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Eck M, Da Costa J, Wathelet M, Beunas C, d'Ovidio K, Moncany AH, Thomas P, Fovet T. [Prevalence of mental disorders in French prisons: A systematic review]. L'ENCEPHALE 2024:S0013-7006(24)00018-6. [PMID: 38378405 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2023.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among prisoners remains a major public health issue worldwide. In France, despite the increasing number of persons who are incarcerated (+30% between 1992 and 2002 with a 120% prison overcrowding), and a historical concern about the mental health of persons in detention and its management, no systematic review has been published on this subject. The aim of this article is to present the results of a systematic review of the literature on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in French prisons. METHOD The reporting of this systematic review conforms to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) checklist. We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases. We used combinations of keywords relating to prison (prison*, jail*, inmate*), to psychiatry ("mental health", psychiatr*), and to France (France, French). This work was completed with a search through the digital libraries of the École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique (EHESP) and of the Système Universitaire de Documentation (Sudoc) to obtain data from academic works and the gray literature. References cited in studies included in this review were also examined. All references published up to September 2022, written in English or French, presenting the results of original quantitative studies on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in correctional settings were included. Two researchers independently extracted data from included references according to a pre-established protocol. RESULTS Among 501 records identified, a total of 35 papers based on 24 epidemiological studies met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in this review: 16 were cross-sectional, 7 retrospective and 1 both cross-sectional and retrospective. All papers were published between 1999 and 2022. We found one European study, 5 international studies, 18 regional or local studies. Of these, 21 studies had all-male or mixed gender samples (but when the sample was mixed gender, it was always at least 92% male). Almost half of the studies (n=11) involved a small sample of fewer than 500 persons. Half of the studies involved a sample of recently incarcerated persons: 6 involved a random sample of persons in detention, and 1 involved a sample of people incarcerated for more than 5 years. The last 5 studies focused on persons aged over 50 years and incarcerated for more than one year (n=1), incarcerated for sexual offences (n=2), placed in disciplinary cells (n=1) or in a special wing for radicalized or suspected radicalized individuals (n=1). Nine studies used standardized and validated diagnostic tools. According to the 4 studies involving representative samples and using standardized and validated diagnostic tools, the prevalence of the following psychiatric disorders was: 29.4-44.4% for anxiety disorders, 5-14.2% for PTSD, 28-31.2% for mood disorders, 6.9-17% for psychotic disorders, 32% for personality disorders and 11% for ADHD. CONCLUSION This systematic review of the literature highlights the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders in French prisons. The data collected are in line with international studies. The great methodological heterogeneity of the papers included in this review calls for further rigorous research to better understand the rates of mental disorders in French prisons and to explore their determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Eck
- Pôle de psychiatrie légale et de conduites addictives en milieu pénitentiaire, centre hospitalier Gérard Marchant, 31057 Toulouse, France; Inserm, U1172 - Lille neuroscience & cognition, université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Julien Da Costa
- Pôle de psychiatrie légale et de conduites addictives en milieu pénitentiaire, centre hospitalier Gérard Marchant, 31057 Toulouse, France
| | - Marielle Wathelet
- Pôle de psychiatrie, médecine légale et médecine en milieu pénitentiaire, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale Hauts-de-France (F2RSM Psy), Saint-André-lez-Lille, France
| | - Clément Beunas
- Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale Hauts-de-France (F2RSM Psy), Saint-André-lez-Lille, France
| | - Kévin d'Ovidio
- Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale Hauts-de-France (F2RSM Psy), Saint-André-lez-Lille, France
| | - Anne-Hélène Moncany
- Pôle de psychiatrie légale et de conduites addictives en milieu pénitentiaire, centre hospitalier Gérard Marchant, 31057 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Thomas
- Inserm, U1172 - Lille neuroscience & cognition, université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Pôle de psychiatrie, médecine légale et médecine en milieu pénitentiaire, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Thomas Fovet
- Inserm, U1172 - Lille neuroscience & cognition, université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Pôle de psychiatrie, médecine légale et médecine en milieu pénitentiaire, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
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D'Orta I, Weber K, Herrmann FR, Giannakopoulos P. Women in acute forensic psychiatric care: comparison of clinical, sociodemographic, and detention-related characteristics in pretrial detention, sentence execution, and court-ordered treatment. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:94. [PMID: 38308259 PMCID: PMC10835924 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Compared to men inmates, women display decreased prevalence of severe mental disorder but increased occurrence of substance use disorders (SUD) and higher rates of previous contacts with mental health services. The group of women in detention is highly heterogeneous according to the status of incarceration (pre-trial detention (PTD), sentence execution (SE) and court ordered treatments (COT)). Studies focusing on the comparison of sociodemographic patterns, detention-related and clinical variables between these groups are still lacking. We explored these parameters in 136 women admitted for acute psychiatric care in the sole Geneva forensic unit during a nine year period (2014-2023). Sociodemographic and detention-related data included age, nationality, marital status, presence of children, education attainment, most frequently speaking language, social support, employment before conviction and type of offenses. Clinical variables included the main ICD-10 diagnosis, presence of concomitant SUD, type of personality disorders, presence of suicidal thoughts and attempts at admission, as well as number and mean duration of stays. PTD and SE women had at least 9 years of formal education in 38.9% and 30.3% of cases. Most women in PTD (77.7%), SE (56.6%) and COT (56.2%) groups were Swiss or European citizens. The level of French knowledge was excellent in most of the cases. 43.8% of COT women had at least one child and this percentage is even higher for PTD and SE cases. The employment rate before conviction was also quite high, mainly for PTD and SE (61.1% and 60.6%) and, in a lesser degree, for COT (43.8%) women. Significant social support was present in the vast majority of women without any significant group difference. The distribution of type of offenses did not differ between the three types of detention with a predominance of physical violence, and drug trafficking. The number of stays during the period of reference was significantly higher in COT compared to both SE and PTD women. History of previous inpatient care was also significantly more frequent in COT that SE and PTD women. Adjustment and affective disorders were more often found in SE and PTD cases, these diagnoses were absent in the COT group. In contrast, a main diagnosis of psychotic disorders was found in 62.5% of COT cases compared to only 21.2% in SE and 24.1% in PTD cases. The number of stays, history of inpatient care and diagnosis of psychosis were independent predictors of COT status. In conclusion, the present data reveal the good social integration and emotional support of women needing acute psychiatric care in prison independently of the type of detention. Clinically, women in PTD and SE display more often emotional distress whereas those in COT suffer from acute psychotic symptoms with previous history of psychiatric care and multiple inpatient stays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella D'Orta
- Division of Institutional Measures, Medical Direction, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Kerstin Weber
- Division of Institutional Measures, Medical Direction, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R Herrmann
- Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Panteleimon Giannakopoulos
- Division of Institutional Measures, Medical Direction, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Nilsson SF, Nordentoft M, Fazel S, Laursen TM. Risk of homelessness after prison release and recidivism in Denmark: a nationwide, register-based cohort study. Lancet Public Health 2023; 8:e756-e765. [PMID: 37640041 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(23)00152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transitional periods between and across services have been linked to homelessness. We aimed to investigate the association of previous history of homelessness and psychiatric disorders with risk of homelessness after release from prison. Additionally, we examined the association between homelessness after release and risk of recidivism. METHODS We did a nationwide, register-based cohort study of people aged 15 years or older who were released from prison for the first time in Denmark between Jan 1, 2001, and Dec 31, 2021. We obtained data using the Danish Civil Registration System with data linked across other registries (the Danish Central Criminal Register, the Danish Homeless Register, the Danish National Patient Register, and the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register) on release date, homeless shelter contacts, psychiatric disorders, and new convictions. Outcomes were homelessness after release from prison, defined as first homeless shelter contact following release from first imprisonment, and recidivism within 2 years of release, defined as the first police-recorded criminal conviction after prison release. We calculated incidence rates per 1000 person-years, incidence rate ratios (IRRs) using Poisson regression analysis, and probability of homelessness and recidivism after release. Sex, age, calendar year, country of origin, highest educational level, relationship status, and length of index imprisonment were included as confounders. FINDINGS The study cohort included 37 382 individuals (34 792 males [93·1%] and 2590 females [6·9%]) aged 15-41 years, who were released from prison between Jan 1, 2001, and Dec 31, 2021, contributing 202 197 person-years at risk. Mean follow-up duration was 5·4 person-years (SD 5·6). Overall, 1843 (4·9%) of 37 382 individuals became homeless. 1 year after release from prison, 788 (2·1%) of 37 382 individuals had at least one homeless shelter contact, and among 1761 individuals with previous history of homelessness before index imprisonment, 357 (20·7%) became homeless. The incidence of homelessness after release was 102·5 cases per 1000 person-years for individuals with previous history of homelessness and 6·7 cases per 1000 person-years in individuals without (IRR 16·4, 95% CI 14·8-18·2; adjusted for sex, age, and calendar year). Individuals who additionally had a mental illness had a higher risk of homelessness (IRR 22·6, 19·7-25·9) compared with those without either previous homelessness or mental illness, and a substantially higher risk was observed for those with previous homelessness and drug use disorder (25·0, 21·6-28·9) compared with those without. Within 2 years of release from prison, the probability of recidivism was 73·2% (95% CI 72·8-73·7). The risk of recidivism was higher among people experiencing homelessness after release from prison than those who did not experience homelessness after release (IRR 1·5, 95% CI 1·3-1·7), adjusted for sex, age, and calendar year. INTERPRETATION Criminal justice services should review approaches to reduce risk of homelessness, and consider improving liaison with mental health and substance misuse services to prevent adverse outcomes on release from prison. Clinical guidelines applied to criminal justice settings should address the health of individuals who experience homelessness. FUNDING Lundbeck Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Feodor Nilsson
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health (CORE), Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark.
