M = 34.1, SD = 10.2) and 558 variables were explored in order to build three models to differentiate between no substance use disorder, cannabis use disorder and any other substance use disorder. To counteract the risk of overfitting, the dataset was split, employing variable filtering, machine learning model building and selection embedded in a nested resampling approach on one subset. The best model was then selected and validated on the second data subset. RESULTS Distinguishing between SUD vs. no drug use disorder yielded models with an AUC of 70 and 78. Variables assignable to demographics, social disintegration, antisocial behavior and illness were identified as most influential for the distinction. The model comparing cannabis use disorder with other substance use disorders provided no significant differences. CONCLUSIONS From a clinical perspective, offender patients suffering from schizophrenia spectrum and comorbid substance use disorder seem particularly challenging to treat, but initial differences in psychopathology will dissipate over inpatient treatment. Our data suggest that offender patients may benefit from appropriate treatment that focuses on illicit drug abuse to reduce criminal behavior and improve social integration.
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Yu J, Sumerlin TS, Goggins WB, Dong D, Chung RYN, Kim JH. First- and second-hand alcohol-related harms among urban Chinese: A population-based study from Hong Kong. Drug Alcohol Rev 2021; 41:208-220. [PMID: 34184790 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol consumption has been steadily increasing in East Asia, however, there is comparatively little regional data of alcohol-related harms. This study examines the alcohol-related harms prevalence and risk factors in Hong Kong, a high population density city with limited alcohol regulation. METHODS A cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted in 2019 on Chinese adults aged 18-74 (n = 3200). Respondents were asked about various past-year first-hand drinking harms (after one's own drinking), second-hand harms (harms from other people's drinking) and views of neighbourhood alcohol outlet regulation. RESULTS Of drinkers, 21.1% reported first-hand alcohol harms, with physical/mental health harms (15.7%) most commonly reported. Younger-aged drinkers (adjusted odds ratios [AOR] 2.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.63, 4.48) and heavy drinkers (AOR 2.34, 95% CI 1.55, 3.55) were more likely to report first-hand harms. Of the sample, 18.2% experienced past-year second-hand harms, with public harms (12.9%) most commonly reported. Young age (AOR 1.88, 95% CI 1.43, 2.49), higher education (AOR 1.44, 95% CI 1.13, 1.83), past-year binge drinking (AOR 4.29, 95% CI 3.04, 6.05) and communal living (AOR 2.04, 95% CI 1.13, 3.75) predicted greater likelihood of second-hand alcohol harms. Higher neighbourhood alcohol outlet density was not associated with any first-hand harms and only significantly predicted being inconvenienced by drinkers. Although victims of second-hand alcohol harms were more supportive of regulating outlet density, 93.3% of respondents were opposed to such policies. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Although high levels of alcohol-related harms were not reported by Hong Kong adults, regulations should target young drinkers and binge drinkers who are most likely to experience drinking-related harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhou Yu
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Timothy S Sumerlin
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - William B Goggins
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Dong Dong
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.,Centre for Health Systems and Policy Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Roger Yat-Nork Chung
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.,CUHK Institute of Health Equality, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Jean H Kim
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
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Baumer EP, Cundiff K, Luo L. The contemporary transformation of american youth: An analysis of change in the prevalence of delinquency, 1991-2015. CRIMINOLOGY : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL 2021; 59:109-136. [PMID: 36776699 PMCID: PMC9910102 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Youth involvement in crime has declined substantially over the past few decades, yet the reasons for this trend remain unclear. We advance the literature by examining the role of several potentially important shifts in individual attitudes and behaviors that may help to account for the observed temporal variation in youth delinquency. Our multilevel analysis of repeated cross-sectional data from high school students in the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study indicates that changes in youth offending prevalence were not associated with changes in youth attachment and commitment to school, community involvement, or parental supervision after school. In contrast, the study provides suggestive evidence that the significant reduction in youth offending prevalence observed since the early 1990s was significantly associated with a decrease in unstructured socializing and alcohol consumption and, to a lesser extent, with a decrease in youth preferences for risky activities. Implications for existing theoretical explanations and future research on youth crime trends are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Baumer
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Sociology and Criminology, 201 Oswald Tower, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Kelsey Cundiff
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121
| | - Liying Luo
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Sociology and Criminology, University Park, PA 16802
