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Chai R, Ye Z, Xue W, Shi S, Wei Y, Hu Y, Wu H. Tanshinone IIA inhibits cardiomyocyte pyroptosis through TLR4/NF-κB p65 pathway after acute myocardial infarction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1252942. [PMID: 37766966 PMCID: PMC10520722 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1252942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tanshinone IIA, derived from Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge), constitutes a significant component of this traditional Chinese medicine. Numerous studies have reported positive outcomes regarding its influence on cardiac function. However, a comprehensive comprehension of the intricate mechanisms responsible for its cardioprotective effects is still lacking. Methods: A rat model of heart failure (HF) induced by acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was established via ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Rats received oral administration of tanshinone IIA (1.5 mg/kg) and captopril (10 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. Cardiac function was assessed through various evaluations. Histological changes in myocardial tissue were observed using staining techniques, including Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE), Masson, and transmission electron microscopy. Tunel staining was used to detect cell apoptosis. Serum levels of NT-pro-BNP, IL-1β, and IL-18 were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expression levels of TLR4, NF-κB p65, and pyroptosis-related proteins were determined via western blotting (WB). H9C2 cardiomyocytes underwent hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) to simulate ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, and cell viability and apoptosis were assessed post treatment with different tanshinone IIA concentrations (0.05 μg/ml, 0.1 μg/ml). ELISA measured IL-1β, IL-18, and LDH expression in the cell supernatant, while WB analysis evaluated TLR4, NF-κB p65, and pyroptosis-related protein levels. NF-κB p65 protein nuclear translocation was observed using laser confocal microscopy. Results: Tanshinone IIA treatment exhibited enhanced cardiac function, mitigated histological cardiac tissue damage, lowered serum levels of NT-pro-BNP, IL-1β, and IL-18, and suppressed myocardial cell apoptosis. Moreover, tanshinone IIA downregulated the expression of TLR4, NF-κB p65, IL-1β, pro-IL-1β, NLRP3, Caspase-1, and GSDMD-N pyroptosis-related proteins in myocardial tissue. Additionally, it bolstered H/R H9C2 cardiomyocyte viability, curbed cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and reduced the levels of TLR4, NF-κB p65, IL-1β, pro-IL-1β, NLRP3, Caspase-1, and GSDMD-N pyroptosis-related proteins in H/R H9C2 cells. Furthermore, it hindered NF-κB p65 protein nuclear translocation. Conclusion: These findings indicate that tanshinone IIA enhances cardiac function and alleviates myocardial injury in HF rats following AMI. Moreover, tanshinone IIA demonstrates potential suppression of cardiomyocyte pyroptosis. These effects likely arise from the inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway, presenting a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yi Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanhui Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huaqin Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Interdonato L, Impellizzeri D, D’Amico R, Cordaro M, Siracusa R, D’Agostino M, Genovese T, Gugliandolo E, Crupi R, Fusco R, Cuzzocrea S, Di Paola R. Modulation of TLR4/NFκB Pathways in Autoimmune Myocarditis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1507. [PMID: 37627502 PMCID: PMC10451772 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory and oxidative disorder characterized by immune cell recruitment in the damaged tissue and organ dysfunction. In this paper, we evaluated the molecular pathways involved in myocarditis using a natural compound, Coriolus versicolor, in an experimental model of autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). Animals were immunized with an emulsion of pig cardiac myosin and complete Freund's adjuvant supplemented with mycobacterium tuberculosis; thereafter, Coriolus versicolor (200 mg/Kg) was orally administered for 21 days. At the end of the experiment, blood pressure and heart rate measurements were recorded and the body and heart weights as well. From the molecular point of view, the Coriolus versicolor administration reduced the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-2) and restored the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10). These anti-inflammatory effects were accompanied with a reduced lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels and restored the antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and CAT) and GSH levels. Additionally, it reduced the histological injury and the immune cell recruitment (CD4+ and CD68+ cells). Moreover, we observed an antiapoptotic activity in both intrinsic (Fas/FasL/caspase-3) and extrinsic (Bax/Bcl-2) pathways. Overall, our data showed that Coriolus versicolor administration modulates the TLR4/NF-κB signaling in EAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Interdonato
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Ramona D’Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Consolare Valeria, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Melissa D’Agostino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Tiziana Genovese
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Vaez H, Soraya H, Garjani A, Gholikhani T. Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) and AMPK Relevance in Cardiovascular Disease. Adv Pharm Bull 2023; 13:36-47. [PMID: 36721803 PMCID: PMC9871286 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2023.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential receptors of the innate immune system, playing a significant role in cardiovascular diseases. TLR4, with the highest expression among TLRs in the heart, has been investigated extensively for its critical role in different myocardial inflammatory conditions. Studies suggest that inhibition of TLR4 signaling pathways reduces inflammatory responses and even prevents additional injuries to the already damaged myocardium. Recent research results have led to a hypothesis that there may be a relation between TLR4 expression and 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling in various inflammatory conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. AMPK, as a cellular energy sensor, has been reported to show anti-inflammatory effects in various models of inflammatory diseases. AMPK, in addition to its physiological acts in the heart, plays an essential role in myocardial ischemia and hypoxia by activating various energy production pathways. Herein we will discuss the role of TLR4 and AMPK in cardiovascular diseases and a possible relation between TLRs and AMPK as a novel therapeutic target. In our opinion, AMPK-related TLR modulators will find application in treating different immune-mediated inflammatory disorders, especially inflammatory cardiac diseases, and present an option that will be widely used in clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Vaez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Corresponding Author: Haleh Vaez, Tel:+984133344798, Fax:+984133344798,
| | - Hamid Soraya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Alireza Garjani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tooba Gholikhani
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Nanora Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Tabriz, Iran
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Lackner I, Weber B, Pressmar J, Odwarka A, Lam C, Haffner-Luntzer M, Marcucio R, Miclau T, Kalbitz M. Cardiac alterations following experimental hip fracture - inflammaging as independent risk factor. Front Immunol 2022; 13:895888. [PMID: 36131923 PMCID: PMC9484325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.895888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac injuries following trauma are associated with a worse clinical outcome. So-called trauma-induced secondary cardiac injuries have been recently described after experimental long bone fracture even in absence of direct heart damage. With the progressive aging of our society, the number of elderly trauma victims rises and therefore the incidence of hip fractures increases. Hip fractures were previously shown to be associated with adverse cardiac events in elderly individuals, which have mainly been attributed to pre-conditioned cardiac diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of hip fractures on the heart in healthy young and middle-aged mice. Materials and Methods Young (12-week-old) and middle-aged (52-week-old) female C57BL/6 mice either received an intramedullary stabilized proximal femur fracture or sham treatment. The observation time points included 6 and 24 h. Systemic levels of pro-inflammatory mediators as well as local inflammation and alterations in myocardial structure, metabolism and calcium homeostasis in left ventricular tissue was analyzed following hip fracture by multiplex analysis, RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Results After hip fracture young and middle-aged mice showed increased systemic IL-6 and KC levels, which were significantly elevated in the middle-aged animals. Furthermore, the middle-aged mice showed enhanced myocardial expression of HMGB1, TLR2/4, TNF, IL1β and NLRP3 as well as considerable alterations in the myocardial expression of glucose- and fatty acid transporters (HFABP, GLUT4), calcium homeostasis proteins (SERCA) and cardiac structure proteins (desmin, troponin I) compared to the young animals following hip fracture. Conclusion Young and middle-aged mice showed local myocardial alterations, which might predispose for the development of secondary cardiac injury following hip fracture. Age and the age-associated phenomenon of ‘inflammaging’ seemed to be an independent risk factor aggravating and accelerating cardiac alterations following hip fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Lackner
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Traumatology, Hand, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Birte Weber
- Department of Traumatology, Hand, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jochen Pressmar
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Traumatology, Hand, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna Odwarka
- Department of Traumatology, Hand, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Charles Lam
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Melanie Haffner-Luntzer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ralph Marcucio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Theodore Miclau
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Miriam Kalbitz
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Traumatology, Hand, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Miriam Kalbitz,
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Komal S, Komal N, Mujtaba A, Wang SH, Zhang LR, Han SN. Potential therapeutic strategies for myocardial infarction: the role of Toll-like receptors. Immunol Res 2022; 70:607-623. [PMID: 35608723 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a life-threatening condition among patients with cardiovascular diseases. MI increases the risk of stroke and heart failure and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several genetic and epigenetic factors contribute to the development of MI, suggesting that further understanding of the pathomechanism of MI might help in the early management and treatment of this disease. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well-known members of the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family and contribute to both adaptive and innate immunity. Collectively, studies suggest that TLRs have a cardioprotective effect. However, prolonged TLR activation in the response to signals generated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) results in the release of inflammatory cytokines and contributes to the development and exacerbation of myocardial inflammation, MI, ischemia-reperfusion injury, myocarditis, and heart failure. The objective of this review is to discuss and summarize the association of TLRs with MI, highlighting their therapeutic potential for the development of advanced TLR-targeted therapies for MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumra Komal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Nimrah Komal
- Department of Pharmacology, Mohi-Ud-Din Islamic Medical College, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Mirpur, 10250, Pakistan
| | - Ali Mujtaba
- Department of Pharmacology, Mohi-Ud-Din Islamic Medical College, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Mirpur, 10250, Pakistan
