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Xu Y, Zheng Z, Sun R, Ye L, Chan EWC, Chen S. Epidemiological and genetic characterization of multidrug-resistant non-O1 and non-O139 Vibrio cholerae from food in southern China. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 418:110734. [PMID: 38759293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
This study reports a comprehensive epidemiological and genetic analysis of V. cholerae strains, specifically non-O1/non-O139 serogroups, isolated from animal-derived food samples in Guangdong province from 2015 to 2019. A total of 21 V. cholerae strains were obtained, which exhibited high resistance rates for nalidixic acid (57.14 %, 12/21), ampicillin (33.33 %, 7/21), and ciprofloxacin (19.05 %, 4/21). The quinolone resistance-related gene, qnrVC, was prevalent in 80.95 % (17/21) of the isolates. Additionally, chromosomally mediated quinolone-resistance mutations, including mutations in GyrA at position 83 (S83I) and ParC at position 85 (S85L), were detected in 47.62 % of the isolates. The combination of target mutation and qnrVC genes was shown to mediate resistance or intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin in V. cholerae. Furthermore, an IncC-type conjugative plasmid carrying thirteen antibiotic resistance genes, including genes conferring resistance to two clinically important antibiotics, cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, was identified in the shrimp-derived strain Vc516. While none of our food isolates harbored the toxigenic CTX- and TCP-encoding genes, they did possess genes encoding toxins such as HlyA and Autoinducer-2. Notably, some V. cholerae strains from this study exhibited a close genetic relationship with clinical strains, suggesting their potential to cause human infections. Taken together, this study provides a comprehensive view of the epidemiological features and genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance and virulence potential of V. cholerae strains isolated from food in southern China, thereby advancing our understanding of this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhiwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, The Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruanyang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, The Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianwei Ye
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Edward Wai-Chi Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, The Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
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Xiao S, Abade A, Boru W, Kasambara W, Mwaba J, Ongole F, Mmanywa M, Trovão NS, Chilengi R, Kwenda G, Orach CG, Chibwe I, Bwire G, Stine OC, Milstone AM, Lessler J, Azman AS, Luo W, Murt K, Sack DA, Debes AK, Wohl S. New Vibrio cholerae sequences from Eastern and Southern Africa alter our understanding of regional cholera transmission. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.28.24302717. [PMID: 38585829 PMCID: PMC10996759 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.28.24302717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite ongoing containment and vaccination efforts, cholera remains prevalent in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Part of the difficulty in containing cholera comes from our lack of understanding of how it circulates throughout the region. To better characterize regional transmission, we generated and analyzed 118 Vibrio cholerae genomes collected between 2007-2019 from five different countries in Southern and Eastern Africa. We showed that V. cholerae sequencing can be successful from a variety of sample types and filled in spatial and temporal gaps in our understanding of circulating lineages, including providing some of the first sequences from the 2018-2019 outbreaks in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, and Malawi. Our results present a complex picture of cholera transmission in the region, with multiple lineages found to be co-circulating within several countries. We also find evidence that previously identified sporadic cases may be from larger, undersampled outbreaks, highlighting the need for careful examination of sampling biases and underscoring the need for continued and expanded cholera surveillance across the African continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoming Xiao
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ahmed Abade
- Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Waqo Boru
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - John Mwaba
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Zambia
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | | | | | - Roma Chilengi
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | | | | | | | - O Colin Stine
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Aaron M Milstone
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justin Lessler
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew S Azman
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wensheng Luo
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kelsey Murt
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - David A Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda K Debes
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shirlee Wohl
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Hegde ST, Khan AI, Perez-Saez J, Khan II, Hulse JD, Islam MT, Khan ZH, Ahmed S, Bertuna T, Rashid M, Rashid R, Hossain MZ, Shirin T, Wiens KE, Gurley ES, Bhuiyan TR, Qadri F, Azman AS. Clinical surveillance systems obscure the true cholera infection burden in an endemic region. Nat Med 2024; 30:888-895. [PMID: 38378884 PMCID: PMC10957480 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-02810-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Our understanding of cholera transmission and burden largely relies on clinic-based surveillance, which can obscure trends, bias burden estimates and limit the impact of targeted cholera-prevention measures. Serological surveillance provides a complementary approach to monitoring infections, although the link between serologically derived infections and medically attended disease incidence-shaped by immunological, behavioral and clinical factors-remains poorly understood. We unravel this cascade in a cholera-endemic Bangladeshi community by integrating clinic-based surveillance, healthcare-seeking and longitudinal serological data through statistical modeling. Combining the serological trajectories with a reconstructed incidence timeline of symptomatic cholera, we estimated an annual Vibrio cholerae O1 infection incidence rate of 535 per 1,000 population (95% credible interval 514-556), with incidence increasing by age group. Clinic-based surveillance alone underestimated the number of infections and reported cases were not consistently correlated with infection timing. Of the infections, 4 in 3,280 resulted in symptoms, only 1 of which was reported through the surveillance system. These results impart insights into cholera transmission dynamics and burden in the epicenter of the seventh cholera pandemic, where >50% of our study population had an annual V. cholerae O1 infection, and emphasize the potential for a biased view of disease burden and infection risk when depending solely on clinical surveillance data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia T Hegde
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Ashraful Islam Khan
- Infectious Disease Division, icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Javier Perez-Saez
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MA, USA
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ishtiakul Islam Khan
- Infectious Disease Division, icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Juan Dent Hulse
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Md Taufiqul Islam
- Infectious Disease Division, icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zahid Hasan Khan
- Infectious Disease Division, icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shakeel Ahmed
- Bangladesh Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Taner Bertuna
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Mamunur Rashid
- Bangladesh Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Rumana Rashid
- Bangladesh Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zakir Hossain
- Bangladesh Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kirsten E Wiens
- Department of Epidemiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emily S Gurley
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan
- Infectious Disease Division, icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Disease Division, icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Andrew S Azman
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MA, USA.
- Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Nobi MA, Haque AKMZ, Islam MR, Islam SS, Arif M, Sikder MH, Kabir SML. Detection of Campylobacter spp. in farmed sheep in Mymensingh division of Bangladesh: Prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility status. Vet World 2024; 17:245-254. [PMID: 38595663 PMCID: PMC11000463 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.245-254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Campylobacter infections in sheep may be asymptomatic or cause enteritis, ileitis, infertility, and abortion. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in farming sheep and to detect risk factors, molecular patterns, and antimicrobial susceptibility status of these pathogens. Materials and Methods Four hundred and eight fecal samples were collected from 12 flocks in the Mymensingh and Sherpur districts. Samples were tested by both basic (culture and biochemical tests) and molecular (initially 16S rRNA and later hipO gene-based polymerase chain reaction). Furthermore, the antimicrobial susceptibility status of Campylobacter jejuni was confirmed using disk diffusion. Flock- and animal-level data were captured using semi-structured interviews with farm owners under bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to confirm the risk factors for Campylobacter-positive status. Results The prevalence of C. jejuni staining at the animal and flock levels was 8.82% (36/408) and 66.70% (8/12), respectively. The age of sheep was identified as an important risk factor. Up to 1 year of age, sheep were 3.78 times more likely to be infected with C. jejuni (95% confidence interval: 1.0736-13.3146, p = 0.038). Of the 36 isolates of C. jejuni, all were found to be fully susceptible (100%) to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. In this study, three antimicrobial agents, oxytetracycline, azithromycin, and ceftriaxone, were fully resistant (100%). The majority of isolates were resistant to a combination of 4-6 antimicrobial agents. Conclusion The present study highlights the predominant maintenance of zoonotic Campylobacter species in sheep, and their burden on human health is enormous. Therefore, environmental, animal, and human health needs to be focused under a One Health lens to mitigate the occurrence of Campylobacter in farm settings and to prevent further introduction to animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Ashiquen Nobi
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - A. K. M. Ziaul Haque
- Kazi Farms Poultry Laboratory, Holding no-8/1, Floor no-A3 and A4, Padma Plaza (Opposite of Gazipur Commerce College), Chandana - Chowrasta, Gazipur-1704, Bangladesh
| | - M. Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sk Shaheenur Islam
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Dhaka-1215, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Arif
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan Sikder
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - S. M. Lutful Kabir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
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Smith P, Le Devendec L, Jouy E, Larvor E, Lesne J, Kirschner AKT, Rehm C, Leopold M, Pleininger S, Heger F, Jäckel C, Göllner C, Nekat J, Hammerl JA, Baron S. Epidemiological cut-off values for non-O1/ non-O139 Vibrio cholerae disc diffusion data generated by standardised methods. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2023; 156:115-121. [PMID: 38095366 DOI: 10.3354/dao03766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
This work generates the data needed to set epidemiological cut-off values for disc-diffusion zone measurements of Vibrio cholerae. The susceptibility of 147 European isolates of non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae to 19 antibiotics was established using a standardised disc diffusion method which specified incubation of Mueller Hinton agar plates at 35°C. Epidemiological cut-off values were calculated by analysis of the zone size data with the statistically based normalised resistance interpretation method. Cut-off values for 17 agents were calculated by analysis of the aggregated data from all 4 laboratories participating in this study. The cut-off values calculated were ≥18 mm for amoxicillin/clavulanate, ≥18 mm for amikacin, ≥19 mm for ampicillin, ≥27 mm for cefepime, ≥31 mm for cefotaxime, ≥24 mm for ceftazidime, ≥24 mm for chloramphenicol, ≥31 mm for ciprofloxacin, ≥16 mm for erythromycin, ≥ 27 mm for florfenicol, ≥16 mm for gentamicin, ≥23 mm for imipenem, ≥25 mm for meropenem, ≥29 mm for nalidixic acid, ≥28 mm for norfloxacin, ≥13 mm for streptomycin and ≥23 mm for tetracycline. For the other 2 agents the data from 1 laboratory was excluded from the censored aggregation because the data from that laboratory was considered excessively imprecise. The cut-off values for these 2 agents calculated for the aggregation of the data from 3 laboratories were ≥23 mm for trimethoprim and ≥24 mm for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. These zone size data will be submitted to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) for their consideration in setting international consensus epidemiological cut-off values for non O1/non-O139 V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Smith
- School of Natural Science, University of Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Laëtitia Le Devendec
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Eric Jouy
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Emeline Larvor
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Jean Lesne
- École des Hautes Études en Sante Publique, Laboratoire d'Étude et de Recherche en Environnent et Sante, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Alexander K T Kirschner
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology - Water Microbiology, Medical University Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Austria
- Division Water Quality & Health, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health, www.waterandhealth.at
| | - Carmen Rehm
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology - Water Microbiology, Medical University Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Austria
- Division Water Quality & Health, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health, www.waterandhealth.at
| | - Melanie Leopold
- Division Water Quality & Health, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health, www.waterandhealth.at