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Fairman BJ, Goldstein RB, Simons-Morton BG, Haynie DL, Liu D, Hingson RW, Gilman SE. Neighbourhood context and binge drinking from adolescence into early adulthood in a US national cohort. Int J Epidemiol 2020; 49:103-112. [PMID: 31263877 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Underage binge drinking is a serious health concern that is likely influenced by the neighbourhood environment. However, longitudinal evidence has been limited and few studies have examined time-varying neighbourhood factors and demographic subgroup variation. METHODS We investigated neighbourhood influences and binge drinking in a national cohort of US 10th grade students at four times (2010-2014; n = 2745). We estimated odds ratios (OR) for past 30-day binge drinking associated with neighbourhood disadvantage, personal and property crime (quartiles), and number of liquor, beer and wine stores within 5 km, and then evaluated whether neighbourhood associations differ by age, sex and race/ethnicity. RESULTS Neighbourhood disadvantage was associated with binge drinking before 18 [OR = 1.54; 95% confidence interval (1.14, 2.08)], but not after 18 years of age. Property crime in neighbourhoods was associated with a higher odds of binge drinking [OR = 1.54 (0.96, 2.45)], an association that was stronger in early adulthood [4th vs 1st quartile: OR = 1.77 (1.04, 3.03)] and among Whites [4th vs 1st quartile: OR = 2.46 (1.03, 5.90)]. Higher density of liquor stores predicted binge drinking among Blacks [1-10 stores vs none: OR = 4.31 (1.50, 12.36)] whereas higher density of beer/wine stores predicted binge drinking among Whites [one vs none for beer: OR = 2.21 (1.06, 4.60); for wine: OR = 2.04 (1.04, 4.03)]. CONCLUSIONS Neighbourhood conditions, particularly those related to economic circumstances, crime and alcohol outlet density, were related to binge drinking among young adults, but associations varied across age and individual characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Fairman
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Risë B Goldstein
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Bruce G Simons-Morton
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Denise L Haynie
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Danping Liu
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Ralph W Hingson
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health
| | - Stephen E Gilman
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health.,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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10
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Chrusciel MM. Alcohol Use, Employment, and Arrest: Making Sense of a Convoluted Relationship. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0022042620919353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between alcohol use, employment, and arrest are complexed and nuanced. This study examines the possibility of interactions between drinking and employment to evaluate whether the effects of alcohol use and/or employment on offending are contingent upon the other. Data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97) are analyzed using multilevel logistic regressions to examine the possibility of interactions between alcohol use and employment in their impact on offending. Both drinking in general and binge drinking increase the odds of arrest. In contrast, employment reduces the likelihood of arrest. Results from analyses of potential interactions indicate alcohol use and employment interact in their effects on crime. Alcohol use and employment appear to interact such that the effect of alcohol use on arrest depends on how frequently a person works, and the protective effect of employment depends on how often a person consumes alcohol.
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van Reekum EA, Rosic T, Hudson J, Sanger N, Marsh DC, Worster A, Thabane L, Samaan Z. Social functioning outcomes in men and women receiving medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder. Biol Sex Differ 2020; 11:20. [PMID: 32326982 PMCID: PMC7181574 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-020-00298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Social functioning (SF), the ability to engage with life and fulfill roles may be a salient “patient important outcome” in addiction treatment. It is not known if medication-assisted treatment (MAT) impacts SF in opioid use disorder (OUD). There is a growing evidence to suggest that men and women are impacted differently by OUD. This study is the largest to date to study sex differences in OUD and explore associations between MAT and SF. Methods Data were collected from 2736 participants with OUD, enrolled in MAT for varying lengths of time, in outpatient clinics across Ontario. SF was defined according to the Maudsley Addiction Profile’s domains of (1) employment, (2) criminal activity, and (3) interpersonal conflict. Using logistic regression analysis, we examined sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with domains of SF. Results There were 1544 men (56%) and 1192 women (44%) in this study, and ages varied from 17 to 76 years for men and 18 to 69 years for women. At study entry, participants had been on MAT for a median of 2 years. Compared to men, women reported more psychological (mean MAP score 14/40, SD = 9.55, versus 11/40, SD = 8.64; p < 0.001) and physical symptoms (mean MAP score 17/40, SD = 7.70 versus 14/40, SD = 7.74; p < 0.001). More women reported unemployment(74% versus 58%; p < 0.0001) and interpersonal conflict (46% versus 35%; p < 0.0001). Men were more likely than women to report criminal activity (11%, versus 8%; p = 0.001). Psychological symptoms increased the risk of worse SF, across domains, for men and for women. Every year on MAT was associated with a 7% increase in the odds of women engaging with criminal activity (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.02, 1.12, p = 0.006). Conclusions Men and women had different SF profiles and psychological symptoms scores while on MAT. The length of time on MAT increased the risk of criminal activity in women, and overall, duration of MAT was not associated with improvement in SF. This may suggest that MAT alone may not support continual improvements in SF in OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A van Reekum
- Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Tea Rosic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Hudson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nitika Sanger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David C Marsh
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada.,Canadian Addiction Treatment Centres, Markham, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Worster
