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Vecchiotti D, Clementi L, Cornacchia E, Di Vito Nolfi M, Verzella D, Capece D, Zazzeroni F, Angelucci A. Evidence of the Link between Stroma Remodeling and Prostate Cancer Prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:3215. [PMID: 39335188 PMCID: PMC11430343 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16183215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2024] [Revised: 09/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa), the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide, is particularly challenging for oncologists when a precise prognosis needs to be established. Indeed, the entire clinical management in PCa has important drawbacks, generating an intense debate concerning the possibility to individuate molecular biomarkers able to avoid overtreatment in patients with pathological indolent cancers. To date, the paradigmatic change in the view of cancer pathogenesis prompts to look for prognostic biomarkers not only in cancer epithelial cells but also in the tumor microenvironment. PCa ecology has been defined with increasing details in the last few years, and a number of promising key markers associated with the reactive stroma are now available. Here, we provide an updated description of the most biologically significant and cited prognosis-oriented microenvironment biomarkers derived from the main reactive processes during PCa pathogenesis: tissue adaptations, inflammatory response and metabolic reprogramming. Proposed biomarkers include factors involved in stromal cell differentiation, cancer-normal cell crosstalk, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Vecchiotti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Letizia Clementi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cornacchia
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mauro Di Vito Nolfi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Daniela Verzella
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Daria Capece
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Zazzeroni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Adriano Angelucci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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2
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Ak Ç, Sayar Z, Thibault G, Burlingame EA, Kuykendall MJ, Eng J, Chitsazan A, Chin K, Adey AC, Boniface C, Spellman PT, Thomas GV, Kopp RP, Demir E, Chang YH, Stavrinides V, Eksi SE. Multiplex imaging of localized prostate tumors reveals altered spatial organization of AR-positive cells in the microenvironment. iScience 2024; 27:110668. [PMID: 39246442 PMCID: PMC11379676 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mapping the spatial interactions of cancer, immune, and stromal cell states presents novel opportunities for patient stratification and for advancing immunotherapy. While single-cell studies revealed significant molecular heterogeneity in prostate cancer cells, the impact of spatial stromal cell heterogeneity remains poorly understood. Here, we used cyclic immunofluorescent imaging on whole-tissue sections to uncover novel spatial associations between cancer and stromal cells in low- and high-grade prostate tumors and tumor-adjacent normal tissues. Our results provide a spatial map of single cells and recurrent cellular neighborhoods in the prostate tumor microenvironment of treatment-naive patients. We report unique populations of mast cells that show distinct spatial associations with M2 macrophages and regulatory T cells. Our results show disease-specific neighborhoods that are primarily driven by androgen receptor-positive (AR+) stromal cells and identify inflammatory gene networks active in AR+ prostate stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çiğdem Ak
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR 97209, USA
| | - Zeynep Sayar
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR 97209, USA
| | - Guillaume Thibault
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR 97209, USA
| | - Erik A Burlingame
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR 97209, USA
| | - M J Kuykendall
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jennifer Eng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR 97209, USA
| | - Alex Chitsazan
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Koei Chin
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Andrew C Adey
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Christopher Boniface
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Paul T Spellman
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - George V Thomas
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ryan P Kopp
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Emek Demir
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Division of Oncological Sciences, School of Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Young Hwan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR 97209, USA
| | | | - Sebnem Ece Eksi
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR 97209, USA
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3
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Molina OE, LaRue H, Simonyan D, Hovington H, Vittrant B, Têtu B, Fradet V, Lacombe L, Bergeron A, Fradet Y. Regulatory and memory T lymphocytes infiltrating prostate tumors predict long term clinical outcomes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1372837. [PMID: 38887294 PMCID: PMC11180786 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1372837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The localization, density but mostly the phenotype of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) provide important information on the initial interaction between the host immune system and the tumor. Our objective was to assess the prognostic significance of T (CD3+), T regulatory (Treg) (FoxP3+) and T memory (Tmem) (CD45RO+) infiltrating lymphocytes and of genes associated with TIL in prostate cancer (PCa). Methods Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to assess the infiltration of CD3+, FoxP3+ and CD45RO+ cells in the tumor area, tumor margin and adjacent normal-like epithelium of a series of 98 PCa samples with long clinical follow-up. Expression of a panel of 31 TIL-associated genes was analyzed by Taqman Low-Density Array (TLDA) technology in another series of 50 tumors with long clinical follow-up. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to determine association of these markers with biochemical recurrence (BCR), need for definitive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) or lethal PCa. Results TIL subtypes were present at different densities in the tumor, tumor margin and adjacent normal-like epithelium, but their density and phenotype in the tumor area were the most predictive of clinical outcomes. In multivariate analyses, a high density of Treg (high FoxP3+/CD3+ cell ratio) predicted a higher risk for need of definitive ADT (HR=7.69, p=0.001) and lethal PCa (HR=4.37, p=0.04). Conversely, a high density of Tmem (high CD45RO+/CD3+ cell ratio) predicted a reduced risk of lethal PCa (HR=0.06, p=0.04). TLDA analyses showed that a high expression of FoxP3 was associated with a higher risk of lethal PCa (HR=5.26, p=0.02). Expression of CTLA-4, PD-1, TIM-3 and LAG-3 were correlated with that of FoxP3. Amongst these, only a high expression of TIM-3 was associated with a significant higher risk for definitive ADT in univariate Cox regression analysis (HR=3.11, p=0.01). Conclusion These results show that the proportion of Treg and Tmem found within the tumor area is a strong and independent predictor of late systemic progression of PCa. Our results also suggest that inhibition of TIM-3 might be a potential approach to counter the immunosuppressive functions of Treg in order to improve the anti-tumor immune response against PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Eduardo Molina
- Axe oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Hélène LaRue
- Axe oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - David Simonyan
- Plateforme de recherche clinique et évaluative, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Hélène Hovington
- Axe oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Benjamin Vittrant
- Axe oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Bernard Têtu
- Axe oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de pathologie, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Fradet
- Axe oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de chirurgie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Lacombe
- Axe oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de chirurgie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Bergeron
- Axe oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de chirurgie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Fradet
- Axe oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de chirurgie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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4
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Grayson KA, Greenlee JD, Himmel LE, Hapach LA, Reinhart-King CA, King MR. Spatial distribution of tumor-associated macrophages in an orthotopic prostate cancer mouse model. Pathol Oncol Res 2024; 30:1611586. [PMID: 38689823 PMCID: PMC11058651 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2024.1611586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that the immune landscape within prostate tumors influences progression, metastasis, treatment response, and patient outcomes. In this study, we investigated the spatial density of innate immune cell populations within NOD.SCID orthotopic prostate cancer xenografts following microinjection of human DU145 prostate cancer cells. Our laboratory has previously developed nanoscale liposomes that attach to leukocytes via conjugated E-selectin (ES) and kill cancer cells via TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was performed on tumor samples to identify and quantify leukocyte infiltration for different periods of tumor growth and E-selectin/TRAIL (EST) liposome treatments. We examined the spatial-temporal dynamics of three different immune cell types infiltrating tumors using QuPath image analysis software. IHC staining revealed that F4/80+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) were the most abundant immune cells in all groups, irrespective of time or treatment. The density of TAMs decreased over the course of tumor growth and decreased in response to EST liposome treatments. Intratumoral versus marginal analysis showed a greater presence of TAMs in the marginal regions at 3 weeks of tumor growth which became more evenly distributed over time and in tumors treated with EST liposomes. TUNEL staining indicated that EST liposomes significantly increased cell apoptosis in treated tumors. Additionally, confocal microscopy identified liposome-coated TAMs in both the core and periphery of tumors, highlighting the ability of liposomes to infiltrate tumors by "piggybacking" on macrophages. The results of this study indicate that TAMs represent the majority of innate immune cells within NOD.SCID orthotopic prostate tumors, and spatial density varies widely as a function of tumor size, duration of tumor growth, and treatment of EST liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korie A. Grayson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Joshua D. Greenlee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Lauren E. Himmel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Translational Pathology Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Lauren A. Hapach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | | | - Michael R. King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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5
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Sadasivan SM, Loveless IM, Chen Y, Gupta NS, Sanii R, Bobbitt KR, Chitale DA, Williamson SR, Rundle AG, Rybicki BA. Patterns of B-cell lymphocyte expression changes in pre- and post-malignant prostate tissue are associated with prostate cancer progression. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7118. [PMID: 38523528 PMCID: PMC10961600 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKROUND Inflammation characterized by the presence of T and B cells is often observed in prostate cancer, but it is unclear how T- and B-cell levels change during carcinogenesis and whether such changes influence disease progression. METHODS The study used a retrospective sample of 73 prostate cancer cases (45 whites and 28 African Americans) that underwent surgery as their primary treatment and had a benign prostate biopsy at least 1 year before diagnosis. CD3+, CD4+, and CD20+ lymphocytes were quantified by immunohistochemistry in paired pre- and post-diagnostic benign prostate biopsy and tumor surgical specimens, respectively. Clusters of similar trends of expression across two different timepoints and three distinct prostate regions-benign biopsy glands (BBG), tumor-adjacent benign glands (TAG), and malignant tumor glandular (MTG) regions-were identified using Time-series Anytime Density Peaks Clustering (TADPole). A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of time to biochemical recurrence associated with region-specific lymphocyte counts and regional trends. RESULTS The risk of biochemical recurrence was significantly reduced in men with an elevated CD20+ count in TAG (HR = 0.81, p = 0.01) after adjusting for covariates. Four distinct patterns of expression change across the BBG-TAG-MTG regions were identified for each marker. For CD20+, men with low expression in BBG and higher expression in TAG compared to MTG had an adjusted HR of 3.06 (p = 0.03) compared to the reference group that had nominal differences in CD20+ expression across all three regions. The two CD3+ expression patterns that featured lower CD3+ expression in the BBG compared to the TAG and MTG regions had elevated HRs ranging from 3.03 to 4.82 but did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal and spatial expression patterns of both CD3+ and CD20+ suggest that increased expression in benign glands during prostate carcinogenesis is associated with an aggressive disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha M. Sadasivan
- Department of Public Health SciencesHenry Ford HospitalHenry Ford Health + Michigan State University Health SciencesDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Ian M. Loveless
- Department of Public Health SciencesHenry Ford HospitalHenry Ford Health + Michigan State University Health SciencesDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Yalei Chen
- Department of Public Health SciencesHenry Ford HospitalHenry Ford Health + Michigan State University Health SciencesDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Nilesh S. Gupta
- Department of PathologyHenry Ford HospitalDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Ryan Sanii
- Department of Public Health SciencesHenry Ford HospitalHenry Ford Health + Michigan State University Health SciencesDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Kevin R. Bobbitt
- Department of Public Health SciencesHenry Ford HospitalHenry Ford Health + Michigan State University Health SciencesDetroitMichiganUSA
| | | | | | - Andrew G. Rundle
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Benjamin A. Rybicki
- Department of Public Health SciencesHenry Ford HospitalHenry Ford Health + Michigan State University Health SciencesDetroitMichiganUSA
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6