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health (CORE), Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrated Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Munk Laursen
- The National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Bloem O, Verkes RJ, Bulten E. The Course of Psychiatric Symptoms During Remand Imprisonment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2023; 67:720-735. [PMID: 34802279 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x211058956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Imprisonment may pose a risk for unintended effects such as deterioration of psychiatric symptoms. Therefore, it is pivotal to understand the relation between imprisonment and the course of psychiatric symptoms, but previous studies are inconclusive. The current study followed up the psychiatric symptoms of newly admitted remand prisoners to one Dutch remand prison using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and also studied possible related pre-existing variables. On average we found an overall slight-yet clinically marginal-improvement of psychiatric, in particular affective symptoms. One in three prisoners deteriorated and prisoners with psychotic disorders less often deteriorated. Other variables were not related. Overall, psychiatric symptoms remain stable over time during early remand imprisonment independent of most psychiatric disorders. The context in the Dutch prison studied appears to be adequately organized in terms of handling psychiatric stability, but we notice that prison contexts may vary to a large extend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Bloem
- Custodial Institutions Agency, Ministry of Security and Justice, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sfendla A, Martinsson B, Filipovic Y, Senhaji M, Kerekes N. Psychological distress in a sample of Moroccan prisoners with drug-dependence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2022; 66:1093-1108. [PMID: 33882747 PMCID: PMC9245157 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x211010286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Research regarding mental illness and drug addiction among inmates in Morocco requires increased knowledge; previous literature reported that prisoners suffer from severe psychological distress. The present study aimed to provide information about Moroccan prisoners' psychological distress and define the differences in psychological distress levels among inmates with and without drug-dependence. A sample of 177 male inmates completed a set of surveys, including the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). The "Drug dependence" group scored significantly higher psychological distress levels in each of the BSI domains. The strongest differences were measured in the General Severity Index (GSI), hostility, and depression scales. Moroccan prison inmates have high psychological distress, and those with drug-dependence have even higher. There is a need of psychiatric assessment, selection, and care possibilities in prison inmate populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Sfendla
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Errachidia, Morocco
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan, Morocco
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Moulay Ismail University, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Björn Martinsson
- Department of Health Sciences, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden
| | - Ylva Filipovic
- Department of Health Sciences, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden
| | - Meftaha Senhaji
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Nóra Kerekes
- Department of Health Sciences, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden
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A National Study of Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempt Among Incarcerated People in Iran. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00773-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Prison inmates with court-ordered treatments: are they really different? Ann Gen Psychiatry 2022; 21:6. [PMID: 35148794 PMCID: PMC8840305 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-022-00382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both the frequency of court-ordered treatments (COT) for offenders and prevalence of mental disorders among regular prison inmates steadily increased in most western countries. Whether there are major sociodemographic and clinical differences between these two populations is still matter of debate. METHODS We compared the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics in a representative sample of 139 regular prison inmates versus 61 offenders with COT admitted during a 5-year period in an acute psychiatric care unit located in the central prison of the Geneva county. Fisher exact, unpaired Student's t and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare demographic and clinical variables between COT patients and regular inmates. In addition, univariate and multivariable ordered logistic regression models were built to identify the sociodemographic and clinical determinants of COT. RESULTS COT patients were significantly older, less frequently married, with better education attainment, predominantly French-speaking, of the Christian religious group and with regular religious practice. History of psychiatric outpatient care was significantly more frequent in this group. Unlike the significantly higher occurrence of adjustment disorders in regular prisoners, psychosis was the main diagnosis in COT patients. When all diagnostic categories were taken into account in multivariable models, the presence of personality and psychotic disorders were the stronger predictors of COT status. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal that offenders with COT represent a clinically distinct group with an overrepresentation of personality and psychotic disorders. Moreover, they show that, at least in the Swiss penitentiary system, COT patients are less exposed to acculturation issues compared to regular inmates.
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Brugués G, Caparrós B. Dysfunctional personality, Dark Triad and moral disengagement in incarcerated offenders: implications for recidivism and violence. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2022; 29:431-455. [PMID: 35756705 PMCID: PMC9225686 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2021.1917011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
It is particularly important to study the underlying processes of the dysfunctional personality patterns and of antisocial behaviour in the prison population, to identify them and to analyse the functioning of the psychological mechanisms involved in these constructs. The main goal of this study was to analyse dysfunctional personality patterns, Dark Triad, moral disengagement mechanisms and their relationship with violence and recidivism. Participants were 63 incarcerated offenders in two prisons. The study found a higher degree of moral disengagement in the participants convicted for crimes involving the use of violence. The results indicated that antisocial and aggressive-sadistic tendencies were the dysfunctional personality traits most strongly associated with moral disengagement. The binary logistic regression analysis showed that the variables, which influenced recidivism in criminal behaviour, were the use of violence in the crime committed, antisocial personality traits, and advantageous comparison and dehumanisation as mechanisms of moral disengagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glòria Brugués
- Psychology Department, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Correspondence: Glòria Brugués, Department of Psychology, University of Girona, 17004Girona, Spain. E-mail:
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Liu H, Li TW, Liang L, Hou WK. Trauma exposure and mental health of prisoners and ex-prisoners: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 89:102069. [PMID: 34454322 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present meta-analytic review examined the associations between different forms of trauma and mental disorders among prisoners and ex-prisoners. Studies published from 1998 to March 31 2021 were identified by searching PsycINFO, PubMed, Medline and Web of Science. Data were meta-analyzed using a random-effect model. Moderator and mediator analyses were conducted. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020181587). We identified 62 studies (50 non-duplicated samples) with 15,115 (97.86%) prisoners and 330 (2.14%) ex-prisoners in 16 countries. A multi-level meta-analysis found that overall trauma was positively associated with more diagnoses or symptoms of mental disorders (Zr = 0.198, 95% CI = [0.167, 0.229], p < 0.001). Stronger effect sizes were found between childhood trauma (Zr = 0.357, 95% CI = [0.147, 0.568], p < 0.01) and sexual trauma (Zr = 0.326, 95% CI = [0.216, 0.435], p < 0.001) and stress-related disorders. Multilevel moderator analysis showed that effect size was stronger in imprisonment trauma (β = 0.247, 95% CI = [0.177, 0.316], p < 0.01), mixed trauma (β = 0.234, 95% CI = [0.196, 0.272], p < 0.001), and stress-related disorders (β = 0.261, 95% CI = [0.214, 0.307], p < 0.01). Associations between trauma and mental disorders were mediated by social support but not coping. Our findings provide an evidence base for future research on the impact of trauma and inform assessments and interventions in correctional settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huinan Liu
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Tsz Wai Li
- Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Li Liang
- Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wai Kai Hou
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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Quality of Life and Its Correlates in People Serving Prison Sentences in Penitentiary Institutions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041655. [PMID: 33572346 PMCID: PMC7916129 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to analyze the determinants of prison inmates' quality of life (QoL). METHODS 390 men imprisoned in penitentiary institutions were assessed. Data were collected by means of the Sense of Quality of Life Questionnaire (SQLQ), general self-efficacy scale (GSES), resilience assessment scale (RAS-25), social support scale (SSS), intensity of religious attitude scale (IRA), SPI/TPI, and COPE Inventory, measures that have high validity and reliability. All models were specified in a path analysis using Mplus version 8.2. RESULTS The positive correlates of QoL are: self-efficacy, social support, intensity of religious attitude, trait and state depression, resilience, and the following coping strategies, which are at the same time mediators between the variables mentioned above and QoL: behavioral disengagement, turning to religion, planning, and seeking social support for instrumental reasons. CONCLUSIONS In penitentiary practice, attention should be devoted to depressive individuals, and support should be provided to them in the first place because depressiveness is the strongest negative correlate of important aspects of prisoners' QoL. All the remaining significant factors, namely: self-efficacy, social support, intensity of religious attitude, and the following coping strategies: turning to religion, planning, and seeking social support for instrumental reasons, should be taken into account in rehabilitation programs.