| | - Sonja Pleininger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Austria, Waehringer Strasse 25A, 1094 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Heger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Austria, Waehringer Strasse 25A, 1094 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Jäckel
- Consultant Laboratory for Vibrio spp. in Food, Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 1089 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Göllner
- Consultant Laboratory for Vibrio spp. in Food, Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 1089 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Nekat
- Consultant Laboratory for Vibrio spp. in Food, Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 1089 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Andre Hammerl
- Consultant Laboratory for Vibrio spp. in Food, Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 1089 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandrine Baron
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France
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Bhandari M, Rathnayake IU, Ariotti L, Heron B, Huygens F, Sullivan M, Jennison AV. Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae strains in South-East Queensland, Australian river waterways. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0047223. [PMID: 37800954 PMCID: PMC10617385 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00472-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera is a major public health problem in developing and underdeveloped countries; however, it remains of concern to developed countries such as Australia as international travel-related or locally acquired cholera or diarrheal disease cases are still reported. Cholera is mainly caused by cholera toxin (CT) producing toxigenic O1 and O139 serogroup Vibrio cholerae strains. While most toxigenic V. cholerae cases in Australia are thought to be caused by international-acquired infections, Australia has its own indigenous toxigenic and non-toxigenic O1 and non-O1, non-O139 V. cholerae (NOVC) strains. In Australia, in the 1970s and again in 2012, it was reported that south-east Queensland riverways were a reservoir for toxigenic V. cholerae strains that were linked to local cases. Further surveillance on environmental reservoirs, such as riverways, has not been reported in the literature in the last 10 years. Here we present data from sites previously related to outbreaks and surveillance sampling to detect the presence of V. cholerae using PCR in conjunction with MALDI-TOF and whole-genome sequencing. In this study, we were able to detect NOVC at all 10 sites with all sites having toxigenic non-O1, non-O139 strains. Among 133 NOVC isolates, 22 were whole-genome sequenced and compared with previously sequenced Australian O1 and NOVC strains. None of the samples tested grew toxigenic or non-toxigenic O1 or O139, responsible for epidemic disease. Since NOVC can be pathogenic, continuous surveillance is required to assist in theclinical and envir rapid identification of sources of any outbreaks and to assist public health authorities in implementing control measures. IMPORTANCE Vibrio cholerae is a natural inhabitant of aquatic environments, both freshwater and seawater, in addition to its clinical significance as a causative agent of acute diarrhea and extraintestinal infections. Previously, both toxigenic and non-toxigenic, clinical, and environmental V. cholerae strains have been reported in Queensland, Australia. This study aimed to characterize recent surveillance of environmental NOVC strains isolated from Queensland River waterways to understand their virulence, antimicrobial resistance profile and to place genetic current V. cholerae strains from Australia in context with international strains. The findings from this study suggest the presence of unique toxigenic V. cholerae in Queensland river water systems that are of public health concern. Therefore, ongoing monitoring and genomic characterization of V. cholerae strains from the Queensland environment is important and would assist public health departments to track the source of cholera infection early and implement prevention strategies for future outbreaks. The genomics of environmental V. cholerae could assist us to understand the natural ecology and evolution of this bacterium in natural environments with respect to global warming and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murari Bhandari
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Health, Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Irani U. Rathnayake
- Department of Health, Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lawrence Ariotti
- Department of Health, Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brett Heron
- Department of Health, Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Flavia Huygens
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mitchelle Sullivan
- Department of Health, Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amy V. Jennison
- Department of Health, Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Brumfield KD, Usmani M, Santiago S, Singh K, Gangwar M, Hasan NA, Netherland M, Deliz K, Angelini C, Beatty NL, Huq A, Jutla AS, Colwell RR. Genomic diversity of Vibrio spp. and metagenomic analysis of pathogens in Florida Gulf coastal waters following Hurricane Ian. mBio 2023; 14:e0147623. [PMID: 37931127 PMCID: PMC10746180 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01476-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Changing climatic conditions influence parameters associated with the growth of pathogenic Vibrio spp. in the environment and, hence, are linked to increased incidence of vibriosis. Between 1992 and 2022, a long-term increase in Vibrio spp. infections was reported in Florida, USA. Furthermore, a spike in Vibrio spp. infections was reported post Hurricane Ian, a category five storm that made landfall in Florida on 28 September 2022. During October 2022, water and oyster samples were collected from three stations in Lee County in an area significantly impacted by Ian. Vibrio spp. were isolated, and whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were done, with a focus on Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus to provide genetic insight into pathogenic strains circulating in the environment. Metagenomic analysis of water samples provided insight with respect to human health-related factors, notably the detection of approximately 12 pathogenic Vibrio spp., virulence and antibiotic resistance genes, and mobile genetic elements, including the SXT/R391 family of integrative conjugative elements. Environmental parameters were monitored as part of a long-term time series analysis done using satellite remote sensing. In addition to anomalous rainfall and storm surge, changes in sea surface temperature and chlorophyll concentration during and after Ian favored the growth of Vibrio spp. In conclusion, genetic analysis coupled with environmental data and remote sensing provides useful public health information and, hence, constitute a valuable tool to proactively detect and characterize environmental pathogens, notably vibrios. These data can aid the development of early warning systems by yielding a larger source of information for public health during climate change. Evidence suggests warming temperatures are associated with the spread of potentially pathogenic Vibrio spp. and the emergence of human disease globally. Following Hurricane Ian, the State of Florida reported a sharp increase in the number of reported Vibrio spp. infections and deaths. Hence, monitoring of pathogens, including vibrios, and environmental parameters influencing their occurrence is critical to public health. Here, DNA sequencing was used to investigate the genomic diversity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus, both potential human pathogens, in Florida coastal waters post Hurricane Ian, in October 2022. Additionally, the microbial community of water samples was profiled to detect the presence of Vibrio spp. and other microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protists, and viruses) present in the samples. Long-term environmental data analysis showed changes in environmental parameters during and after Ian were optimal for the growth of Vibrio spp. and related pathogens. Collectively, results will be used to develop predictive risk models during climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Brumfield
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Moiz Usmani
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sanneri Santiago
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Komalpreet Singh
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mayank Gangwar
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Katherine Deliz
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Christine Angelini
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Norman L. Beatty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Anwar Huq
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Antarpreet S. Jutla
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Rita R. Colwell
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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El-Zamkan MA, Ahmed AS, Abdelhafeez HH, Mohamed HMA. Molecular characterization of Vibrio species isolated from dairy and water samples. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15368. [PMID: 37717062 PMCID: PMC10505214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio species can cause foodborne infections and lead to serious gastrointestinal illnesses. The purpose of this research was to detect the Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw milk, dairy products, and water samples. Also, it investigated the virulence factors, antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation in isolated bacteria. Conventional and molecular approaches were used to identify the isolates in this study. Vibrio species were detected in 5% of the samples. Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were isolated from 1.25 and 1.5%, respectively, of the total samples. Penicillin resistance was detected in all strains of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, with a MAR index ranging from 0.16 to 0.5. Four isolates were moderate biofilm producer and three of them were MDR. When Vibrio cholerae was screened for virulence genes, ctxAB, hlyA, and tcpA were found in 80, 60, and 80% of isolates, respectively. However, tdh + /trh + associated-virulence genes were found in 33.3% of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A El-Zamkan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control (Milk Hygiene), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Shaban Ahmed
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control (Milk Hygiene), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Hanan H Abdelhafeez
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
| | - Hams M A Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
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9
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Abioye OE, Nontongana N, Osunla CA, Okoh AI. Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes profiling of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio mimicus isolates from some seafood collected at the aquatic environment and wet markets in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290356. [PMID: 37616193 PMCID: PMC10449182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study determines the density of Vibrio spp. and isolates V. cholerae and Vibrio mimicus from fish-anatomical-sites, prawn, crab and mussel samples recovered from fish markets, freshwater and brackish water. Virulence and antibiotic resistance profiling of isolates were carried out using standard molecular and microbiology techniques. Vibrio spp. was detected in more than 90% of samples [134/144] and its density was significantly more in fish than in other samples. Vibrio. cholerae and V. mimicus were isolated in at least one sample of each sample type with higher isolation frequency in fish samples. All the V. cholerae isolates belong to non-O1/non-O139 serogroup. One or more V. cholerae isolates exhibited intermediate or resistance against each of the eighteen panels of antibiotics used but 100% of the V. mimicus were susceptible to amikacin, gentamycin and chloramphenicol. Vibrio cholerae exhibited relatively high resistance against polymyxin, ampicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanate while V. mimicus isolates exhibited relatively high resistance against nitrofurantoin, ampicillin and polymixin. The multiple-antibiotic-resistance-index [MARI] for isolates ranges between 0 and 0.67 and 48% of the isolates have MARI that is >0.2 while 55% of the isolates exhibit MultiDrug Resistance Phenotypes. The percentage detection of acc, ant, drf18, sul1, mcr-1, blasvh, blaoxa, blatem, blaoxa48, gyrA, gyrB and parC resistance-associated genes were 2%, 9%, 14%, 7%, 2%, 25%, 7%, 2%, 2%, 32%, 25% and 27% respectively while that for virulence-associated genes in increasing other was ace [2%], tcp [11%], vpi [16%], ompU [34%], toxR [43%], rtxC [70%], rtxA [73%] and hyla [77%]. The study confirmed the potential of environmental non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae and V. mimicus to cause cholera-like infection and other vibriosis which could be difficult to manage with commonly recommended antibiotics. Thus, regular monitoring of the environment to create necessary awareness for this kind of pathogens is important in the interest of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nolonwabo Nontongana
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Charles A. Osunla
- Department of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria
| | - Anthony I. Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
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10
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Hegde S, Khan AI, Perez-Saez J, Khan II, Hulse JD, Islam MT, Khan ZH, Ahmed S, Bertuna T, Rashid M, Rashid R, Hossain MZ, Shirin T, Wiens K, Gurley ES, Bhuiyan TR, Qadri F, Azman AS. Estimating the gap between clinical cholera and true community infections: findings from an integrated surveillance study in an endemic region of Bangladesh. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.07.18.23292836. [PMID: 37502941 PMCID: PMC10371108 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.18.23292836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of cholera transmission and burden largely rely on clinic-based surveillance, which can obscure trends, bias burden estimates and limit the impact of targeted cholera-prevention measures. Serologic surveillance provides a complementary approach to monitoring infections, though the link between serologically-derived infections and medically-attended disease - shaped by immunological, behavioral, and clinical factors - remains poorly understood. We unravel this cascade in a cholera-endemic Bangladeshi community by integrating clinic-based surveillance, healthcare seeking, and longitudinal serological data through statistical modeling. We found >50% of the study population had a V. cholerae O1 infection annually, and infection timing was not consistently correlated with reported cases. Four in 2,340 infections resulted in symptoms, only one of which was reported through the surveillance system. These results provide new insights into cholera transmission dynamics and burden in the epicenter of the 7th cholera pandemic and provide a framework to synthesize serological and clinical surveillance data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Hegde