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Diop MK, Molina OE, Birlea M, LaRue H, Hovington H, Têtu B, Lacombe L, Bergeron A, Fradet Y, Trudel D. Leukocytic Infiltration of Intraductal Carcinoma of the Prostate: An Exploratory Study. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082217. [PMID: 37190147 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) is an aggressive histological subtype of prostate cancer (PCa) detected in approximately 20% of radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens. As IDC-P has been associated with PCa-related death and poor responses to standard treatment, the purpose of this study was to explore the immune infiltrate of IDC-P. Hematoxylin- and eosin-stained slides from 96 patients with locally advanced PCa who underwent RP were reviewed to identify IDC-P. Immunohistochemical staining of CD3, CD8, CD45RO, FoxP3, CD68, CD163, CD209 and CD83 was performed. For each slide, the number of positive cells per mm2 in the benign tissues, tumor margins, cancer and IDC-P was calculated. Consequently, IDC-P was found in a total of 33 patients (34%). Overall, the immune infiltrate was similar in the IDC-P-positive and the IDC-P-negative patients. However, FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (p < 0.001), CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages (p < 0.001 for both) and CD209+ and CD83+ dendritic cells (p = 0.002 and p = 0.013, respectively) were less abundant in the IDC-P tissues compared to the adjacent PCa. Moreover, the patients were classified as having immunologically "cold" or "hot" IDC-P, according to the immune-cell densities averaged in the total IDC-P or in the immune hotspots. The CD68/CD163/CD209-immune hotspots predicted metastatic dissemination (p = 0.014) and PCa-related death (p = 0.009) in a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Further studies on larger cohorts are necessary to evaluate the clinical utility of assessing the immune infiltrate of IDC-P with regards to patient prognosis and the use of immunotherapy for lethal PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mame-Kany Diop
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (axe Cancer) and Institut du Cancer de Montréal, 900 Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Oscar Eduardo Molina
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (axe Oncologie), Hôpital L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Mirela Birlea
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (axe Cancer) and Institut du Cancer de Montréal, 900 Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Hélène LaRue
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (axe Oncologie), Hôpital L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Hélène Hovington
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (axe Oncologie), Hôpital L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Bernard Têtu
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (axe Oncologie), Hôpital L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
- Department of Pathology, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 11 Côte du Palais, Québec, QC G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - Louis Lacombe
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (axe Oncologie), Hôpital L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Université Laval, 2325 rue de l'Université, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Alain Bergeron
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (axe Oncologie), Hôpital L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Université Laval, 2325 rue de l'Université, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Yves Fradet
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (axe Oncologie), Hôpital L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 9 McMahon, Québec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Université Laval, 2325 rue de l'Université, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Dominique Trudel
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (axe Cancer) and Institut du Cancer de Montréal, 900 Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 1051 Sanguinet, Montréal, QC H2X 0C1, Canada
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7
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Zhu Y, Zhao Y, Wen J, Liu S, Huang T, Hatial I, Peng X, Janabi HA, Huang G, Mittlesteadt J, Cheng M, Bhardwaj A, Ashfeld BL, Kao KR, Maeda DY, Dai X, Wiest O, Blagg BS, Lu X, Cheng L, Wan J, Lu X. Targeting the chromatin effector Pygo2 promotes cytotoxic T cell responses and overcomes immunotherapy resistance in prostate cancer. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eade4656. [PMID: 36897957 PMCID: PMC10336890 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ade4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The noninflamed microenvironment in prostate cancer represents a barrier to immunotherapy. Genetic alterations underlying cancer cell-intrinsic oncogenic signaling are increasingly appreciated for their role in shaping the immune landscape. Recently, we identified Pygopus 2 (PYGO2) as the driver oncogene for the amplicon at 1q21.3 in prostate cancer. Here, using transgenic mouse models of metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma, we found that Pygo2 deletion decelerated tumor progression, diminished metastases, and extended survival. Pygo2 loss augmented the activation and infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and sensitized tumor cells to T cell killing. Mechanistically, Pygo2 orchestrated a p53/Sp1/Kit/Ido1 signaling network to foster a microenvironment hostile to CTLs. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of Pygo2 enhanced the antitumor efficacy of immunotherapies using immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), adoptive cell transfer, or agents inhibiting myeloid-derived suppressor cells. In human prostate cancer samples, Pygo2 expression was inversely correlated with the infiltration of CD8+ T cells. Analysis of the ICB clinical data showed association between high PYGO2 level and worse outcome. Together, our results highlight a potential path to improve immunotherapy using Pygo2-targeted therapy for advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yini Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Jiling Wen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Tianhe Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Ishita Hatial
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Peng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Hawraa Al Janabi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Jackson Mittlesteadt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Michael Cheng
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Atul Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Brandon L. Ashfeld
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Kenneth R. Kao
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Labs, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s Campus, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | | | - Xing Dai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Olaf Wiest
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Brian S.J. Blagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Xuemin Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, and the Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University - Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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8
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Han S, Shi T, Liao Y, Chen D, Yang F, Wang M, Ma J, Li H, Xu Y, Zhu T, Chen W, Wang G, Han Y, Xu C, Wang W, Cai S, Zhang X, Xing N. Tumor immune contexture predicts recurrence after prostatectomy and efficacy of androgen deprivation and immunotherapy in prostate cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:194. [PMID: 36918939 PMCID: PMC10012744 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03827-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men with notable interpatient heterogeneity. Implications of the immune microenvironment in predicting the biochemical recurrence-free survival (BCRFS) after radical prostatectomy and the efficacy of systemic therapies in prostate cancer remain ambiguous. METHODS The tumor immune contexture score (TICS) involving eight immune contexture-related signatures was developed using seven cohorts of 1120 patients treated with radical prostatectomy (training: GSE46602, GSE54460, GSE70769, and GSE94767; validation: GSE70768, DKFZ2018, and TCGA). The association between the TICS and treatment efficacy was investigated in GSE111177 (androgen deprivation therapy [ADT]) and EGAS00001004050 (ipilimumab). RESULTS A high TICS was associated with prolonged BCRFS after radical prostatectomy in the training (HR = 0.32, 95% CI 0.24-0.45, P < 0.001) and the validation cohorts (HR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.32-0.62, P < 0.001). The TICS showed stable prognostic power independent of tumor stage, surgical margin, pre-treatment prostatic specific antigen (PSA), and Gleason score (multivariable HR = 0.50, 95% CI 0.39-0.63, P < 0.001). Adding the TICS into the prognostic model constructed using clinicopathological features significantly improved its 1/2/3/4/5-year area under curve (P < 0.05). A low TICS was associated with high homologous recombination deficiency scores, abnormally activated pathways concerning DNA replication, cell cycle, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and drug metabolism, and fewer tumor-infiltrating immune cells (P < 0.05). The patients with a high TICS had favorable BCRFS with ADT (HR = 0.25, 95% CI 0.06-0.99, P = 0.034) or ipilimumab monotherapy (HR = 0.23, 95% CI 0.06-0.81, P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS Our study delineates the associations of tumor immune contexture with molecular features, recurrence after radical prostatectomy, and the efficacy of ADT and immunotherapy. The TICS may improve the existing risk stratification systems and serve as a patient-selection tool for ADT and immunotherapy in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujun Han
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Taoping Shi
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yuchen Liao
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Feiya Yang
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Mingshuai Wang
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Urology, Shanxian Central Hospital of Shandong Province, Heze, 274300, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Tengfei Zhu
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Wenxi Chen
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | | | - Yusheng Han
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Chunwei Xu
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Wenxian Wang
- Department of Clinical Trial, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Shangli Cai
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Nianzeng Xing
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China.
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9
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The prognostic impact of tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes in patients with solid malignancies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 181:103893. [PMID: 36481308 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reviewed the prognostic effect of tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes (TIBLs) on solid malignancies, to determine the potential role of TIBLs in predicting cancer patient's prognosis and their response to immunotherapy. A total of 45 original papers involving 11,099 individual patients were included in this meta-analysis covering 7 kinds of cancer. The pooled results suggested that high levels of TIBLs were correlated with favorable OS in lung, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, and breast cancer; improved RFS in lung cancer; and improved DFS in gastrointestinal neoplasms. Additionally, TIBLs were significantly correlated with negative lymphatic invasion in gastric cancer, small tumor size in hepatocellular carcinoma, and negative distant metastasis in colorectal cancer. Additionally, TIBLs were reported as a discriminative feature of patients treated with immunotherapy with improved survival. We concluded that TIBLs play a favorable prognostic role among the common solid malignancie, providing theoretical evidence for further prognosis prediction for solid tumors.
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10
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Amaro GM, da Silva ADT, Tamarindo GH, Lamas CDA, Taboga SR, Cagnon VHA, Góes RM. Differential effects of omega-3 PUFAS on tumor progression at early and advanced stages in TRAMP mice. Prostate 2022; 82:1491-1504. [PMID: 36039485 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro studies evidenced antitumor effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ([n-3] PUFAs), but their effects on prostate cancer (PCa) remain controversial in epidemiological studies. Here we investigated whether an (n-3) PUFA-enriched diet affects tumor progression in transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP), at early (12 weeks age) and advanced stages (20 weeks age). METHODS TRAMP mice were fed with standard rodent diet (C12, C20) or (n-3) PUFA-enriched diet containing 10% fish oil (T12, T20). A group of 8 weeks age animals fed standard diet was also used for comparison (C8). The ventral prostate was processed for histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses and serum samples submitted to biochemical assays. RESULTS At early stages, (n-3) PUFA increased the frequency of normal epithelium (3.8-fold) and decreased the frequency of high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (3.3-fold) and in situ carcinoma (1.9-fold) in the gland, maintaining prostate pathological status similar to C8 group. At advanced stages, 50% of the animals developed a large primary tumor in both C20 and T20, and tumor weight did not differ (C20: 2.2 ± 2.4; T20: 2.8 ± 2.9 g). The ventral prostate of T12 and of T20 animals that did not develop primary tumors showed lower cell proliferation, tissue expressions of androgen (AR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors, than their respective controls. For these animals, (n-3) PUFA also avoided an increase in the number of T-lymphocytes, collagen fibers, and αSMA immunoreactivity, and preserved stromal gland microenvironment. (n-3) PUFA also lowered serum triglycerides and cholesterol, regulating the lipid metabolism of TRAMP mice. CONCLUSIONS (n-3) PUFAs had a protective effect at early stages of PCa, delaying tumor progression in TRAMP mice, in parallel with reductions in cell proliferation, AR, and GR and maintenance of the stromal compartment of the gland. However, (n-3) PUFAs did not prevent the development of primary tumors for the T20 group, reinforcing the need for further investigation at advanced stages of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo M Amaro
- Departament of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alana D T da Silva
- Departament of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme H Tamarindo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celina de A Lamas
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião R Taboga
- Departament of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valéria Helena Alves Cagnon
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rejane M Góes
- Departament of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Zhao J, Zhang C, Wang W, Li C, Mu X, Hu K. Current progress of nanomedicine for prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113714. [PMID: 36150309 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common new cancer case and the second most fatal malignancy in men. Surgery, endocrine therapy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the main clinical treatment options for PCa. However, most prostate cancers can develop into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and due to the invasiveness of prostate cancer cells, they become resistant to different treatments and activate tumor-promoting signaling pathways, thereby inducing chemoresistance, radioresistance, ADT resistance, and immune resistance. Nanotechnology, which can combine treatment with diagnostic imaging tools, is emerging as a promising treatment modality in prostate cancer therapy. Nanoparticles can not only promote their accumulation at the pathological site through passive targeting techniques for enhanced permeability and retention (EPR), but also provide additional advantages for active targeting using different ligands. This property results in a reduced drug dose to achieve the desired effect, a longer duration of action within the tumor and fewer side effects on healthy tissues. In addition, nanotechnology can create good synergy with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, thermotherapy, photodynamic therapy and gene therapy to enhance their therapeutic effects with greater scope, and reduce the resistance of prostate cancer. In this article, we intend to review and discuss the latest technologies regarding the use of nanomaterials as therapeutic and diagnostic tools for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xupeng Mu
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China.