| | - Shu-Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Li-Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Sheng-Na Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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Chen SN, Tan Y, Xiao XC, Li Q, Wu Q, Peng YY, Ren J, Dong ML. Deletion of TLR4 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1610-1619. [PMID: 33495514 PMCID: PMC8463538 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Septic acute liver injury is one of the leading causes of fatalities in patients with sepsis. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a vital role in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, but the mechanisms underlying TLR4 function in septic injury remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of TLR4 in LPS-induced acute liver injury (ALI) in mice with a focus on inflammation and apoptosis. Wild-type (WT) and TLR4-knockout (TLR4-/-) mice were challenged with LPS (4 mg/kg) for 6 h. TLR4 signaling cascade markers (TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB), inflammatory markers (TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6), and apoptotic markers (Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase 3) were evaluated. We showed that LPS challenge markedly increased the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and other liver pathological changes in WT mice. In addition, LPS challenge elevated the levels of liver carbonyl proteins and serum inflammatory cytokines, upregulated the expression of TLR4, MyD88, and phosphorylated NF-κB in liver tissues. Moreover, LPS challenge significantly increased hepatocyte apoptosis, caspase 3 activity, and Bax level while suppressing Bcl-2 expression in liver tissues. These pathological changes were greatly attenuated in TLR4-/- mice. Similar pathological responses were provoked in primary hepatic Kupffer cells isolated from WT and TLR4-/- mice following LPS (1 μg/mL, 6 h) challenge. In summary, these results demonstrate that silencing of TLR4 attenuates LPS-induced liver injury through inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis via TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. TLR4 deletion confers hepatoprotection against ALI induced by LPS, possibly by repressing macrophage inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Nan Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ying Tan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Chan Xiao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Burns, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - You-You Peng
- Shanghai Hongrun Boyuan School, Shanghai, 201713, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, and Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Mao-Long Dong
- Department of Burns, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Liu Y, Li M, Sun M, Zhang Y, Li X, Sun W, Quan N. Sestrin2 is an endogenous antioxidant that improves contractile function in the heart during exposure to ischemia and reperfusion stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:385-394. [PMID: 33581276 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sestrin2 (Sesn2) is a stress-inducible protein that plays a critical role in the response to ischemic stress. We recently recognized that Sesn2 may protect the heart against ischemic insults by reducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). After 45 min of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion, myocardial infarcts were significantly larger in Sesn2 KO hearts than in wild-type hearts. Isolated cardiomyocytes from wild-type hearts treated with hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) stress showed significantly greater Sesn2 levels, compared with normoxic hearts (p < 0.05). Intriguingly, the administration of adeno-associated virus 9-Sesn2 into Sesn2 knockout (KO) hearts rescued Sesn2 protein levels and significantly improved the cardiac function of Sesn2 KO mice exposed to ischemia and reperfusion. The rescued levels of Sesn2 in Sesn2 KO hearts significantly ameliorated ROS generation and the activation of ROS-related stress signaling pathways during ischemia and reperfusion. Moreover, the rescued Sesn2 levels in Sesn2 KO cardiomyocytes improved the maximal velocity of cardiomyocyte shortening by H/R stress. Rescued Sesn2 levels also improved peak height, peak shortening amplitude, and maximal velocity of the re-lengthening of Sesn2 KO cardiomyocytes subjected to H/R. Finally, the rescued Sesn2 levels significantly augmented intracellular calcium levels and reduced the mean time constant of transient calcium decay in Sesn2 KO cardiomyocytes exposed to H/R. Overall, these findings indicated that Sesn2 can act as an endogenous antioxidant to maintain intracellular redox homeostasis under ischemic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Meina Li
- Department of Infection Control, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Meihua Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yaoting Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Wanqing Sun
- Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, No. 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Nanhu Quan
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Huang X, Zhang F, Tang L, Xu S, Liu Y, Tong N, Min W. Systemic Delivery of siRNA Specific for Silencing TLR4 Gene Expression Reduces Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in a Mouse Model of Streptozotocin-Induced Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Ther 2020; 11:1161-1173. [PMID: 32285313 PMCID: PMC7193037 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-020-00802-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a cardiac dysfunction in patients with diabetes which may lead to overt heart failure and death. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling triggers diabetic cardiomyopathy through various mechanisms, one of which is the upregulation of TLR4 expression. The aim of this study was to delineate the role of TLR4 in diabetic cardiomyopathy. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were injected with streptozotocin to induce diabetes. The experimental and control groups were treated with 5 μg of TLR4 small interfering RNA (siRNA) or scrambled siRNA. Cardiac histopathology was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin, Sirius red, and immunofluorescence staining after treatment with TLR4 siRNA. The myocardial fibrosis and inflammatory factors were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction after treatment with TLR4 siRNA. The myocardial function was evaluated by echocardiography after treatment with TLR4 siRNA. RESULTS Compared with non-diabetic mouse hearts, hypertrophy, fibrosis, inflammation of cardiomyocytes, and myocardial dysfunction were significantly increased in diabetic mice (p < 0.05). Knockdown of TLR4 decreased hypertrophy, fibrosis, inflammation of cardiomyocytes, and myocardial dysfunction (p < 0.05). Cardiomyocytic cross-sectional areas in hearts of TLR4 siRNA-treated diabetic mice were similar to those of the sham-treated mice (p > 0.05). The induction of expression of cardiac fetal genes, beta-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which are two markers of cardiac hypertrophy, was significantly reduced in TLR4 siRNA-treated hearts compared with controls (p < 0.05). Moreover, siRNA-mediated silencing of TLR4 reduced diabetes-induced collagen deposition (p < 0.05). Paralleled with changes in collagen deposition and the expression of collagen I and collagen III, knockdown of TLR4 also reduced the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) mRNA (p < 0.05). The increased expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) was significantly attenuated by TLR4 siRNA treatment in the hearts of diabetic mice (p < 0.05). Furthermore, both fractional shortening (FS) and ejection fraction (EF) values were preserved in TLR4 siRNA-treated diabetic mice compared with control siRNA-treated mice (31.80% ± 2.82% vs. 28.50% ± 5.83% for FS, p < 0.05) (57.95% ± 6.48% vs. 45.34% ± 4.25% for EF, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our study used siRNA to specifically silence TLR4 gene expression in the diabetic mouse heart in vivo and to investigate the role that TLR4 plays in diabetic cardiomyopathy. It is likely that silencing of the TLR4 gene through siRNA could prevent the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuefang Huang
- Endocrine and Metabolic Center, People's Hospital of Karamay, Xinjiang, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Lizhi Tang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Shishi Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuqi Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Nanwei Tong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China.
| | - Weiping Min
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, Medicine, Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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Li X, Liu J, Hu H, Lu S, Lu Q, Quan N, Rousselle T, Patel MS, Li J. Dichloroacetate Ameliorates Cardiac Dysfunction Caused by Ischemic Insults Through AMPK Signal Pathway-Not Only Shifts Metabolism. Toxicol Sci 2020; 167:604-617. [PMID: 30371859 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dichloroacetate (DCA), an inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK), regulates substrate metabolism in the heart. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an age-related energy sensor that protects the heart from ischemic injury. This study aims to investigate whether DCA can protect the heart from ischemic injury through the AMPK signaling pathway. Young (3-4 months) and aged (20-24 months) male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) for an in vivo ischemic model. The systolic function of the hearts was significantly decreased in both young and aged mice after 45 min of ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion. DCA treatment significantly improved cardiac function in both young and aged mice. The myocardial infarction analysis demonstrated that DCA treatment significantly reduced the infarction size caused by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in both young and aged mice. The isolated-cardiomyocyte experiments showed that DCA treatment ameliorated contractile dysfunction and improved the intracellular calcium signal of cardiomyocytes under hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) conditions. These cardioprotective functions of DCA can be attenuated by inhibiting AMPK activation. Furthermore, the metabolic measurements with an ex vivo working heart system demonstrated that the effects of DCA treatment on modulating the metabolic shift response to ischemia and reperfusion stress can be attenuated by inhibiting AMPK activity. The immunoblotting results showed that DCA treatment triggered cardiac AMPK signaling pathway by increasing the phosphorylation of AMPK's upstream kinase liver kinase B1 (LKB1) under both sham operations and I/R conditions. Thus, except from modulating metabolism in hearts, the cardioprotective function of DCA during I/R was mediated by the LKB1-AMPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216.,Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Shaoxin Lu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Qingguo Lu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Nanhu Quan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216.,Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Thomas Rousselle
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Mulchand S Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo New York 14203
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
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Saat N, Risvanli A, Dogan H, Onalan E, Akpolat N, Seker I, Sahna E. Effect of melatonin on torsion and reperfusion induced pathogenesis of rat uterus. Biotech Histochem 2019; 94:533-539. [PMID: 31070494 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2019.1605456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the use of melatonin to improve fertility and reduce uterine damage caused by torsion of the uterus in pregnant rats. We used 35 pregnant rats at gestational age 18 days. The animals were randomized into five groups. Group 1 was anesthetized only. Group 2 was subjected to experimental uterine torsion of 360° and the torsion was corrected after 6 h. Group 3 was subjected to uterine torsion of 360°, the torsion was corrected after 6 h and melatonin was administered at the time of correction. Group 4 rats were subjected to 360º uterine torsion and melatonin was administered 6 h later at the time of correction. Group 5 was administered melatonin followed by uterine torsion of 360 degrees followed by correction of torsion 6 h later. Samples were obtained from the uterine horns on the day 1 postpartum. We used Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase 3 staining to measure apoptosis in the uterine tissues. The mRNA levels of Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinases 1 (ROCK1), homeobox D10 (Hox4 HoxD10), TLR4, NFκB1, caveolin 1 (Cav1) heat shock protein 90 alpha (cytosolic), class B member 1 (Hsp90ab1) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis (qRT-PCR). Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase 3 were detected using immunohistochemistry. No difference was observed among groups with respect to abortion, neonatal mortality or congenital abnormalities. Compared to the control group, the mRNA levels of Rock1, Hox4, TLR4, NFκB1, Cav1 and Hsp90 genes were decreased significantly in the study groups; the decrease was greater in groups 3 and 4, which were treated with melatonin. The greatest amount of Bax staining was found in group 1 and the least amount of Bcl-2 staining was found in groups 4 and 5; the greatest amount of caspase 3 staining was found in group 2. Our findings indicate that melatonin reduced uterine torsion related tissue damage and that its application during torsion was more effective than application following removal of torsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Saat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Balikesir , Balikesir , Turkey