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Javier Perez-Saez
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Juan Dent Hulse
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Shakeel Ahmed
- Bangladesh Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Taner Bertuna
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mamunur Rashid
- Bangladesh Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Rumuna Rashid
- Bangladesh Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zakir Hossain
- Bangladesh Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kirsten Wiens
- Department of Epidemiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Emily S Gurley
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew S Azman
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Guillaume Y, Debela M, Slater D, Vissieres K, Ternier R, Franke MF, Harris JB, Ivers LC. Poor Sensitivity of Stool Culture Compared to Polymerase Chain Reaction in Surveillance for Vibrio cholerae in Haiti, 2018-2019. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad301. [PMID: 37383250 PMCID: PMC10296062 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on the sensitivity and specificity of stool culture compared to polymerase chain reaction for detecting Vibrio cholerae in Haiti during the waning period of the initial outbreak in 2018-2019. We found that stool culture (with a sensitivity of 33.3% and specificity of 97.4%) may not be sufficiently robust in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yodeline Guillaume
- Correspondence: Yodeline Guillaume, MA, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, 125 Nashua St, Boston, MA 02148 (); Louise Ivers, MD, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, 125 Nashua St, Boston, MA 02148 ()
| | - Meti Debela
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Damien Slater
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenia Vissieres
- Department of Clinical Programs, Zanmi Lasante, Croix-des-Bouquets, Haiti
| | - Ralph Ternier
- Department of Clinical Programs, Zanmi Lasante, Croix-des-Bouquets, Haiti
| | - Molly F Franke
- Department of Clinical Programs, Zanmi Lasante, Croix-des-Bouquets, Haiti
| | - Jason B Harris
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Louise C Ivers
- Correspondence: Yodeline Guillaume, MA, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, 125 Nashua St, Boston, MA 02148 (); Louise Ivers, MD, Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, 125 Nashua St, Boston, MA 02148 ()
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12
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van der Graaf-van Bloois L, Chen H, Wagenaar JA, Zomer AL. Development of Kaptive databases for Vibrio parahaemolyticus O- and K-antigen genotyping. Microb Genom 2023; 9. [PMID: 37130055 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important food-borne human pathogen and presents immunogenic surface polysaccharides, which can be used to distinguish problematic and disease-causing lineages. V. parahaemolyticus is divided in 16 O-serotypes (O-antigen) and 71 K-serotypes (K-antigen). Agglutination tests are still the gold standard for serotyping, but many V. parahaemolyticus isolates are not typable by agglutination. An alternative for agglutination tests is genotyping using whole-genome sequencing data, by which K- and O- genotypes have been curated and identified previously for other clinically relevant organisms with the software tool Kaptive. In this study, V. parahaemolyticus isolates were serotyped and sequenced, and all known and several novel O- and K-loci were identified. We developed Kaptive databases for all O- and K-loci after manual curation of the loci. In our study, we could genotype the O- and K-loci of 98 and 93 % of the genomes, respectively, with a Kaptive confidence score higher than 'none'. The newly developed Kaptive databases with the identified V. parahaemolyticus O- and K-loci can be used to identify the O- and K-genotypes of V. parahaemolyticus isolates from genome sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda van der Graaf-van Bloois
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hongyou Chen
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Aldert L Zomer
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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13
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Dunmire CN, Chac D, Chowdhury F, Khan AI, Bhuiyan TR, LaRocque RC, Akter A, Amin MA, Ryan ET, Qadri F, Weil AA. Vibrio cholerae Isolation from Frozen Vomitus and Stool Samples. J Clin Microbiol 2022; 60:e0108422. [PMID: 36169311 PMCID: PMC9580352 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01084-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea N. Dunmire
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Denise Chac
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Fahima Chowdhury
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashraful I. Khan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Taufiqur R. Bhuiyan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Afroza Akter
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ashraful Amin
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ana A. Weil
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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14
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Falconer J, Diaconu K, O’May F, Gummaraju A, Victor-Uadiale I, Matragrano J, Njanpop-Lafourcade BM, Ager A. Cholera diagnosis in human stool and detection in water: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270860. [PMID: 35793330 PMCID: PMC9258865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cholera continues to pose a problem for low-resource, fragile and humanitarian contexts. Evidence suggests that 2.86 million cholera cases and 95,000 deaths due to cholera are reported annually. Without quick and effective diagnosis and treatment, case-fatality may be 50%. In line with the priorities of the Global Task Force on Cholera Control, we undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy and other test characteristics of current tests for cholera detection in stool and water. Methods We searched 11 bibliographic and grey literature databases. Data was extracted on test sensitivity, specificity and other product information. Meta-analyses of sensitivity and specificity were conducted for tests reported in three or more studies. Where fewer studies reported a test, estimates were summarised through narrative synthesis. Risk of Bias was assessed using QUADAS-2. Results Searches identified 6,637 records; 41 studies reporting on 28 tests were included. Twenty-two tests had both sensitivities and specificities reported above 95% by at least one study, but there was, overall, wide variation in reported diagnostic accuracy across studies. For the three tests where meta-analyses were possible the highest sensitivity meta-estimate was found in the Cholera Screen test (98.6%, CI: 94.7%-99.7%) and the highest specificity meta-estimate in the Crystal VC on enriched samples (98.3%, CI: 92.8%-99.6%). There was a general lack of evidence regarding field use of tests, but where presented this indicated trends for lower diagnostic accuracy in field settings, with lesser-trained staff, and without the additional process of sample enrichment. Where reported, mean test turnaround times ranged from over 50% to 130% longer than manufacturer’s specification. Most studies had a low to unclear risk of bias. Conclusions Currently available Rapid Diagnostic Tests can potentially provide high diagnostic and detection capability for cholera. However, stronger evidence is required regarding the conditions required to secure these levels of accuracy in field use, particularly in low-resource settings. Registration PROSPERO (CRD42016048428).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Falconer
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, Scotland
- * E-mail:
| | - Karin Diaconu
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Fiona O’May
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Advaith Gummaraju
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Alastair Ager
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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15
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Igere BE, Okoh AI, Nwodo UU. Atypical and dual biotypes variant of virulent SA-NAG-Vibrio cholerae: an evidence of emerging/evolving patho-significant strain in municipal domestic water sources. ANN MICROBIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-021-01661-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction and purpose
The recent cholera spread, new cases, and fatality continue to arouse concern in public health systems; however, interventions on control is at its peak yet statistics show continuous report. This study characterized atypical and patho-significant environmental Vibrio cholerae retrieved from ground/surface/domestic water in rural-urban-sub-urban locations of Amathole District municipality and Chris Hani District municipality, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
Methods
Domestic/surface water was sampled and 759 presumptive V. cholerae isolates were retrieved using standard microbiological methods. Virulence phenotypic test: toxin co-regulated pili (tcp), choleragen red, protease production, lecithinase production, and lipase test were conducted. Serotyping using polyvalent antisera (Bengal and Ogawa/Inaba/Hikojima) and molecular typing: 16SrRNA, OmpW, serogroup (Vc-O1/O139), biotype (tcpAClas/El Tor, HlyAClas/El Tor, rstRClas/El Tor, RS1, rtxA, rtxC), and virulence (ctxA, ctxB, zot, ace, cep, prt, toxR, hlyA) genes were targeted.
Result
Result of 16SrRNA typing confirmed 508 (66.9%) while OmpW detected/confirmed 61 (12.01%) V. cholerae strains. Phenotypic-biotyping scheme showed positive test to polymyxin B (68.9%), Voges proskauer (6.6%), and Bengal serology (11.5%). Whereas Vc-O1/O139 was negative, yet two of the isolates harbored the cholera toxin with a gene-type ctxB and hlyAClas: 2/61, revealing atypical/unusual/dual biotype phenotypic/genotypic features. Other potential atypical genotypes detected include rstR: 7/61, Cep: 15/61, ace: 20/61, hlyAElTor: 53/61, rtxA: 30/61, rtxC: 11/61, and prtV: 15/61 respectively.
Conclusion
Although additional patho-significant/virulent genotypes associated with epidemic/sporadic cholera cases were detected, an advanced, bioinformatics, and post-molecular evaluation is necessary. Such stride possesses potential to adequately minimize future cholera cases associated with dynamic/atypical environmental V. cholerae strains.
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16
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Yan H, Pang B, Lu X, Gao Z, Lu P, Zhang X, Wang M, Shen L, Zhao W, Zhao J, Liang W, Jia L, Zhou H, Cui Z, Du X, Kan B, Wang Q. Cholera Caused by a New Clone of Serogroup O1 Vibrio cholerae — Beijing Municipality, China, June 2021. China CDC Wkly 2022; 4:31-32. [PMID: 35586521 PMCID: PMC8796729 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hanqiu Yan
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyu Shen
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhong Zhao
- Beijing Chaoyang Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Weili Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Jia
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing, China
| | - Haijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Du
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Biao Kan,
| | - Quanyi Wang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing, China
- Quanyi Wang,
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17
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Chamanrokh P, Colwell RR, Huq A. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay for Rapid Detection of viable but non-culturable Vibrio cholerae O1. Can J Microbiol 2021; 68:103-110. [PMID: 34793252 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2021-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae, an important waterborne pathogen, is a rod-shaped bacterium that naturally exists in aquatic environments. When conditions are unfavorable for growth, the bacterium can undergo morphological and physiological changes to assume a coccoid morphology. This stage in its life cycle is referred to as viable but non-culturable (VBNC) since VBNC cells do not grow on conventional bacteriological culture media. The current study compared polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) to detect and identify VBNC V. cholerae. Because it is difficult to detect and identify VBNC V. cholerae, the results of the current study are useful in showing LAMP to be more sensitive and rapid than PCR in detecting and identifying non-culturable, coccoid forms of V. cholerae. Furthermore, the LAMP method is effective in detecting and identifying very low numbers of coccoid VBNC V. cholerae in environmental water samples, with the added benefit of being inexpensive to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Chamanrokh
- University of Maryland College Park, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, College Park, Maryland, United States;
| | - Rita R Colwell
- University of Maryland at College Park, 1068, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, College Park, Maryland, United States.,University of Maryland at College Park, 1068, Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, College Park, Maryland, United States.,University of Maryland at College Park, 1068, CBCB. UMIACS, College Park, Maryland, United States.,Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 25802, Baltimore, Maryland, United States;
| | - Anwar Huq
- University of Maryland at College Park, 1068, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, College Park, Maryland, United States;
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18
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Uddin MN, Neogi SB, Islam SS, Ferdous J, Khan MSR, Yamasaki S, Kabir SML. Occurrence and multidrug resistance of Campylobacter spp. at duck farms and associated environmental and anthropogenic risk factors in Bangladesh. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1139. [PMID: 34743683 PMCID: PMC8574054 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06834-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The alarming rise in multi-drug resistant (MDR) zoonotic pathogens, including Campylobacter spp., has been threatening the health sector globally. In Bangladesh, despite rapid growth in poultry sector little is known about the potential risks of zoonotic pathogens in homestead duck flocks. The aim of this study was to understand the occurrence, species diversity, and multi-drug resistance in Campylobacter spp., and identify the associated risk factors in duck farms in Bangladesh.