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Dellazizzo L, Luigi M, Giguère CÉ, Goulet MH, Dumais A. Is mental illness associated with placement into solitary confinement in correctional settings? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2020; 29:576-589. [PMID: 32390302 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this meta-analysis was to examine the association between any mental health problem and the risk of being placed into solitary confinement in correctional settings. PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched from each database's inception date to November 2019. All publications assessing both mental health problems and placement into solitary confinement in a sample of adult inmates in correctional settings were included. The meta-analysis was performed using random-effects models. Heterogeneity among study point estimates was assessed with Q statistics and quantified with I2 index. Publication bias was assessed with funnel plots. Guidelines from Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were followed throughout. After screening 2777 potential studies, 11 studies were included amounting to a total of 163 414 inmates. Included studies comprised of a mix of mental disorders rather than a specific diagnosis per se. The odds ratio (OR) from the pooled studies was 1.62 (confidence interval (CI) = 1.21-2.15). The observed relationship remained unchanged regardless of the removal of outliers (OR = 1.63, CI = 1.47-1.80) and regardless of the adjustment of confounders (OR = 1.58, CI = 1.32-1.88). The present study shows a moderate association between any mental health problem and placement into solitary confinement within a considerable sample of inmates. As more individuals suffering from mental illness enter the correctional system, it is essential that correction officials create new safe interventions to manage these inmates and offer them proper mental health care to limit the use of solitary confinement, which may have deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dellazizzo
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mimosa Luigi
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles-Édouard Giguère
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Hélène Goulet
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Nursing, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Dumais
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Institut national de psychiatrie légale Philippe-Pinel, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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D’Aurizio G, Caldarola A, Ninniri M, Avvantaggiato M, Curcio G. Sleep Quality and Psychological Status in a Group of Italian Prisoners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124224. [PMID: 32545743 PMCID: PMC7344845 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prison could be considered a prolonged stressful situation that can trigger not only a dysregulation of sleep patterns but can also bring out psychiatric illness, such as anxiety and depression symptoms. Our study is aimed at exploring sleep quality and sleep habits in an Italian prison ward with three different security levels, and to attempt to clarify how anxiety state and the total time spent in prison can moderate insomnia complaints. There were 129 participants divided into three groups who enrolled in this study: 50 were in the medium-security prison ward (Group 1), 58 were in the high-security prison ward (Group 2) and 21 were in the medium-security following a protocol of detention with reduced custodial measures (Group 3). All participants filled in a set of questionnaires that included the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-2), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Based on their responses, we observed that all participants showed poor sleep quality and insomnia, mild to moderate depressive symptoms that tended to a higher severity in Groups 1 and 3, and the presence of clinically significant anxiety symptoms, mainly in Groups 1 and 3. Our study shows that increased anxiety state-level and the presence of mood alteration corresponds to an increase in both poor sleep quality and, more specifically, insomnia complaints. Finally, we propose that TiP (total time in prison) could have an interesting and stabilizing paradox-function on anxiety state and insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia D’Aurizio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (G.D.); (A.C.)
| | - Angelica Caldarola
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (G.D.); (A.C.)
| | - Marianna Ninniri
- Penitentiary Institution-Casa Circondariale Lanciano, 66034 Chieti, Italy; (M.N.); (M.A.)
| | | | - Giuseppe Curcio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (G.D.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0862-433407
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Fovet T, Plancke L, Amariei A, Benradia I, Carton F, Sy A, Kyheng M, Tasniere G, Amad A, Danel T, Thomas P, Roelandt JL. Mental disorders on admission to jail: A study of prevalence and a comparison with a community sample in the north of France. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 63:e43. [PMID: 32336297 PMCID: PMC7355167 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The aim of the present study was to estimate prevalence rates of psychiatric and substance use disorders in male and female prisoners on admission to prison in the north of France and compare the frequency of these disorders to the general population. Methods. This cross-sectional survey on Mental Health in the Prison Population (MHPP), conducted between March 2014 and April 2017, interviewed 653 randomly selected men and women who had recently been committed to the French general population prison system in the Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments. For each subject, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), a standardized psychiatric interview, was used to screen for psychiatric and substance use disorders. The prevalence rates were then compared with data from the Mental Health in the General Population (MHGP) survey, a general population survey that used the same assessment methodology as MHPP in the Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments. A control sample was taken from the MHGP survey with a ratio of one case (MHPP) to three controls (MHGP) matching on age and sex. Results. The sample was primarily composed of French men, most of them single with low educational levels at the time of imprisonment. The mean age was 31.7 (standard deviation = 9.9; min = 18; max = 67). Most of the subjects included were first-time prisoners. The prevalence of affective disorders among newly incarcerated individuals was 31.2% with higher rates for major depressive disorder (27.2%). The prevalence of anxiety disorders was 44.4% with higher rates for generalized anxiety disorder (25.2%). The prevalence of psychotic syndromes was 6.9%. The prevalence of substance use disorders was 53.5% and a suicide risk was identified in 31.4% of the prisoners interviewed. Higher prevalence rates were found in the MHPP when compared with the MHGP for all psychiatric and substance use disorders assessed except for dysthymia and current isolated psychotic syndrome. Conclusions. Our study shows very high levels of prevalence for psychiatric and substance use disorders in recently committed French prisoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fovet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1172-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition-Equipe Plasticity & SubjectivitY, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Pôle de Psychiatrie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Laurent Plancke
- Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale Hauts-de-France (F2RSM Psy), Saint-André-Lez-Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8019 - CLERSE - Centre Lillois d'Études et de Recherches sociologiques et Économiques, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Alina Amariei
- Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale Hauts-de-France (F2RSM Psy), Saint-André-Lez-Lille, France
| | - Imane Benradia
- EPSM Lille-Métropole, Centre Collaborateur de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé pour la Recherche et la Formation en Santé Mentale, Lille, France.,ECEVE, UMRS 1123, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Carton
- CHU Lille, Pôle de Psychiatrie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Aminata Sy
- EPSM Lille-Métropole, Centre Collaborateur de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé pour la Recherche et la Formation en Santé Mentale, Lille, France
| | - Maeva Kyheng
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694 - METRICS : évaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Département de Biostatistiques, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Ali Amad
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1172-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition-Equipe Plasticity & SubjectivitY, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Pôle de Psychiatrie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Thierry Danel
- Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale Hauts-de-France (F2RSM Psy), Saint-André-Lez-Lille, France
| | - Pierre Thomas
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1172-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition-Equipe Plasticity & SubjectivitY, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Pôle de Psychiatrie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Roelandt
- EPSM Lille-Métropole, Centre Collaborateur de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé pour la Recherche et la Formation en Santé Mentale, Lille, France.,ECEVE, UMRS 1123, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, Paris, France
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14
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Bloem O, Bulten E, Verkes RJ. Changes in subjective wellbeing of prisoners on remand. Int J Prison Health 2019; 15:181-191. [PMID: 31172856 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-01-2018-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Low levels of subjective wellbeing in prisoners may relate to mental health problems and difficulties in reintegration after imprisonment. The development of subjective wellbeing during imprisonment is mostly unclear. The purpose of this paper is to explore this development in a longitudinal study in association with mental disorders and socioeconomic factors. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Subjective wellbeing was assessed via a visual analogue scale and retrieved at admission to remand prison and then again after four and eight weeks. Changes in subjective wellbeing between time-points were analyzed taking into account mental disorders and socioeconomic factors, which were assessed by use of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview - Plus and the Camberwell Assessment of Need - Forensic Version, respectively. FINDINGS On average, subjective wellbeing declined directly after remand prison admission, but differences between individuals were found. At remand prison admission, subjective wellbeing significantly improved rather than declined in prisoners with alcohol and substance use disorders, housing problems, unemployment prior to incarceration and in relatively older prisoners. Other related factors did not add significance to this model. In contrast, during remand imprisonment subjective wellbeing displayed an overall increase. For this increase, no predicting factors were found. However, prisoners with an antisocial personality disorder are more at risk of experiencing a decrease in wellbeing during remand imprisonment. ORIGINALITY/VALUE In general, the Dutch prison system appears not to result in a decrease in subjective wellbeing in prisoners suffering from a mental disorder during remand imprisonment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Bloem
- Custodial Institutions Agency, Ministry of Security and Justice, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Bulten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen , Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Forensic Psychiatric Centre Nijmegen, Pompefoundation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert-Jan Verkes
- Forensic Psychiatric Centre Nijmegen, Pompefoundation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen , Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Criminal Law, Law School, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Vainionpää R, Tuulaniemi K, Pesonen P, Laitala ML, Anttonen V. Erosive tooth wear and use of psychoactive substances among Finnish prisoners. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:97. [PMID: 31142315 PMCID: PMC6542043 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of erosive tooth wear (ETW) and its association with dental caries and the use of psychoactive substances among Finnish prisoners. METHODS One hundred voluntary prisoners (90.9%) from the Pelso Prison participated in this cross-sectional clinical study between September 2014 and February 2015. Fifty prisoners were also interviewed using the one-on-one interviewing technique for their background factors and use of psychoactive substances. Basic Erosive Index (BEWE) (0-18) was used to measure erosive tooth wear. Decayed (D), missing (M), filled (F) and the number of remaining teeth (T) and DMFT were reported. The association between the different variables was tested and analysed by using cross tabulation. To test the association between the variables a logistic regression analysis was conducted. RESULTS Almost all (90%) of the subjects had need for preventive and operative treatment for ETW. In addition, one in five (19%) suffered from severe erosive tooth wear. The use of psychoactive substances and pharmaceuticals is common, yet no association with ETW was found. Smoking and alcohol consumption were more common among younger prisoners than the older ones. There is an increased risk for ETW among older prisoners and major alcohol consumers. Past caries experience was associated with dental erosion. CONCLUSIONS Erosive tooth wear is common among Finnish prisoners in their thirties. ETW is associated with dental caries and daily alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raija Vainionpää
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Paediatric Dentistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5281, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland.
- Medical Research Centre, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Kirsi Tuulaniemi
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Paediatric Dentistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5281, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Paula Pesonen
- Northern Finland Birth Cohorts, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Laitala
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Paediatric Dentistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5281, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Vuokko Anttonen
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Paediatric Dentistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5281, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Centre, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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16
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Villagrá P, Fernández P, García-Vega E, González-Menéndez A. Dual Diagnosis in Prisoners: Childhood Sexual and Physical Abuse as Predictors in Men and Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2019; 63:960-970. [PMID: 24285834 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x13513560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to determine the rate of dual diagnosis (DD), examine the most common mental disorders, and determine whether a history of childhood sexual/physical abuse (CSA/CPA) is associated with this phenomenon. One-hundred and eighty inmates from a Spanish prison were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and the Addiction Severity Index-6. The data showed that 46.8% of the males and 65.1% of the females had a substance use disorder. With regard to CPA, similar percentages were found in both genders. Nevertheless, rates of CSA were highest in females. Logistic regression analysis was performed by gender. CPA was predictor of DD for males, and CSA was predictor of DD for females, showing the greatest weight. In addition, in both cases, the number of drugs of abuse was an adequate predictor. We can state that these forms of maltreatment are risk factors for the development of a broad range of psychopathological problems.