| | - A Risvanli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat , Elazig , Turkey
| | - H Dogan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namik Kemal , Tekirdag , Turkey
| | - E Onalan
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Firat , Elazig , Turkey
| | - N Akpolat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Inonu , Malatya , Turkey
| | - I Seker
- Department of Zootechny, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat , Elazig , Turkey
| | - E Sahna
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Firat , Elazig , Turkey
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11
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Boccellino M, Di Domenico M, Donniacuo M, Bitti G, Gritti G, Ambrosio P, Quagliuolo L, Rinaldi B. AT1-receptor blockade: Protective effects of irbesartan in cardiomyocytes under hypoxic stress. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202297. [PMID: 30356256 PMCID: PMC6200178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia induces myocardial injury through the activation of inflammatory and oxidative processes. The pivotal role of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases has been firmly established in clinical trials and practice; in fact many experimental and clinical data have highlighted that its inhibition has a cardioprotective role. Activated RAS also stimulates inflammation directly inducing proinflammatory and oxidative gene expression. This study aimed to investigate the protective role of a pre-treatment (10 and 100 μM) with irbesartan on injury induced by 24 h of hypoxia in HL-1 cardiomyocytes; in particular, we have analyzed the natriuretic peptide (BNP) expression, a biomarker able to modulate inflammatory reaction to cardiac injury and some markers involved in oxidative stress and inflammation. Our results demonstrated that a pre-treatment with 100 μM irbesartan significantly increased SOD activity and catalase expression of 15 and 25%, respectively, compared to hypoxic cells (P<0.05). On the other hand, it was able to reduce the release of peroxynitrite and iNOS protein expression of 20 and 50% respectively (P<0.05). In addition irbesartan exerts an anti-inflammatory activity reducing Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-2 and -4 mRNA expression, TNF-alpha expression and activity (20%) and increasing the expression of the cytokine IL-17 (40%) (P<0.05 vs hypoxia). Our findings also showed that BNP induced by ischemia was significantly and in a concentration-dependent manner reduced by irbesartan. The findings of our study demonstrated that the AT1 receptor antagonist irbesartan exerts a protective role in an in vitro hypoxic condition reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Boccellino
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Di Domenico
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Donniacuo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bitti
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Gritti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Ambrosio
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Quagliuolo
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Rinaldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
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Astakhova AA, Chistyakov DV, Sergeeva MG, Reiser G. Regulation of the ARE-binding proteins, TTP (tristetraprolin) and HuR (human antigen R), in inflammatory response in astrocytes. Neurochem Int 2018; 118:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Chistyakov DV, Astakhova AA, Sergeeva MG. Resolution of inflammation and mood disorders. Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 105:190-201. [PMID: 30098318 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Relationship between mood disorders and inflammation is now well-documented, although molecular mechanisms are not understood. Previously mostly pro-inflammatory cytokines of immune system (IL-6, TNF, etc.) were taken into account. However, recent understanding of resolution of inflammation as an active process drew attention to mediators of resolution, which include both proteins and ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids derivatives (resolvins, cyclopentenone prostaglandins, etc.). This review takes into account new data on resolution of inflammation and action of mediators of resolution in models of depression. New facts and ideas about mechanisms of chronic inflammation onset are considered in relation to mood disorders. Basic control mechanisms of inflammation at the cellular level and the role of resolution substances in regulation of depression and other mood disorders are discussed. Signaling systems of innate immunity located in non-immune cells and their ability to generate substances that affect an onset of depression are reviewed. A novel hypothesis of depression as a type of abnormal resolution is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmiry V Chistyakov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina A Astakhova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina G Sergeeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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Cheng J, Zhu P, Qin H, Li X, Yu H, Yu H, Peng X. Dexmedetomidine attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in neonatal rats by inhibiting TLR4 signaling. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:2925-2932. [PMID: 29926753 PMCID: PMC6124261 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518781382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The sedative dexmedetomidine plays a role in multi-organ protection by inhibiting toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 expression in ischemia/reperfusion injury. The present study investigated whether the neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine could be blocked by the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide. Methods We established a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model in neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats through bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 20 minutes followed by a 2-hour reperfusion. Rats were assigned to four groups: Sham operation, ischemia/reperfusion, ischemia/reperfusion preceded by dexmedetomidine treatment (10 µg/kg), and ischemia/reperfusion preceded by dexmedetomidine (10 µg/kg) and lipopolysaccharide (500 µg/kg) treatments. Cerebral tissue injury was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and cerebral TLR4 expression was evaluated by real-time PCR and western blot. Results Pretreatment with dexmedetomidine reduced ischemia-induced morphological changes in the hippocampal CA3 region and downregulated TLR4 expression, but these neuroprotective effects were partially blocked by co-treatment with the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide. Conclusion Our results indicate that inhibition of cerebral TLR4 expression is related to the neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine in this neonatal rat cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangxia Cheng
- 1 Department of Anesthesia, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Pengfei Zhu
- 2 Department of Cardiology, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Han Qin
- 1 Department of Anesthesia, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xia Li
- 1 Department of Anesthesia, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hai Yu
- 1 Department of Anesthesia, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Yu
- 1 Department of Anesthesia, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaohong Peng
- 1 Department of Anesthesia, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Xue M, Chen X, Guo Z, Liu X, Bi Y, Yin J, Hu H, Zhu P, Zhuang J, Cates C, Rousselle T, Li J. L-Carnitine Attenuates Cardiac Dysfunction by Ischemic Insults Through Akt Signaling Pathway. Toxicol Sci 2017; 160:341-350. [PMID: 28973678 PMCID: PMC5837463 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to investigate the cardioprotective effects of L-carnitine (LC) on cardiac function during ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) and contractile function of single cardiomyocyte. C57BL/6 J mice were randomly assigned to 5 groups: sham group; vehicle group, LC preconditioning group, LC preconditioning + LY294002 (a PI3K/Akt signaling pathway inhibitor) group (LC + LY), and LY294002 group (LY). The sham group was exposed to the open heart operation but not I/R, the other groups received 45 min ischemia/48 h reperfusion. At the end of reperfusion, echocardiography was performed on every mouse. In order to determine whether LC's cardioprotection could act directly at the level of cardiomyocytes, we also tested its effects on isolated cardiomyocytes under hypoxia condition. The expressions of p-PI3K, PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, Bax and Bcl-2 proteins were detected by immunoblotting. The results showed that LC preconditioning remarkably improved cardiac function after I/R, but the cardioprotective effect of LC was significantly weakened after the application of LY294002. We also found that LC could directly improve the contractile function of cardiomyocytes under hypoxia condition. The immunoblotting results showed that LC administration restrained myocardial apoptosis as evidenced by decreasing the level of Bax expression, increasing the levels of phosphorylation of Akt, PI3K, and Bcl-2 protein expression, but these were blocked by LYC94002. Thus, the cardioprotective effects of LC against myocardial ischemic damage and its effect on single cardiomyocyte under hypoxia may be associated with the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, China
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Zhija Guo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Yanping Bi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Courtney Cates
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Thomas Rousselle
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
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Antiphospholipid antibodies enhance rat neonatal cardiomyocyte apoptosis in an in vitro hypoxia/reoxygenation injury model via p38 MAPK. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2549. [PMID: 28079888 PMCID: PMC5386347 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A significant amount of myocardial damage during a myocardial infarction (MI) occurs during the reperfusion stage, termed ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and accounts for up to 50% of total infarcted tissue post-MI. During the reperfusion phase, a complex interplay of multiple pathways and mechanisms is activated, which ultimately leads to cell death, primarily through apoptosis. There is some evidence from a lupus mouse model that lupus IgG, specifically the antiphospholipid (aPL) antibody subset, is pathogenic in mesenteric I/R injury. Furthermore, it has previously been shown that the immunodominant epitope for the majority of circulating pathogenic aPLs resides in the N-terminal domain I (DI) of beta-2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI). This study describes the enhanced pathogenic effect of purified IgG derived from patients with lupus and/or the antiphospholipid syndrome in a cardiomyocyte H/R in vitro model. Furthermore, we have demonstrated a pathogenic role for aPL containing samples, mediated via aPL-β2GPI interactions, resulting in activation of the pro-apoptotic p38 MAPK pathway. This was shown to be inhibited using a recombinant human peptide of domain I of β2GPI in the fluid phase, suggesting that the pathogenic anti-β2GPI antibodies in this in vitro model target this domain.