| | - Kebang Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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12
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Chandran E, Meininger L, Karzai F, Madan RA. Signaling new therapeutic opportunities: cytokines in prostate cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:1233-1243. [PMID: 35930001 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2108701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite FDA approval of sipuleucel-T in 2010, endeavors to use immune checkpoint inhibitors in unselected prostate cancer patients have not improved clinical outcomes. These efforts include studies with anti-PD1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 alone and in combination with existing standards of care. These strategies are generally T-cell centric and disregard the broader complex and pleiotropic components of the prostate cancer tumor microenvironment such as natural killer cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells and tumor associated macrophages. AREAS COVERED We performed an online literature search and undertook a review of existing pre-clinical and clinical literature for cytokine-based therapy relating to prostate cancer, specifically on interleukin (IL)-2, IL-15, IL-12, IL-23, IL-8 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. EXPERT OPINION Cytokine-based therapies present an alternative immune strategy to target the pleiotropic prostate cancer tumor microenvironment beyond T-cells. Future immunotherapy strategies in prostate cancer should address these immune cell populations which may play more important roles in the prostate cancer tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Chandran
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luke Meininger
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fatima Karzai
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ravi A Madan
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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13
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Genitourinary (GU) cancers have greatly benefited from immunotherapy treatments, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, the durable clinical response rate for these agents remains relatively low, calling for more innovative immunotherapy approaches. Adoptive cell therapy has shown a significant advancement in the treatment of cancer in recent years and represents a great potential for the treatment of GU cancers. This review summarizes the current advancements in cellular therapy strategies for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, and prostate and penile cancers. Further, current and past clinical trials of adoptive cell therapy in GU tumors are reviewed. Finally, a perspective on the future of cell therapy in GU tumors is discussed.
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14
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Nascente EDP, Amorim RL, Fonseca-Alves CE, de Moura VMBD. Comparative Pathobiology of Canine and Human Prostate Cancer: State of the Art and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2727. [PMID: 35681707 PMCID: PMC9179314 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
First described in 1817, prostate cancer is considered a complex neoplastic entity, and one of the main causes of death in men in the western world. In dogs, prostatic carcinoma (PC) exhibits undifferentiated morphology with different phenotypes, is hormonally independent of aggressive character, and has high rates of metastasis to different organs. Although in humans, the risk factors for tumor development are known, in dogs, this scenario is still unclear, especially regarding castration. Therefore, with the advent of molecular biology, studies were and are carried out with the aim of identifying the main molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the carcinogenesis and progression of canine PC, aiming to identify potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted treatment. However, there are extensive gaps to be filled, especially when considering the dog as experimental model for the study of this neoplasm in humans. Thus, due to the complexity of the subject, the objective of this review is to present the main pathobiological aspects of canine PC from a comparative point of view to the same neoplasm in the human species, addressing the historical context and current understanding in the scientific field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo de Paula Nascente
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74001-970, Brazil;
| | - Renée Laufer Amorim
- Veterinary Clinic Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil;
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although most studies focus on the tumour component of prostate cancer (PCa), increasing attention is being paid to the prostatic tumour microenvironment (TME) and its role in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy development. Herein, we review the prognostic capability of tumour and nontumour derived biomarkers, the immunomodulatory effects of focal therapy (FT) on TME, and its potential as part of a multidisciplinary approach to PCa treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Tumour cells have always been the natural candidates to explore new biomarkers, but recent evidence highlights the prognostic contribution of TME cell markers. TME plays a critical role in PCa progression and tumours may escape from the immune system by establishing a microenvironment that suppresses effective antitumour immunity. It has been demonstrated that FT has an immunomodulatory effect and may elicit an immune response that can either favour or inhibit tumorigenesis. TME shows to be an additional target to enhance oncological control. SUMMARY A better understanding of TME has the potential to reliably elucidate PCa heterogeneity and assign a prognostic profile in accordance with prostate tumour foci. The joint contribution of biomarkers derived from both tumour and TME compartments may improve patient selection for FT by accurately stratifying disease aggressivity according to the characteristics of tumour foci. Preclinical studies have suggested that FT may act as a TME modulator, highlighting its promising role in multimodal therapeutic management.
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16
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Terrisse S, Goubet AG, Ueda K, Thomas AM, Quiniou V, Thelemaque C, Dunsmore G, Clave E, Gamat-Huber M, Yonekura S, Ferrere G, Rauber C, Pham HP, Fahrner JE, Pizzato E, Ly P, Fidelle M, Mazzenga M, Costa Silva CA, Armanini F, Pinto F, Asnicar F, Daillère R, Derosa L, Richard C, Blanchard P, Routy B, Culine S, Opolon P, Silvin A, Ginhoux F, Toubert A, Segata N, McNeel DG, Fizazi K, Kroemer G, Zitvogel L. Immune system and intestinal microbiota determine efficacy of androgen deprivation therapy against prostate cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004191. [PMID: 35296557 PMCID: PMC8928383 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PC) responds to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) usually in a transient fashion, progressing from hormone-sensitive PC (HSPC) to castration-resistant PC (CRPC). We investigated a mouse model of PC as well as specimens from PC patients to unravel an unsuspected contribution of thymus-derived T lymphocytes and the intestinal microbiota in the efficacy of ADT. Methods Preclinical experiments were performed in PC-bearing mice, immunocompetent or immunodeficient. In parallel, we prospectively included 65 HSPC and CRPC patients (Oncobiotic trial) to analyze their feces and blood specimens. Results In PC-bearing mice, ADT increased thymic cellularity and output. PC implanted in T lymphocyte-depleted or athymic mice responded less efficiently to ADT than in immunocompetent mice. Moreover, depletion of the intestinal microbiota by oral antibiotics reduced the efficacy of ADT. PC reduced the relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in the gut, and this effect was reversed by ADT. Moreover, cohousing of PC-bearing mice with tumor-free mice or oral gavage with Akkermansia improved the efficacy of ADT. This appears to be applicable to PC patients because long-term ADT resulted in an increase of thymic output, as demonstrated by an increase in circulating recent thymic emigrant cells (sjTRECs). Moreover, as compared with HSPC controls, CRPC patients demonstrated a shift in their intestinal microbiota that significantly correlated with sjTRECs. While feces from healthy volunteers restored ADT efficacy, feces from PC patients failed to do so. Conclusions These findings suggest the potential clinical utility of reversing intestinal dysbiosis and repairing acquired immune defects in PC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safae Terrisse
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Medical Oncology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | | | - Kousuke Ueda
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Clave
- Institut de Recherche de Paris, INSERM UMRS-1160, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Eudes Fahrner
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin, France
| | | | - Pierre Ly
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Romain Daillère
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,EverImmune Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
| | - Lisa Derosa
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Center of Clinical Investistigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT), Villejuif, France
| | | | - Pierre Blanchard
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Bertrand Routy
- Département de Médicine, CHUM, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,CRCHUM, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Culine
- Medical Oncology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Paule Opolon
- Department of Biology and Medical Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - Antoine Toubert
- Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, INSERM U1160, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'immunologie et d'histocompatibilité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Nicola Segata
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Douglas G McNeel
- Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Karim Fizazi
- Université Paris-Saclay, Saint-Aubin, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France .,Sorbonne Université INSERM U1138, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France .,Université Paris-Saclay Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France
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17
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Fahmy O, Alhakamy NA, Rizg WY, Bagalagel A, Alamoudi AJ, Aldawsari HM, Khateb AM, Eldakhakhny BM, Fahmy UA, Abdulaal WH, Fresta CG, Caruso G. Updates on Molecular and Biochemical Development and Progression of Prostate Cancer. J Clin Med 2021; 10:5127. [PMID: 34768647 PMCID: PMC8585085 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10215127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) represents the most commonly non-cutaneous diagnosed cancer in men worldwide and occupies a very wide area of preclinical and clinical research. Targeted therapy for any cancer depends on the understanding of the molecular bases and natural behaviour of the diseases. Despite the well-known effect of androgen deprivation on PCa, many patients develop resistance either for antiandrogen therapy or other new treatment modalities such as checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapy. Comprehensive understanding of the development of PCa as well as of the mechanisms underlying its progression is mandatory to maximise the benefit of the current approved medications or to guide the future research for targeted therapy of PCa. The aim of this review was to provide updates on the most recent mechanisms regarding the development and the progression of PCa. According to the current understanding, future treatment strategies should include more predictive genetic and biomarker analysis to assign different patients to the expected most appropriate and effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Fahmy
- Department of Urology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (W.Y.R.); (H.M.A.); (U.A.F.)
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Y. Rizg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (W.Y.R.); (H.M.A.); (U.A.F.)
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Bagalagel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulmohsin J. Alamoudi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hibah M. Aldawsari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (W.Y.R.); (H.M.A.); (U.A.F.)
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aiah M. Khateb
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah 42224, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Basmah M. Eldakhakhny
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21555, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Usama A. Fahmy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (W.Y.R.); (H.M.A.); (U.A.F.)