Methods The study involved 20 duck farms at 6 sub-districts of Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Monthly occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in potential sources at the farms during February-September, 2018, was detected by culture and PCR-based methods. Campylobacter isolates were examined for resistance to different antimicrobials. Risk factors, concerning climatic and environmental disposition, farm management, and anthropogenic practices, of Campylobacter infection were estimated by participatory epidemiological tools. Results Occurrence of Campylobacter spp. was detected in overall 36.90% (155/420) samples, more frequently in drinking water (60%, 30/50), followed by cloacal swab (37.50%, 75/200), egg surface swab (35%, 35/100) and soil of the duck resting places (30%, 15/50) but was not detected in feed samples (n = 20). PCR assays distinguished the majority (61.30%, 95/155) of the isolates as C. coli, while the rest (38.70%, 60/155) were C. jejuni. Notably, 41.7% (25/60) and 31.6% (30/95) strains of C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively, were observed to be MDR. The dynamics of Campylobacter spp., distinctly showing higher abundance during summer and late-monsoon, correlated significantly with temperature, humidity, and rainfall, while sunshine hours had a negative influence. Anthropogenic management-related factors, including, inadequate hygiene practices, use of untreated river water, wet duck shed, flock age (1–6 months), and unscrupulous use of antimicrobials were identified to enhance the risk of MDR Campylobacter infection. Conclusion The present study clearly demonstrates that duck farms contribute to the enhanced occurrence and spread of potentially pathogenic and MDR C. coli and C. jejuni strains and the bacterial dynamics are governed by a combined interaction of environmental and anthropogenic factors. A long-term holistic research at the environment-animal-human interface would be integral to divulge health risk reduction approaches tackling the spread of Campylobacter spp. from duck farms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06834-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nasir Uddin
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sucharit Basu Neogi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Sk Shaheenur Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Jannatul Ferdous
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahidur Rahman Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - S M Lutful Kabir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
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Thong KL, Tham KBL, Ngoi ST, Tan SC, Wan Yussof WN, Ahmad Hanapi R, Mohamad N, Teh CSJ. Molecular characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains in Malaysia revealed genetically diverse variant lineages. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e693-e703. [PMID: 34724597 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variants have been the major causative agents of cholera worldwide since their emergence in the 2000s. Cholera remains endemic in some regions in Malaysia. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the genetic characteristics of the V. cholerae O1 El Tor strains associated with outbreaks and sporadic cases to elucidate the molecular evolution among the strains circulating in this region. A total of 45 V. cholerae O1 El Tor strains isolated between 1991 and 2011 were examined. All strains were subjected to phenotypic characterization, and molecular characterization including detection of virulence genes and CTX prophage (CTXΦ) by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and genotyping by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). All strains were phenotypically confirmed as El Tor biotype and were mostly Ogawa serotype (96%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the outbreak strains isolated in 1991 (Sabah) and 2009 (Terengganu) were all multidrug-resistant while the sporadic strains were resistant to erythromycin and furazolidone only. All strains (n = 45) were resistant to erythromycin. The virulence genes ctxA, ctxB, ompW, rfb, rtxC, tcpA, tcpI, rstR, zot and hlyA were present in all strains. The outbreak strains isolated in 1991 harboured El Tor cholera toxin gene (ctxB3) while sporadic strains from 2004 to 2011 harboured classical ctxB1. Four distinctive CTXΦ arrays were identified among the El Tor variants, one of which co-occurred with El Tor strains during the 2009 outbreak in Terengganu. PFGE analysis revealed that a genetically diverse El Tor variants population persisted in Sabah. The co-existence of multiple El Tor variants together with the prototypic El Tor strains suggested a multiclonal emergence of V. cholerae O1 El Tor variants in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwai Lin Thong
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kathryn Bee Lin Tham
- Science and Technology Research Institute for Defence, Ministry of Defence Malaysia, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Soo Tein Ngoi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shiang Chiet Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Noraini Wan Yussof
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rahayu Ahmad Hanapi
- Unit Bakteriologi, Jabatan Patologi, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurizzat Mohamad
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Cindy Shuan Ju Teh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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20
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Yilmaz T, Goluch ED. A comprehensive review of conventional techniques and biosensor systems developed for in situ detection of vibrio cholerae. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Genotypic characterization and antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from milk, dairy products, and humans with respect to inhibitory activity of a probiotic Lactobacillus rhamenosus. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Maniam G, Nguyen EN, Milton JS. Acquisition of Cholera Within the United States. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2021; 8:2324709620904204. [PMID: 32009457 PMCID: PMC7003164 DOI: 10.1177/2324709620904204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera has been woven into human history through numerous pandemics, with the most recent ongoing since 1961. Global rates of cholera continue to decline, but outbreaks continue to pose diagnostic challenges for clinicians, which delays initiation of treatment and prolongs the disease course. Despite millions of infections and thousands of deaths worldwide each year, cholera remains rare in the United States, with the few cases each year usually being the result of pathogen acquisition while the patient traveled abroad. This article presents a unique case of cholera acquired in the United States, which emphasizes the necessary vigilance of symptom recognition, in the context of appropriate clinical investigation, in ensuring that the patient had a full recovery. Cholera in the United States is exceedingly rare, yet effective diagnosis with early initiation of treatment is known to reduce mortality and shorten disease course. While other more common diagnoses must definitely be excluded first, it is important for cholera to be kept on the differential for patients presenting with treatment refractory, watery diarrhea causing hypotension. This case of a patient with a recent travel history to Hawaii and infection with cholera underscores the importance of investigative medicine and clinical expertise in optimizing patient care, even when presented with rare illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Maniam
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Emily N Nguyen
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
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23
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Brumfield KD, Usmani M, Chen KM, Gangwar M, Jutla AS, Huq A, Colwell RR. Environmental parameters associated with incidence and transmission of pathogenic Vibrio spp. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:7314-7340. [PMID: 34390611 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio spp. thrive in warm water and moderate salinity, and they are associated with aquatic invertebrates, notably crustaceans and zooplankton. At least 12 Vibrio spp. are known to cause infection in humans, and Vibrio cholerae is well documented as the etiological agent of pandemic cholera. Pathogenic non-cholera Vibrio spp., e.g., Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus, cause gastroenteritis, septicemia, and other extra-intestinal infections. Incidence of vibriosis is rising globally, with evidence that anthropogenic factors, primarily emissions of carbon dioxide associated with atmospheric warming and more frequent and intense heatwaves, significantly influence environmental parameters, e.g., temperature, salinity, and nutrients, all of which can enhance growth of Vibrio spp. in aquatic ecosystems. It is not possible to eliminate Vibrio spp., as they are autochthonous to the aquatic environment and many play a critical role in carbon and nitrogen cycling. Risk prediction models provide an early warning that is essential for safeguarding public health. This is especially important for regions of the world vulnerable to infrastructure instability, including lack of 'water, sanitation, and hygiene' (WASH), and a less resilient infrastructure that is vulnerable to natural calamity, e.g., hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes, and/or social disruption and civil unrest, arising from war, coups, political crisis, and economic recession. Incorporating environmental, social, and behavioural parameters into such models allows improved prediction, particularly of cholera epidemics. We have reported that damage to WASH infrastructure, coupled with elevated air temperatures and followed by above average rainfall, promotes exposure of a population to contaminated water and increases the risk of an outbreak of cholera. Interestingly, global predictive risk models successful for cholera have the potential, with modification, to predict diseases caused by other clinically relevant Vibrio spp. In the research reported here, the focus was on environmental parameters associated with incidence and distribution of clinically relevant Vibrio spp. and their role in disease transmission. In addition, molecular methods designed for detection and enumeration proved useful for predictive modelling and are described, namely in the context of prediction of environmental conditions favourable to Vibrio spp., hence human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Brumfield
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Moiz Usmani
- Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kristine M Chen
- Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mayank Gangwar
- Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Antarpreet S Jutla
- Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anwar Huq
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Rita R Colwell
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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24
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Usmani M, Brumfield KD, Jamal Y, Huq A, Colwell RR, Jutla A. A Review of the Environmental Trigger and Transmission Components for Prediction of Cholera. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6030147. [PMID: 34449728 PMCID: PMC8396309 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate variables influence the occurrence, growth, and distribution of Vibrio cholerae in the aquatic environment. Together with socio-economic factors, these variables affect the incidence and intensity of cholera outbreaks. The current pandemic of cholera began in the 1960s, and millions of cholera cases are reported each year globally. Hence, cholera remains a significant health challenge, notably where human vulnerability intersects with changes in hydrological and environmental processes. Cholera outbreaks may be epidemic or endemic, the mode of which is governed by trigger and transmission components that control the outbreak and spread of the disease, respectively. Traditional cholera risk assessment models, namely compartmental susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered (SEIR) type models, have been used to determine the predictive spread of cholera through the fecal–oral route in human populations. However, these models often fail to capture modes of infection via indirect routes, such as pathogen movement in the environment and heterogeneities relevant to disease transmission. Conversely, other models that rely solely on variability of selected environmental factors (i.e., examine only triggers) have accomplished real-time outbreak prediction but fail to capture the transmission of cholera within impacted populations. Since the mode of cholera outbreaks can transition from epidemic to endemic, a comprehensive transmission model is needed to achieve timely and reliable prediction with respect to quantitative environmental risk. Here, we discuss progression of the trigger module associated with both epidemic and endemic cholera, in the context of the autochthonous aquatic nature of the causative agent of cholera, V. cholerae, as well as disease prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moiz Usmani
- Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA; (M.U.); (Y.J.); (A.J.)
| | - Kyle D. Brumfield
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (K.D.B.); (A.H.)
- University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Yusuf Jamal
- Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA; (M.U.); (Y.J.); (A.J.)
| | - Anwar Huq
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (K.D.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Rita R. Colwell
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (K.D.B.); (A.H.)
- University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Antarpreet Jutla
- Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA; (M.U.); (Y.J.); (A.J.)
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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter Species in Diarrheal Patients in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9229485. [PMID: 34395627 PMCID: PMC8357465 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9229485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter enteritis is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans worldwide including Bangladesh. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and antimicrobial-resistance status of Campylobacter spp. in human diarrheal samples collected from Surya Kanta Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. In this study, we evaluated a total of 330 clinical samples for the presence Campylobacter spp. via cultural and biochemical tests and molecular assays. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Campylobacter species was accomplished by the standard agar disc diffusion technique against eight commercially available antimicrobial agents. A pretested semistructured questionnaire was used to capture the data on socioanthropological factors from the diarrheal patients. Pearson's chi-square test was performed, and a p value of <0.05 was considered for the level of significance. Nearly one in three diarrheal patients admitted in this hospital were infected with Campylobacter spp. Overall prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was estimated to be 31.5% (104/330) that comprised the prevalence of C. jejuni, 21.8% (n = 72), and C. coli, 9.6% (n = 32). Among the positive cases, the prevalence of Campylobacter was higher in the age group 0-5 years (52%) followed by 6-18 years (42.7%), 19-40 years (34.0%), 41-60 years (25.4%), and >60 years (10.5%). Age, family level's personal hygiene, and involvement with animal husbandry were captured as potential determinants to be associated with the Campylobacter positive status. Among the isolates, 27.3% (n = 20) of C. jejuni and 31.2% (n = 10) of C. coli demonstrated as multidrug-resistant (MDR) to three or more antimicrobial agents. The present study shows that Campylobacter spp. is most prevalent among the hospital-admitted diarrheal patients, and proper measures should be taken to reduce the burden focusing on the potential determinants.
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26
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Adesiyan IM, Bisi-Johnson MA, Ogunfowokan AO, Okoh AI. Occurrence and antibiogram signatures of some Vibrio species recovered from selected rivers in South West Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:42458-42476. [PMID: 33813704 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio species, widely distributed in water environments, has emerged as a prominent cause of water and food-related disease outbreaks posing significant risk to human and animal health worldwide. About 40% of presumptive isolates recovered from four selected rivers in Southwest Nigeria and, established as Vibrio species genus through polymerase chain reaction techniques., were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing against a panel of 18 commonly used antibiotics. The relative prevalence of key Vibrio species (V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. mimicus, V. harveyi, and V. cholerae) was in the order 17%, 13.3%, 4.4%, 2.2%, and 2.2% respectively. Antibiotic resistance by all Vibrio species was mostly observed against doxycycline (71-89%), erythromycin (86-100%), tetracycline (71-89%), rifampicin (86-100%), and sulfamethoxazole (87-100%), though susceptibility to meropenem (86-100%), cephalothin (60-100%), norfloxacin (93-100%), ciprofloxacin (88-100%), amikacin (64-100%), gentamicin (57-74%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (57-81%) was equally observed in all species. Vibrio mimicus expressed highest resistance against streptomycin and chloramphenicol (64%), while V. vulnificus (52%) and V. cholerae (57%) had the highest resistance against cephalothin. High resistance against ampicillin (57%) and amoxicillin (50%) was exhibited by V. cholerae and V. mimicus respectively. Indexes of multiple antibiotic resistances (MARI) among Vibrio species ranged between 0.11 and 0.72 with the highest MAR index of 0.72 observed in one isolate of V. vulnificus. This study reveals high prevalence of Vibrio species in the selected rivers as well as elevated resistance against some first-line antibiotics, which suggests possible inappropriate antimicrobial usage around study communities. We conclude that the freshwater resources investigated are unfit for domestic, industrial, and recreational uses without treatment prior to use and are potential reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant Vibrio species in this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibukun M Adesiyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Achievers University, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria.