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Biostatistics Unit, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics/Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Zainab Samaan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Haile YG, Kebede KB, Limenhe A, Habatmu K, Alem A. Alcohol use disorder among prisoners in Debre Berhan prison, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2020; 15:26. [PMID: 32245385 PMCID: PMC7119076 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-020-00270-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies reported that history of alcohol use among prisoners is higher than the prevalence in the general population. Criminality is found to be associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD) in previous studies. In Ethiopia, there is limited information on the prevalence and associated factors of AUD among prisoners. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of AUD among prisoners of Debre Berhan Prison. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess history of AUD among prisoners at Debre Berhan Prison, before imprisonment. We selected 347 prisoners with a systematic sampling technique and interviewed using Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) to screen for AUD in May 2017. Data entry was done using Epi-Data version 3.1 software, and bivariate and multivariate analyses were done using Stata version 13 software. Crude and adjusted odds ratios, with 95% confidence intervals and p-values are reported. RESULTS About six out of ten prisoners (59.1%) had AUD before imprisonment. Factors associated with increased odds of AUD were perception that the current offence is related to using substances (AOR = 4.2; 95% CI = 2.3, 7.8), and family history of substance use (AOR = 8.7; 95% CI = 1.7, 44.9). Being married had lower odds of AUD compared to the unmarried (AOR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.2, 0.9). CONCLUSION We found that the prevalence of AUD 1 year before imprisonment in this population is high. AUD is found to be associated with a family history of substance use and perception that the current offence is related to using a substance. We recommend community-based study with different kind of study designs to see the relationship between AUD and crime for planning interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Gebreegziabhere Haile
- Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. .,Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Asnake Limenhe
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Habatmu
- School of Psychology, College of Education and Behavioral Studies, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Atalay Alem
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Ohannessian CM, Vannucci A. Adolescent Psychological Functioning and Membership in Latent Adolescent-Parent Communication Dual Trajectory Classes. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2020; 30 Suppl 1:66-86. [PMID: 30117631 PMCID: PMC6378133 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The primary goal of this study was to examine the relationship between adolescents' psychological functioning (as indicated by depressive symptoms) and substance use (alcohol and drug use) and membership in adolescent-parent communication trajectory subgroups in a large, diverse community sample of adolescents from the United States (n = 1,057; 53% female; 51% Caucasian; Age: M = 16.15, SD = .75). Adolescents completed questionnaires at three annual assessments. Fit indices from parallel process growth mixture models suggested three dual trajectory classes: (1) Average communication with both parents (Average-Both); (2) Good adolescent-mother and poor adolescent-father communication (Good-Mom/Poor-Dad); and (3) Poor adolescent-mother and good adolescent-father communication (Poor-Mom/Good-Dad). The trajectory classes differed by gender. In addition, psychological functioning and substance use were differentially related to the trajectory classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine McCauley Ohannessian
- Center for Behavioral Health Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, 282 Washington Street, Hartford, CT, USA 06106
- Department of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, USA 06030
| | - Anna Vannucci
- Center for Behavioral Health Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, 282 Washington Street, Hartford, CT, USA 06106
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Geographic gender differences in traumatic unintentional injury hospitalization and youth drinking. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 205:107701. [PMID: 31726428 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few studies have used both spatial and non-spatial techniques to the study of alcohol outcomes. The objectives of this study were to identify clusters of traumatic unintentional injury hospitalizations by gender and blood alcohol concentration (BAC), and to determine trends and correlates by BAC levels. METHODS State Trauma Registry data capturing unintentional injuries for those aged 10 to 24 hospitalized with negative and positive BAC levels (n = 6233) were analyzed from 2006 to 2015 for all Chicago block groups. Spatial clustering techniques were applied to detect spatial clusters and Generalized Estimating Equations to determine correlates and trends while controlling for correlation within block groups. RESULTS Regardless of BAC level, hospitalization rates decreased for all age groups between 2006 to 2010 and 2011 to 2015 from 94.41 to 67.69 per 100,000 population. The decline for males hospitalized with positive BAC was 1.4 times greater than the decline for their female counterparts. Risk factors included being male, black or of a minority race, having no private insurance and living in a disadvantaged neighborhood. Male hospitalization rates clustered among 33 census block groups located in three Chicago Community Areas. No clustering was detected for female patients. Motor vehicle accidents were the leading cause of hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS Hospitalizations are decreasing in Chicago, yet the risk is concentrated, with greater decreasing rates among males than females. Spatial approaches can be valuable tools in analyzing substance abuse outcomes, to identify high-risk areas and shifts in risk within a large geographic area.