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wesam H. Abdulaal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21555, Saudi Arabia;
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21555, Saudi Arabia
| | - Claudia G. Fresta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
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18
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Dovey ZS, Nair SS, Chakravarty D, Tewari AK. Racial disparity in prostate cancer in the African American population with actionable ideas and novel immunotherapies. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2021; 4:e1340. [PMID: 33599076 PMCID: PMC8551995 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans (AAs) in the United States are known to have a higher incidence and mortality for Prostate Cancer (PCa). The drivers of this epidemiological disparity are multifactorial, including socioeconomic factors leading to lifestyle and dietary issues, healthcare access problems, and potentially tumor biology. RECENT FINDINGS Although recent evidence suggests once access is equal, AA men have equal outcomes to Caucasian American (CA) men, differences in PCa incidence remain, and there is much to do to reverse disparities in mortality across the USA. A deeper understanding of these issues, both at the clinical and molecular level, can facilitate improved outcomes in the AA population. This review first discusses PCa oncogenesis in the context of its diverse hallmarks before benchmarking key molecular and genomic differences for PCa in AA men that have emerged in the recent literature. Studies have emphasized the importance of tumor microenvironment that contributes to both the unequal cancer burden and differences in clinical outcome between the races. Management of comorbidities like obesity, hypertension, and diabetes will provide an essential means of reducing prostate cancer incidence in AA men. Although requiring further AA specific research, several new treatment strategies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors used in combination PARP inhibitors and other emerging vaccines, including Sipuleucel-T, have demonstrated some proven efficacy. CONCLUSION Genomic profiling to integrate clinical and genomic data for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment will allow physicians to plan a "Precision Medicine" approach to AA men. There is a pressing need for further research for risk stratification, which may allow early identification of AA men with higher risk disease based on their unique clinical, genomic, and immunological profiles, which can then be mapped to appropriate clinical trials. Treatment options are outlined, with a concise description of recent work in AA specific populations, detailing several targeted therapies, including immunotherapy. Also, a summary of current clinical trials involving AA men is presented, and it is important that policies are adopted to ensure that AA men are actively recruited. Although it is encouraging that many of these explore the lifestyle and educational initiatives and therapeutic interventions, there is much still work to be done to reduce incidence and mortality in AA men and equalize current racial disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Dovey
- The Department of UrologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Sujit S. Nair
- The Department of UrologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Dimple Chakravarty
- The Department of UrologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Ashutosh K. Tewari
- The Department of UrologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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19
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Castro NFDC, Jubilato FC, Guerra LHA, Santos FCAD, Taboga SR, Vilamaior PSL. Therapeutic effects of β-caryophyllene on proliferative disorders and inflammation of the gerbil prostate. Prostate 2021; 81:812-824. [PMID: 34125438 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prostate is susceptible to changes in androgen levels, which can play an important role in the development of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). Natural compounds have beneficial properties for organisms and can be an important therapeutic strategy in the treatment of diseases. β-Caryophyllene (BCP) is a phytocannabinoid present in several medicinal and food plants species and has shown beneficial effects in different organs. However, little is known about its effects on the prostate. The present study seeks to evaluate the effects of exposure to BCP on the morphophysiology of the ventral prostate of adult gerbils supplemented with testosterone. METHODS Animals were distributed into four groups (n = 8/group): Intact control (C); β-Caryophyllene (BCP): β-Caryophyllene (50 mg/kg/day); Testosterone (T): animals received subcutaneous injections of Testosterone Cypionate (3 mg/Kg), on alternate days, for one month and were euthanized 30 days supplementation ended; Testosterone and β-Caryophyllene (TBCP): animals were exposed to testosterone cypionate (3 mg/Kg) to induce hyperplastic alterations followed by daily BCP (50 mg/kg). Morphological, biometric, immunohistochemical, and serological analyses were performed. RESULTS Proliferative disorders and inflammatory foci were present in the ventral prostate of all experimental groups. An increase in the multiplicity of benign intraepithelial neoplasm and subepithelial inflammatory foci was observed in T group. The incidence of intraluminal inflammatory foci and microinvasive carcinoma was verified only in the T group. Cellular rearrangement and tissue remodeling occurred in the prostate of groups exposed to phytocannabinoids. A reduction was observed in the frequency of PHH3 and Cox2 markers in the prostatic epithelium of TBCP in comparison with T. A decrease in F4/80 and CD163 positive macrophages were also observed in the prostatic stroma of the TBCP group in comparison with T. The results suggest that BCP had favorable effects on BPH, reducing the proliferation and frequency of some inflammatory cells. CONCLUSION BCP impacts the tissue remodeling process in the premalignant prostate environment and that the use of this phytocannabinoid can have a promising effect in the handling of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Fernanda da Costa Castro
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Costa Jubilato
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Alves Guerra
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Simone Leite Vilamaior
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Andersen LB, Nørgaard M, Rasmussen M, Fredsøe J, Borre M, Ulhøi BP, Sørensen KD. Immune cell analyses of the tumor microenvironment in prostate cancer highlight infiltrating regulatory T cells and macrophages as adverse prognostic factors. J Pathol 2021; 255:155-165. [PMID: 34255349 DOI: 10.1002/path.5757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Improved risk stratification is needed for patients with localized prostate cancer. This study characterized and assessed the prognostic potential of distinct immune cell infiltration patterns in the prostate tumor microenvironment. Using tissue microarrays, multiplex immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence, and automated digital pathology, we analyzed radical prostatectomy specimens from two large patient cohorts (training: n = 470; validation: n = 333) to determine infiltration levels of seven immune cell types in malignant versus benign prostate tissue: CD3+ CD8- FoxP3- T helper cells, CD3+ CD8+ FoxP3- cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), CD3+ CD8- FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs ), CD20+ B cells, CD68+ CD163- M1 macrophages, CD68+ CD163+ M2 macrophages, and tryptase+ mast cells. Results were further validated by cell type enrichment analyses of bulk tumor RNAseq data from a third independent patient cohort (n = 99). Prognostic potential was assessed by Kaplan-Meier and uni-/multi-variate Cox regression analyses. Clinical endpoint was biochemical recurrence. All seven immune cell types were enriched in prostate cancer versus benign stroma, while there was selective enrichment for B cells, Tregs , M1 and M2 macrophages, and depletion of mast cells and CTLs in prostate cancer epithelium. In all three cohorts, high levels of infiltrating Tregs , M1, and M2 macrophages in stroma and/or epithelium were associated with biochemical recurrence (p < 0.05; log-rank test). After adjustment for routine clinical variables, Tregs and M2 macrophages remained significant adverse predictors of biochemical recurrence (p < 0.05; multivariate Cox regression). Our comprehensive analyses of immune cell infiltration patterns in the prostate tumor microenvironment highlight infiltrating Tregs , M1, and M2 macrophages as adverse predictors of prostate cancer outcome. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line B Andersen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maibritt Nørgaard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Rasmussen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jacob Fredsøe
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Borre
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Benedicte P Ulhøi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karina D Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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21
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Ntala C, Salji M, Salmond J, Officer L, Teodosio AV, Blomme A, McGhee EJ, Powley I, Ahmad I, Kruithof-de Julio M, Thalmann G, Roberts E, Goodyear CS, Jamaspishvili T, Berman DM, Carlin LM, Le Quesne J, Leung HY. Analysis of Prostate Cancer Tumor Microenvironment Identifies Reduced Stromal CD4 Effector T-cell Infiltration in Tumors with Pelvic Nodal Metastasis. EUR UROL SUPPL 2021; 29:19-29. [PMID: 34337530 PMCID: PMC8317840 DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pelvic nodal metastasis in prostate cancer impacts patient outcome negatively. OBJECTIVE To explore tumor-infiltrating immune cells as a potential predictive tool for regional lymph node (LN) metastasis. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS We applied multiplex immunofluorescence and targeted transcriptomic analysis on 94 radical prostatectomy specimens in patients with (LN+) or without (LN-) pelvic nodal metastases. Both intraepithelial and stromal infiltrations of immune cells and differentially expressed genes (mRNA and protein levels) were correlated with the nodal status. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The identified CD4 effector cell signature of nodal metastasis was validated in a comparable independent patient cohort of 184 informative cases. Patient outcome analysis and decision curve analysis were performed with the CD4 effector cell density-based signature. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS In the discovery cohort, both tumor epithelium and stroma from patients with nodal metastasis had significantly lower infiltration of multiple immune cell types, with stromal CD4 effector cells highlighted as the top candidate marker. Targeted gene expression analysis and confirmatory protein analysis revealed key alteration of extracellular matrix components in tumors with nodal metastasis. Of note, stromal CD4 immune cell density was a significant independent predictor of LN metastasis (odds ratio [OR] = 0.15, p = 0.004), and was further validated as a significant predictor of nodal metastasis in the validation cohort (OR = 0.26, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Decreased T-cell infiltrates in the primary tumor (particularly CD4 effector cells) are associated with a higher risk of LN metastasis. Future evaluation of CD4-based assays on prostate cancer diagnostic biopsy materials may improve selection of at-risk patients for the treatment of LN metastasis. PATIENT SUMMARY In this report, we found that cancer showing evidence of cancer metastasis to the lymph nodes tends to have less immune cells present within the tumor. We conclude that the extent of immune cells present within a prostate tumor can help doctors determine the most appropriate treatment plan for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chara Ntala
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark Salji
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonathan Salmond
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Leah Officer
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester, UK
| | - Ana Vieira Teodosio
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester, UK
| | | | | | - Ian Powley
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Imran Ahmad
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - George Thalmann
- Department of Urology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Carl S. Goodyear
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tamara Jamaspishvili
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - David M. Berman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Leo M. Carlin
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Le Quesne
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester, UK
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Hing Y. Leung
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
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22
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Luan JC, Zhang QJ, Zhao K, Zhou X, Yao LY, Zhang TT, Zeng TY, Xia JD, Song NH. A Novel Set of Immune-associated Gene Signature predicts Biochemical Recurrence in Localized Prostate Cancer Patients after Radical Prostatectomy. J Cancer 2021; 12:3715-3725. [PMID: 33995646 PMCID: PMC8120173 DOI: 10.7150/jca.51059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Decision-making regarding biochemical recurrence (BCR) in localized prostate cancer (PCa) patients after radical prostatectomy (RP) mainly relies on clinicopathological parameters with a low predictive accuracy. Currently, accumulating evidence suggests that immune-associated genes (IAGs) play irreplaceable roles in tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis. Considering the critical role of immune in PCa, we therefore attempted to identify the novel IAGs signature and validate its prognostic value that can better forecast the risk for BCR and guide clinical treatment. Methods: RNA-sequencing and corresponding clinicopathological data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was utilized to screen out the candidate module closely related to BCR, and univariate and LASSO Cox regression analyses were performed to build the gene signature. Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival analysis, time-dependent receiver operating curve (ROC), independent prognostic analysis and nomogram were also applied to evaluate the prognostic value of the signature. Besides, Gene ontology analysis (GO), Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were used to explore potential biological pathways. Results: A total of six IAGs (SSTR1, NFATC3, NRP1, TUBB3, IL1R1, GDF15) were eventually identified and used to establish a novel IAGs signature. The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients with low-risk scores had longer recurrence-free survival (RFS) than those with high-risk scores in both GSE70769 and TCGA cohorts. Further, our signature was also proven to be a valuable independent prognostic factor for BCR. We also constructed a nomogram based on the gene signature and related clinicopathologic features, which excellently predict 1-year, 3-year and 5-year prognosis of localized PCa patients after RP. Moreover, functional enrichment analysis demonstrated the vital biological processes, and stratified GSEA revealed that a crucial immune-related pathway (T cell receptor signaling pathway) was notably enriched in the high-risk group. Conclusions: We successfully developed a novel robust IAGs signature that is powerful in BCR prediction in localized PCa patients after RP, and created a prognostic nomogram. In addition, the signature might help clinicians in selecting high-risk subpopulation, predicting survival status of patients and promoting more individualized therapies than traditional clinical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Chen Luan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi-Jie Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang-Yu Yao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong-Tong Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Teng-Yue Zeng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Dong Xia