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun-State, 220005, Nigeria.
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.
| | | | - Aderemi O Ogunfowokan
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, The Technical University, Ibadan,, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences College of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Hoque N, Islam SKS, Uddin MN, Arif M, Haque AKMZ, Neogi SB, Hossain MM, Yamasaki S, Kabir SML. Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Molecular Detection of Campylobacter in Farmed Cattle of Selected Districts in Bangladesh. Pathogens 2021; 10:313. [PMID: 33800065 PMCID: PMC7998914 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional survey was conducted in selected districts of Bangladesh to estimate prevalence, risk factors, and molecular detection of Campylobacter isolates from 540 farmed cattle of 90 herds. As an individual sample, 540 feces, and as a pooled sample, 180 milk samples, 90 feed samples, 90 water samples, 90 manure samples, and 90 animal attendants' hand-rinse water were collected and tested via culture, biochemical, and molecular assays. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect herd-level data on risk factors with the herd owners. The herd-level data on risk factors were analyzed through univariate and multivariate analyses, and a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant for all analyses. Overall, farm-level prevalence of bovine Campylobacter was enumerated to be 53.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 42.5-63.9%). The feces sample was found to be a high level of contamination of 30.9% (95% CI: 27-35%) followed by the manure swab (pooled) at 15.6% (95% CI: 8.8-24.7%). Campylobacter jejuni was documented as an abundant species (12.6%), followed by Campylobacter coli (5.1%), and Campylobacter fetus (0.3%). Older farms (>5 years of age), no/minimum cleaning and disinfection practices, along with animal roaming outside of the farm, were documented as significant risk factors for farm-level Campylobacter occurrence. Evidence-based control measures need to be taken through stringent biosecurity and hygienic measurement to lessen the load of the Campylobacter pathogen in the farm environment and prevent further transmission to animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmul Hoque
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (N.H.); (S.S.I.); (M.N.U.); (M.A.); (A.K.M.Z.H.)
| | - SK Shaheenur Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (N.H.); (S.S.I.); (M.N.U.); (M.A.); (A.K.M.Z.H.)
| | - Md. Nasir Uddin
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (N.H.); (S.S.I.); (M.N.U.); (M.A.); (A.K.M.Z.H.)
| | - Mohammad Arif
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (N.H.); (S.S.I.); (M.N.U.); (M.A.); (A.K.M.Z.H.)
| | - A. K. M. Ziaul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (N.H.); (S.S.I.); (M.N.U.); (M.A.); (A.K.M.Z.H.)
| | - Sucharit Basu Neogi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan; (S.B.N.); (S.Y.)
| | - Md. Mehedi Hossain
- Program Specialist (Livestock), Krishi Gobeshona Foundation (KGF), Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh;
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan; (S.B.N.); (S.Y.)
| | - S. M. Lutful Kabir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (N.H.); (S.S.I.); (M.N.U.); (M.A.); (A.K.M.Z.H.)
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Nasreen T, Hussain NAS, Islam MT, Orata FD, Kirchberger PC, Case RJ, Alam M, Yanow SK, Boucher YF. Simultaneous Quantification of Vibrio metoecus and Vibrio cholerae with Its O1 Serogroup and Toxigenic Subpopulations in Environmental Reservoirs. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121053. [PMID: 33339261 PMCID: PMC7766680 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio metoecus is a recently described aquatic bacterium and opportunistic pathogen, closely related to and often coexisting with Vibrio cholerae. To study the relative abundance and population dynamics of both species in aquatic environments of cholera-endemic and cholera-free regions, we developed a multiplex qPCR assay allowing simultaneous quantification of total V. metoecus and V. cholerae (including toxigenic and O1 serogroup) cells. The presence of V. metoecus was restricted to samples from regions that are not endemic for cholera, where it was found at 20% of the abundance of V. cholerae. In this environment, non-toxigenic O1 serogroup V. cholerae represents almost one-fifth of the total V. cholerae population. In contrast, toxigenic O1 serogroup V. cholerae was also present in low abundance on the coast of cholera-endemic regions, but sustained in relatively high proportions throughout the year in inland waters. The majority of cells from both Vibrio species were recovered from particles rather than free-living, indicating a potential preference for attached versus planktonic lifestyles. This research further elucidates the population dynamics underpinning V. cholerae and its closest relative in cholera-endemic and non-endemic regions through culture-independent quantification from environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Nasreen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; (T.N.); (N.A.S.H.); (M.T.I.); (F.D.O.); (R.J.C.)
| | - Nora A. S. Hussain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; (T.N.); (N.A.S.H.); (M.T.I.); (F.D.O.); (R.J.C.)
| | - Mohammad Tarequl Islam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; (T.N.); (N.A.S.H.); (M.T.I.); (F.D.O.); (R.J.C.)
| | - Fabini D. Orata
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; (T.N.); (N.A.S.H.); (M.T.I.); (F.D.O.); (R.J.C.)
| | - Paul C. Kirchberger
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Rebecca J. Case
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; (T.N.); (N.A.S.H.); (M.T.I.); (F.D.O.); (R.J.C.)
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Munirul Alam
- Centre for Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B), Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Stephanie K. Yanow
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada;
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Yann F. Boucher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; (T.N.); (N.A.S.H.); (M.T.I.); (F.D.O.); (R.J.C.)
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
- Correspondence:
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Occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in Selected Small Scale Commercial Broiler Farms of Bangladesh Related to Good Farm Practices. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111778. [PMID: 33202712 PMCID: PMC7709009 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry origin Campylobacter is considered as one of the leading causal agents of human foodborne illness. This study was conducted to estimate the occurrence, molecular identification, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Campylobacter species from the broiler farms in Bangladesh. Samples (352) were collected from 32 farms and comprised of 128 cloacal swab, 64 feed, 64 drinking water, 64 attendants' hand rinsed water, and 32 whole carcasses. All samples were tested for the presence of Campylobacter via cultural, biochemical, and PCR. The AMR was determined via the disc diffusion method. An overall occurrence of Campylobacter spp. was estimated as 26.4%. The level of Campylobacter contamination was found to be higher in conventional farms (36.4%) than the good practice farms (16.5%) including all sample categories (p = 0.000). Of 93 isolates, 67.74% and 32.26% were confirmed as C. jejuni and C. coli respectively, of which 34.92% C. jejuni, and 30% C. coli were shown to be multidrug-resistant. A significant occurrence of Campylobacter contamination in broiler farms with multidrug resistant patterns might be cogitated as serious food safety and public health concern linking to poultry food chain. A risk reduction approach through good farming practices targeting the prudent use of antimicrobials for broiler production is thus necessitated.
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Oprea M, Njamkepo E, Cristea D, Zhukova A, Clark CG, Kravetz AN, Monakhova E, Ciontea AS, Cojocaru R, Rauzier J, Damian M, Gascuel O, Quilici ML, Weill FX. The seventh pandemic of cholera in Europe revisited by microbial genomics. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5347. [PMID: 33093464 PMCID: PMC7582136 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19185-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1970, the seventh pandemic of cholera (7 P) reached both Africa and Europe. Between 1970 and 2011, several European countries reported cholera outbreaks of a few to more than 2,000 cases. We report here a whole-genome analysis of 1,324 7 P V. cholerae El Tor (7 PET) isolates, including 172 from autochthonous sporadic or outbreak cholera cases occurring between 1970 and 2011 in Europe, providing insight into the spatial and temporal spread of this pathogen across Europe. In this work, we show that the 7 PET lineage was introduced at least eight times into two main regions: Eastern and Southern Europe. Greater recurrence of the disease was observed in Eastern Europe, where it persisted until 2011. It was introduced into this region from Southern Asia, often circulating regionally in the countries bordering the Black Sea, and in the Middle East before reaching Eastern Africa on several occasions. In Southern Europe, the disease was mostly seen in individual countries during the 1970s and was imported from North and West Africa, except in 1994, when cholera was imported into Albania and Italy from the Black Sea region. These results shed light on the geographic course of cholera during the seventh pandemic and highlight the role of humans in its global dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Oprea
- Cantacuzino National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, 050096, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elisabeth Njamkepo
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Daniela Cristea
- Cantacuzino National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, 050096, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anna Zhukova
- Unité Bioinformatique Evolutive, USR3756 (C3BI/DBC), Institut Pasteur & CNRS, Paris, France
- Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, USR3756 (C3BI/DBC), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Clifford G Clark
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MN, Canada
| | - Anatoly N Kravetz
- Kiev Research Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, Protasiv Yar Uzuiz, Ukraine
| | - Elena Monakhova
- Rostov-on-Don Research Anti-Plague Institute, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344002
| | - Adriana S Ciontea
- Cantacuzino National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, 050096, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Cojocaru
- National Centre for Public Health, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Jean Rauzier
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Maria Damian
- Cantacuzino National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, 050096, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Olivier Gascuel
- Unité Bioinformatique Evolutive, USR3756 (C3BI/DBC), Institut Pasteur & CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Quilici
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Paris, 75015, France
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Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (AST) Reports: A Basis for Environmental/Epidemiological Surveillance and Infection Control Amongst Environmental Vibrio cholerae. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165685. [PMID: 32781601 PMCID: PMC7460427 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Distribution, investigation, surveillance and control (DISC) of cholera outbreaks in endemic/non-endemic regions has been a concerted approach towards the management of the causal pathogen. Relevant organization, government, health systems and the public have implemented several steps towards controlling the menace, yet pathogen continues to occur with diverse phenotypes/genotypes of high clinical and epidemiological relevance. The study determines antibiotic susceptibility/resistance pattern of Vibrio cholerae isolates retrieved from six domestic water sources between March and August 2018. Serological and molecular typing methods (polymerase chain reaction or PCR) were used to confirm the isolates identity. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using six commonly employed antibiotics of V. cholerae according to the recommendation of Clinical Laboratory Standard and European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing with other relevant antibiotics of investigative epidemiology and infection control, employing both disc diffusion test and PCR gene detection. Samples presumptive counts ranged between 1.10 to 7.91 log10 CFU/mL. Amongst the 759 presumptive isolates retrieved, sixty-one were confirmed as V. cholerae which were further serogrouped as Non-O1/Non-O139 V. cholerae. Various V. cholerae resistant phenotypes/genoytypes were detected vis: carbapenemase (CR-Vc; 31.1%/5.3%). New Delhi Metallobetalactamase (NDM-1-Vc; 23.0%/42.5%), extended spectrum betalactamase (ESBL-Vc; 42.6%/blaTEM:86,7%), chloramphenicol resistance (62.3%/Flor: 46.2%}, tetracycline resistance (70.5%/46.7%), AmpC resistance (21.0 (34.4%/56.7%)) and various other resistant genotypes/phenotypes. It was observed that more than 50% of the confirmed V. cholerae isolates possess resistance to two or more antibiotic classes/groups with multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) ranging from 0.031 to 0.5. This observation provides necessary information and updates for surveillance, planning and implementation of control strategies for cholera. It would also encourage decision making, formulation of policy by the government and cholera control authorities.