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Mumford EA, Taylor BG, Berg M, Liu W, Miesfeld N. The social anatomy of adverse childhood experiences and aggression in a representative sample of young adults in the U.S. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 88:15-27. [PMID: 30439649 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective The current study assesses the effect of adverse childhood experiences on later aggression and violence across young adult relationships contexts, including intimate partners, friends, or strangers. Method Surveys were conducted with a nationally representative sample of young adults ages 18-32, drawn from the AmeriSpeak panel, a probability-based panel with coverage of 97% of U.S. households. The weighted study sample is 2284 young adult respondents, of whom 1561 reported being in an intimate partnership. Results Rates of verbal aggression perpetrated by young adults declined with the intimacy of the relationship, such that aggression against a partner (72%) exceeded aggression directed at friends (43%) and strangers (34%). Similar rates of physical violence (about 9%) were reportedly perpetrated against partners, friends, and strangers. Adjusting for a range of personal characteristics, both adverse childhood experiences and recent stressors in these young adult lives exhibited direct associations with verbal and physically aggressive outcomes. Conclusions In models of verbal and physical aggression across relationship contexts, childhood adversity exhibits lasting effects unaccounted for by important proximal life circumstances, including recent life stressors, mental health, and substance use behaviors. These results provide empirical insights for clinical treatment of young adults prone to aggressive conflicts as well as input to positive youth development programming to foster healthy approaches to conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mumford
- NORC at the University of Chicago, 4350 East-West Highway, Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Bruce G Taylor
- NORC at the University of Chicago, 4350 East-West Highway, Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Mark Berg
- University of Iowa, 140 Seashore Hall West, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1401, United States
| | - Weiwei Liu
- NORC at the University of Chicago, 4350 East-West Highway, Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Noelle Miesfeld
- NORC at the University of Chicago, 4350 East-West Highway, Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
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López-Castro T, Smith KZ, Nicholson RA, Armas A, Hien DA. Does a history of violent offending impact treatment response for comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders? A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. J Subst Abuse Treat 2018; 97:47-58. [PMID: 30577899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa López-Castro
- The City College of New York, The City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, NAC Building 7/120, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| | - Kathryn Z Smith
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Division on Substance Use Disorders, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ronald A Nicholson
- The City College of New York, The City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, NAC Building 7/120, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Aeriell Armas
- The City College of New York, The City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, NAC Building 7/120, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Denise A Hien
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Smithers Hall, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Damiri BR, Salahat IA, Aghbar MH. Pattern of substance use among schoolchildren in Palestine: a cross-sectional study. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-018-0090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Edmunds K, Ling R, Shakeshaft A, Doran C, Searles A. Systematic review of economic evaluations of interventions for high risk young people. BMC Health Serv Res 2018; 18:660. [PMID: 30139384 PMCID: PMC6108123 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-018-3450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this systematic literature review is to identify and critique full economic evaluations of interventions for high risk young people with the purpose of informing the design of future rigorous economic evaluations of such intervention programs. Methods A PRISMA compliant search of the literature between 2000 and April 2018 was conducted to identify full economic evaluations of youth focussed interventions for at risk young people. Duplicates were removed and two researchers independently screened the article titles and abstracts according to PICOS criteria for exclusion and inclusion. The remaining full text articles were assessed for eligibility and a quality assessment of the included articles was conducted using the Drummond checklist. Results The database, grey literature and hand searches located 488 studies of interventions for at risk young people. After preliminary screening of titles and abstracts, 104 studies remained for full text examination and 29 empirical studies containing 32 separate economic evaluations were judged eligible for inclusion in the review. These comprised 13 cost-benefit analyses (41%), 17 cost-effectiveness analyses (53%), one cost-utility analysis (3%) and a social return on investment (3%). Three main methodological challenges were identified: 1. attribution of effects; 2. measuring and valuing outcomes; and 3. identifying relevant costs and consequences. Conclusions A cost-benefit analysis would best capture the dynamic nature of a multi-component intervention for high risk young people, incorporating broader intersectoral outcomes and enabling measurement of more domains of risk. Prospective long-term data collection and a strong study design that incorporates a control group contribute to the quality of economic evaluation. Extrapolation of impact into the future is important for this population, in order to account for the time lag in effect of many impacts and benefits arising from youth interventions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12913-018-3450-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Edmunds
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Lot 1, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.