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17
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The prevalence of mental disorders in Taiwanese prisons: a nationwide population-based study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2019; 54:379-386. [PMID: 30310945 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-018-1614-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In Taiwan, few studies explored the morbidity of mental disorders among prisoners. The purpose of this study is conducted to estimate the prevalence of mental disorders in Taiwanese prisoners. METHODS Based on Nationwide population-based databank, 82,650 prisons were studied for mental disorders. Mental disorders were assessed with the International Classification of Diseases 9th revision Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). RESULT The prevalence of mental disorders among prisoners was estimated 11.31%. Female prisons exhibited a higher prevalence than males (17.82% vs. 10.56%, p < 0.01). Among all cases that were diagnosed with the contents of mental disorder, anxiety, dissociative and somatoform disorders was the most frequent disease (total: 49.48%, female: 59.42%, male: 47.55%) followed by special symptoms or syndromes (total: 38.24%, female: 33.20%, male: 39.22%), drug dependence (total: 15.41%, female: 9.22%, male: 16.61%), episodic mood disorders (total: 13.56%, female: 26.15%, male: 11.12%), nondependent abuse of drugs (total: 11.23%, female: 2.77%, male: 12.87%) and depressive disorder (total: 11.23%, female: 11.66%, male: 11.14%). CONCLUSION A substantial proportion of prisoners reported having mental disorders. The results suggests the necessity of comprehensive assessment and more treatment programs that offer alternatives to incarceration of mental health for the criminal justice system in Taiwan.
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18
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Dirkzwager AJE, Nieuwbeerta P. Mental health symptoms during imprisonment: a longitudinal study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2018; 138:300-311. [PMID: 30003548 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mental health problems are common in prison populations. Less is known about how mental health problems develop during imprisonment. The objective was to examine the longitudinal course of mental health symptoms during imprisonment and individual factors associated with the development of these symptoms. METHOD In a prospective cohort study, 1.664 Dutch male prisoners were questioned 3 weeks after their arrival in detention. Those still in custody were questioned again after 3, 9, and 18 months. Multilevel analyses were conducted to identify predictors of the course of mental health symptoms. RESULTS Prisoners reported continued elevated symptom levels compared to the general population. Inmates who entered detention with pre-existing mental health problems and problematic alcohol/drugs use showed mental health improvements during detention. CONCLUSION The high levels of prisoners' mental health problems highlight the importance of addressing mental health issues in prison. Imprisonment does not have an overall negative effect on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J E Dirkzwager
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Nieuwbeerta
- Department of Criminology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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19
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Brown GP, Stewart LA, Rabinowitz T, Boudreau H, Wright AJ. Approved and Off-Label Use of Prescribed Psychotropic Medications among Federal Canadian Inmates. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2018; 63:683-691. [PMID: 29706116 PMCID: PMC6187436 DOI: 10.1177/0706743718773734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine psychotropic medication prescription practices in federal Canadian penitentiaries. METHOD 468 files were drawn from a purposive sample of thirteen Canadian federal institutions representing the five regions, different security levels, and male and female designated facilities. Information on the names of all psychotropic medications prescribed, indications for use, dosage, frequency, and route of administration was retrieved. Designation of approved or off-label use of medications was determined by consulting: (1) the Health Canada (2016) Drug Product Database, (2) the Canadian Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties 2016, and (3) the American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information 2016. Prescription rates were examined by gender, Indigenous ancestry, drug class, institutional infractions, and current offence. RESULTS 36.2% of prescriptions for psychotropic medication were coded as 'off-label'. Anxiolytic/hypnotics drugs were the psychotropic drugs most commonly used for off-label purposes. There were no differences in the prevalence of approved versus off-label prescriptions based on Indigenous ancestry or gender, and no pattern of elevated off-label prescription practices for offenders involved in institutional misconducts or those sentenced for the most serious crimes. CONCLUSIONS The rates of prescribing 'off-label' psychotropic medication are not elevated relative to other correctional settings or to rates cited in Canadian surveys conducted in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P. Brown
- Institute for Applied Social Research, School of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lynn A. Stewart
- Research Branch, Correctional Service Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terry Rabinowitz
- Psychiatry and Family Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine; Division of Consultation Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Harold Boudreau
- National Pharmacist, Correctional Service Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Nursing Project Manager, Correctional Service of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela J. Wright
- National Pharmacist, Correctional Service Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Nursing Project Manager, Correctional Service of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Vanya M, Devosa I. Prevalence of psychiatric disorder-related consequences in male prisoners: a cross-sectional study. Public Health 2018; 154:11-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Duffy RM, Kelly BD. Rights, laws and tensions: A comparative analysis of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the WHO Resource Book on Mental Health, Human Rights and Legislation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2017; 54:26-35. [PMID: 28962684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Good mental health legislation is essential for ensuring high quality mental health care and protecting human rights. Many countries are attempting to bring mental health legislation in line with the UN - Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disability (UN-CRPD). The UN-CRPD requires policy-makers to rethink the 'medical model' of mental illness and existing laws. It also challenges WHO guidelines on drafting mental health law, described in the WHO Resource Book on Mental Health, Human Rights and Legislation (WHO-RB). AIMS This study examines the relationship between the UN-CRPD and the WHO-RB. METHODS It compares the documents, highlighting similarities and identifying areas of disagreement. The WHO-RB contains a checklist of human rights standards it recommends are met at national level. This study analyses each component on this checklist and identifies the relevant sections in the UN-CRPD that pertain to each. RESULTS Both the UN-CRPD and WHO-RB address more than just acute exacerbations of illness, providing guidelines on, inter alia, treatment, education, occupation and housing. They are patient-centred and strongly influenced by social rights. The UN-CRPD, however, gives just superficial consideration to the management of acute illness, forensic and risk issues, and does little to identify the role of family and carers. CONCLUSION The UN-CRPD has evolved from disability research and strong advocacy organisations. Careful consideration is needed to enable it to address the specific needs encountered in mental illness. Both the UN-CRPD and WHO-RB highlight common tensions that must be resolved by clinicians, and provide some guidance for stakeholders who commonly need to observe one principle at the expense of another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Duffy
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin D24 NR0A, Ireland.