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Hirsch N, Kappe E, Gangl A, Schwartz K, Mayer-Scholl A, Hammerl JA, Strauch E. Phenotypic and Genotypic Properties of Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 Isolates Recovered from Domestic Ducks in Germany. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081104. [PMID: 32717968 PMCID: PMC7463538 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 bacteria are natural inhabitants of aquatic ecosystems and have been sporadically associated with human infections. They mostly lack the two major virulence factors of toxigenic V. cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 strains, which are the causative agent of cholera. Non-O1, non-O139 strains are found in water bodies, sediments, and in association with other aquatic organisms. Occurrence of these bacteria in fecal specimens of waterfowl were reported, and migratory birds likely contribute to the long-distance transfer of strains. We investigated four V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139 isolates for phenotypic traits and by whole genome sequencing (WGS). The isolates were recovered from organs of domestic ducks with serious disease symptoms. WGS data revealed only a distant genetic relationship between all isolates. The isolates harbored a number of virulence factors found in most V. cholerae strains. Specific virulence factors of non-O1, non-O139 strains, such as the type III secretion system (TTSS) or cholix toxin, were observed. An interesting observation is that all isolates possess multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin toxins (MARTX) closely related to the MARTX of toxigenic El Tor O1 strains. Different primary sequences of the abundant OmpU proteins could indicate a significant role of this virulence factor. Phenotypic characteristics such as hemolysis and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) were studied. Three isolates showed susceptibility to a number of tested antimicrobials, and one strain possessed AMR genes located in an integron. Knowledge of the environmental occurrence of V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139 in Germany is limited. The source of the infection of the ducks is currently unknown. In the context of the ‘One Health’ concept, it is desirable to study the ecology of V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139, as it cannot be excluded that the isolates possess zoonotic potential and could cause infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Hirsch
- Tiergesundheitsdienst Bayern, Bavarian Animal Health Service, 85586 Poing, Germany; (N.H.); (E.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Eva Kappe
- Tiergesundheitsdienst Bayern, Bavarian Animal Health Service, 85586 Poing, Germany; (N.H.); (E.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Armin Gangl
- Tiergesundheitsdienst Bayern, Bavarian Animal Health Service, 85586 Poing, Germany; (N.H.); (E.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Keike Schwartz
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany; (K.S.); (A.M.-S.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Anne Mayer-Scholl
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany; (K.S.); (A.M.-S.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Jens Andre Hammerl
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany; (K.S.); (A.M.-S.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Eckhard Strauch
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany; (K.S.); (A.M.-S.); (J.A.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Neogi SB, Islam MM, Islam SKS, Akhter AHMT, Sikder MMH, Yamasaki S, Kabir SML. Risk of multi-drug resistant Campylobacter spp. and residual antimicrobials at poultry farms and live bird markets in Bangladesh. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:278. [PMID: 32293315 PMCID: PMC7158023 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding potential risks of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens from the booming poultry sector is a crucial public health concern. Campylobacter spp. are among the most important zoonotic pathogens associated with MDR infections in poultry and human. This study systematically examined potential risks and associated socio-environmental factors of MDR Campylobacter spp. in poultry farms and live bird markets (LBMs) of Bangladesh. METHODS Microbial culture and PCR-based methods were applied to examine the occurrence and MDR patterns of Campylobacter spp. in potential sources (n = 224) at 7 hatcheries, 9 broiler farms and 4 LBMs in three sub-districts. Antimicrobial residues in broiler meat and liver samples (n = 50) were detected by advanced chromatographic techniques. A questionnaire based cross-sectional survey was conducted on socio-environmental factors. RESULTS Overall, 32% (71/ 224) samples were found contaminated with Campylobacter spp. In poultry farms, Campylobacter spp. was primarily found in cloacal swab (21/49, 43%), followed by drinking water (8/24, 33%), and meat (8/28, 29%) samples of broilers. Remarkably, at LBMs, Campylobacter spp. was detected in higher prevalence (p < 0.05) in broiler meat (14/26, 54%), which could be related (p < 0.01) to bacterial contamination of drinking water (11/21, 52%) and floor (9/21, 43%). Campylobacter isolates, one from each of 71 positive samples, were differentiated into Campylobacter jejuni (66%) and Campylobacter coli (34%). Alarmingly, 49 and 42% strains of C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively, were observed as MDR, i.e., resistant to three or more antimicrobials, including, tetracycline, amoxicillin, streptomycin, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides. Residual antimicrobials (oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin) were detected in majority of broiler liver (79%) and meat (62%) samples, among which 33 and 19%, respectively, had concentration above acceptable limit. Inadequate personal and environmental hygiene, unscrupulously use of antimicrobials, improper waste disposal, and lack of health surveillance were distinguishable risk factors, with local diversity and compound influences on MDR pathogens. CONCLUSION Potential contamination sources and anthropogenic factors associated with the alarming occurrence of MDR Campylobacter, noted in this study, would aid in developing interventions to minimize the increasing risks of poultry-associated MDR pathogens under 'One Health' banner that includes poultry, human and environment perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucharit Basu Neogi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Md Mehedul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - S K Shaheenur Islam
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Farmgate, Dhaka, 1215, Bangladesh
| | - A H M Taslima Akhter
- FAO-Food Safety Program (FSP), Institute of Public Health, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1215, Bangladesh
| | | | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - S M Lutful Kabir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
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Alternative observational designs to estimate the effectiveness of one dose of oral cholera vaccine in Lusaka, Zambia. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 148:e78. [PMID: 32167038 PMCID: PMC7163804 DOI: 10.1017/s095026882000062x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a matched case-control (MCC), test-negative case-control (TNCC) and case-cohort study in 2016 in Lusaka, Zambia, following a mass vaccination campaign. Confirmed cholera cases served as cases in all three study designs. In the TNCC, control-subjects were cases with negative cholera culture and polymerase chain reaction results. Matched controls by age and sex were selected among neighbours of the confirmed cases in the MCC study. For the case-cohort study, we recruited a cohort of randomly selected individuals living in areas considered at-risk of cholera. We recruited 211 suspected cases (66 confirmed cholera cases and 145 non-cholera diarrhoea cases), 1055 matched controls and a cohort of 921. Adjusted vaccine effectiveness of one dose of oral cholera vaccine (OCV) was 88.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 42.7–97.8) in the MCC study, 80.2% (95% CI: 16.9–95.3) in the TNCC design and 89.4% (95% CI: 64.6–96.9) in the case-cohort study. Three study designs confirmed the short-term effectiveness of single dose OCV. Major healthcare-seeking behaviour bias did not appear to affect our estimates. Most of the protection among vaccinated individuals could be attributed to the direct effect of the vaccine.
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Osawa K, Shigemura K, Kitagawa K, Kuntaman K, Mertaniasih NM, Setyarini W, Arizandy D, Rahadjo D, Osawa R, Shirakawa T, Fujisawa M. Difference of Phenotype and Genotype Between Human and Environmental: Isolated Vibrio cholerae in Surabaya, Indonesia. Indian J Microbiol 2020; 60:230-238. [PMID: 32255856 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-020-00861-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera due to Vibrio cholerae has been spreading worldwide, although the reports focusing on Indonesian V. cholerae are few. In this study, in order to investigate how V. cholerae transmitted to human from environment. We extended an epidemiological report that had investigated the genotype of V. cholerae isolated from human pediatric samples and environmental samples. We examined 44 strains of V. cholerae isolated from pediatric diarrhea patients and the environment such as shrimps or oysters collected in three adjacent towns in Surabaya, Indonesia. Susceptibilities were examined for 11 antibiotics. Serotype O1 or O139 genes and pathogenic genes including cholera toxin were detected. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR were also performed to determine genetic diversity of those isolates. Serotype O1 was seen in 17 strains (38.6%) with all pathogenic genes among 44 isolates. Other isolates were non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae. Regarding antibiotic susceptibilities, those isolates from environmental samples showed resistance to ampicillin (11.4%), streptomycin (9.1%) and nalidixic acid (2.3%) but those isolates from pediatric stools showed no resistance to those 3 kinds of antibiotics. MLST revealed sequence type (ST) 69 in 17 strains (38.6%), ST198 in 3 strains (6.8%) and non-types in 24 strains (54.5%). All the ST69 strains were classified to O1 type with more than 95% similarity by ERIC-PCR, including all 6 (13.6%) isolates from environmental samples with resistance to streptomycin. In conclusion, V. cholerae O1 ST69 strains has been clonally spreading in Surabaya, exhibiting pathogenic factors and antibiotic resistance to streptomycin, especially in the isolates from environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Osawa
- 1Department of Medical Technology, Kobe Tokiwa University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsumi Shigemura
- 2Department of International Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- 3Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-Cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
| | - Koichi Kitagawa
- 2Department of International Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- 4Division of Translational Research for Biologics, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- 5Department of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - K Kuntaman
- 6Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ni Made Mertaniasih
- 6Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Wahyu Setyarini
- 7Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dita Arizandy
- 7Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dadik Rahadjo
- 8Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ro Osawa
- 9Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshiro Shirakawa
- 2Department of International Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- 3Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-Cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
- 4Division of Translational Research for Biologics, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- 5Department of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masato Fujisawa
- 3Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-Cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017 Japan
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Hackbusch S, Wichels A, Gimenez L, Döpke H, Gerdts G. Potentially human pathogenic Vibrio spp. in a coastal transect: Occurrence and multiple virulence factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:136113. [PMID: 31864001 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An increase in human Vibrio spp. infections has been linked to climate change related events, in particular to seawater warming and heatwaves. However, there is a distinct lack of research of pathogenic Vibrio spp. occurrences in the temperate North Sea, one of the fastest warming seas globally. Particularly in the German Bight, Vibrio investigations are still scarce. This study focuses on the spatio-temporal quantification and pathogenic characterization of V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus and V. cholerae over the course of 14 months. Species-specific MPN-PCR (Most probable number - polymerase chain reaction) conducted on selectively enriched surface water samples revealed seasonal patterns of all three species with increased abundances during summer months. The extended period of warm seawater coincided with prolonged Vibrio spp. occurrences in the German Bight. Temperature and nitrite were the factors explaining variations in Vibrio spp. abundances after generalized additive mixed models. The specific detection of pathogenic markers via PCR revealed trh-positive V. parahaemolyticus, pathogenic V. vulnificus (nanA, manIIA, PRXII) and V. cholerae serotype O139 presence. Additionally, spatio-temporally varying virulence profiles of V. cholerae with multiple accessory virulence-associated genes, such as the El Tor variant hemolysin (hlyAET), acyltransferase of the repeats-in-toxin cluster (rtxC), Vibrio 7th pandemic island II (VSP-II), Type III Secretion System (TTSS) and the Cholix Toxin (chxA) were detected. Overall, this study highlights that environmental human pathogenic Vibrio spp. comprise a reservoir of virulence-associated genes in the German Bight, especially in estuarine regions. Due to their known vast genetic plasticity, we point to the possible emergence of highly pathogenic V. cholerae strains. Particularly, the presence of V. cholerae serotype O139 is unusual and needs urgent continuous surveillance. Given the predictions of further warming and more frequent heatwave events, human pathogenic Vibrio spp. should be seriously considered as a developing risk to human health in the German Bight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidika Hackbusch
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Kurpromenade 201, 27498 Helgoland, Germany.