| | - Rod Ling
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Lot 1, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Anthony Shakeshaft
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick Campus, 22-32 King Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Chris Doran
- Centre for Indigenous Health Equity Research, Central Queensland University, 160 Ann Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Andrew Searles
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Lot 1, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
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Alexander AC, Obong'o CO, Chavan P, Vander Weg MW, Ward KD. Applying the Problem Behavior Theory to Adolescent Drug Use Among a Cross-Sectional Sample of Boys Participating in a Community-Based Youth Organization. Subst Use Misuse 2018; 53:610-621. [PMID: 28910186 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2017.1349802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug use remains an important public health concern in the United States, and understanding drug use among young adolescents is vital towards improving the health of the population. OBJECTIVE This study applied the Problem Behavior Theory (PBT) to lifetime drug use among a cross-sectional sample of Boy Scouts (N = 770). The PBT provides a conceptual framework for identifying risk and protective factors for adolescent problem behaviors, including drug use. METHODS Scouts reported their drug use and socio-demographics, and were assessed on several risk and protective factors. For analyses, sociodemographic and risk and protective factors were selected according to the framework provided by PBT, and use of each drug was regressed logistically on these selected factors. Final logistic models were assessed for goodness of fit and discriminatory power. RESULTS The PBT demonstrated discriminatory power for all drugs (Tjur's R2 values ≥.29), but fell sharply for illicit drug use (Tjur's R2 =.20). There were no consistent correlates of drug use. Conclusions/Importance: The PBT had less explanatory power for illicit drug use compared to tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana, which suggests different risk and protective factors were associated with illicit drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Alexander
- a School of Public Health , University of Memphis , Memphis , Tennessee , USA
| | | | - Prachi Chavan
- a School of Public Health , University of Memphis , Memphis , Tennessee , USA
| | - Mark W Vander Weg
- b Center for Comprehensive Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation , Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System , Iowa City , Iowa , USA.,c Department of Internal Medicine , University of Iowa College of Medicine , Iowa City , Iowa , USA
| | - Kenneth D Ward
- a School of Public Health , University of Memphis , Memphis , Tennessee , USA
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Kim ST, Hwang SS, Kim HW, Hwang EH, Cho J, Kang JI, Kim SJ. Multidimensional impulsivity as a mediator of early life stress and alcohol dependence. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29515146 PMCID: PMC5841284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) leads to increased susceptibility to serious psychiatric problems such as alcohol dependence, but the mechanisms through which ELS affects alcohol dependence are unclear. We investigated the mediating role of multi-dimensional impulsivity in the associations between ELS and alcohol dependence. 330 male patients with alcohol dependence (mean age = 48.39) completed self-rating scales of ELS and several self-report measures of impulsivity as well as balloon analogue risk task (BART). After classifying different dimensions of impulsivity using factor analysis, structural equation modeling was conducted to test the mediation effects of impulsivity between ELS and alcohol dependence severity and social onset of hazardous drinking. Among the participants, 64.8%, 42.1% and 47.9% reported at least one episode of childhood maltreatment, sexual abuse and parental conflict, respectively. Response impulsivity-sensation seeking, reflection impulsivity and aggression partially mediated the association between ELS and severity of alcohol dependence (CFI = 0.902 and RMSEA = 0.079). Reflection impulsivity dimension partially mediated the association between ELS and social onset of hazardous drinking (CFI = 0.939, RMSEA = 0.091). These finding imply that stabilizing vulnerabilities such as reflection impulsivity via intervention programs that target young individuals with ELS may be helpful in delaying the onset of hazardous drinking and prevent alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Tae Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Syung Shick Hwang
- Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hae Won Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Hee Hwang
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaeil Cho
- Yonsei Soul Mental Health Clinic, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jee In Kang
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Se Joo Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Abstract
This article examines the relation of risks and public policy through the lens of alcohol and crime. Alcohol thus lives a double-life as a fountain of celebration while also a wellspring of potentially serious harms. The issue of how risks might be managed much better is approached through considering three different arenas within the criminal law concluding that it is a crude mechanism for grappling with complex issues of criminal responsibility for any higher risks associated with becoming under the influence. The article defends the use of nudges as an under explored area for public policy decision-making and proposes new policies based on them.
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Wojciechowski TW. ADHD Presentation and Alcohol Use Among Juvenile Offenders: A Group-Based Trajectory Modeling Approach. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2017.1411304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vachon DD, Krueger RF, Irons DE, Iacono WG, McGue M. Are Alcohol Trajectories a Useful Way of Identifying At-Risk Youth? A Multiwave Longitudinal-Epidemiologic Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 56:498-505. [PMID: 28545755 PMCID: PMC5477663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trajectory approaches are a popular way of identifying subgroups of children and adolescents at high risk for developing alcohol use problems. However, mounting evidence challenges the meaning and utility of these putatively discrete alcohol trajectories, which can be analytically derived even in the absence of real subgroups. This study tests the hypothesis that alcohol trajectories may not reflect discrete groups-that the development of alcohol use is continuous rather than categorical. METHOD A multiwave longitudinal-epidemiologic twin study was conducted using 3,762 twins (1,808 male and 1,954 female) aged 11 to 29 years from the Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research (MCTFR). The main outcome measures included various assessments of substance use, psychopathology, personality, and cognitive ability. RESULTS Although multiple trajectories are derived from growth mixture modeling techniques, these trajectories are arrayed in a tiered spectrum of severity, from lower levels of use to higher levels of use. Trajectories show perfect rank-order stability throughout development, monotonic increases in heritability, and perfect rank-order correlations with established correlates of alcohol use, including other substance use behaviors, psychiatric disorders, personality traits, intelligence, and achievement. CONCLUSION Alcohol trajectories may represent continuous gradations rather than qualitatively distinct subgroups. If so, early detection and interventions for youth based on trajectory subtyping will be less useful than continuous liability assessments. Furthermore, a continuous account of development counters the notion that individuals are predestined to follow one of a few categorically distinct pathways and promotes the opposite idea-that development is mutable, and its continuous terrain can be traversed in many directions.