| | - Brendan D Kelly
- Trinity College Dublin, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin D24 NR0A, Ireland
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Billstedt E, Anckarsäter H, Wallinius M, Hofvander B. Neurodevelopmental disorders in young violent offenders: Overlap and background characteristics. Psychiatry Res 2017; 252:234-241. [PMID: 28285251 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), tic disorder, intellectual disability (ID)), in prison populations have received increased attention but the focus has generally been on one single condition leaving out the global picture. This study assessed the prevalence and overlap of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) in a consecutive cohort (n=270) of young adult male offenders (age 18-25 years), sentenced for "hands-on" violent offences and serving prison time in Swedish prisons. Seventy-one percent of all who met inclusion criteria participated. Comprehensive clinical assessments were carried out including history of early antisocial behavior and maladjustment, self-report questionnaires and an intelligence test. Sixty-three percent of the study group met DSM-IV criteria for childhood ADHD, 43% for ADHD in adulthood, 10% met criteria for an ASD, 6% for Tourette syndrome, and 1% for ID. Twenty-two percent had borderline intellectual functioning. A substantial rate of overlap between the NDDs was found. The combined NDD group had an earlier onset of antisocial behavior, had more aggressive behavior and lower school achievements than the non-NDD group. The results highlight the need for prison and probation services to be attentive of and screen for neurodevelopmental disorders in young violent offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Billstedt
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Henrik Anckarsäter
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Märta Wallinius
- Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Regional Forensic Psychiatric Clinic, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Björn Hofvander
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden; Division of Forensic Psychiatry, Region Skåne, Sweden
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Otte S, Vasic N, Nigel S, Streb J, Ross T, Spitzer C, Grabe HJ, Dudeck M. Different yet similar? Prisoners versus psychiatric patients - A comparison of their mental health. Eur Psychiatry 2017. [PMID: 28628826 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research indicates that prisoners have severe psychological distress. To assess their distress level and potential need for treatment, the present study compared the subjective psychological distress of long- and short-term prisoners with that of psychiatric and forensic patients. METHODS Long- (n=98) and short-term prisoners (n=94) and forensic (n=102) and psychiatric (n=199) patients completed the German versions of the Symptom Checklist Revised (SCL-90-R) and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). RESULTS In general, long-term prisoners showed the same level of mental distress as psychiatric patients and more than that reported by forensic patients. Short-term prisoners reported the least level of distress. Long- but not short-term prisoners showed clinically significant results on the scales for depression, paranoid ideation, and psychosis. CONCLUSIONS The improvements in psychiatric treatment for inmates demanded by many stakeholders need to differentiate between long- and short-term prisoners. Because depression seems to cause the most psychological distress among inmates, suicide prevention seems to be an important issue in prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Otte
- Department of forensic psychiatry and psychotherapy, university of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - N Vasic
- Department of forensic psychiatry and psychotherapy, university of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - S Nigel
- Department of forensic psychiatry and psychotherapy, university of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - J Streb
- Department of forensic psychiatry and psychotherapy, university of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - T Ross
- Department of forensic psychiatry and psychotherapy, centre for psychiatry Reichenau, Reichenau, Germany
| | - C Spitzer
- Asklepios hospital Tiefenbrunn, Rosdorf, Germany
| | - H J Grabe
- Department of psychiatry and psychotherapy, university of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Dudeck
- Department of forensic psychiatry and psychotherapy, university of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Geitona M, Milioni SO. Health status and access to health services of female prisoners in Greece: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Health Serv Res 2016; 16:243. [PMID: 27400658 PMCID: PMC4940824 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-016-1506-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-reported health status of prisoners' population and access to health services during incarceration have not been adequately explored in Greece. The purpose of this study was to assess female prisoners' health status and access to healthcare in the Attica detention center "Korydallos". METHODS A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2014. A semi-structured questionnaire was developed, including questions on the prisoners' socio-demographic characteristics, self-reported health status before and after incarceration, access to and quality of the provided health services. Inmates who were in solitary confinement, suffered from serious psychiatric problems, or were unable to understand the Greek language were excluded from the study. Data were collected via personal interviews and information received was anonymized. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were used. The difference between self-reported general health status prior to and during detention was analyzed by Wilcoxon test, while the relationship between health status and access to healthcare was explored with coefficient Spearman's rho. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05 level and statistical analysis was performed using the software SPSS 19. RESULTS Of the 135 prisoners, 101 participated in the study. 60.4 % mentioned a moderate or poor health status, while the respective percentage before detention was 32.7 %. Health status deterioration and poor mental health were reported by more than half of the respondents. Additionally, the vast majority expressed raised feelings such as sadness, anxiety or discomfort which affected negatively their everyday life while in prison. Regarding risk factors during imprisonment; tobacco consumption has increased by 16.6 % and 7.9 % of the sample admitted having used drugs. Moreover, the access to and the quality of provided health services in prison were described as poor/ very poor by 46.5 % and 49.5 %, respectively. A significant correlation between the access to and the quality of health care services and health status was observed. CONCLUSION Healthcare provision at the "Korydallos" prison is not satisfying since the access to as well as the quality of healthcare are not adequate. Imprisonment leads to deterioration of self-reported health status. Our findings should constitute a starting point for further research in order to introduce more effective interventions aiming at meeting prisoners' health needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Geitona
- Department of Social and Educational Policy, University of Peloponnese, Damaskinou & Kolokotroni Str, 20100, Corinth, Greece
| | - Stella-Olga Milioni
- Department of Social and Educational Policy, University of Peloponnese, Damaskinou & Kolokotroni Str, 20100, Corinth, Greece.
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25
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Leach J. Psychological factors in exceptional, extreme and torturous environments. EXTREME PHYSIOLOGY & MEDICINE 2016; 5:7. [PMID: 27257476 PMCID: PMC4890253 DOI: 10.1186/s13728-016-0048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our cognitive system has adapted to support goal-directed behaviour within a normal environment. An abnormal environment is one to which we are not optimally adapted but can accommodate through the development of coping strategies. These abnormal environments can be ‘exceptional’, e.g., polar base, space station, submarine, prison, intensive care unit, isolation ward etc.; ‘extreme’, marked by more intense environmental stimuli and a real or perceived lack of control over the situation, e.g., surviving at sea in a life-raft, harsh prison camp etc.; or ‘tortuous’, when specific environmental stimuli are used deliberately against a person in an attempt to undermine his will or resistance. The main factors in an abnormal environment are: psychological (isolation, sensory deprivation, sensory overload, sleep deprivation, temporal disorientation); psychophysiological (thermal, stress positions), and psychosocial (cultural humiliation, sexual degradation). Each single factor may not be considered tortuous, however, if deliberately structured into a systemic cluster may constitute torture under legal definition. The individual experience of extremis can be pathogenic or salutogenic and attempts are being made to capitalise on these positive experiences whilst ameliorating the more negative aspects of living in an abnormal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Leach
- Extreme Environmental Medicine & Science Group, Extreme Environments Laboratory, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2ER UK
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Violent offenders as a target population for Public Mental Health Care. J Forensic Leg Med 2016; 40:54-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Piselli M, Attademo L, Garinella R, Rella A, Antinarelli S, Tamantini A, Quartesan R, Stracci F, Abram KM. Psychiatric needs of male prison inmates in Italy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2015; 41:82-88. [PMID: 25888500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents data on the mental health needs of men in an Italian prison and examines if mental health needs of inmates differ across key correctional subpopulations. Interviewers conducted semi-structured clinical interviews with 526 convicted males incarcerated in the Spoleto Prison from October 2010 through September 2011. Nearly two thirds (65.0%) of inmates had an Axis I or Axis II disorder. About half (52.7%) had an Axis I disorder. Personality disorders were the most common disorders (51.9%), followed by anxiety (25.3%) and substance use disorders (24.9%). Over one third of inmates (36.6%) had comorbid types of disorder. The most common comorbid types of disorders were substance use disorders plus personality disorders (20.1%) and anxiety disorders plus personality disorders (18.0%). Findings underscore a significant need for specialized mental health services for men in Italian prisons. Moreover, as inmates return to the community, their care becomes the responsibility of the community health system. Service systems must be equipped to provide integrated services for those with both psychiatric and substance use disorders and be prepared for challenges posed by patients with personality disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Piselli
- Functional Area of Psychiatry, University of Perugia, AUSL Umbria 2, Ospedale San Giovanni Battista, Servizio Psichiatrico Diagnosi e Cura, Via Massimo Arcamone, 06034 Foligno, Italy.
| | - Luigi Attademo
- School of Psychiatry, University of Perugia, Department of Medicine, Division of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, New Faculty of Medicine, Ellisse Edificio A Piano 8, Loc. Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, 06156 Perugia, Italy
| | - Raffaele Garinella
- School of Psychiatry, University of Perugia, Department of Medicine, Division of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, New Faculty of Medicine, Ellisse Edificio A Piano 8, Loc. Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, 06156 Perugia, Italy
| | - Angelo Rella
- Functional Area of Psychiatry, University of Perugia, AUSL Umbria 2, Ospedale San Giovanni Battista, Servizio Psichiatrico Diagnosi e Cura, Via Massimo Arcamone, 06034 Foligno, Italy
| | - Simonetta Antinarelli
- Health District of Spoleto, AUSL Umbria 2, Palazzina Micheli Piazza D. Perilli 1, 06049 Spoleto, Italy.
| | - Antonia Tamantini
- Functional Area of Psychiatry, University of Perugia, AUSL Umbria 2, Ospedale San Giovanni Battista, Servizio Psichiatrico Diagnosi e Cura, Via Massimo Arcamone, 06034 Foligno, Italy
| | - Roberto Quartesan
- School of Psychiatry, University of Perugia, Department of Medicine, Division of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, New Faculty of Medicine, Ellisse Edificio A Piano 8, Loc. Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, 06156 Perugia, Italy; Department of Medicine, Division of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, New Faculty of Medicine, University of Perugia, Ellisse Edificio A Piano 8, Loc. Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, 06156 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Stracci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Umbrian Population Cancer Registry, Division of Public Health, University of Perugia, Via Del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Karen M Abram
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Health Disparities and Public Policy Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 710 N. Lake Shore Drive, Suite 900, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Macciò A, Meloni FR, Sisti D, Rocchi MBL, Petretto DR, Masala C, Preti A. Mental disorders in Italian prisoners: results of the REDiMe study. Psychiatry Res 2015; 225:522-30. [PMID: 25534756 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the study was to estimate the prevalence of current and lifetime mental disorders in a consecutive sample (n=300) of detainees and prison inmates held in an Italian prison and compare it with the prevalence observed in a sample randomized from the community (n=300) within the same age interval (18-55 years) and sex proportion of prisoners, and with a similar socio-economic status. Psychiatric disorders were identified with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Current psychiatric disorders were present in 58.7% of prisoners and 8.7% of the comparison group. Lifetime psychiatric disorders were present in 88.7% of prisoners and 15.7% of the comparison group. Current anxiety disorders and current stress-related disorders were related to prisoners serving their first-ever prison sentence. A variable fraction of prisoners with an ongoing psychopathology is not diagnosed or does not receive proper treatment. The provision of effective treatment to prisoners with psychiatric disorders might have potentially substantial public health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Macciò
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, via Is Mirrionis 1, 09123 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Francesca Romana Meloni
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, via Is Mirrionis 1, 09123 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Davide Sisti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Service of Biostatistics, University of Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Donatella Rita Petretto
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, via Is Mirrionis 1, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; Associazione Centro Studi Ricerche ed Intervento "Neuropsicopedagogia" Onlus, via Atene 9, 09047 Selargius (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Carmelo Masala
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, via Is Mirrionis 1, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; Associazione Centro Studi Ricerche ed Intervento "Neuropsicopedagogia" Onlus, via Atene 9, 09047 Selargius (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Antonio Preti
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, via Is Mirrionis 1, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; Center for Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 117, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; Centro Medico Genneruxi, via Costantinopoli 42, 09129 Cagliari, Italy.