| | - Antje Wichels
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Kurpromenade 201, 27498 Helgoland, Germany
| | - Luis Gimenez
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Kurpromenade 201, 27498 Helgoland, Germany; School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, LL50 5AB Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK
| | - Hilke Döpke
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Kurpromenade 201, 27498 Helgoland, Germany
| | - Gunnar Gerdts
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Kurpromenade 201, 27498 Helgoland, Germany
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Taneja N, Mishra A, Batra N, Gupta P, Mahindroo J, Mohan B. Inland cholera in freshwater environs of north India. Vaccine 2020; 38 Suppl 1:A63-A72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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38
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Villicaña C, Amarillas L, Soto-Castro L, Gómez-Gil B, Lizárraga-Partida ML, León-Félix J. Occurrence and Abundance of Pathogenic Vibrio Species in Raw Oysters at Retail Seafood Markets in Northwestern Mexico. J Food Prot 2019; 82:2094-2099. [PMID: 31724880 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Seafood has frequently been associated with foodborne illness because pathogens are easily introduced during seafood cultivation, handling, and processing. Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae are human pathogens that cause gastroenteritis and cholera, respectively, and Vibrio vulnificus can cause fatal wound infections and septicemia. However, information about the occurrence of these pathogens in oysters from the Pacific coast of Mexico is limited to V. parahaemolyticus. In the present study, we evaluated the presence and abundance of these three Vibrio species in 68 raw oysters (Crassostrea corteziensis) obtained from retail seafood markets in Sinaloa, Mexico. The most probable number (MPN)-PCR assay was used for amplification of the tlh (thermolabile hemolysin), ompW (outer membrane protein), and vvhA (hemolytic cytolysin) genes that are specific to V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae, and V. vulnificus, respectively. All oyster samples were positive for at least one Vibrio species. V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae, and V. vulnificus prevalences were 77.9, 8.8, and 32.3% overall, respectively, and most species were present in all sample periods with increased prevalence in period 3. The tdh (thermostable direct hemolysin) gene was detected in 30.1%, trh (TDH-related hemolysin) was detected in 3.7%, and tdh/trh was detected in 7.5% of the total tlh-positive samples (53 of 68), whereas the pandemic serotype O3:K6 (orf8 positive) was detected in only 1 sample (1.8%). The total prevalence of tdh and/or trh was 41.5%. In none of the samples positive for V. cholerae were the cholera toxin (ctxA) and cholix (chxA) toxigenic genes or the rfb gene encoding the O1 and O139 antigens amplified, suggesting the presence of non-O1 non-O139 V. cholerae strains. Our results clearly indicated a high prevalence of pathogenic Vibrio species in raw oysters from retail seafood markets in Mexico. Consumption of these raw oysters carries the potential risk of foodborne illness, which can be limited by cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Villicaña
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD), A. C.,National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT), Carretera Eldorado Km. 5.5, Apartado Postal 32-A, C. P. 80110, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México (ORCID: https:/orcid.org/0000-0003-3755-881X [J.L.-F.])
| | - Luis Amarillas
- Laboratorio de Genética, Instituto de Investigación Lightbourn, A. C. Carretera Las Pampas Km. 2.5, Col. Tierra y Libertad, C.P. 33980, Ciudad Jiménez, Chihuahua 33981, México
| | | | - Bruno Gómez-Gil
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD), A. C. Unit for Aquaculture, A.P. 711 Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82000, México
| | - Marcial Leonardo Lizárraga-Partida
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada 3918, Fraccionamiento Zona Playitas, 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, México
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Cabrini M, Cerino F, de Olazabal A, Di Poi E, Fabbro C, Fornasaro D, Goruppi A, Flander-Putrle V, Francé J, Gollasch S, Hure M, Lipej L, Lučić D, Magaletti E, Mozetič P, Tinta T, Tornambè A, Turk V, Uhan J, David M. Potential transfer of aquatic organisms via ballast water with a particular focus on harmful and non-indigenous species: A survey from Adriatic ports. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 147:16-35. [PMID: 29454492 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ballast water discharges may cause negative impacts to aquatic ecosystems, human health and economic activities by the introduction of potentially harmful species. Fifty untreated ballast water tanks, ten in each port, were sampled in four Adriatic Italian ports and one Slovenian port. Salinity, temperature and fluorescence were measured on board. Faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), phyto- and zooplankton were qualitatively and quantitatively determined to identify the species assemblage arriving in ballast water. FIB exceeded the convention standard limits in 12% of the sampled tanks. Vibrio cholerae was not detected. The number of viable organisms in the size groups (minimum dimension) <50 and ≥10 μm and ≥50 μm resulted above the abundances required from the Ballast Water Management Convention in 55 and 86% of the samples, respectively. This is not surprising as unmanaged ballast waters were sampled. Some potentially toxic and non-indigenous species were observed in both phyto- and zooplankton assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cabrini
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, (OGS), Section of Oceanography, Via A. Piccard 54, 34151 Trieste, Italy.
| | - F Cerino
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, (OGS), Section of Oceanography, Via A. Piccard 54, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - A de Olazabal
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, (OGS), Section of Oceanography, Via A. Piccard 54, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - E Di Poi
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, (OGS), Section of Oceanography, Via A. Piccard 54, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - C Fabbro
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, (OGS), Section of Oceanography, Via A. Piccard 54, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - D Fornasaro
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, (OGS), Section of Oceanography, Via A. Piccard 54, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - A Goruppi
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, (OGS), Section of Oceanography, Via A. Piccard 54, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - V Flander-Putrle
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station Piran, Fornace 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - J Francé
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station Piran, Fornace 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - S Gollasch
- Gollasch Consulting (GoConsult), Grosse Brunnenstrasse 61, 22763 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Hure
- University of Dubrovnik, Institute for Marine and Coastal Research, Dubrovnik, Croatia
| | - L Lipej
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station Piran, Fornace 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - D Lučić
- University of Dubrovnik, Institute for Marine and Coastal Research, Dubrovnik, Croatia
| | - E Magaletti
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Via Vitaliano Brancati, 48, 00144 Roma, Italy
| | - P Mozetič
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station Piran, Fornace 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - T Tinta
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station Piran, Fornace 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - A Tornambè
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Via Vitaliano Brancati, 48, 00144 Roma, Italy
| | - V Turk
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station Piran, Fornace 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - J Uhan
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station Piran, Fornace 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia; Vina Gorica 17, 8210 Trebnje, Slovenia
| | - M David
- Dr.Matej David Consult d.o.o., Korte 13 e, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
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Zeb S, Shah MA, Yasir M, Awan HM, Prommeenate P, Klanchui A, Wren BW, Thomson N, Bokhari H. Type III secretion system confers enhanced virulence in clinical non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae. Microb Pathog 2019; 135:103645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Gao X, Miao Z, Li X, Chen N, Gu W, Liu X, Yang H, Wei W, Zhang X. Pathogenicity of non-O1/ O139 Vibrio cholerae and its induced immune response in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:300-307. [PMID: 31202968 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of mass mortalities occurred in Macrobrachium rosenbergii farms in Gaoyou county, Jiangsu Province of China. The bacterial isolates from M. rosenbergii exhibited the same phenotypic traits and biochemical characteristics, and were identified as non-O1/O139 Vibrio cholerae according to biochemical characteristics and molecular identification. In challenge test, M. rosenbergii infected with non-O1/O139 V. cholerae GXFL1-4 developed similar pathological signs to the naturally diseased prawns, and LD50 of the strain to M. rosenbergii was 4.5 × 106 CFU/mL at 96 h post-infection. Histopathological analysis revealed that hepatopancreas and intestines of diseased M. rosenbergii exhibited obvious inflammatory responses to non-O1/O139 V. cholerae infection. Detection virulence factors of the strain GXFL1-4 showed that the bacteria produced caseinase, lipase, amylase, lecithinase and hemolysin, and carried toxR, hlyA, ompW, ompU, hap, rtxA and rtxC virulence related genes, supporting the strong virulence to M. rosenbergii. Additionally, the immune related gene expression in M. rosenbergii evaluated by qRT-PCR analysis showed that HSP70, Crustin, Lysozyme, TRL1, ALF1, Lectin, Peroxinectin, proPO and SOD immune related genes were significantly up-regulated at 6 and 12 h after infection with GXFL1-4. The results of our study suggested that non-O1/O139 V. cholerae was an etiological element in the mass mortalities of M. rosenbergii and this study provided preliminary insights into the diversity in the immune response of M. rosenbergii to the bacterial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhen Miao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xixi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Nan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wenwen Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wanhong Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Fernández-Rendón CL, Barrera-Escorcia G, Wong-Chang I, Vázquez Botello A, Gómez-Gil B, Lizárraga-Partida ML. Toxigenic V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus in oysters from the Gulf of Mexico and sold in Mexico City. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2019; 29:430-440. [PMID: 30479158 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1548696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oysters can accumulate potentially pathogenic bacteria, such as Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus. The aim of this study was to detect the presence of these Vibrio species and their toxigenic variants in oysters from the Gulf of Mexico sold in Mexico City. Oyster samples were studied using traditional culture and molecular polymerase chain reaction analysis. V. cholerae was present in 30.4% of the samples and its toxigenic variant chxA+ in 26.1%. It was isolated only in deshelled oysters, mainly in the dry season. V. parahaemolyticus was present in 95.7% of the samples and the toxigenic variant was found in 17.4%. V. vulnificus was identified in 60.9% of the samples, 38% of which corresponded to the environmental genotype and 21.7% to the clinical genotype, mainly in the cold season. Consumption of the oysters analyzed poses health risks due to the presence of Vibrio species, especially in deshelled oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irma Wong-Chang
- b Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Alfonso Vázquez Botello
- b Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Bruno Gómez-Gil
- c Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C , Mazatlán , Mexico