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Browning S, Magor-Blatch LE. A turning point for problematic alcohol users: can relationship adjustment predict desistance? JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2017. [DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2016.1150527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Dugré JR, Dellazizzo L, Giguère CÉ, Potvin S, Dumais A. Persistency of Cannabis Use Predicts Violence following Acute Psychiatric Discharge. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:176. [PMID: 28983261 PMCID: PMC5613094 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violence is a major concern and is prevalent across several mental disorders. The use of substances has been associated with an exacerbation of psychiatric symptoms as well as with violence. Compared to other substances such as alcohol and cocaine, existing literature on the cannabis-violence relationship has been more limited, with most studies being conducted in the general population, and has shown controversial results. Evidence has suggested a stronger relationship when examining the effects of the persistency of cannabis use on future violent behaviors. Though, while cannabis use is highly prevalent amid psychiatric patients, far less literature on the subject has been conducted in this population. Hence, the present prospective study aims to investigate the persistency of cannabis use in psychiatric patients. METHOD The sample comprised of 1,136 recently discharged psychiatric patients provided by the MacArthur Risk Assessment Study. A multi-wave (five-assessment) follow-up design was employed to allow temporal sequencing between substance use and violent behaviors. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to examine the effect of persistency of cannabis use on violence, while controlling for potential confounding factors. Potential bidirectional association was also investigated using the same statistical approach. RESULTS Our results suggest a unidirectional association between cannabis use and violence. GEE model revealed that the continuity of cannabis use across more than one time wave was associated with increased risks of future violent behavior. Patients who reported having used cannabis at each follow-up periods were 2.44 times more likely to display violent behaviors (OR = 2.44, 95% CI: 1.06-5.63, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These findings are particularly relevant as they suggest that the longer individuals report having used cannabis after a psychiatric discharge, the more likely they are of being violent in the following time waves. These results add to our understanding of the negative consequences of chronic cannabis use amid psychiatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules R Dugré
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laura Dellazizzo
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Charles-Édouard Giguère
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Potvin
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Dumais
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Institut Philippe-Pinel de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Mossière A, Maeder EM. Juror decision making in not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder trials: Effects of defendant gender and mental illness type. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2016; 49:47-54. [PMID: 27237958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to examine the potential impact of defendant gender and mental illness type on Canadian juror decision making by manipulating the gender (man, woman) and mental illness (substance abuse disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar, depression) of the defendant in a second-degree murder case involving an insanity plea. Participants read a trial transcript that included definitions of second-degree murder and the not criminally on account of mental disorder (NCRMD) defense. Participants then provided a verdict (guilty or NCRMD) and completed various scales measuring attributional judgments, perceptions of the defendant, and perceived dangerousness. Contrary to expectations, NCRMD was chosen over a guilty verdict in the majority of cases. Findings also indicated that participant decisions and perceptions regarding defendants diagnosed with substance abuse disorder differed from the other mental illness groups. The gender of the defendant had an influence on participants' perceptions of internal attributions, and the perceived stability of criminal behaviors. Results suggest that perceptions of mental illness influence verdicts in NCRMD cases, and that defendant gender plays a role in participants' perceptions of defendants. These findings contribute to the scarce literature on mental illness in the Canadian court system. Future research should examine the interaction between juror gender, defendant gender, and mental illness in insanity cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annik Mossière
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Evelyn M Maeder
- Institute of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary goal of this study was to examine the relationship between anxiety symptomatology and substance use (alcohol use and drug use) during adolescence, systematically by gender and race/ethnicity. METHODS Self-report surveys were administered to 905 15-17-year-old adolescents (54% girls) in the spring of 2007. RESULTS RESULTS from multiple group analyses indicated that the relationship between anxiety and substance use differs by gender and race/ethnicity. For Caucasian and African American boys, higher levels of social anxiety and separation anxiety were related to less substance use. In contrast, higher levels of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder were associated with more substance use for African American boys. The pattern was much less striking for girls. For Caucasian girls, higher levels of significant school avoidance were linked to more substance use, and consistent with the results for boys, higher levels of separation anxiety were associated with less substance use. None of the anxiety disorders were related to substance use for African American girls or Hispanic girls or boys. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study highlight the need to distinguish between different anxiety disorders. In addition, they underscore the importance of considering both gender and race/ethnicity when examining the relationship between anxiety and substance use during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine McCauley Ohannessian
- a Children's Center for Community Research, Connecticut Children's Medical Center , University of Connecticut School of Medicine , Hartford , Connecticut , USA