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Brown GP, Hirdes JP, Fries BE. Measuring the prevalence of current, severe symptoms of mental health problems in a canadian correctional population: implications for delivery of mental health services for inmates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2015; 59:27-50. [PMID: 24146355 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x13507040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study measured the prevalence of current, severe symptoms of a mental health problem in an adult population of inmates in Ontario, Canada. The Resident Assessment Instrument-Mental Health was used to measure the prevalence of symptoms among a sample of 522 inmates. Propensity score weighting was used to adjust for nonrandom selection into the sample. Prevalence estimates were derived for the total inmate population, remand and sentenced, males and females, and Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal inmates. It is estimated that 41.1% of Ontario inmates will have at least one current, severe symptom of a mental health problem; of this group, 13.0%, will evidence two or more symptoms. The number of symptoms is strongly associated with presence of a psychiatric diagnosis and level of mental health care needs. Female (35.1%) and Aboriginal (18.7%) inmates are more likely to demonstrate two or more current, severe symptoms. Greater efforts must be made to bridge the gap between correctional and mental health care systems to ensure inmates in correctional facilities can access and receive appropriate mental health care services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brant E Fries
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Ann Arbor VA Healthcare Center, MI, USA
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Pennington CR, Cramer RJ, Miller HA, Anastasi JS. Psychopathy, depression, and anxiety as predictors of suicidal ideation in offenders. DEATH STUDIES 2015; 39:288-295. [PMID: 25551785 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2014.991953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Compared to nonoffenders, offenders are at increased risk for suicidal ideation and psychopathy. However, literature currently lacks sufficient understanding of moderating pathways linking psychopathy to suicidal ideation among offenders. This study investigated anxiety and depressive symptoms as potential moderators using a sample of 162 male offenders in the New Jersey correctional system. Results supported a significant positive correlation between secondary psychopathy and suicidal ideation. In addition, depression and physiological anxiety moderated the association between secondary psychopathy and suicidal ideation. Present findings may assist in determining relevant suicide risk factors (i.e., depression, physiological anxiety, secondary psychopathy) to assess for in offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R Pennington
- a Department of Psychology & Philosophy , Sam Houston State University , Huntsville , Texas , USA
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dos Santos MM, Quintana MI, Moreira FG, Taborda JGV, Mari JDJ, Andreoli SB. Drug-related disorders and the criminal and clinical background of the prison population of São Paulo State, Brazil. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113066. [PMID: 25409091 PMCID: PMC4237385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyze the association between drug (DAD) and alcohol (AAD) abuse and dependency and criminal and clinical background by gender of prisoners in São Paulo, Brazil. Method Cross-sectional study, random sample stratified by administrative district, from which prisons and prisoners were selected via random, multistage sampling. Psychiatric diagnoses were made with the CIDI 2.1. Lifetime prevalence and 95% CI were calculated and adjusted via analysis of complex samples. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was carried out with four categories of dependent variables: presence AAD; presence DAD; presence of another mental disorder; no mental disorders. For female alcohol and drug abuse and dependency (ADAD) were combined into a single category. Results The sample was composed by 1809 interviewed prisoners (1192 men and 617 women). Prevalence of DAD and AAD was 25.2% and 15.6%, respectively, among female prisoners, and 26.5% and 18.5% among males. Male prisoners with DAD were more likely to have a criminal record as an adolescent (OR 2.17), to be a repeat offender (OR 2.85), and to have committed a property crime (OR 2.18). Prisoners with AAD were repeat offenders (OR 2.18). Among female prisoners, ADAD was associated with repeat offenses (OR 3.39), a criminal record as an adolescent (OR 9.24), a clinical or infectious condition (OR 5.09), another health problem (OR 3.04), and violent crime (OR 2.5). Conclusion The study confirmed an association between drug-use disorders and the criminal and clinical background in the study population. Prisoners with such disorders were more likely to be repeat offenders and to have a criminal record as adolescents. Among female prisoners disorders were also associated with violent crime and health problems, while among males they were associated with property crime. These patterns in clinical and criminal backgrounds illustrate the need for social rehabilitation programs and specific medical treatment for prison populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Mendes dos Santos
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Program in Public Health, Universidade Catolica de Santos, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Ines Quintana
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Geraldo Vernet Taborda
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jair de Jesus Mari
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Baxter Andreoli
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Program in Public Health, Universidade Catolica de Santos, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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van der Kraan J, Verkes RJ, Goethals K, Vissers A, Brazil I, Bulten E. Substance use disorders in forensic psychiatric patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2014; 37:155-159. [PMID: 24268459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of detailed information on the role of substance use disorders (SUD) as a substantial factor in offences and treatment in forensic psychiatric patients. The aim of this study was to get a better understanding of these specifics. Clinical records of 193 male patients admitted to a Dutch forensic psychiatric hospital were scrutinized on anamnestic, diagnostic and risk assessment data. One of the central findings was that the prevalence of SUDs was high. Patients with an SUD had a more extensive criminal history, unstable and deviant lifestyle and higher risk of violent behavior than patients without a substance use disorder. No differences were found in duration of treatment, aggressive incidents and leave. Another important finding was that a distinction could be made between patients with substance use as a primary criminogenic risk factor and patients with substance use as a secondary risk factor. Although substance use is identified as a general risk factor, this study supports the idea of sub categorization of patients with an SUD and emphasizes the need for a different treatment approach. Further study is needed to identify specific treatment approaches, based on more differentiated profiles of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robbert Jan Verkes
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kris Goethals
- University Forensic Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium
| | | | - Inti Brazil
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Bulten
- Pompestichting Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Andreoli SB, dos Santos MM, Quintana MI, Ribeiro WS, Blay SL, Taborda JGV, de Jesus Mari J. Prevalence of mental disorders among prisoners in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88836. [PMID: 24551174 PMCID: PMC3925183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the prison population in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods Through stratified random sampling, 1.192 men and 617 women prisoners were evaluated for the presence of psychiatric disorders by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, 2.1 version, according to definitions and criteria of International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). The prevalence estimates of mental disorders and their respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated and adjusted for sample design through complex sample analysis. Results Lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates differed between genders. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of any mental disorder was, respectively, 68.9% and 39.2% among women, and 56.1% and 22.1% among men. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of anxious-phobic disorders was, respectively, 50% and 27.7% among women and 35.3% and 13.6% among men, of affective disorders was 40% and 21% among women and 20.8% and 9.9% among men, and of drug-related disorders was 25.2% and 1.6% among women and 26.5% and 1.3% among men. For severe mental disorders (psychotic, bipolar disorders, and severe depression), the lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates were, respectively, 25.8% and 14.7% among women, and 12.3% and 6.3% among men. Conclusions This is the first large-scale epidemiological study performed with the prison population in Brazil, revealed high rates of psychiatric disorders among men and women. Many similarities, as well as some differences, were found between our results and those of studies conducted in other countries. The differences observed are more likely due to the peculiarities of the prison systems in each country than to the diagnostic criteria adopted in the studies. This fact reinforces the importance of conducting such studies as part of planning and development of appropriate policies for the particular mental health needs of specific prison populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Baxter Andreoli
- Psychiatry Department, São Paulo Federal University, São Paulo, Brazil
- Santos Catholic University, Santos, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Sergio Luiz Blay
- Psychiatry Department, São Paulo Federal University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sepehrmanesh Z, Ahmadvand A, Akasheh G, Saei R. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders and related factors in male prisoners. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2014; 16:e15205. [PMID: 24719711 PMCID: PMC3964429 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.15205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Prisoners are at risk of mental disorders. Therefore attention to mental health of prisoners is important. Objectives: This study aimed determine to the prevalence of mental disorders among Kashan prisoners. Patients and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in Kashan prison (Iran). 180 Subjects were selected by using stratified random sampling and evaluated with Symptoms Check List-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) questionnaire and clinical interview based on Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Disease-IV (DSM-IV) check list by two psychiatrists. Data were analyzed by SPSS-16 software and Chi square, Kolmogrov Smirnov, Mann-whiteny and Leven tests. Results: The mean age of prisoners was 31.9 ± 8.96. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in prisoners was 43.4 %. The most frequent disorders were major depressive disorders (27.9 %), Post traumatic Stress Disorder (17.4%) and substance use disorder (17.4 %). 28.3% of prisoners had personality disorders, that the most prevalent were antisocial personality and borderline personality. The comorbidity of psychiatric disorders was (36 %) in axis I. Suicidal thoughts there were in 44.6 % of prisoners. History of head trauma in Prisoners with psychiatric disorders was (52.2 %). There was significant difference between head trauma and psychiatric disorders (P = 0.05). Significant difference was between marital status and duration of imprisonment with psychiatric disorders P < 0.05. There was not significant difference between type of crime and educational level with psychiatric disorders. Conclusions: About half of all prisoners suffered from psychiatric disorders; therefore treatment psychiatric disorder in this group is essential for prevention of crime. Prisoners are at risk of mental disorders. Therefore attention to mental health of prisoners is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sepehrmanesh
- Department of Psychiatric, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
| | - Afshin Ahmadvand