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Guo X, Xue M, Li CJ, Yang W, Wang SS, Ma ZJ, Zhang XN, Wang XY, Zhao R, Chang BC, Chen LM. Protective effects of triptolide on TLR4 mediated autoimmune and inflammatory response induced myocardial fibrosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 193:333-344. [PMID: 27558948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Triptolide is a most important active ingredient extracted from traditional Chinese medicine Tripterygium, which has been widely used to treat glomerulonephritis as well as immune-mediated disorders, likely for its immunosuppressive, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we have investigated the potential protective effects of triptolide against diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) by regulating immune system, attenuating inflammatory response, thus resulting in decreased cardiac fibrosis and improved left ventricle function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: normal group, diabetic group and diabetic rats treated with triptolide (50, 100, or 200μg/kg/day resp) for 8 weeks. Cardiac function was performed by echocardiography and histopathology of the hearts was examined with HE, Masson staining and scanning electron microscopy. Immune regulation mediator, macrophage infiltration, inflammatory response and cardiac fibrosis related cytokines were measured by RT-PCR, Western blot and Immunohistochemistry staining. RESULTS In the diabetic group, the expressions of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 were both up-regulated, which was associated with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, coupled with cardiac fibrosis and impaired left ventricular function. Interestingly, pathological structure and function of left ventricle were both significantly improved in the triptolide treated groups. Furthermore, the immune mediator TLR4, downstream activator NF-κB p65, macrophage infiltration (CD68+), pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β), cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) and chemokine (MCP-1) were significantly suppressed when treated with medium and high dosage triptolide compared with the diabetic group. Moreover, cardiac fibrosis pathway including α-SMA, TGF-β1, vimentin and collagen accumulations were observed significantly decreased in the triptolide treated groups. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that the protective effects of triptolide against DCM might attribute to inhibition of TLR4-induced NF-κB/IL-1β immune pathway, suppression of NF-κB/TNF-α/VCAM-1 inflammatory pathway and down-regulation of TGF-β1/α-SMA/Vimentin fibrosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Mei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Chun-Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Shan-Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Ze-Jun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Bao-Cheng Chang
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Li-Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China.
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Abstract
Mice and humans branched from a common ancestor approximately 80 million years ago. Despite this, mice are routinely utilized as animal models of human disease and in drug development because they are inexpensive, easy to handle, and relatively straightforward to genetically manipulate. While this has led to breakthroughs in the understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships and in the identification of therapeutic targets, translation of beneficial responses to therapeutics from mice to humans has not always been successful. In a large part, these differences may be attributed to variations in the alignment of protein expression and signaling in the immune systems between mice and humans. Well-established inbred strains of "The Laboratory Mouse" vary in their immune response patterns as a result of genetic mutations and polymorphisms arising from intentional selection for research relevant traits, and even closely related substrains vary in their immune response patterns as a result of genetic mutations and polymorphisms arising from genetic drift. This article reviews some of the differences between the mouse and human immune system and between inbred mouse strains and shares examples of how these differences can impact the usefulness of mouse models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani S Sellers
- 1 Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, NY, USA
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Wang YH, Chen KM, Chiu PS, Lai SC, Su HH, Jan MS, Lin CW, Lu DY, Fu YT, Liao JM, Chang JT, Huang SS. Lumbrokinase attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting TLR4 signaling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 99:113-122. [PMID: 27503317 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lumbrokinase, a novel antithrombotic agent, purified from the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus, has been clinically used to treat stroke and cardiovascular diseases. However, inflammatory responses associated with the cardioprotective effect of lumbrokinase remain unknown. In this study, the signaling pathways involved in lumbrokinase-inhibited expressions of inflammation mediators were investigated in rats subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury. The left main coronary artery of anesthetized rats was subjected to 1h occlusion and 3h reperfusion. The animals were treated with/without lumbrokinase and the severities of I-R-induced arrhythmias and infarction were compared. Lumbrokinase inhibited I-R-induced arrhythmias and reduced mortality, as well as decreased the lactate dehydrogenase levels in carotid blood. Lumbrokinase also inhibited the enhancement of I-R induced expressions of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway. Moreover, our results demonstrated that stimulation with lumbrokinase decreases the phosphorylation of JNK, IκB, and NF-κB. These findings suggested that lumbrokinase is a potent cardioprotective drug in rats with I-R injury. The cardioprotective effects of lumbrokinase may be correlated with its inhibitory effect on the I-R-induced expressions of COX-2, iNOS and MMP-9, mediated by TLR4 signaling through JNK and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Wang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Min Chen
- Department of Parasitology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Sung Chiu
- Department of Parasitology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chan Lai
- Department of Parasitology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Hui Su
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming, University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiou Jan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Immunology Research Center, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Tsung Fu
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi, Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiuan-Miaw Liao
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Jinghua Tsai Chang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Oncology and Chest Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Shiang-Suo Huang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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NOD2 contributes to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inflammation. Life Sci 2016; 149:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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Chen S, Wang Z, Xu B, Mi X, Sun W, Quan N, Wang L, Chen X, Liu Q, Zheng Y, Leng J, Li J. The Modulation of Cardiac Contractile Function by the Pharmacological and Toxicological Effects of Urocortin2. Toxicol Sci 2015; 148:581-93. [PMID: 26342213 PMCID: PMC5009442 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urocortin2 (Ucn2) has been revealed to enhance cardiac function in heart failure. However, the pharmacological and toxicological effects of Ucn2 on cardiomyocytes are incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the possible mechanisms of Ucn2 on mediating the contractility of cardiomyocytes. Mechanical properties and intracellular Ca(2+) properties were measured in isolated cardiomyocytes from different treatment groups. The stress signaling was evaluated using Western blot. The results demonstrated that Ucn2 induced maximal velocity of shortening (+dL/dt), peak height, peak shortening (PS) amplitude, maximal velocity of relengthening (-dL/dt), accompanied by a significant rise in intracellular Ca(2+) level and a fall of the mean time constant of Ca(2+) transient decay (Tau) in WT cardiomyocytes. However, these effects were abolished by preincubation of type 2 CRF receptors (CRFR2) antagonist anti-sauvagine 30 (a-SVG-30). We also found that Ucn2 treatment activated the AMPK pathway in isolated cardiomyocytes via CRFR2. Furthermore, Ucn2 induced protein kinase A (PKA) and phospholamban (PLN) phosphorylation. Pretreatment of PKA inhibitor H89 reduced the inotropic and lusitropic effects of Ucn2 as well as decreased the intracellular Ca(2+) load and slowed down the Ca(2+) transient decay. We also showed that preincubation of Compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK, inhibited the phosphorylation of PKA and the intracellular Ca(2+) level in cardiomyocytes without affecting the contractile function and the Tau of cardiomyocytes. Taken together, it suggests that Ucn2 facilitate the contractility of cardiomyocytes via activating both AMPK and PKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- *College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005
| | - Bo Xu
- *College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005
| | - Xiangquan Mi
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000
| | - Wanqing Sun
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, and The First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000
| | - Nanhu Quan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, and The First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, and The First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000
| | - Xingchi Chen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, and
| | - Quan Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000
| | - Yang Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000
| | - Jiyan Leng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, and
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Depletion of cardiac 14-3-3η protein adversely influences pathologic cardiac remodeling during myocardial infarction after coronary artery ligation in mice. Int J Cardiol 2015; 202:146-53. [PMID: 26386943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.08.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES 14-3-3η protein, a dimeric phosphoserine-binding protein, provides protection against adverse cardiac remodeling during pressure-overload induced heart failure in mice. To identify its role in myocardial infarction (MI), we have used mice with cardio-specific expression of dominant-negative 14-3-3η protein mutant (DN14-3-3) and performed the surgical ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery. METHODS We have performed echocardiography to assess cardiac function, protein expression analysis using Western blotting, mRNA expression by real time-reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and histopathological analyses. RESULTS DN14-3-3 mice with MI displayed reduced survival, left ventricular ejection fraction and fractional shortening. Interestingly, DN14-3-3 mice subjected to MI showed increased cardiac hypertrophy, inflammation, fibrosis and apoptosis as compared to their wild-type counterparts. Mechanistically, DN14-3-3 mice with MI exhibited activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and markers of maladaptive cardiac remodeling. Cardiac regeneration marker expression also decreased drastically in the DN14-3-3 mice with MI. CONCLUSION Depletion of the 14-3-3η protein causes cardiac dysfunction and reduces survival in mice with MI, probably via exacerbation of ER stress and death signaling pathways and suppression of cardiac regeneration. Thus, identification of drugs that can modulate cardiac 14-3-3η protein levels may probably provide a novel protective therapy for heart failure.