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Varshney M, Mahapatra A, Krishnan V, Gupta R, Deb KS. Violence and mental illness: what is the true story? J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 70:223-5. [PMID: 26320232 PMCID: PMC4789812 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-205546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Varshney
- Department of Psychiatry and National Drug-Dependence Treatment Centre (NDDTC), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Ananya Mahapatra
- Department of Psychiatry and National Drug-Dependence Treatment Centre (NDDTC), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Vijay Krishnan
- Department of Psychiatry and National Drug-Dependence Treatment Centre (NDDTC), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Rishab Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry and National Drug-Dependence Treatment Centre (NDDTC), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Koushik Sinha Deb
- Department of Psychiatry and National Drug-Dependence Treatment Centre (NDDTC), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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Walsh SD, Fogel-Grinvald H, Shneider S. Discrimination and Ethnic Identity as Predictors of Substance Use and Delinquency Among Immigrant Adolescents From the FSU and Ethiopia in Israel. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022115588951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current study explores perceived discrimination and ethnic identity as predictors of delinquency and substance use among adolescent immigrants in Israel. Theoretically, the study draws from strain theory, immigration-related theories of ethnic identity formation in adolescence, bi-dimensional theories of acculturation, and the rejection-identification model. The study involved 250 adolescents, 140 from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and 110 from Ethiopia, aged 15 to 18 years ( M = 16.7 years). Adolescents were assessed on substance use (cigarettes, marijuana, binge drinking, drunkenness), delinquent behavior, parental relationships (support, limit setting), perceived discrimination, host identity (Jewish Israeli), and ethnic identity (Russian/Ethiopian). Results from structural equation modeling showed that delinquency was predicted directly by greater discrimination, a weaker ethnic (Russian/Ethiopian) identity, and greater substance (alcohol and cigarette) use. Higher levels of parental limit setting and lower levels of parental support predicted higher levels of substance use, but only predicted delinquency indirectly through their impact on substance use. Findings support the hypotheses that perceived discrimination and a weaker ethnic identity predict involvement in delinquency and partially support a hypothesis that higher levels of a positive host identity are related to lower levels of substance use and delinquency among immigrant adolescents. A perceived lack of equal opportunities may lead to stress, anger, and frustration toward society leading to delinquent behavior, whereas difficulties in consolidating a positive cultural identity may lead the young adolescent to fill a void through substance use.
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Gilbert AL, Grande TL, Hallman J, Underwood LA. Screening Incarcerated Juveniles Using the MAYSI-2. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2014; 21:35-44. [PMID: 25431437 DOI: 10.1177/1078345814557788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of mental health disorders among incarcerated juveniles is a matter of national and global concern. Juvenile justice personnel need accurate screening measures that identify youth requiring immediate mental health services. The purpose of this study was threefold: (a) to examine the utility of the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument, Version 2 (MAYSI-2) in identifying juveniles with mental health concerns in a large sample of juveniles (N = 4,009), (b) to provide data regarding rates of identified mental health needs in incarcerated youth, and (c) to provide descriptive comparisons to other studies using the MAYSI-2. Mean scores of subscales were compared with the MAYSI-2 normative samples and other recent studies. Results indicated that this population has a high occurrence of mental health symptoms and there is high variability in the severity of the symptoms. In addition, a multivariate analysis of variance test found significant differences in mental health problems across ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Gilbert
- Regent University, School of Psychology and Counseling, Virginia Beach, VA, USA
| | - Todd L Grande
- Regent University, School of Psychology and Counseling, Virginia Beach, VA, USA
| | - Janelle Hallman
- Regent University, School of Psychology and Counseling, Virginia Beach, VA, USA
| | - Lee A Underwood
- Regent University, School of Psychology and Counseling, Virginia Beach, VA, USA
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Grigsby TJ, Forster M, Baezconde-Garbanati L, Soto DW, Unger JB. Do adolescent drug use consequences predict externalizing and internalizing problems in emerging adulthood as well as traditional drug use measures in a Hispanic sample? Addict Behav 2014; 39:644-51. [PMID: 24345310 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study compares statistical models for three conceptualizations of drug use in 11th grade (past 30 day ever/never use, past 30 day frequency of drug use and past 30 day drug use consequences) with externalizing and internalizing problems in emerging adulthood when controlling for age, academic achievement and socioeconomic status in a Hispanic sample. Multivariate logistic regression models for the different drug use variables were compared when modeling weapon carrying, arrest, multiple lifetime sex partners, drug/alcohol use before sex and condom use in emerging adulthood. A multivariate linear regression model was used to model depression in emerging adulthood as a function of drug use measurement controlling for other covariates and depression in adolescence. Our findings suggest that any conceptualization of drug use will produce equitable results and model fit statistics when examining externalizing problems. However, when investigating internalizing problems, such as depression, lower frequency drug use-and not high frequency-was more strongly associated with depression whereas experiencing high levels of drug use consequences-and not low levels of consequences-was associated with depression in emerging adulthood despite similar model fit values. Variation between drug use and the experience of drug use consequences may lead to misspecification of "at-risk" subgroups of drug users. Implications and future directions are discussed.