- Department of Psychiatric, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Afshin Ahmadvand, Department of Psychiatric, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran. Tel: +98-3615559111, Fax: +98-3615550036, E-mail:
| | - Goudarz Akasheh
- Department of Psychiatric, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
| | - Rezvan Saei
- Department of Psychiatric, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Prisoners are having high percentage of psychiatric disorders. Majority of studies done so far on prisoners are from Western countries and very limited studies from India. AIM Study socio-demographic profile of prisoners of a central jail and to find out current prevalence of psychiatric disorders in them. MATERIALS AND METHODS 118 prisoners were selected by random sampling and interviewed to obtain socio-demographic data and assessed on Indian Psychiatric Interview Schedule (IPIS) with additional required questions to diagnose psychiatric disorders in prisoners. RESULTS Mean age of prisoners was 33.7 years with 97.5% males, 57.6% from rural areas and 65.3% were married. Average education in studied years was 6.6 years and 50.8% were unskilled workers. 47.4% were murderers while 20.3% of drugs related crimes. 47.5% were convicted and history of criminal behavior in family was in 32.2% prisoners. Current prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 33%. Psychotic, depressive, and anxiety disorders were seen in 6.7%, 16.1%, and 8.5% prisoners respectively. 58.8% had history of drug abuse/dependence prior to imprisonment. CONCLUSION One prison of Hadoti region of Rajasthan is full of people with mental-health problems who collectively generate significant levels of unmet psychiatric treatment need. Prisons are detrimental to mental-health. Beginning of reforms is the immediate need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Jhalawar Medical College, Jhalawar, Rajasthan, India
| | - Usha Daria
- Department of Anesthesia, Jhalawar Medical College, Jhalawar, Rajasthan, India
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Ethical Issues in Prison Psychiatry in the Netherlands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0086-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Talina M, Thomas S, Cardoso A, Aguiar P, Caldas de Almeida JM, Xavier M. CANFOR Portuguese version: validation study. BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13:157. [PMID: 23721105 PMCID: PMC3707754 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-13-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increase in prisoner population is a troublesome reality in several regions of the world. Along with this growth there is increasing evidence that prisoners have a higher proportion of mental illnesses and suicide than the general population. In order to implement strategies that address criminal recidivism and the health and social status of prisoners, particularly in mental disordered offenders, it is necessary to assess their care needs in a comprehensive, but individual perspective. This assessment must include potential harmful areas like comorbid personality disorder, substance misuse and offending behaviours. The Camberwell Assessment of Need - Forensic Version (CANFOR) has proved to be a reliable tool designed to accomplish such aims. The present study aimed to validate the CANFOR Portuguese version. METHODS The translation, adaptation to the Portuguese context, back-translation and revision followed the usual procedures. The sample comprised all detainees receiving psychiatric care in four forensic facilities, over a one year period. A total of 143 subjects, and respective case manager, were selected. The forensic facilities were chosen by convenience: one prison hospital psychiatric ward (n=68; 47.6%), one male (n=24; 16.8%) and one female (n=22; 15.4%) psychiatric clinic and one civil security ward (n=29; 20.3%), all located nearby Lisbon. Basic descriptive statistics and Kappa weighted coefficients were calculated for the inter-rater and the test-retest reliability studies. The convergent validity was evaluated using the Global Assessment of Functioning and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores. RESULTS The majority of the participants were male and single, with short school attendance, and accused of a crime involving violence against persons. The most frequent diagnosis was major depression (56.1%) and almost half presented positive suicide risk. The reliability study showed average Kappa weighted coefficients of 0.884 and 0.445 for inter-rater and test-retest agreement, respectively. The convergent validity study presented highly significant correlations between unmet needs scores, GAF and BPRS scores. CONCLUSIONS The CANFOR Portuguese version revealed similar psychometric properties to the original English version. Moreover, the results of the reliability and validity studies indicate that the tool is appropriate for individual care needs assessment and as a guide for the mental health and social interventions in forensic psychiatric services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Talina
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, Lisbon 1169-056, Portugal.
| | - Stuart Thomas
- School of Psychology & Psychiatry, Monash University, and Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ana Cardoso
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, Lisbon 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Pedro Aguiar
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jose M Caldas de Almeida
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, Lisbon 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Miguel Xavier
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, Lisbon 1169-056, Portugal
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Fries BE, Schmorrow A, Lang SW, Margolis PM, Heany J, Brown GP, Barbaree HE, Hirdes JP. Symptoms and treatment of mental illness among prisoners: a study of Michigan state prisons. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2013; 36:316-325. [PMID: 23688801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on a representative sample of prisoners in Michigan correctional facilities to determine the prevalence of psychiatric illness and the delivery of mental health (MH) services. Mental health assessments were conducted with 618 incarcerated subjects using the interRAI Correctional Facilities (interRAI CF). Subjects were randomly sampled based on four strata: males in the general population, males in administrative segregation, males in special units, and females. The interRAI CF assessments were merged with secondary data provided by the Michigan Department of Corrections (MDOC) containing information on MH diagnoses or services that the subjects were receiving within the facilities, demographics, and sentencing. Study results show that 20.1% of men and 24.8% of women in Michigan prisons have a substantial level of MH symptoms and that 16.5% and 28.9%, respectively, are receiving MH services. However, when compared with Michigan Department of Corrections MH care records, 65.0% of prisoners who are experiencing symptoms of mental illness are not currently receiving any psychiatric services. The mis-match between symptoms and service delivery suggests the need for improved procedures for identifying and measuring psychiatric symptoms within Michigan correctional facilities to ensure that appropriate individuals receive needed care. It is recommended that a standardized assessment process be implemented and conducted at regular intervals for targeting and improving psychiatric care in the prison system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brant E Fries
- Institute of Gerontology and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2007, USA.
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Viitanen P, Vartiainen H, Aarnio J, Von Gruenewaldt V, Hakamäki S, Lintonen T, Mattila AK, Wuolijoki T, Joukamaa M. Finnish female prisoners - heavy consumers of health services. Scand J Public Health 2013; 41:479-85. [PMID: 23456680 DOI: 10.1177/1403494813479215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Previous prison studies show that female prisoners often have more health problems than male prisoners do and that they have many chronic health conditions. Few studies have been made among offenders concerning the use of health services, and even fewer concerning physical diseases. We studied the self-reported lifetime somatic diseases, the use of health services and the current use of prescription medicines among Finnish female prisoners and compared them with males. METHODS The sample consisted of 101 females and 309 male prisoners as controls. The study included several questionnaires and interviews conducted by experienced prison nurses. RESULTS The women had more commonly genitourinary, virus hepatitis/HIV infections and group "other diseases" than the men. Over 80% of the women and men have had accidents/injuries. Four out of five women, and half of the men, used some medicine regularly. Of the females, 92% (80% of the males) reported lifetime hospital care and 65% (61%) treatment in surgery department, respectively; 70% of the females (53% of the males) reported lifetime use of any psychiatric service; 66% of the women (46% of the men) had received psychiatric out-patient services, and 43% (31%) psychiatric in-patient hospital care and 38% (30%) substance abuse services, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The heavy use of health services among female prisoners resulted mainly from the use of services for substance use and other mental disorders and treatment in surgery department. Compared to men, the difference in using health services was associated with psychiatric services.
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Lund C, Forsman A, Anckarsäter H, Nilsson T. Early criminal recidivism among mentally disordered offenders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2012; 56:749-768. [PMID: 21803759 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x11411677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Criminal recidivism was studied during 2 years in a Swedish population-based cohort (N = 318) of mentally disordered male offenders who had undergone a pretrial forensic psychiatric investigation, been convicted in subsequent trials, and been sentenced to forensic psychiatric treatment (FPT; n = 152), prison (n = 116), or noncustodial sanctions (n = 50). Recidivism was analysed in relation to index sanctions, levels of supervision, diagnoses, and criminological factors. Significantly lower recidivism in the FPT group was related to lower crime rates during periods at conditional liberty in this group alone, and recidivism was significantly more common among offenders with at least one of the two diagnoses of substance abuse disorder and personality disorder than among those with psychotic or other mental disorders alone. Age at index crime and number of previous crimes emerged as significant predictors of recidivism. The results of this study suggest that the relapse rates depend as much on level of supervision as on individual characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lund
- Forensic Psychiatric Research Group, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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41
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Health-care issues and health-care use among detainees in police custody. J Forensic Leg Med 2012; 19:324-31. [PMID: 22847049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological research on the physical health status of police detainees is scarce. The present study fills this gap by first studying the somatic reasons for consultation (n = 4396) and related prescriptions (n = 4912) as assessed by the forensic medical service during police detainment. Secondly, a health interview survey was conducted among randomly selected police detainees (n = 264) to collect information regarding their recent disease history and use of health care. Somatic health problems, medical consumption and health risk measures of the detainees were compared with those seen in the general population using general practitioner records and community health survey data. The study showed that, in police detainment, several chronic health conditions more often were the reason for consultation than in the general practice setting. In addition, the health interview survey data demonstrated that after adjustment for age and gender, the police detainees were 1.6 times more likely to suffer from one or more of the studied chronic diseases than the members from the general population. Furthermore, differences in several health risk measures, including body mass index, smoking and alcohol habits and health-care use were observed between the interviewed police detainees and the general population. These results provide insight into the variety of physical health problems of police detainees and are essential to develop optimal treatment strategies in police custody.