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Velloso LA, Folli F, Saad MJ. TLR4 at the Crossroads of Nutrients, Gut Microbiota, and Metabolic Inflammation. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:245-71. [PMID: 25811237 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is accompanied by the activation of low-grade inflammatory activity in metabolically relevant tissues. Studies have shown that obesity-associated insulin resistance results from the inflammatory targeting and inhibition of key proteins of the insulin-signaling pathway. At least three apparently distinct mechanisms-endoplasmic reticulum stress, toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 activation, and changes in gut microbiota-have been identified as triggers of obesity-associated metabolic inflammation; thus, they are expected to represent potential targets for the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. Here, we review the data that place TLR4 in the center of the events that connect the consumption of dietary fats with metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance. Changes in the gut microbiota can lead to reduced integrity of the intestinal barrier, leading to increased leakage of lipopolysaccharides and fatty acids, which can act upon TLR4 to activate systemic inflammation. Fatty acids can also trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress, which can be further stimulated by cross talk with active TLR4. Thus, the current data support a connection among the three main triggers of metabolic inflammation, and TLR4 emerges as a link among all of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licio A Velloso
- Department of Internal Medicine (L.A.V., F.F., M.J.S.), University of Campinas, 13084-970 Campinas SP, Brazil; and Department of Medicine (F.F.), Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Franco Folli
- Department of Internal Medicine (L.A.V., F.F., M.J.S.), University of Campinas, 13084-970 Campinas SP, Brazil; and Department of Medicine (F.F.), Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Mario J Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine (L.A.V., F.F., M.J.S.), University of Campinas, 13084-970 Campinas SP, Brazil; and Department of Medicine (F.F.), Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
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Matrine pretreatment improves cardiac function in rats with diabetic cardiomyopathy via suppressing ROS/TLR-4 signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:323-33. [PMID: 25619390 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Matrine is an alkaloid from Sophora alopecuroides L, which has shown a variety of pharmacological activities and potential therapeutic value in cardiovascular diseases. In this study we examined the protective effects of matrine against diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) in rats. METHODS Male SD rats were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce DCM. One group of DCM rats was pretreated with matrine (200 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), po) for 10 consecutive days before STZ injection. Left ventricular function was evaluated using invasive hemodynamic examination, and myocardiac apoptosis was assessed. Primary rat myocytes were used for in vitro experiments. Intracellular ROS generation, MDA content and GPx activity were determined. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were performed to detect the expression of relevant mRNAs and proteins. RESULTS DCM rats exhibited abnormally elevated non-fasting blood glucose levels at 4 weeks after STZ injection, and LV function impairment at 16 weeks. The cardiac tissues of DCM rats showed markedly increased apoptosis, excessive ROS production, and activation of TLR-4/MyD-88/caspase-8/caspase-3 signaling. Pretreatment with matrine significantly decreased non-fasting blood glucose levels and improved LV function in DCM rats, which were associated with reducing apoptosis and ROS production, and suppressing TLR-4/MyD-88/caspase-8/caspase-3 signaling in cardiac tissues. Incubation in a high-glucose medium induced oxidative stress and activation of TLR-4/MyD-88 signaling in cultured myocytes in vitro, which were significantly attenuated by pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine. CONCLUSION Excessive ROS production in DCM activates the TLR-4/MyD-88 signaling, resulting in cardiomyocyte apoptosis, whereas pretreatment with matrine improves cardiac function via suppressing ROS/TLR-4 signaling pathway.
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Sun Y, Liu WZ, Liu T, Feng X, Yang N, Zhou HF. Role of toll-like receptors in myocardial infarction. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2014; 35:420-2. [PMID: 25515816 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2014.993649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immunity, and TLRs recognize invading pathogens through molecular pattern recognition, and ultimately lead to the activation of transcription factors and inflammatory responses. Myocardial infarction leads to changes in the remodeling of the left ventricle of the heart, and the degree and type of remodeling provides important diagnostic information for the therapeutic management of ischemic heart disease. Innate immune takes a most important role in myocardial infarction. There are some studies reporting that TLRs play an important role in the myocardial infarction. The literatures were searched extensively and this review was performed to review the role of TLRs in myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- a Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University , NanNing , China
| | - Wen-Zhou Liu
- a Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University , NanNing , China
| | - Tao Liu
- a Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University , NanNing , China
| | - Xu Feng
- a Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University , NanNing , China
| | - Nuo Yang
- a Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University , NanNing , China
| | - Hua-Fu Zhou
- a Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University , NanNing , China
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Uysal A, Sahna E, Ozguler IM, Burma O, Ilhan N. Effects of apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, on levels of ADMA, MPO, iNOS and TLR4 induced by myocardial ischemia reperfusion. Perfusion 2014; 30:472-7. [PMID: 25404055 DOI: 10.1177/0267659114559260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, the effects of apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, on the levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which are inflammatory mediators in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MIR) injury, and myeloperoxidase (MPO), which is the indicator of neutrophil infiltration and the endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA) increasing with oxidative stress were investigated. METHODS MIR injury was accomplished by the application of occlusion for 30 minutes and reperfusion for 120 minutes in the left anterior descending artery (LAD). In the study, 21 Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into three groups: a sham group (n = 7); a MIR group (n = 7); and a MIR + apocynin treatment group (n = 7, before the procedure, an intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg/kg of apocynin for 15 days). After reperfusion, iNOS, TLR4, MPO and ADMA levels in myocardial tissue were measured by ELISA. RESULTS While myocardial TLR4, MPO and ADMA levels increased in the MIR group, these parameters were found to be decreased significantly in the group treated with apocynin. Although iNOS levels showed an increase in the MIR group compared to the sham group and a reduction in the MIR+apocynin group, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. DISCUSSION In our study, the effect of the treatment of apocynin in MIR on ADMA, MPO, iNOS and TLR4 levels in myocardial tissue was shown for the first time. It is thought that apocynin treatment may show a protective effect in MIR injury by affecting oxidative stress (ADMA) and inflammatory parameters (iNOS, MPO).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Uysal
- Depertment of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - E Sahna
- Depertment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - I M Ozguler
- Depertment of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - O Burma
- Depertment of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - N Ilhan
- Depertment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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Zhao Y, Xu Y, Zhang J, Ji T. Cardioprotective effect of carvedilol: inhibition of apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway following ischemia/reperfusion injury. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:1092-1096. [PMID: 25187802 PMCID: PMC4151635 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carvedilol is a non-selective β-blocker used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, including myocardial ischemia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of carvedilol on simulated ischemia/reperfusion (SI/R)-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vitro. H9c2 cardiomyocytes were incubated with either a vehicle or an ischemic buffer during hypoxia followed by reoxygenation with or without carvedilol. In two additional groups, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) were inhibited by a TLR4 antibody and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, respectively. The results revealed that carvedilol markedly decreased SI/R-induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner, as demonstrated by flow-cytometric analysis. This effect was shown to be associated with an increase in the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) protein ratio and concurrent reductions in the expression levels of TLR4 and NF-κB. These results suggest that carvedilol provides significant cardioprotection against SI/R-induced injury in H9c2 cardiomyocytes, an effect likely to be mediated through the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhao
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Ji
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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Neuroprotective effect of schizandrin A on oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced cell injury in primary culture of rat cortical neurons. J Physiol Biochem 2014; 70:735-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-014-0342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Liu Q, Zhang J, Xu Y, Huang Y, Wu C. Effect of carvedilol on cardiomyocyte apoptosis in a rat model of myocardial infarction: a role for toll-like receptor 4. Indian J Pharmacol 2014; 45:458-63. [PMID: 24130379 PMCID: PMC3793515 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.117729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is crucial in cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by myocardial infarction (MI) and carvedilol has been reported to have anti-apoptotic effects. We hypothesized that the effects of this agent are in part mediated through TLR4 signaling pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 48 rats were randomized to the following groups before surgery: sham-operated group (n = 8), MI group (n = 10) and three carvedilol-treatment groups (n = 30, 2 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg). Sham and MI groups were given vehicle and carvedilol groups received different dose carvedilol, by direct gastric gavage for 7 days. On the 4(th) day of drug or vehicle administration, MI model was produced by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery. On day 3 after MI, apoptosis was assessed by TdT-UTP nick-end assay; the levels of expression of Bax, Bcl-2, TLR4 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in infarcted myocardium were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Carvedilol ameliorated MI-induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In parallel, carvedilol also decreased the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2, the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB induced by MI. The extent of apoptosis and Bax-Bcl-2 ratio was strongly correlated with the TLR4 levels. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the short-term administration of carvedilol can significantly alleviate cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the infarcted myocardium probably by inhibiting the excessive expression of TLR4 and NF-κB induced by infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
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Chen S, Zhu P, Guo HM, Solis RS, Wang Y, Ma Y, Wang J, Gao J, Chen JM, Ge Y, Zhuang J, Li J. Alpha1 catalytic subunit of AMPK modulates contractile function of cardiomyocytes through phosphorylation of troponin I. Life Sci 2014; 98:75-82. [PMID: 24447627 PMCID: PMC4777330 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The specific role of AMPKα1 or AMPKα2 in mediating cardiomyocyte contractile function remains elusive. The present study investigated how AMPK activation modulates the contractility of isolated cardiomyocytes. MAIN METHODS Mechanical properties and intracellular Ca(2+) properties were measured in isolated cardiomyocytes. The stress signaling was evaluated using western blot and immunoprecipitation analysis. KEY FINDINGS AMPK activator, A-769662 induced maximal velocity of shortening (+dL/dt) and relengthening (-dL/dt), peak height and peak shortening (PS) amplitude in both WT and AMPKα2 KO cardiomyocytes, but did not affect time-to-90% relengthening (TR90). AMPK KD cardiomyocytes demonstrated contractile dysfunction compared with cardiomyocytes from WT and AMPKα2 KO hearts. However, the rise of intracellular Ca(2+) levels as well as intracellular ATP levels has no significant difference among WT, AMPKα2 KO and AMPK KD groups with and without the presence of A-769662. Besides, WT, AMPKα2 KO and AMPK KD group displayed a phosphorylated AMPK and downstream acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation. Interestingly, A-769662 also triggered troponin I (cTnI) phosphorylation at Ser(149) site which is related to contractility of cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, the immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that AMPKα1 of cardiomyocytes was phosphorylated by A-769662. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study illustrating that activation of AMPK plays a significant role in mediating the contractile function of cardiomyocytes using transgenic animal models. AMPK activator facilitates the contractility of cardiomyocytes via activating AMPKα1 catalytic subunit. The phosphorylation of cTnI by AMPK could be a factor attributing to the regulation of contractility of cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo - State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ming Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Raquel Sancho Solis
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, United States
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo - State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Yina Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo - State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jinli Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo - State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Junjie Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo - State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Ji-Mei Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo - State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
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S100A8 and S100A9: DAMPs at the crossroads between innate immunity, traditional risk factors, and cardiovascular disease. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:828354. [PMID: 24453429 PMCID: PMC3881579 DOI: 10.1155/2013/828354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amplification of innate immune responses by endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) promotes inflammation. The involvement of S100A8 and S100A9, DAMPs belonging to the S100 calgranulin family, in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease is attracting an increasing amount of interest. S100A8 and S100A9 (also termed MRP8 and MRP14) preferentially form the S100A8/A9 heterodimer (MRP8/14 or calprotectin) and are constitutively expressed in myeloid cells. The levels of circulating S100A8/A9 in humans strongly correlate to blood neutrophil counts and are increased by traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, obesity, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. S100A8/A9 is an endogenous ligand of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and has been shown to promote atherogenesis in mice. In humans, S100A8/A9 correlates with the extent of coronary and carotid atherosclerosis and with a vulnerable plaque phenotype. S100A8/A9 is locally released following myocardial infarction and amplifies the inflammatory responses associated with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Elevated plasma levels of S100A8/A9 are associated with increased risk of future coronary events in healthy individuals and in myocardial infarction survivors. Thus, S100A8/A9 might represent a useful biomarker and therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. Importantly, S100A8/A9 blockers have been developed and are approved for clinical testing.