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Pickard H, Fazel S. Substance abuse as a risk factor for violence in mental illness: some implications for forensic psychiatric practice and clinical ethics. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2013; 26:349-54. [PMID: 23722099 PMCID: PMC3907744 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0b013e328361e798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent research on the relationship between substance abuse, crime, violence and mental illness, and suggest how this research could aid forensic psychiatrists, psychologists and other mental health professionals in assessing and managing risk, and balancing patient care and public protection. RECENT FINDINGS Substance abuse in mentally ill forensic psychiatric patients should be considered an important risk factor for violence and re-offending. SUMMARY Improved treatment for substance abuse in forensic psychiatric patients and other mentally disordered offenders together with the offer of monitored abstinence as a condition of leave or discharge could be usefully considered as a means of reducing and managing risk. This may improve patient care by addressing mental health needs and increasing opportunity and likelihood of successful re-integration into the community and better life prospects; protect the public by reducing risk of re-offending and offering real time monitoring and potential intervention when risk is heightened; and help forensic psychiatrists strike a balance between patient care and public protection, potentially alleviating some of the difficulty and anxiety that decisions to grant leave or discharge can create.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Pickard
- aDepartment of Philosophy, Oxford Centre for Neuroethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Delcher C, Johnson R, Maldonado-Molina MM. Driving after drinking among young adults of different race/ethnicities in the United States: unique risk factors in early adolescence? J Adolesc Health 2013; 52:584-91. [PMID: 23608720 PMCID: PMC3634100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.10.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE National guidelines for alcohol screening and brief interventions advise practitioners to consider age, drinking frequency, and context to identify at-risk youth. The purpose of this study was to identify the contextual risk and protective factors in high school-aged adolescents associated with future driving after drinking (Drinking Under the Influence [DUI] at age 21) by race/ethnicity. METHODS Data included 10,271 adolescents (67% white, 12% Hispanic, 16% black, 3.6% Asian; 49% Male) who participated in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Waves I, II, and III) from 1995 to 2001. A lagged panel design and survey logistic regression was used to examine the association between multiple contextual factors (e.g., demographics, parents, peers, social context) during adolescence and self-reported DUI in young adulthood. RESULTS As expected, the likelihood of DUI was higher among whites followed by Hispanics, Asians, and blacks in all models. Perception of easy home access to alcohol increased risk for future DUI for whites (OR: 1.25 CI: 1.04-1.49), Hispanics (OR: 2.02 CI: 1.29-3.16), and Asians (OR: 1.90 CI: 1.13-3.22), but not for black youth. Drinking frequency and prior DUI were not risk factors for Hispanics. Risk-taking attitudes, marijuana use, and religious affiliation were risk factors for whites only. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that in addition to screening for drinking behaviors, brief interventions and prevention efforts should assess perceived home access to alcohol and other race-specific factors to reduce alcohol-related injuries and harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Delcher
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Health Outcomes and Policy and Institute for Child Health Policy 1329 SW 16 St. Room 5130, PO Box 100177, Gainesville, FL 32610-0177 U.S.A
| | - Rachel Johnson
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Health Outcomes and Policy and Institute for Child Health Policy 1329 SW 16 St. Room 5130, PO Box 100177, Gainesville, FL 32610-0177 U.S.A
| | - Mildred M. Maldonado-Molina
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Health Outcomes and Policy and Institute for Child Health Policy 1329 SW 16 St. Room 5130, PO Box 100177, Gainesville, FL 32610-0177 U.S.A
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Abstract
AIMS This paper presents examples to illustrate the utility and limitations in the use of epidemiology in alcohol research and discusses some promising new directions. METHODS Review of literature, concentrating on epidemiological alcohol research with relevance to public health. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION Epidemiology offers tools for assessment of causes and effects of alcohol consumption as well as the effects of efforts to prevent alcohol consumption and its consequences. Epidemiological studies have made significant contributions to alcohol research with respect to public health and public policy. Fixed-effects modelling, difference-in-differences estimation and integrated qualitative and epidemiological methods are promising but underused methods in epidemiological studies. Many epidemiological studies have limited transferability of knowledge to other cultures and jurisdictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Rossow
- Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research, Oslo, Norway.
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