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning-Hong Song
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Affiliated Kezhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Kezhou, Xinjiang, China
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23
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Børretzen A, Gravdal K, Haukaas SA, Mannelqvist M, Beisland C, Akslen LA, Halvorsen OJ. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulators Twist, Slug, and Snail are associated with aggressive tumour features and poor outcome in prostate cancer patients. J Pathol Clin Res 2021; 7:253-270. [PMID: 33605548 PMCID: PMC8073012 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic importance of transcription factors promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis has not been well explored in prostate cancer patients with long follow-up, nor the interplay between these factors. The objective of this study was to assess the individual protein expression and co-expression of Twist, Slug (Snai2), Snail (Snai1), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (Hif-1α) in prostate cancer in relation to EMT, angiogenesis, hypoxia, tumour features, disease recurrence, and patient survival. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on tissue microarray sections from 338 radical prostatectomies with long follow-up. In addition, 41 cases of prostatic hyperplasia, 33 non-skeletal metastases, 13 skeletal metastases, and 33 castration-resistant prostate carcinomas were included. Our findings were validated in external gene expression data sets. Twist was overexpressed in primary prostate cancer and markedly reduced in distant metastases (p < 0.0005). Strong expression of Twist and Slug was associated with Hif-1α in localised prostate cancer (p ≤ 0.001), and strong Twist was associated with Hif-1α in castration-resistant carcinomas (p = 0.044). Twist, Slug, and increased Snail at the tumour stromal border were associated with vascular factors (p ≤ 0.045). Each of the three EMT-regulating transcription factors were associated with aggressive tumour features and shorter time to recurrence and cancer-specific death. Notably, the co-expression of factors demonstrated an enhanced influence on outcome. In the subgroup of E-cadherinlow carcinomas, strong Slug was associated with shorter time to all end points and was an independent predictor of time to multiple end points, including cancer-specific death (hazard ratio 3.0, p = 0.041). To conclude, we demonstrate an important relation between EMT, hypoxia, and angiogenesis and a strong link between the investigated EMT regulators and aggressive tumour features and poor patient outcome in prostate cancer. Despite the retrospective nature of this long-term study, our findings could have a significant impact on the future treatment of prostate cancer, where tailored therapies might be directed simultaneously against epithelial-mesenchymal phenotypes, angiogenesis, and tumour hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Børretzen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of PathologyHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Karsten Gravdal
- Department of PathologyHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Svein A Haukaas
- Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of UrologyHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Monica Mannelqvist
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Christian Beisland
- Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of UrologyHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Lars A Akslen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of PathologyHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Ole J Halvorsen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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24
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Vicier C, Ravi P, Kwak L, Werner L, Huang Y, Evan C, Loda M, Hamid AA, Sweeney CJ. Association between CD8 and PD-L1 expression and outcomes after radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer. Prostate 2021; 81:50-57. [PMID: 32986884 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterization of markers of both immune suppression and activation may provide more prognostic information than assessment of single markers in localized prostate cancer. We therefore sought to determine the association between CD8 and PD-L1 expression in localized prostate tumors and biochemical recurrence (BCR) and metastasis-free survival (MFS). METHODS Tissue microarrays were constructed on 109 men undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) for localized prostate cancer at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute between 1991 and 2008. Fluorescence immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of six immune markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, PD-1, PD-L1, FOXP3). Quantitative multispectral imaging analysis was used to calculate the density of each marker, which was dichotomized by the median as "high" or "low." Cox proportional hazards regression models and Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to analyze associations between immune marker densities and time to BCR and MFS. RESULTS Over a median follow-up of 8.1 years, 55 (51%) and 39 (36%) men developed BCR and metastases, respectively. Median time to BCR was shorter in men with low CD8 (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.27 [1.27-4.08]) and high PD-L1 expression (HR = 2.03 [1.17-3.53]). While neither low CD8 or high PD-L1 alone were independent predictors of BCR or MFS on multivariable analysis, men with low CD8 and/or high PD-L1 had a significantly shorter time to BCR (median 3.5 years vs. NR) and MFS (median 10.8 vs. 18.4 years) compared to those with high CD8 and low PD-L1 expression. The main limitation is the retrospective and singe-center nature of the study. CONCLUSION The presence of higher CD8 and lower PD-L1 expression in prostatectomy specimens was associated a low risk of biochemical relapse and metastatic disease. These findings are hypothesis-generating and further study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Vicier
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Praful Ravi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lucia Kwak
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lillian Werner
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carolyn Evan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anis A Hamid
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher J Sweeney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Sun W, Shi H, Yuan Z, Xia L, Xiang X, Quan X, Shi W, Jiang L. Prognostic Value of Genes and Immune Infiltration in Prostate Tumor Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2020; 10:584055. [PMID: 33194726 PMCID: PMC7662134 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.584055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in men. Immune responses in the tumor microenvironment are hypothesized to be related to the prognosis of PCa patients; however, no studies are available to confirm the same. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential link between these two factors and identify new biomarkers to estimate the survival rate of PCa patients. Methods A total of 490 cases were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The gene expression data were analyzed by the ESTIMATE algorithm to evaluate the immune and stromal scores. The survival rate was calculated according to the case-specific clinical data. Enrichment analysis was performed to discover the main biological processes and signaling pathways of immune responses. We further identified and analyzed hub genes in the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and evaluated their prognostic values. Results Immune score significantly correlated with immune cell infiltration and overall survival of PCa patients. The genes CXCR4 and GPR183, identified as hub genes in the PPI network, correlated with immune cell infiltration and prognosis of PCa patients. Conclusion CXCR4 and GPR183 participate in immune cell infiltration and function in PCa patients. The immune score, as well as the expression of CXCR4 and GPR183 in prostate cancer tissues, could be potential indexes for the prognosis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguo Sun
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Hailin Shi
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Department of Urology, Fuyang People's Hospital, Fuyang, China
| | - Li Xia
- Department of Dermatology, Guilin People's Hospital, Guilin, China
| | - Xuebao Xiang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xiangfeng Quan
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Wenjie Shi
- Department of Gynecology, Pius Hospital of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Leiming Jiang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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26
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Handa S, Hans B, Goel S, Bashorun HO, Dovey Z, Tewari A. Immunotherapy in prostate cancer: current state and future perspectives. Ther Adv Urol 2020; 12:1756287220951404. [PMID: 32952615 PMCID: PMC7476347 DOI: 10.1177/1756287220951404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer (PCa) remains an incurable entity. In the era of immunotherapy, the complex PCa microenvironment poses a unique challenge to the successful application of this class of agents. However, in the last decade, a tremendous effort has been made to explore this field of therapeutics. In this review, the physiology of the cancer immunity cycle is highlighted in the context of the prostate tumor microenvironment, and the current evidence for use of various classes of immunotherapy agents including vaccines (dendritic cell based, viral vector based and DNA/mRNA based), immune checkpoint inhibitors, Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy, antibody-mediated radioimmunotherapy, antibody drug conjugates, and bispecific antibodies, is consolidated. Finally, the future directions for combinatorial approaches to combat PCa are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Handa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and West Hospital, New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | - Bandhul Hans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shokhi Goel
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hafis O Bashorun
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zach Dovey
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashutosh Tewari
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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27
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Ryan ST, Zhang J, Burner DN, Liss M, Pittman E, Muldong M, Shabaik A, Woo J, Basler N, Cunha J, Shalapour S, Estrada MV, Karin M, Messer K, Howell S, Kane CJ, Jamieson CAM. Neoadjuvant rituximab modulates the tumor immune environment in patients with high risk prostate cancer. J Transl Med 2020; 18:214. [PMID: 32466781 PMCID: PMC7257145 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02370-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapeutic regulation of the tumor microenvironment in prostate cancer patients is not understood. Most antibody immunotherapies have not succeeded in prostate cancer. We showed previously that high-risk PCa patients have a higher density of tumor infiltrating B-cells in prostatectomy specimens. In mouse models, anti-CD20 antibody ablation of B-cells delayed PCa regrowth post-treatment. We sought to determine whether neoadjuvant anti-CD20 immunotherapy with rituximab could reduce CD20+ B cell infiltration of prostate tumors in patients. METHODS An open label, single arm clinical trial enrolled eight high-risk PCa patients to receive one cycle of neoadjuvant rituximab prior to prostatectomy. Eleven clinical specimens with similar characteristics were selected as controls. Treated and control samples were concurrently stained for CD20 and digitally scanned in a blinded fashion. A new method of digital image quantification of lymphocytes was applied to prostatectomy sections of treated and control cases. CD20 density was quantified by a deconvolution algorithm in pathologist-marked tumor and adjacent regions. Statistical significance was assessed by one sided Welch's t-test, at 0.05 level using a gatekeeper strategy. Secondary outcomes included CD3+ T-cell and PD-L1 densities. RESULTS Mean CD20 density in the tumor regions of the treated group was significantly lower than the control group (p = 0.02). Mean CD3 density in the tumors was significantly decreased in the treated group (p = 0.01). CD20, CD3 and PD-L1 staining primarily occurred in tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). Neoadjuvant rituximab was well-tolerated and decreased B-cell and T-cell density within high-risk PCa tumors compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to treat patients prior to surgical prostate removal with an immunotherapy that targets B-cells. Rituximab treatment reduced tumor infiltrating B and T-cell density especially in TLSs, thus, demonstrating inter-dependence between B- and T-cells in prostate cancer and that Rituximab can modify the immune environment in prostate tumors. Future studies will determine who may benefit from using rituximab to improve their immune response against prostate cancer. Trial registration NCT01804712, March 5th, 2013 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01804712?cond=NCT01804712&draw=2&rank=1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Ryan
- Department of Urology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code: 0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0987, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Danielle N Burner
- Department of Urology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code: 0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0987, USA
| | - Michael Liss
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Emily Pittman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Muldong
- Department of Urology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code: 0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0987, USA
| | - Ahmed Shabaik
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jason Woo
- Department of Urology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code: 0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0987, USA