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Saha S, Halder M, Mookerjee S, Palit A. Seasonal influence, enteropathogenic microbial load and diarrhoeal enigma in the Gangetic Delta, India: Present scenario and health implications. J Infect Public Health 2019; 12:540-548. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Bénard AHM, Guenou E, Fookes M, Ateudjieu J, Kasambara W, Siever M, Rebaudet S, Boncy J, Adrien P, Piarroux R, Sack DA, Thomson N, Debes AK. Whole genome sequence of Vibrio cholerae directly from dried spotted filter paper. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007330. [PMID: 31145741 PMCID: PMC6559667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Global estimates for cholera annually approximate 4 million cases worldwide with 95,000 deaths. Recent outbreaks, including Haiti and Yemen, are reminders that cholera is still a global health concern. Cholera outbreaks can rapidly induce high death tolls by overwhelming the capacity of health facilities, especially in remote areas or areas of civil unrest. Recent studies demonstrated that stool specimens preserved on filter paper facilitate molecular analysis of Vibrio cholerae in resource limited settings. Specimens preserved in a rapid, low-cost, safe and sustainable manner for sequencing provides previously unavailable data about circulating cholera strains. This may ultimately contribute new information to shape public policy response on cholera control and elimination. Methodology/Principal findings Whole genome sequencing (WGS) recovered close to a complete sequence of the V. cholerae O1 genome with satisfactory genome coverage from stool specimens enriched in alkaline peptone water (APW) and V. cholerae culture isolates, both spotted on filter paper. The minimum concentration of V. cholerae DNA sufficient to produce quality genomic information was 0.02 ng/μL. The genomic data confirmed the presence or absence of genes of epidemiological interest, including cholera toxin and pilus loci. WGS identified a variety of diarrheal pathogens from APW-enriched specimen spotted filter paper, highlighting the potential for this technique to explore the gut microbiome, potentially identifying co-infections, which may impact the severity of disease. WGS demonstrated that these specimens fit within the current global cholera phylogenetic tree, identifying the strains as the 7th pandemic El Tor. Conclusions WGS results allowed for mapping of short reads from APW-enriched specimen and culture isolate spotted filter papers. This provided valuable molecular epidemiological sequence information on V. cholerae strains from remote, low-resource settings. These results identified the presence of co-infecting pathogens while providing rare insight into the specific V. cholerae strains causing outbreaks in cholera-endemic areas. Cholera affects more than 4 million people globally every year; people predominantly living in poverty or in resource-constrained conditions including political crises or natural disasters. Cholera’s typical presentation is characterized by rapid onset of acute watery diarrhea and vomiting which can progress from watery stool to shock in as little as four hours. Laboratory conditions needed for culture confirmation and strain preservation are rarely to never present in these affected areas. In fact, many cholera endemic areas in Sub-Saharan African are so remote that even treatment response alone is often challenging. Here we present the genomic analysis of DNA extracted from dried filter paper, which is a low-cost, low-tech and sustainable method. Previously this method has facilitated cholera confirmation by PCR, but we demonstrate that this method is also suitable for whole genome sequencing and subsequent strain characterization by presenting the analysis of samples from an outbreak in a remote area of Cameroon. This method will facilitate the understanding of the molecular epidemiology in cholera-prone areas, which were previously too challenging to attempt. It also introduces a method that can be used on a broader scale for diarrheal disease surveillance, including providing a window into co-infection and microbiome analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Etienne Guenou
- M.A. SANTE (Meilleur Accès aux Soins de Santé), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Maria Fookes
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome campus, Hinxton United Kingdom
| | - Jerome Ateudjieu
- M.A. SANTE (Meilleur Accès aux Soins de Santé), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon Dschang Cameroon
- Clinical Research Unit, Division of Health Operations Research, Ministry of Public Health, N°8, quartier du Lac (Yaoundé III), Cameroon
| | | | - Matthew Siever
- John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stanislas Rebaudet
- Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Marseille, France
- Hôpital Européen, Marseille, France
| | - Jacques Boncy
- National Laboratory of Public Health in Haiti (LNSP), Ministry of Public Health and Population, Haiti
| | - Paul Adrien
- Directorate for Epidemiology, Laboratory and Research, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Haiti
| | - Renaud Piarroux
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre-Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, APHP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - David A. Sack
- John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Thomson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome campus, Hinxton United Kingdom
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda K. Debes
- John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Effectiveness of oral cholera vaccine in preventing cholera among fishermen in Lake Chilwa, Malawi: A case-control study. Vaccine 2019; 37:3668-3676. [PMID: 31133470 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to a cholera outbreak among mobile, difficult-to-reach fishermen on Lake Chilwa, Malawi in 2016, a novel vaccine distribution strategy exploited the proven vaccine thermostability. Fishermen, while taking the first vaccine dose under supervision, received the second dose in a sealed bag, and were told to drink it two weeks later. This study assessed short-term vaccine protection of this strategy. METHODS Patients with diarrhoea admitted to health facilities around lake were interviewed and a stool sample collected for PCR testing. Vaccine effectiveness was assessed in a case-control test-negative design by comparing cases (PCR-positive for V. cholerae O1) and controls (patients with diarrhoea but PCR-negative) and with the screening method that compared the proportions of vaccinated among cholera cases versus the general fishermen population. RESULTS Of 145 study participants, 120 were fishermen living on the lake. Vaccine effectiveness at three-months was 90.0% [95%CI:38.8;98.4] among fishermen and 83.3% [95%CI: 20.8; 96.5] among all participants in the case-control test-negative design, and 97.5% [95%CI: 90.9;99.3] with the screening method. CONCLUSION This strategy was effective in providing short-term protection in fishermen against cholera. Further research is needed to determine the adding value of the second dose and to identify the optimal vaccination strategies for different contexts.
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Izumiya H, Morita M, Arakawa E, Ngo TC, Nguyen HT, Nguyen DT, Ohnishi M. Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 45:65-67. [PMID: 31082474 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay was developed. It was designed for recognizing Vibrio cholerae O1/O139, where atpA, rfbN, and wfbR genes were adopted. The assay specifically detected the target with sensitivities of 5-67 copies per reaction in 1 h. The assay will aid rapid detection of the cholera bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemasa Izumiya
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masatomo Morita
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Arakawa
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tuan Cuong Ngo
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hoai Thu Nguyen
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Dong Tu Nguyen
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Development of a specific cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) gene (Eacdt)-based PCR assay for the detection of Escherichia albertii. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 95:119-124. [PMID: 31272742 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many Escherichia albertii isolates, an emerging pathogen of human and birds, might have been misidentified due to the difficulty of differentiating this bacterium from Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. by routine biochemical tests, resulting in underestimation of E. albertii infections. We have developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay that targets E. albertii cytolethal distending toxin (Eacdt) genes, which include the genes previously identified as Escherichia coli cdt-II. This assay could generate a single 449-bp PCR product in each of 67 confirmed E. albertii strains but failed to produce PCR product from any of the tested non-E. albertii enteric strains belonging to 37 different species, indicating 100% sensitivity and specificity of the PCR assay. The detection limit was 10 CFU per PCR tube and could detect 105 CFU E. albertii per gram of spiked healthy human stool. The Eacdt gene-based PCR could be useful for simple, rapid, and accurate detection and identification of E. albertii.
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Awasthi SP, Chowdhury N, Neogi SB, Hinenoya A, Hatanaka N, Chowdhury G, Ramamurthy T, Yamasaki S. Development of a multiplex PCR assay for the detection of major virulence genes in Vibrio cholerae including non-O1 and non-O139 serogroups. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 157:54-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Novel Cholera Toxin Variant and ToxT Regulon in Environmental Vibrio mimicus Isolates: Potential Resources for the Evolution of Vibrio cholerae Hybrid Strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01977-18. [PMID: 30446560 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01977-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical El Tor strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 harboring variant ctxB genes of cholera toxin (CT) have gradually become a major cause of recent cholera epidemics. Vibrio mimicus occasionally produces CT, encoded by ctxAB on CTXФ genome; toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP), a major intestinal colonization factor; and also the CTXФ-specific receptor. This study carried out extensive molecular characterization of CTXФ and ToxT regulon in V. mimicus ctx-positive (ctx +) strains (i.e., V. mimicus strains containing ctx) isolated from the Bengal coast. Southern hybridization, PCR, and DNA sequencing of virulence-related genes revealed the presence of an El Tor type CTX prophage (CTXET) carrying a novel ctxAB, tandem copies of environmental type pre-CTX prophage (pre-CTXEnv), and RS1 elements, which were organized as an RS1-CTXET-RS1-pre-CTXEnv-pre-CTXEnv array. Additionally, novel variants of tcpA and toxT, respectively, showing phylogenetic lineage to a clade of V. cholerae non-O1 and to a clade of V. cholerae non-O139, were identified. The V. mimicus strains lacked the RTX (repeat in toxin) and TLC (toxin-linked cryptic) elements and lacked Vibrio seventh-pandemic islands of the El Tor strains but contained five heptamer (TTTTGAT) repeats in ctxAB promoter region similar to those seen with some classical strains of V. cholerae O1. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis showed that all the ctx + V. mimicus strains were clonally related. However, their in vitro CT production and in vivo toxigenicity characteristics were variable, which could be explainable by differential transcription of virulence genes along with the ToxR regulon. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that environmental V. mimicus strains act as a potential reservoir of atypical virulence factors, including variant CT and ToxT regulons, and may contribute to the evolution of V. cholerae hybrid strains.IMPORTANCE Natural diversification of CTXФ and ctxAB genes certainly influences disease severity and shifting patterns in major etiological agents of cholera, e.g., the overwhelming emergence of hybrid El Tor variants, replacing the prototype El Tor strains of V. cholerae This report, showing the occurrence of CTXET comprising a novel variant of ctxAB in V. mimicus, points out a previously unnoticed evolutionary event that is independent of the evolutionary event associated with the El Tor strains of V. cholerae Identification and cluster analysis of the newly discovered alleles of tcpA and toxT suggest their horizontal transfer from an uncommon clone of V. cholerae The genomic contents of ToxT regulon and of tandemly arranged multiple pre-CTXФEnv and of a CTXФET in V. mimicus probably act as salient raw materials that induce natural recombination among the hallmark virulence genes of hybrid V. cholerae strains. This report provides valuable information to enrich our knowledge on the evolution of new variant CT and ToxT regulons.
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López Hernández K, Pardío Sedas V, Rodríguez Dehaibes S, Suárez Valencia V, Rivas Mozo I, Martínez Herrera D, Flores Primo A, Uscanga Serrano R. Improved Microbial Safety of Direct Ozone-Depurated Shellstock Eastern Oysters ( Crassostrea virginica) by Superchilled Storage. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2802. [PMID: 30524405 PMCID: PMC6262401 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of superchilled storage at -1°C on the microbial safety of oyster depurated with 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/L ozone was studied for 14 days. Fecal coliforms (4,100–16,000 MPN/100 g), Escherichia coli (1,500–3,650 MPN/100 g), Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 (13.0–102.0 MPN/g), and Salmonella spp. (2.270–3.035 × 103 CFU/g) were initially present in raw oysters. After 6 h depuration, fecal coliform counts decreased (P < 0.05) to 300, 20 and 20 MPN/100 g for 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/L treatments, while a 0.3 log decrease in control oysters was observed. Initial E. coli counts decreased (P < 0.05) in oysters to 50, 20, and 20 MPN/100 g for 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/L treatments, respectively. A 1 log reduction in V. cholerae non-O1/non-139 levels were observed in 0.4 and 0.6 mg/L-treatments after 2 and 4 h depuration. Salmonella spp. was not detected in oyster samples after 6 h depuration in 0.4 and 0.6 mg/L-ozone treatments. Considering the bacterial loads after depuration, at the end of superchilled storage the 0.4 mg/L-ozonated oysters attained lower (P < 0.05) fecal coliform levels (280 MPN/100 g) and E. coli counts in 0.4 and 0.6 mg/L-ozonated oysters (20 and 95 MPN/100 g, respectively). A 2-log decrease in V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 levels on day 5 in 0.4 and 0.6 mg/L-ozonated oysters (< 0.3 MPN/g) was attained. V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 counts in control oysters decreased 1 log on day 9 of superchilled storage. Salmonella spp. was not detected in ozonated and superchilled stored oysters. Levels of fecal coliforms, E. coli, Salmonella spp., and V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 in non-ozone depurated oyster samples were higher than in control, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/L ozonated oyster samples during superchilled storage. The cumulative mortality rates after 14 days of storage for superchilled oysters (22.2%) was higher (P < 0.05) than 0.6 mg/L O3 (7.2%) and 0.4 mg/L O3 (5.8%) treatments, and control oysters (5.6%). pH values in control oysters decreased significantly (P < 0.05) throughout the storage period but not in oysters of both ozone treatments, indicating no detrimental effects on oyster survival. The results of this study suggest that superchilled storage enables ozonated shellstock oysters (0.4 mg/L-6 h) stored for 9 days to be safe human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla López Hernández
- Doctorate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Violeta Pardío Sedas
- Doctorate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Sóstenes Rodríguez Dehaibes
- Doctorate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | | | - Isaura Rivas Mozo
- Doctorate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - David Martínez Herrera
- Doctorate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Argel Flores Primo
- Doctorate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Roxana Uscanga Serrano
- Doctorate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
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