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Liu ZW, Zhu HT, Chen KL, Qiu C, Tang KF, Niu XL. Selenium attenuates high glucose-induced ROS/TLR-4 involved apoptosis of rat cardiomyocyte. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 156:262-70. [PMID: 24214856 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9857-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential mechanism of high glucose-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and selenium's protective effects were investigated in this study. Myocytes isolated from neonate rats were cultured in high-glucose medium (25.5 mmol/L glucose) to mimic sustained hyperglycemia. Before high-glucose incubation, myocytes were pretreated by sodium selenite solution. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining and caspase activation. Expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD-88) was examined at both mRNA and protein levels. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in myocytes were also detected. We found high glucose-induced cell apoptosis and activation of TLR-4/MyD-88/caspase-8/caspase-3 signaling, accompanied by increased production of ROS. Selenium pretreatment attenuated apoptosis in high glucose-incubated myocytes, and mechanically, this protective effect was found to be associated with attenuating oxidative status by increasing activity of GPx, decreasing the generation of ROS, as well as inhibition of the activation of TLR-4/MyD-88/caspase-8/caspase-3 signaling in myocytes. These results suggest that activation of TLR-4/MyD-88 signaling pathway plays an important role in high glucose-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Additionally, by modulating TLR-4/MyD-88 signaling pathway, which is linked to ROS formation, selenium exerts its antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects in high glucose-incubated myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
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Zhang X, Zhu P, Zhang X, Ma Y, Li W, Chen JM, Guo HM, Bucala R, Zhuang J, Li J. Natural antioxidant-isoliquiritigenin ameliorates contractile dysfunction of hypoxic cardiomyocytes via AMPK signaling pathway. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:390890. [PMID: 24163504 PMCID: PMC3791876 DOI: 10.1155/2013/390890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoliquiritigenin (ISL), a simple chalcone-type flavonoid, is derived from licorice compounds and is mainly present in foods, beverages, and tobacco. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a critical factor involved in modulating cardiac stress response signaling during ischemia and reperfusion. We hypothesize that ISL as a natural antioxidant may protect heart against ischemic injury via modulating cellular redox status and regulating cardioprotective signaling pathways. The fluorescent probe H2DCFDA was used to measure the level of intracellular ROS. The glucose uptake was determined by 2-deoxy-D-glucose-(3)H accumulation. The IonOptix System measured the contractile function of isolated cardiomyocytes. The results demonstrated that ISL treatment markedly ameliorated cardiomyocytes contractile dysfunction caused by hypoxia. ISL significantly stimulated cardioprotective signaling, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways. The ROS fluorescent probe H2DCFDA determination indicated that ISL significantly reduced cardiac ROS level during hypoxia/reoxygenation. Moreover, ISL reduced the mitochondrial potential (Δψ) of isolated mouse cardiomyocytes. Taken together, ISL as a natural antioxidant demonstrated the cardioprotection against ischemic injury that may attribute to the activation of AMPK and ERK signaling pathways and balance of cellular redox status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo-SUNY University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yina Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo-SUNY University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Wenguang Li
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ji-Mei Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hui-Ming Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo-SUNY University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Wang J, Tong C, Yan X, Yeung E, Gandavadi S, Hare AA, Du X, Chen Y, Xiong H, Ma C, Leng L, Young LH, Jorgensen WL, Li J, Bucala R. Limiting cardiac ischemic injury by pharmacological augmentation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor-AMP-activated protein kinase signal transduction. Circulation 2013; 128:225-36. [PMID: 23753877 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.000862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) exerts a protective effect on ischemic myocardium by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Small molecules that increase the affinity of MIF for its receptor have been recently designed, and we hypothesized that such agonists may enhance AMPK activation and limit ischemic tissue injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Treatment of cardiomyocytes with the candidate MIF agonist, MIF20, augmented AMPK phosphorylation, increased by 50% the surface localization of glucose transporter, and enhanced by 25% cellular glucose uptake in comparison with MIF alone. In mouse hearts perfused with MIF20 before no-flow ischemia and reperfusion, postischemic left ventricular function improved commensurately with an increase in cardiac MIF-AMPK activation and an augmentation in myocardial glucose uptake. By contrast, small-molecule MIF agonism was not effective in cells or tissues genetically deficient in MIF or the MIF receptor, verifying the specificity of MIF20 for MIF-dependent AMPK signaling. The protective effect of MIF20 also was evident in an in vivo regional ischemia model. Mice treated with MIF20 followed by left coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion showed a significant reduction in infarcted myocardium. CONCLUSIONS These data support the pharmacological utility of small-molecule MIF agonists in enhancing AMPK activation and reducing cardiac ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214-3000, USA
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Barratt-Due A, Pischke SE, Brekke OL, Thorgersen EB, Nielsen EW, Espevik T, Huber-Lang M, Mollnes TE. Bride and groom in systemic inflammation--the bells ring for complement and Toll in cooperation. Immunobiology 2013; 217:1047-56. [PMID: 22964230 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Attenuating the sepsis-induced systemic inflammatory response, with subsequent homeostatic imbalance, has for years been one of the main tasks in sepsis related research. Complement and the TLR family constitute two important upstream sensor and effector-systems of innate immunity. Although they act as partly independent branches of pattern recognition, recent evidence indicate a considerable cross-talk implying that they can either compensate, synergize or antagonize each other. Combined inhibition of these pathways is therefore a particularly interesting approach with a profound anti-inflammatory potential. In previous preclinical studies, we demonstrated that targeting the key molecules C3 or C5 of complement and CD14 of the TLR family had a vast anti-inflammatory effect on Gram-negative bacteria-induced inflammation and sepsis. In this review, we elucidate the significance of these key molecules as important targets for intervention in sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Finally, we argue that a combined inhibition of complement and CD14 represent a potential general treatment regimen, beyond the limit of sepsis, including non-infectious systemic inflammation and ischemia reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Barratt-Due
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Norway.