| | - Nicole Basler
- Department of Urology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code: 0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0987, USA
| | - Jonathan Cunha
- Department of Urology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code: 0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0987, USA
| | - Shabnam Shalapour
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Monica V Estrada
- Biorepository and Tissue Technology Shared Resource at the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karen Messer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Biostatistics, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Howell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Kane
- Department of Urology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code: 0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0987, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christina A M Jamieson
- Department of Urology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code: 0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0987, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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28
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Hu P, Gao Y, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Yan H, Zhang J, Zhao L. Gene Expression-Based Immune Cell Infiltration Analyses of Prostate Cancer and Their Associations with Survival Outcome. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:1194-1204. [PMID: 32460527 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.5371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and the fifth cause of cancer death in males. Currently, there are no effective therapies for prostate cancer yet, and the status of treatment remains severe. In this study, we analyzed the composition of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) in prostate cancer and paracancerous samples based on the gene expression profiles using CIBERSORT. Calculation of the TIIC subset proportions in 52 paired prostate cancer and paracancerous samples showed that their proportions were similar in intergroup and varied in intragroup. Compared with the paracancerous samples, the proportion of M0 macrophages was significantly increased in prostate cancer samples. Cox regression analysis using the TIIC subpopulations as continuous variables revealed that high plasma cell proportion was associated with poor 3-year Disease-Free Survival (DFS) in prostate cancer (hazard ratios = 1.8e-76, p = 0.001). Moreover, three immune clusters, which presented distinct prognosis, were identified using hierarchical clustering analysis based on the proportions of TIIC subpopulations. Among them, cluster 1 had superior 3-year DFS, while cluster 3 showed inferior 3-year DFS (p = 0.025). In summary, our research provided a comprehensive analysis on the TIIC composition in prostate cancer and suggested that both plasma cells and different cluster patterns were associated with the prostate cancer prognosis, which should be helpful for the clinical surveillance and treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hu
- The Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, P.R. China.,The First Department of Medical Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- The Third Department of Medical Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P.R. China
| | - Ying Huang
- The Third Department of Medical Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P.R. China
| | - Yanjiao Zhao
- The Third Department of Medical Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P.R. China
| | - Hui Yan
- The Second Department of Medical Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- The First Department of Medical Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P.R. China
| | - Lujun Zhao
- The Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, P.R. China
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29
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Rao SR, Alham NK, Upton E, McIntyre S, Bryant RJ, Cerundolo L, Bowes E, Jones S, Browne M, Mills I, Lamb A, Tomlinson I, Wedge D, Browning L, Sirinukunwattana K, Palles C, Hamdy FC, Rittscher J, Verrill C. Detailed Molecular and Immune Marker Profiling of Archival Prostate Cancer Samples Reveals an Inverse Association between TMPRSS2:ERG Fusion Status and Immune Cell Infiltration. J Mol Diagn 2020; 22:652-669. [PMID: 32229180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a significant global health issue, and limitations to current patient management pathways often result in overtreatment or undertreatment. New ways to stratify patients are urgently needed. We conducted a feasibility study of such novel assessments, looking for associations between genomic changes and lymphocyte infiltration. An innovative workflow using an in-house targeted sequencing panel, immune cell profiling using an image analysis pipeline, RNA sequencing, and exome sequencing in select cases was tested. Gene fusions were profiled by RNA sequencing in 27 of 27 cases, and a significantly higher tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) count was noted in tumors without a TMPRSS2:ERG fusion compared with those with the fusion (P = 0.01). Although this finding was not replicated in a larger validation set (n = 436) of The Cancer Genome Atlas images, there was a trend in the same direction. Differential expression analysis of TIL-high and TIL-low tumors revealed the enrichment of both innate and adaptive immune response pathways. Mutations in mismatch repair genes (MLH1 and MSH6 mutations in 1 of 27 cases) were identified. We describe a potential immune escape mechanism in TMPRSS2:ERG fusion-positive tumors. Detailed profiling, as shown herein, can provide novel insights into tumor biology. Likely differences with findings with other cohorts are related to methods used to define region of interest, but this warrants further study in a larger cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa R Rao
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nasullah K Alham
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elysia Upton
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stacey McIntyre
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Bryant
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Cerundolo
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Bowes
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Jones
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Molly Browne
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Mills
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Lamb
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Wedge
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Browning
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Claire Palles
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Freddie C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Rittscher
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Verrill
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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30
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Zhao SG, Lehrer J, Chang SL, Das R, Erho N, Liu Y, Sjöström M, Den RB, Freedland SJ, Klein EA, Karnes RJ, Schaeffer EM, Xu M, Speers C, Nguyen PL, Ross AE, Chan JM, Cooperberg MR, Carroll PR, Davicioni E, Fong L, Spratt DE, Feng FY. The Immune Landscape of Prostate Cancer and Nomination of PD-L2 as a Potential Therapeutic Target. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 111:301-310. [PMID: 30321406 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djy141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy has been less successful in treating prostate cancer than other solid tumors. We sought to better understand the immune landscape in prostate cancer and identify immune-related biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. METHODS We analyzed gene expression data from 7826 prospectively collected prostatectomy samples (2013-2016), and 1567 retrospective samples with long-term clinical outcomes, for a total of 9393 samples, all profiled on the same commercial clinical platform in a CLIA-certified lab. The primary outcome was distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). Secondary outcomes included biochemical recurrence-free survival (bRFS), prostate cancer-specific survival (PCSS), and overall survival (OS). All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of hallmark pathways demonstrated an immune-related tumor cluster. Increased estimated immune content scores based on immune-specific genes from the literature were associated with worse bRFS (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.26 [95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12 to 1.42]; P < .001), DMFS (HR = 1.34 [95% CI = 1.13 to 1.58]; P < .001), PCSS (HR = 1.53 [95% CI = 1.21 to 1.92]; P < .001), and OS (HR = 1.27 [95% CI = 1.07 to 1.50]; P = .006). Deconvolution using Cibersort revealed that mast cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells conferred improved DMFS, whereas macrophages and T-cells conferred worse DMFS. Interestingly, while PD-L1 was not prognostic, consistent with its low expression in prostate cancer, PD-L2 was expressed at statistically significantly higher levels (P < .001) and was associated with worse bRFS (HR = 1.17 [95% CI = 1.03 to 1.33]; P = .01), DMFS (HR = 1.25 [95% CI = 1.05 to 1.49]; P = .01), and PCSS (HR = 1.45 [95% CI = 1.13 to 1.86]; P = .003). PD-L2 was strongly associated with immune-related pathways on gene set enrichment analysis suggesting that it is playing an important role in immune modulation in clinical prostate cancer samples. Furthermore, PD-L2 was correlated with radiation response pathways, and also predicted response to postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) on multivariable interaction analysis (P = .03). CONCLUSION In the largest study of its kind to date, these results illustrate the complex relationship between the tumor-immune interaction, prognosis, and response to radiotherapy, and nominate PD-L2 as a potential novel therapeutic target in prostate cancer, potentially in combination with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang G Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - S Laura Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Rajdeep Das
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Yang Liu
- GenomeDx Biosciences Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin Sjöström
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert B Den
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Eric A Klein
- Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | | | | | - Melody Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Corey Speers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Paul L Nguyen
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ashley E Ross
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - June M Chan
- Department of Urology, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Matthew R Cooperberg
- Department of Urology, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Peter R Carroll
- Department of Urology, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Lawrence Fong
- Department of Medicine, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Daniel E Spratt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Felix Y Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Medicine, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Urology, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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31
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Wen J, Huang G, Liu S, Wan J, Wang X, Zhu Y, Kaliney W, Zhang C, Cheng L, Wen X, Lu X. Polymorphonuclear MDSCs are enriched in the stroma and expanded in metastases of prostate cancer. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2020; 6:171-177. [PMID: 32149481 PMCID: PMC7339199 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells with polymorphonuclear morphology (PMN‐MDSCs) contribute to the progression and immune evasion of prostate cancer. However, the spatial distribution of tumor‐infiltrating PMN‐MDSCs in primary and metastatic prostate cancer, especially in the context of comparison between the epithelial and stromal compartments of the tumor, has not been characterized. Here, we describe a multicolor immunofluorescence staining study of 90 primary tumors, 37 lymph node metastases (all with matched primary tumors) and 35 bone metastases using archived samples. CD11b+ CD15+ cells were identified as PMN‐MDSCs and pan‐cytokeratin+ cells were identified as prostate epithelial cells. We found that, in both primary tumor and metastases, PMN‐MDSCs infiltrate much more readily in the stromal area compared with the epithelial area of the tumor regions. In comparison to the stromal area of primary tumors, the stromal area of either lymph node metastases or bone metastases was infiltrated with more PMN‐MDSCs. In primary tumors, stromal PMN‐MDSCs were associated with vascularization, segmented neutrophils, patient age and close juxtaposition to neoplastic epithelial cells. These results reveal the stroma rather than the epithelia of prostate cancer as the major hotbed for PMN‐MDSCs and support the role of PMN‐MDSCs in the metastatic progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiling Wen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University - Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xuechun Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.,Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yini Zhu
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences PhD Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - William Kaliney
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiaofei Wen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.,Integrated Biomedical Sciences PhD Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.,Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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32
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Hempel Sullivan H, Heaphy CM, Kulac I, Cuka N, Lu J, Barber JR, De Marzo AM, Lotan TL, Joshu CE, Sfanos KS. High Extratumoral Mast Cell Counts Are Associated with a Higher Risk of Adverse Prostate Cancer Outcomes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:668-675. [PMID: 31932412 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given our previous findings that low intratumoral and high extratumoral mast cell numbers are associated with higher risk of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy, we now assessed this relationship with race and the development of metastases. METHODS We stained for mast cell tryptase via IHC and fluorescent immunolabeling in 885 men across multiple tissue microarray sets designed to assess biomarkers in association with race and prostate cancer outcomes (median follow-up, 7.0 years). RESULTS Intratumoral and extratumoral mast cell counts were significantly lower in tissues from African-American compared with European-American men, but not within strata of cancer grade. There was no association between mast cell counts and ERG positivity, PTEN loss, or TP53 missense mutation. Higher minimum extratumoral mast cells were associated with an increased risk of biochemical recurrence [comparing highest with lowest tertiles: HR, 1.61; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.12-2.29; P trend = 0.01]; this pattern was similar among European-American and African-American men and by grade of disease. There was no significant association between minimum intratumoral mast cell count and biochemical recurrence, overall or within strata of race and grade. Finally, high minimum number of extratumoral mast cells was associated with prostate cancer metastases (comparing highest with lowest tertiles: HR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.24-3.63; P trend = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS High extratumoral mast cell numbers are associated with biochemical recurrence and the development of metastases after radical prostatectomy. IMPACT Higher numbers of benign tissue mast cells are associated with a higher risk of adverse outcomes after radical prostatectomy, including metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Hempel Sullivan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher M Heaphy