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Carli V, Mandelli L, Zaninotto L, Roy A, Recchia L, Stoppia L, Gatta V, Sarchiapone M, Serretti A. A protective genetic variant for adverse environments? The role of childhood traumas and serotonin transporter gene on resilience and depressive severity in a high-risk population. Eur Psychiatry 2012; 26:471-8. [PMID: 21684723 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic aspects may influence the effect of early adverse events on psychological well being in adulthood. In particular, a common polymorphism within the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR short/long) has been associated to the risk for stress-induced psychopathology. In the present study we investigated the role of childhood traumas and 5-HTTLPR on measures of psychological resilience and depression in a sample of individuals at a high risk for psychological distress (763 male prisoners). The 5-HTTLPR genotype did not influence resilience and depressive severity. However, a significant interaction was observed between 5-HTTLPR and childhood traumas on both resilience and depressive severity. In particular, among subjects exposed to severe childhood trauma only, the long-allele was associated to lower resilience scores and increased current depressive severity as compared to short/short homozygous. Sex specific effects, difference in type and duration of stressors and the specific composition of the sample may explain discrepancy with many studies reporting the short-allele as a vulnerability factor for reactivity to stress. We here speculated that in males the long-allele may confer lower resilience and therefore higher vulnerability for depressive symptoms in subjects exposed to early stress and currently living in stressful environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Carli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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Viitanen P, Vartiainen H, Aarnio J, von Gruenewaldt V, Hakamäki S, Lintonen T, Mattila AK, Wuolijoki T, Joukamaa M. Work ability and treatment needs among Finnish female prisoners. Int J Prison Health 2012; 8:99-107. [PMID: 25758144 DOI: 10.1108/17449201211284978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this paper is to assess the work ability and employment history of Finnish female prisoners and their need for treatment. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH The sample consisted of 101 female prisoners, with 309 male prisoners for comparison. The methods included interviews, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I, II Disorders and medical examination including ICD-10 diagnoses. FINDINGS Among women, 78 per cent were unemployed and only 6 percent were employed whereas among men, the proportion of those employed was four times greater than for women. Of women, 42 per cent were unable to work; of men 11 per cent. Substance abuse disorders were the most common reason for impaired work ability (over 70 per cent in both genders). Among women, other mental disorders were the second most common reason (39 per cent), somatic diseases caused impairment in 23 per cent. Basic socio-demographic factors were not associated with impaired work ability among women. Violent crime as the present main offence was significantly more common among prisoners with limited working capacity. Need for treatment was found in 94 per cent of women and 90 per cent of men. In both genders, the majority of treatment needs were for mental disorders. Finnish female prisoners have serious problems with substance abuse, of both alcohol and drugs, which impairs their work ability, employability and is the cause of their need for treatment. In addition, female prisoners have other mental disorders commonly complicating their situation. ORIGINALITY/VALUE This paper is a part of the first comprehensive health study of Finnish female prisoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Viitanen
- Prison Hospital, Health Care Services, Criminal Sanctions Agency, Hämeenlinna, Finland.
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Abstract
Religion and spirituality (RS) as a coping resource for facing stressful life events is encountered with increasing frequency in the medical literature. RS is associated with more favourable outcomes among people suffering from mental disorders. Detention is a stressful situation and the prevalence of mental disorders in places of detention is increased compared with the community. This literature review examined the association between RS and the mental health of detainees. PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science and the Internet were systematically searched from inception of each data base to August 1st 2010. Peer reviewed articles that reported primary empirical data about the impact of spirituality on the mental health and behaviour of detained persons were selected. Qualitative studies are also discussed. Twelve empirical studies including a total of 4,823 individuals met our inclusion criteria. RS is associated with lower frequency and severity of depressive episodes. The strongest reported effect of RS on prison life is a reduction of incidents and disciplinary sanctions. Prospective targeted studies are needed in order verify the hypothesis that RS reduces suicide among detainees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Eytan
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Geneva, 2 Ch. Petit-Bel-Air, 1225, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Abdin E, Koh KGWW, Subramaniam M, Guo ME, Leo T, Teo C, Tan EE, Chong SA. Validity of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4 (PDQ-4+) among mentally ill prison inmates in Singapore. J Pers Disord 2011; 25:834-41. [PMID: 22217228 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2011.25.6.834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined the validity of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire--4+ (PDQ-4+) as a screening instrument for personality disorders among mentally ill prison inmates in Singapore. A total of 313 prison inmates completed the PDQ-4+ and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (SCID-II). The subjects were 303 (96.8%) males and 10 (3.2%) females with a mean (SD) age of 40.7 (8.8) years. Kappa agreement between PDQ-4+ and SCID-II for the presence at least one personality disorder was moderate with high sensitivity and low specificity. For specific personality disorders and clusters, we found that the PDQ-4+ diagnosed more subjects as having each of the personality disorders than SCID-II with high negative predictive values. The area under the curve indicated moderate discriminatory capabilities. Our results suggest that the PDQ-4+ could be used as a potential screening instrument for personality disorders in prison inmates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edimansyah Abdin
- Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok View Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, 539747 Singpore.
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Vicens E, Tort V, Dueñas RM, Muro Á, Pérez-Arnau F, Arroyo JM, Acín E, De Vicente A, Guerrero R, Lluch J, Planella R, Sarda P. The prevalence of mental disorders in Spanish prisons. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2011; 21:321-332. [PMID: 21706528 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of mental disorders among prisoners has been researched in a few countries worldwide but never previously in Spain. AIM Our aim was to estimate the lifetime and last month prevalence of mental disorders in a Spanish prison population. METHODS This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, epidemiological study of 707 male prisoners. Sociodemographic, clinical and offending data were collected by interviewers. Offending data were confirmed using penitentiary records. Mental disorders were assessed with the clinical version of the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition Axis I Disorders, and personality disorders were assessed through the Spanish version of the International Personality Disorders Examination. RESULTS The lifetime prevalence of mental disorder was 84.4%. Substance use disorder (abuse and dependence) was the most frequent disorder (76.2%) followed by anxiety disorder (45.3%), mood disorder (41%) and psychotic disorder (10.7%). The period (last month) prevalence of any mental disorder was 41.2%. Anxiety disorder was the most prevalent (23.3%) followed by substance use disorder (abuse and dependence; 17.5%), mood disorder (14.9%) and psychotic disorder (4.2%). CONCLUSION Although period prevalence figures, which are those generally provided in research into rates of mental disorder among prisoners, are useful for planning improvements to services within prisons, the fact that almost all of these men had a lifetime prevalence of at least one mental disorder suggests a much wider need for improving services, including community services, for this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Vicens
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Viitanen P, Vartiainen H, Aarnio J, von Gruenewaldt V, Lintonen T, Mattila AK, Wuolijoki T, Joukamaa M. Childhood maltreatment and mental disorders among Finnish prisoners. Int J Prison Health 2011; 7:17-25. [DOI: 10.1108/17449201111256871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kellett NC, Willging CE. Pedagogy of individual choice and female inmate reentry in the U.S. Southwest. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2011; 34:256-63. [PMID: 21864909 PMCID: PMC3397664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Much of the mental health, substance use, and educational programming within a particular women's prison in the southwestern United States promotes individual choice and agency. Incarcerated women from rural areas are told that their ability to succeed outside of prison is primarily dependent upon their personal choices. Comparably little attention is given to preparing women for their upcoming release or to overcoming structural barriers that could undermine successful reentry within rural communities. As a result, these returning citizens, many of whom grapple with mental illness and alcohol or drug dependence, blame themselves for their inability to surmount these barriers. In this qualitative research, we draw upon the perspectives of 99 incarcerated women to clarify how ideologies of individual choice promulgated in reentry pedagogy clash with contextual factors within rural communities to derail the reentry process. We also consider community reentry from Amartya Sen's capabilities framework and discuss how this model could inform needed interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cathleen Elizabeth Willging
- Corresponding Author Information: Cathleen Willging (). Behavioral Health Research Center of the Southwest, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 612 Encino Place, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
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Godet-Mardirossian H, Jehel L, Falissard B. Suicidality in male prisoners: influence of childhood adversity mediated by dimensions of personality. J Forensic Sci 2011; 56:942-9. [PMID: 21447076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to study the influence of childhood adversity on suicidal behavior in male prisoners. Including a random sample of 899 male prisoners (French National Mental Health Prison Survey, 2003), this paper studied suicidal ideations and suicide attempts using MINI criteria, and personality using Temperament and Character Inventory. Risk factors of suicidality were examined, and structural equations studied the influence of childhood trauma on suicidality, mediated by personality dimensions. The prisoners reported high levels of childhood adversity. More than a third reported recent suicidal ideations. Childhood adversity and dimensions of personality were associated with suicidality. Structural equations showed that childhood adversity was positively associated with suicidality, mediated by poor dimensions of character (affective stability, self-cooperativeness, and self-transcendence). In conclusion, these results confirm the importance of screening and treatment of childhood trauma among male prisoners. They suggest the importance to study dimensions of personality and tailor treatment to specific needs.
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Vandevelde S, Soyez V, Vander Beken T, De Smet S, Boers A, Broekaert E. Mentally ill offenders in prison: the Belgian case. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2011; 34:71-78. [PMID: 21122917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
According to the EUPRIS-study on mental health in prisons (2007), available data on mental disorders in prison are scarce. Therefore, this study aims at summarizing and discussing the available knowledge on incarcerated mentally ill offenders concerning: (1) the screening and assessment for detecting mental health; (2) the psychiatric expertise in order to evaluate the mental status; and (3) the development and provision of forensic psychiatric treatment and care. These findings will be applied to the current situation in Belgium, which is a particularly interesting case. Belgium is currently facing difficulties concerning a large population of interned mentally ill offenders residing in correctional establishments. Implications with regard to the penal code, general or mental health legislation, screening, assessment, and treatment could deliver interesting viewpoints on how this problem could be tackled more effectively. Therefore, the findings will be discussed with reference to the international scientific and policy debate, focusing on ethical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Vandevelde
- University College Ghent, Faculty of Social Work and Welfare Studies, Belgium.
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