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Amano MT, Camara NOS. The immunomodulatory role of carbon monoxide during transplantation. Med Gas Res 2013; 3:1. [PMID: 23295066 PMCID: PMC3582539 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9912-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of organ and tissue transplants has increased worldwide in recent decades. However, graft rejection, infections due to the use of immunosuppressive drugs and a shortage of graft donors remain major concerns. Carbon monoxide (CO) had long been regarded solely as a poisonous gas. Ultimately, physiological studies unveiled the endogenous production of CO, particularly by the heme oxygenase (HO)-1 enzyme, recognizing CO as a beneficial gas when used at therapeutic doses. The protective properties of CO led researchers to develop uses for it, resulting in devices and molecules that can deliver CO in vitro and in vivo. The resulting interest in clinical investigations was immediate. Studies regarding the CO/HO-1 modulation of immune responses and their effects on various immune disorders gave rise to transplantation research, where CO was shown to be essential in the protection against organ rejection in animal models. This review provides a perspective of how CO modulates the immune system to improve transplantation and suggests its use as a therapy in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Tami Amano
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Paiva-Oliveira EL, Ferreira da Silva R, Correa Leite PE, Cogo JC, Quirico-Santos T, Lagrota-Candido J. TLR4 signaling protects from excessive muscular damage induced by Bothrops jararacussu snake venom. Toxicon 2012; 60:1396-403. [PMID: 23085424 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells and skeletal muscle express Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that participate as sensors of tissue injury triggering signals for activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of TLR4 in the process of skeletal muscle repair. Muscular injury was induced by injection of 0.6 mg/kg of Bothrops jararacussu snake venom in the gastrocnemius muscle of C3H/HeJ mice that express a non-functional TLR-4 receptor and C3H/HeN mice with functional receptor. TLR4-deficient mice had persistent muscular inflammation with few F4/80 macrophages at onset but increased MMP9 activity and collagen deposition during resolution of injury. Since such effect was not observed in the mouse strain with functional receptor it is concluded that TLR4 signaling exerts a protective role preventing from excessive muscular damage induced by B. jararacussu venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eustaquio Luiz Paiva-Oliveira
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro 24020-141, Brazil
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Dong B, Qi D, Yang L, Huang Y, Xiao X, Tai N, Wen L, Wong FS. TLR4 regulates cardiac lipid accumulation and diabetic heart disease in the nonobese diabetic mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H732-42. [PMID: 22842069 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00948.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 regulates inflammation and metabolism and has been linked to the pathogenesis of heart disease. TLR4 is upregulated in diabetic cardiomyocytes, and we examined the role of TLR4 in modulating cardiac fatty acid (FA) metabolism and the pathogenesis of diabetic heart disease in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Both wild-type (WT) NOD and TLR4-deficient NOD animals had increased plasma triglyceride levels after the onset of diabetes. However, by comparison, TLR4-deficient NOD mouse hearts had lower triglyceride accumulation in the early stages of diabetes, which was associated with a reduction in myeloid differentiation primary response gene (88) (MyD88), phosphorylation of p38 MAPK (phospho-p38), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and JNK levels but increased phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Oleic acid treatment in H9C2 cardiomyocytes also led to cellular lipid accumulation, which was attenuated by TLR4 small interfering RNA. TLR4 deficiency in the cells decreased FA-induced augmentation of MyD88, phospho-p38, and LPL, suggesting that TLR4 may modulate FA-induced lipid metabolism in cardiomyocytes. In addition, although cardiac function was impaired in both diabetic WT NOD and TLR4-deficient NOD animals compared with control nondiabetic mice, this deficit was less in the diabetic TLR4-deficient NOD mice, which had greater ejection fraction, greater fractional shortening, and increased left ventricular developed pressure in the early stages after the development of diabetes compared with their diabetic WT NOD counterparts. Thus, we conclude that TLR4 plays a role in regulating lipid accumulation in cardiac muscle after the onset of type 1 diabetes, which may contribute to cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Dong
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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The Emerging Role of TLR and Innate Immunity in Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiol Res Pract 2012; 2012:181394. [PMID: 22577589 PMCID: PMC3346970 DOI: 10.1155/2012/181394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a complex disorder involving multiple pathophysiological processes, several of which involve activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) of the innate immune system. As sentinels of innate immunity TLRs are nonclonally germline-encoded molecular pattern recognition receptors that recognize exogenous as well as tissue-derived molecular dangers signals promoting inflammation. In addition to their expression in immune cells, TLRs are found in other tissues and cell types including cardiomyocytes, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. TLRs are differentially regulated in various cell types by several cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia and may represent a key mechanism linking chronic inflammation, cardiovascular disease progression, and activation of the immune system. Modulation of TLR signaling by specific TLR agonists or antagonists, alone or in combination, may be a useful therapeutic approach to treat various cardiovascular inflammatory conditions such as atherosclerosis, peripheral arterial disease, secondary microvascular complications of diabetes, autoimmune disease, and ischemia reperfusion injury. In this paper we discuss recent developments and current evidence for the role of TLR in cardiovascular disease as well as the therapeutic potential of various compounds on inhibition of TLR-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Avlas O, Fallach R, Shainberg A, Porat E, Hochhauser E. Toll-like receptor 4 stimulation initiates an inflammatory response that decreases cardiomyocyte contractility. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1895-909. [PMID: 21126202 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been identified as primary innate immune receptors for the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by immune cells, initiating a primary response toward invading pathogens and recruitment of the adaptive immune response. TLRs, especially Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), can also be stimulated by host-derived molecules and are expressed in the cardiovascular system, thus acting as a possible key link between cardiovascular diseases and the immune system. TLR4 is involved in the acute myocardial dysfunction caused by septic shock and myocardial ischemia. We used wild-type (WT) mice, TLR4-deficient (TLR4-knockout [ko]) mice, and chimeras that underwent myeloablative bone marrow transplantation to dissociate between TLR4 expression in the heart (TLR4-ko/WT) and the immunohematopoietic system (WT/TLR4-ko). Following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge (septic shock model) or coronary artery ligation, myocardial ischemia (MI) model, we found WT/TLR4-ko mice challenged with LPS or MI displayed reduced cardiac function, increased myocardial levels of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, and upregulation of mRNA encoding TLR4 prior to myocardial leukocyte infiltration. The cardiac function of TLR4-ko or WT/TLR4-ko mice was less affected by LPS and demonstrated reduced suppression by MI compared with WT. These results suggest that TLR4 expressed in the cardiomyocytes plays a key role in this acute phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orna Avlas
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Medical Diagnostic Research Center, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Abstract
The innate immune system, mediated via toll-like receptors (TLRs), represents the first line of defensive mechanisms that protects hosts from invading microbial pathogens. TLRs are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), and are pathologically activated by a set of pathogen-associated microbial patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). TLRs deliver signals via a specific intracellular signaling pathway involving distinctive adaptor proteins and protein kinases, and ultimately initiate transcriptional factors resulting in inflammatory responses. TLR4 is a paramount type of TLRs, located in the heart, and plays an important role in mediating myocardial ischemic reperfusion (I/R) injury. Loss-of-function experiments and animal models using genetic techniques have found that the MyD88-independent and the MyD88-dependent pathways together participate in the pathological process of myocardial I/R injury. Some other distinctive signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/AKt and AMPK/ERK pathways, interacting with the TLR4 signaling pathway, were also found to be causes of myocardial I/R injury. These different pathways activate a series of downstream transcriptional factors, produced a great quantity of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL, TNF, and initiate inflammatory response. This results in cardiac injury and dysfunction, such as myocardial stunning, no reflow phenomenon, reperfusion arrhythmias and lethal reperfusion injury, and other related complication such as ventricular remodeling. In the future, blockades aimed at blocking the signaling pathway could benefit developments in pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Xu H, Yao Y, Su Z, Yang Y, Kao R, Martin CM, Rui T. Endogenous HMGB1 contributes to ischemia-reperfusion-induced myocardial apoptosis by potentiating the effect of TNF-α/JNK. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 300:H913-21. [PMID: 21186276 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00703.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein that has been implicated in the myocardial inflammation and injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). The purpose of the present study was to assess the role of HMGB1 in myocardial apoptosis induced by I/R. In vivo, myocardial I/R induced an increase in myocardial HMGB1 expression and apoptosis. Inhibition of HMGB1 (A-box) ameliorated the I/R-induced myocardial apoptosis. In vitro, isolated cardiac myocytes were challenged with anoxia-reoxygenation (A/R; in vitro correlate to I/R). A/R-challenged myocytes also generated HMGB1 and underwent apoptosis. Inhibition of HMGB1 attenuated the A/R-induced myocyte apoptosis. Exogenous HMGB1 had no effect on myocyte apoptosis. However, inhibition of HMGB1 attenuated myocyte TNF-α production after the A/R was challenged; surprisingly, HMGB1 itself did not induce myocyte TNF-α production. Exogenous TNF-α induced a moderate proapoptotic effect on the myocytes, an effect substantially potentiated by coadministration of HMGB1. It is generally accepted that apoptosis induced by TNF-α is regulated by the balance of activation of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-κB. Indeed, in the present study, TNF-α increased the phosphorylation status of JNK and p65, a subunit of NF-κB; HMGB1 greatly potentiated TNF-α-induced JNK phosphorylation. Furthermore, inhibition of JNK (SP-600125) prevented the myocyte apoptosis induced by a TNF-α/HMGB1 cocktail. Finally, A/R increased HMGB1 production in both wild-type and toll-like receptor 4-deficient myocytes; however, deficiency in toll-like receptor 4 diminished A/R-induced myocyte apoptosis, TNF-α, and JNK activation. Our results indicate that myocyte-derived HMGB1 and TNF-α work in concert to promote I/R-induced myocardial apoptosis through JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Xu
- Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road E, VRL Rm A6-138, London, Ontario, Canada