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ibrahim Kulac
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nathan Cuka
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jiayun Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John R Barber
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tamara L Lotan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Corinne E Joshu
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karen S Sfanos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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33
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Waidhauser J, Schuh A, Trepel M, Schmälter AK, Rank A. Chemotherapy markedly reduces B cells but not T cells and NK cells in patients with cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:147-157. [PMID: 31900508 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is still the backbone of systemic treatment in the majority of cancers. However, immunotherapies, especially those based on checkpoint inhibition, are additional therapy options for many. For this, functional T cells are a mandatory requirement. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the influence of chemotherapy on the cellular immune status of individual patients. Peripheral blood samples of 26 patients with solid malignancies undergoing chemotherapy were analyzed for lymphocyte populations and their subsets in a longitudinal approach. Chemotherapy decreased total B lymphocyte counts [median value (25-75 percentile): before chemotherapy 76/µl (39-160) vs. after chemotherapy 49/µl (24-106); p = 0.001]. Among B cells, specific subsets decreased particularly [naïve B cells (49/µl (21-111) vs. 25/µl (13-56); p = 0.001], memory B cells [3/µl (2-8) vs. 2/µl (1-4); p = 0.001], and class-switched B cells [11/µl (6-20) vs. 6/µl (3-12); p = 0.011]. In contrast, chemotherapy had no influence on the total numbers of CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes or on their subsets (T helper cells 1, 2, and 17 as well as cytotoxic T cells in early, intermediate, late, terminal effector and exhausted status as well as both T-cell types with naïve, center memory, effector memory, activated, or regulatory phenotype). Furthermore, the count of natural killer (NK) lymphocytes showed no significant change before and after chemotherapy. In summary, this study shows a decrease of B lymphocytes during systemic chemotherapy, but no relevant effect on T lymphocytes, NK lymphocytes and their subsets. This could support the idea of an effective additive T-cell-dependent immunotherapy to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Waidhauser
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Augsburg, Stenglinstr.2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Anja Schuh
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Augsburg, Stenglinstr.2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Martin Trepel
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Augsburg, Stenglinstr.2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Schmälter
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Augsburg, Stenglinstr.2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Rank
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Augsburg, Stenglinstr.2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
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Yunger S, Bar El A, Zeltzer LA, Fridman E, Raviv G, Laufer M, Schachter J, Markel G, Itzhaki O, Besser MJ. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from human prostate tumors reveal anti-tumor reactivity and potential for adoptive cell therapy. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1672494. [PMID: 31741775 PMCID: PMC6844325 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1672494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced prostate cancer remains incurable and is the second leading cause of mortality in men. Immunotherapy based on the adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) has demonstrated promising clinical results in patients with metastatic melanoma and lately also in other solid tumors. However, the ability to obtain TIL from patients with prostate cancer, considered poorly immunogenic, remains unknown. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of isolating and expanding TIL from primary prostate tumors. We collected tumor specimens from eight patients with diagnosed prostate adenocarcinoma undergoing radical prostatectomy and were able to successfully expand multiple autologous TIL cultures from all patients. Twenty-eight prostate-TIL cultures were further expanded using a standard rapid expansion procedure under Good Manufacturing Practice conditions. TIL cultures were phenotypically characterized for T cell subset composition, differentiation status and co-inhibitory/stimulatory markers such as PD-1, TIM-3, LAG-3, and CD28 and were found to have in general similarity to TIL obtained from patients with melanoma and lung carcinoma previously treated at our center. All analyzed TIL cultures were functional as determined by the capability to produce high level of IFNγ upon stimuli. Most importantly, co-culture assays of prostate-TIL with autologous tumors demonstrated anti-tumor reactivity. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that functional and anti-tumor reactive TIL can be obtained, despite the immunosuppressive microenvironment of the cancer, thus this study supports the development of TIL therapy for prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Yunger
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Assaf Bar El
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Urology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Li-At Zeltzer
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eddie Fridman
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Sackler Medical of School, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gil Raviv
- Department of Urology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Menachem Laufer
- Department of Urology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Jacob Schachter
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Gal Markel
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orit Itzhaki
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michal J Besser
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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35
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TP53 missense mutation is associated with increased tumor-infiltrating T cells in primary prostate cancer. Hum Pathol 2019; 87:95-102. [PMID: 30851334 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The makeup of the tumor immune microenvironment may be associated with tumor somatic genomic alterations and plays a key role in tumor progression and response to immunotherapy. We examined the association of tumor-infiltrating T-cell density with TP53 status in surgically treated primary prostate cancer using 3 independent tissue microarray sets, including one set of tumors from grade-matched patients of European American or African American ancestry (n = 391), a retrospective case-cohort of intermediate- and high-risk patients enriched for adverse outcomes (n = 267), and a set of tumors with primary Gleason pattern 5 (n = 77). The presence of TP53 missense mutation, indicated by p53 nuclear accumulation using a genetically validated assay, was significantly associated with increased CD3+ T-cell density (median, 341 versus 231 CD3+ T cells/mm2; P = .004) in the matched European American and African American ancestry patient sets. The same association was present in patients of both ancestries when analyzed separately, despite the fact that p53 nuclear accumulation was less frequent among African American compared with European American tumors (7% versus 3%, P = .2). The validation cohorts of intermediate/high-risk and primary Gleason pattern 5 patients corroborated the association of increased CD3+ T-cell density with presence of p53 nuclear accumulation. In a pooled analysis of all sets, adjusting for clinicopathological variables, CD3+ and CD8+, but not FOXP3+, T-cell densities remained significantly higher in tumors with p53 nuclear accumulation compared with those without. TP53 mutation is associated with higher tumor-infiltrating T-cell density, which may be relevant in future clinical trials of immunotherapy in prostate cancer.
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36
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Palmieri C, Hood G, Fonseca-Alves CE, Laufer-Amorim R, Allavena R. An immunohistochemical study of T and B lymphocyte density in prostatic hyperplasia and prostate carcinoma in dogs. Res Vet Sci 2018; 122:189-192. [PMID: 30529932 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterise T and B lymphocyte density in 6 normal prostates, 15 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 24 prostate carcinomas (PCs) in dogs by immunohistochemistry. Results revealed a statistically significant increase of T and B cells in PC compared to normal specimens and BPH. Regarding PC histological variants, lower number of CD3+ and CD79+ lymphocytes were observed in the most undifferentiated (solid) type. CD3+ cell density was positively correlated with survival time. These results may help in understanding the immunological mechanisms regulating BPH and PC development and progression, as well as providing background data for future immunotherapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Palmieri
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, 4343 Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Grace Hood
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, 4343 Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Renée Laufer-Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rachel Allavena
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, 4343 Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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37
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Wang Q, Gregg JR, Gu J, Ye Y, Chang DW, Davis JW, Thompson TC, Kim J, Logothetis CJ, Wu X. Genetic associations of T cell cancer immune response with tumor aggressiveness in localized prostate cancer patients and disease reclassification in an active surveillance cohort. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1483303. [PMID: 30546938 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1483303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining prostate cancer (PCa) aggressiveness and reclassification are critical events during the treatment of localized disease and for patients undergoing active surveillance (AS). Since T cells play major roles in cancer surveillance and elimination, we aimed to identify genetic biomarkers related to T cell cancer immune response which are predictive of aggressiveness and reclassification risks in localized PCa. The genotypes of 3,586 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from T cell cancer immune response pathways were analyzed in 1762 patients with localized disease and 393 who elected AS. The aggressiveness of PCa was defined according to pathological Gleason score (GS) and D'Amico criteria. PCa reclassification was defined according to changes in GS or tumor characteristics during subsequent surveillance biopsies. Functional characterization and analysis of immune phenotypes were also performed. In the localized PCa cohort, seven SNPs were significantly associated with the risk of aggressive disease. In the AS cohort, another eight SNPs were identified as predictors for aggressiveness and reclassification. Rs1687016 of PSMB8 was the most significant predictor of reclassification. Cumulative analysis showed that a genetic score based on the identified SNPs could significantly predict risk of D'Amico high risk disease (P-trend = 2.4E-09), GS4 + 3 disease (P-trend = 1.3E-04), biochemical recurrence (P-trend = 0.01) and reclassification (P-trend = 0.01). In addition, the rs34309 variant was associated with functional somatic mutations in the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/MTOR pathway and tumor lymphocyte infiltration. Our study provides plausible evidence that genetic variations in T cell cancer immune response can influence risks of aggressiveness and reclassification in localized PCa, which may lead to additional biological insight into these outcomes. Abbreviations: PCa, prostate cancer; AS, active surveillance; GS, Gleason score; PSA, prostate specific antigen; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphisms; UFG, unfavorable genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinchuan Wang
- Departments of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Justin R Gregg
- Departments of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jian Gu
- Departments of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuanqing Ye
- Departments of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David W Chang
- Departments of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John W Davis
- Departments of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Timothy C Thompson
- Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeri Kim
- Departments of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher J Logothetis
- Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Departments of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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38