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Zhang Y, Peng T, Zhu H, Zheng X, Zhang X, Jiang N, Cheng X, Lai X, Shunnar A, Singh M, Riordan N, Bogin V, Tong N, Min WP. Prevention of hyperglycemia-induced myocardial apoptosis by gene silencing of Toll-like receptor-4. J Transl Med 2010; 8:133. [PMID: 21159162 PMCID: PMC3020152 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptosis is an early event involved in cardiomyopathy associated with diabetes mellitus. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling triggers cell apoptosis through multiple mechanisms. Up-regulation of TLR4 expression has been shown in diabetic mice. This study aimed to delineate the role of TLR4 in myocardial apoptosis, and to block this process through gene silencing of TLR4 in the myocardia of diabetic mice. Methods Diabetes was induced in C57/BL6 mice by the injection of streptozotocin. Diabetic mice were treated with 50 μg of TLR4 siRNA or scrambled siRNA as control. Myocardial apoptosis was determined by TUNEL assay. Results After 7 days of hyperglycemia, the level of TLR4 mRNA in myocardial tissue was significantly elevated. Treatment of TLR4 siRNA knocked down gene expression as well as diminished its elevation in diabetic mice. Apoptosis was evident in cardiac tissues of diabetic mice as detected by a TUNEL assay. In contrast, treatment with TLR4 siRNA minimized apoptosis in myocardial tissues. Mechanistically, caspase-3 activation was significantly inhibited in mice that were treated with TLR4 siRNA, but not in mice treated with control siRNA. Additionally, gene silencing of TLR4 resulted in suppression of apoptotic cascades, such as Fas and caspase-3 gene expression. TLR4 deficiency resulted in inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and NADPH oxidase activity, suggesting suppression of hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis by TLR4 is associated with attenuation of oxidative stress to the cardiomyocytes. Conclusions In summary, we present novel evidence that TLR4 plays a critical role in cardiac apoptosis. This is the first demonstration of the prevention of cardiac apoptosis in diabetic mice through silencing of the TLR4 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Tong C, Morrison A, Yan X, Zhao P, Yeung ED, Wang J, Xie J, Li J. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor deficiency augments cardiac dysfunction in Type 1 diabetic murine cardiomyocytes. J Diabetes 2010; 2:267-74. [PMID: 20923497 PMCID: PMC2991593 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2010.00088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has become evident that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is associated with the development of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to determine whether MIF plays a role in cardiac contractile dysfunction in T1DM mice. METHODS Mechanical and intracellular Ca(2+) properties were measured in cardiomyocytes isolated from wild-type (WT) and MIF-knockout (MIF-KO) mice administrated or not streptozotocin (200 mg/kg, i.p.). Relative stress signaling was evaluated using western blot analysis. RESULTS Peak shortening (PS) and maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening (±dL/dt) were reduced and the duration of relengthening (TR90) was prolonged in both WT and MIF-KO cardiomyocytes treated with STZ (P < 0.01 vs control), which may be associated with reduced intracellular Ca(2+) decay in both groups. However, STZ-treated WT cardiomyocytes demonstrated significantly better contractile function and intracellular Ca(2+) properties compared with STZ-treated MIF-KO cardiomyocytes (all P < 0.05). Interestingly, the physiological data clearly showed that blood glucose levels were significantly higher in STZ-treated MIF-KO mice than STZ-treated WT mice (P < 0.01). Moreover, phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its direct downstream target acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) was markedly lower in hearts from STZ-treated MIF-KO mice than STZ-treated WT mice (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between untreated WT and MIF-KO control groups. CONCLUSIONS There is a beneficial action of MIF in the management of cardiac dysfunction in T1DM. The cardioprotective effect of MIF may be associated with AMPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Alex Morrison
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021
| | - Eddie D Yeung
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Jingying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Jianxin Xie
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
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Syrjälä SO, Keränen MAI, Tuuminen R, Nykänen AI, Tammi M, Krebs R, Lemström KB. Increased Th17 rather than Th1 alloimmune response is associated with cardiac allograft vasculopathy after hypothermic preservation in the rat. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010; 29:1047-57. [PMID: 20591689 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preservation injury decreases patient survival and promotes the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. We investigated the sequential effects of hypothermic preservation on ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), subsequent innate immune activation, and adaptive immune response in rat cardiac allografts. METHODS Allografts were transplanted from fully major histocompatibility complex-mismatched Dark Agouti to Wistar Furth rats without pre-operative hypothermia or after 4 hours of hypothermic preservation. Recipients received cyclosporine A immunosuppression. The allografts were recovered at 6 hours (n = 6, 7), 24 hours (n = 6), 10 days (n = 5), and 8 weeks (n = 5). Immunohistochemical, histologic, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed. RESULTS In IRI, significantly increased messenger RNA (mRNA) levels for Toll-like receptor 4, hyaluronan synthases (HAS)1-2 (p = 0.03), high-mobility group box 1 (p = 0.05), CD80/83 (p = 0.01, p = 0.048), and the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (p = 0.004), interferon-gamma (p = 0.012), and interleukin (IL)-6 (p = 0.019) were seen in allografts subjected to hypothermic preservation. During established alloimmune response, allografts subjected to hypothermic preservation expressed prominent infiltration of CD4+ T cells (p = 0.043) and dendritic cells (p = 0.029) and significantly up-regulated mRNA levels of CD80 (p = 0.036), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 (p = 0.008), C-C chemokine receptor type 7 (p = 0.003), vascular endothelial growth factor-C (p = 0.016), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (p = 0.02). These allografts also showed prominent mRNA upregulation of Foxp3 (p = 0.014), IL-17 (p = 0.038), and IL-23 (p = 0.043). Preservation significantly increased the incidence and intensity of allograft arteriosclerosis (p < 0.05) and cardiac fibrosis (p = 0.003) at 8 weeks. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that preservation injury induced a cascade leading to an innate immune response that modulated the adaptive immune response towards Th17 rather than Th1 T-cell response in rat cardiac allografts and ultimately enhanced cardiac fibrosis and arterial occlusion. Our results also suggest that this immune response was not regulated by the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simo O Syrjälä
- Cardiopulmonary Research Group, Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Ma H, Wang J, Thomas DP, Tong C, Leng L, Wang W, Merk M, Zierow S, Bernhagen J, Ren J, Bucala R, Li J. Impaired macrophage migration inhibitory factor-AMP-activated protein kinase activation and ischemic recovery in the senescent heart. Circulation 2010; 122:282-92. [PMID: 20606117 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.953208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elderly patients are more sensitive than younger patients to myocardial ischemia, which results in higher mortality. We investigated how aging affects the cardioprotective AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS Ischemic AMPK activation was impaired in aged compared with young murine hearts. The expression and secretion of the AMPK upstream regulator, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), were lower in aged compared with young adult hearts. Additionally, the levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha, a known transcriptional activator of MIF, were reduced in aged compared with young hearts. Ischemia-induced AMPK activation in MIF knockout mice was blunted, leading to greater contractile dysfunction in MIF-deficient than in wild-type hearts. Furthermore, intramyocardial injection of adenovirus encoding MIF in aged mice increased MIF expression and ischemic AMPK activation and reduced infarct size. CONCLUSIONS An impaired MIF-AMPK activation response in senescence thus may be attributed to an aging-associated defect in hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha, the transcription factor for MIF. In the clinical setting, impaired cardiac hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha activation and consequent reduced MIF expression may play an important role in the increased susceptibility to myocardial ischemia observed in older cardiac patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Ma
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Arslan F, Keogh B, McGuirk P, Parker AE. TLR2 and TLR4 in ischemia reperfusion injury. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:704202. [PMID: 20628516 PMCID: PMC2902053 DOI: 10.1155/2010/704202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury refers to the tissue damage which occurs when blood supply returns to tissue after a period of ischemia and is associated with trauma, stroke, myocardial infarction, and solid organ transplantation. Although the cause of this injury is multifactorial, increasing experimental evidence suggests an important role for the innate immune system in initiating the inflammatory cascade leading to detrimental/deleterious changes. The Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) play a central role in innate immunity recognising both pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns and have been implicated in a range of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In this paper, we summarise the current state of knowledge linking TLR2 and TLR4 to I/R injury, including recent studies which demonstrate that therapeutic inhibition of TLR2 has beneficial effects on I/R injury in a murine model of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Arslan
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B. Keogh
- Opsona Therapeutics Ltd., Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - P. McGuirk
- Opsona Therapeutics Ltd., Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - A. E. Parker
- Opsona Therapeutics Ltd., Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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Fallach R, Shainberg A, Avlas O, Fainblut M, Chepurko Y, Porat E, Hochhauser E. Cardiomyocyte Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in heart dysfunction following septic shock or myocardial ischemia. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 48:1236-44. [PMID: 20211628 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors are expressed in immune cells and cardiac muscle. We examined whether the cardiac Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is involved in the acute myocardial dysfunction caused by septic shock and myocardial ischemia (MI). We used wild type mice (WT), TLR4 deficient (TLR4-ko) mice and chimeras that underwent myeloablative bone marrow transplantation to dissociate between TLR4 expression in the heart (TLR4-ko/WT) and the immunohematopoietic system (WT/TLR4-ko). Mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (septic shock model) or subjected to coronary artery ligation (MI model) and tested in vivo and ex vivo, for function, histopathology proinflammatory cytokine and TLR4 expression. WT mice challenged with LPS or MI displayed reduced cardiac function, increased myocardial levels of IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha and upregulation of mRNA encoding TLR4 prior to myocardial leukocyte infiltration. TLR4 deficient mice sustained significantly smaller infarctions as compared to control mice at comparable areas at risk. The cardiac function of TLR4-ko mice was not affected by LPS and demonstrated reduced suppression by MI compared to WT. Chimeras deficient in myocardial TLR4 were resistant to suppression induced by LPS and the heart function was less depressed, compared to the TLR4-ko, following MI in the acute phase (4h). In contrast, hearts of chimeras deficient in immunohematopoietic TLR4 expression were suppressed both by LPS and MI, exhibiting increased myocardial cytokine levels, similar to WT mice. We concluded that cardiac function of TLR4-ko mice and chimeric mice expressing TLR4 in the immunohematopoietic system, but not in the heart, revealed resistance to LPS and reduced cardiac depression following MI, suggesting that TLR4 expressed by the cardiomyocytes themselves plays a key role in this acute phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reut Fallach
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Medical Diagnostic Research Center, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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