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Kaur HB, Guedes LB, Lu J, Maldonado L, Reitz L, Barber JR, De Marzo AM, Tosoian JJ, Tomlins SA, Schaeffer EM, Joshu CE, Sfanos KS, Lotan TL. Association of tumor-infiltrating T-cell density with molecular subtype, racial ancestry and clinical outcomes in prostate cancer. Mod Pathol 2018; 31:1539-1552. [PMID: 29849114 PMCID: PMC6168349 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-018-0083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory microenvironment plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of tumors and may be associated with somatic genomic alterations. We examined the association of tumor-infiltrating T-cell density with clinical-pathologic variables, tumor molecular subtype, and oncologic outcomes in surgically treated primary prostate cancer occurring in patients of European-American or African-American ancestry. We evaluated 312 primary prostate tumors, enriched for patients with African-American ancestry and high grade disease. Tissue microarrays were immunostained for CD3, CD8, and FOXP3 and were previously immunostained for ERG and PTEN using genetically validated protocols. Image analysis for quantification of T-cell density in tissue microarray tumor spots was performed. Automated quantification of T-cell densities in tumor-containing regions of tissue microarray spots and standard histologic sections were correlated (r = 0.73, p < 0.00001) and there was good agreement between visual and automated T-cell density counts on tissue microarray spots (r = 0.93, p < 0.00001). There was a significant correlation between CD3+, CD8+, and FOXP3+ T-cell densities (p < 0.00001), but these were not associated with most clinical or pathologic variables. Increased T-cell density was significantly associated with ERG positivity (median 309 vs. 188 CD3+ T cells/mm2; p = 0.0004) and also with PTEN loss (median 317 vs. 192 CD3+ T cells/mm2; p = 0.001) in the combined cohort of matched European-American and African-American ancestry patients. The same association or a similar trend was present in patients of both ancestries when analyzed separately. When the African-American patients from the matched race set were combined with a separate high grade set of African-American cases, there was a weak association of increased FOXP3+ T-cell densities with increased risk of metastasis in multivariable analysis. Though high T-cell density is associated with specific molecular subclasses of prostate cancer, we did not find an association of T-cell density with racial ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsimar B Kaur
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liana B Guedes
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiayun Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laneisha Maldonado
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Logan Reitz
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John R Barber
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Tosoian
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Edward M Schaeffer
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Corinne E Joshu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen S Sfanos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tamara L Lotan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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39
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van Duijn PW, Marques RB, Ziel-van der Made ACJ, van Zoggel HJAA, Aghai A, Berrevoets C, Debets R, Jenster G, Trapman J, van Weerden WM. Tumor heterogeneity, aggressiveness, and immune cell composition in a novel syngeneic PSA-targeted Pten knockout mouse prostate cancer (MuCaP) model. Prostate 2018; 78:1013-1023. [PMID: 30133757 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is recognized as a heterogeneous disease demanding appropriate preclinical models that reflect tumor complexity. Previously, we established the PSA-Cre;PtenLoxP/LoxP genetic engineered mouse model (GEMM) for prostate cancer reflecting the various stages of tumor development. Prostate tumors in this Pten KO model slowly develop, requiring more than 10 months. In order to enhance its practical utility, we established a syngeneic panel of cell lines derived from PSA-Cre targeted Pten KO tumors, designated the mouse prostate cancer (MuCap) model. METHODS Four different MuCaP epithelial cell lines were established from three independent primary Pten KO mouse prostate tumors. Tumorigenic capacity of the MuCaP cell lines was determined by subcutaneous inoculation of these cell lines in immunocompetent mice. Response to PI3K-targeted therapy was validated in ex vivo tissue slices of the established MuCaP tumors. RESULTS The MuCaP cell lines were all tumorigenic in immunocompetent mice after subcutaneous inoculation. Interestingly, these syngrafted tumors represented different tumor growth rates and morphologies. Treatment with the specific PI3K inhibitor GDC0941 resulted in responses very similar between syngeneic MuCaP and primary Pten KO prostate tumors. Finally, immunoprofiling of the different syngeneic MuCaP tumors demonstrated differential numbers of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and distinct immune gene profiles with expression of CD8, INFy, and PD1 being inversely related to tumor aggressiveness. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, we present here a well-defined MuCaP platform of in vitro and in vivo mouse prostate cancer models that may support preclinical assessment of (immune)-therapies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra W van Duijn
- Department of Pathology, JNI, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, JNI, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rute B Marques
- Department of Urology, JNI, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ashraf Aghai
- Department of Urology, JNI, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cor Berrevoets
- Department of Medical Oncology, JNI, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reno Debets
- Department of Medical Oncology, JNI, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Jenster
- Department of Urology, JNI, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Trapman
- Department of Pathology, JNI, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wytske M van Weerden
- Department of Urology, JNI, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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40
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Cioni B, Zwart W, Bergman AM. Androgen receptor moonlighting in the prostate cancer microenvironment. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R331-R349. [PMID: 29618577 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is vital for the normal development of the prostate and is critically involved in prostate cancer (PCa). AR is not only found in epithelial prostate cells but is also expressed in various cells in the PCa-associated stroma, which constitute the tumor microenvironment (TME). In the TME, AR is expressed in fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils. AR expression in the TME was shown to be decreased in higher-grade and metastatic PCa, suggesting that stromal AR plays a protective role against PCa progression. With that, the functionality of AR in stromal cells appears to deviate from the receptor's classical function as described in PCa cells. However, the biological action of AR in these cells and its effect on cancer progression remains to be fully understood. Here, we systematically review the pathological, genomic and biological literature on AR actions in various subsets of prostate stromal cells and aim to better understand the consequences of AR signaling in the TME in relation to PCa development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cioni
- Division of OncogenomicsThe Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W Zwart
- Division of OncogenomicsThe Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteThe Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A M Bergman
- Division of OncogenomicsThe Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Division of Medical OncologyThe Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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41
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Tewari AK, Stockert JA, Yadav SS, Yadav KK, Khan I. Inflammation and Prostate Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1095:41-65. [PMID: 30229548 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-95693-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation resulting from infections, altered metabolism, inflammatory diseases or other environmental factors can be a major contributor to the development of several types of cancer. In fact around 20% of all cancers are linked to some form of inflammation. Evidence gathered from genetic, epidemiological and molecular pathological studies suggest that inflammation plays a crucial role at various stages of prostatic carcinogenesis and tumor progression. These include initiation, promotion, malignant conversion, invasion, and metastasis. Detailed basic and clinical research in these areas, focused towards understanding the etiology of prostatic inflammation, as well as the exact roles that various signaling pathways play in promoting tumor growth, is critical for understanding this complex process. The information gained would be useful in developing novel therapeutic strategies such as molecular targeting of inflammatory mediators and immunotherapy-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh K Tewari
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Stockert
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Shalini S Yadav
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Kamlesh K Yadav
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Irtaza Khan
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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42
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Schepisi G, Farolfi A, Conteduca V, Martignano F, De Lisi D, Ravaglia G, Rossi L, Menna C, Bellia SR, Barone D, Gunelli R, De Giorgi U. Immunotherapy for Prostate Cancer: Where We Are Headed. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2627. [PMID: 29206214 PMCID: PMC5751230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant neoplasms in men worldwide, and is the fifth cause of cancer-related death. In recent years, a new generation of therapies have been approved for the management of metastatic disease. Moreover, the development of new immunotherapeutic drugs has become a novel frontier for the treatment of several tumor types; to date, numerous studies have investigated their potential activity, including in prostate cancer. In this article, we discuss the role of emerging immunotherapeutic drugs in prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Schepisi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014 Meldola, Italy.
| | - Alberto Farolfi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014 Meldola, Italy.
| | - Vincenza Conteduca
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014 Meldola, Italy.
| | - Filippo Martignano
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014 Meldola, Italy.
| | - Delia De Lisi
- Medical Oncology Department, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Ravaglia
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014 Meldola, Italy.
| | - Lorena Rossi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014 Meldola, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Menna
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014 Meldola, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Roberto Bellia
- Radiotherapy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014 Meldola, Italy.
| | - Domenico Barone
- Radiology Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014 Meldola, Italy.
| | - Roberta Gunelli
- Urology Unit, Forlì Hospital, Romagna Local Health Service, 47100 Forlì, Italy.
| | - Ugo De Giorgi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014 Meldola, Italy.
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43
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Hendry S, Salgado R, Gevaert T, Russell PA, John T, Thapa B, Christie M, van de Vijver K, Estrada MV, Gonzalez-Ericsson PI, Sanders M, Solomon B, Solinas C, Van den Eynden GGGM, Allory Y, Preusser M, Hainfellner J, Pruneri G, Vingiani A, Demaria S, Symmans F, Nuciforo P, Comerma L, Thompson EA, Lakhani S, Kim SR, Schnitt S, Colpaert C, Sotiriou C, Scherer SJ, Ignatiadis M, Badve S, Pierce RH, Viale G, Sirtaine N, Penault-Llorca F, Sugie T, Fineberg S, Paik S, Srinivasan A, Richardson A, Wang Y, Chmielik E, Brock J, Johnson DB, Balko J, Wienert S, Bossuyt V, Michiels S, Ternes N, Burchardi N, Luen SJ, Savas P, Klauschen F, Watson PH, Nelson BH, Criscitiello C, O’Toole S, Larsimont D, de Wind R, Curigliano G, André F, Lacroix-Triki M, van de Vijver M, Rojo F, Floris G, Bedri S, Sparano J, Rimm D, Nielsen T, Kos Z, Hewitt S, Singh B, Farshid G, Loibl S, Allison KH, Tung N, Adams S, Willard-Gallo K, Horlings HM, Gandhi L, Moreira A, Hirsch F, Dieci MV, Urbanowicz M, Brcic I, Korski K, Gaire F, Koeppen H, Lo A, Giltnane J, Ziai J, Rebelatto MC, Steele KE, Zha J, Emancipator K, Juco JW, Denkert C, Reis-Filho J, Loi S, Fox SB. Assessing Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Solid Tumors: A Practical Review for Pathologists and Proposal for a Standardized Method from the International Immuno-Oncology Biomarkers Working Group: Part 2: TILs in Melanoma, Gastrointestinal Tract Carcinomas, Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma and Mesothelioma, Endometrial and Ovarian Carcinomas, Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck, Genitourinary Carcinomas, and Primary Brain Tumors. Adv Anat Pathol 2017; 24:311-335. [PMID: 28777143 PMCID: PMC5638696 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of the immune response to tumors is growing in importance as the prognostic implications of this response are increasingly recognized, and as immunotherapies are evaluated and implemented in different tumor types. However, many different approaches can be used to assess and describe the immune response, which limits efforts at implementation as a routine clinical biomarker. In part 1 of this review, we have proposed a standardized methodology to assess tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in solid tumors, based on the International Immuno-Oncology Biomarkers Working Group guidelines for invasive breast carcinoma. In part 2 of this review, we discuss the available evidence for the prognostic and predictive value of TILs in common solid tumors, including carcinomas of the lung, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, gynecologic system, and head and neck, as well as primary brain tumors, mesothelioma and melanoma. The particularities and different emphases in TIL assessment in different tumor types are discussed. The standardized methodology we propose can be adapted to different tumor types and may be used as a standard against which other approaches can be compared. Standardization of TIL assessment will help clinicians, researchers and pathologists to conclusively evaluate the utility of this simple biomarker in the current era of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona Hendry
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Roberto Salgado
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory/Breast International Group, Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pathology and TCRU, GZA, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thomas Gevaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Experimental Urology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, AZ Klina, Brasschaat, Belgium
| | - Prudence A. Russell
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Tom John
- Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Bibhusal Thapa
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michael Christie
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Koen van de Vijver
- Divisions of Diagnostic Oncology & Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Valeria Estrada
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | | | - Melinda Sanders
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Benjamin Solomon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cinzia Solinas
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert GGM Van den Eynden
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, GZA Ziekenhuizen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yves Allory
- Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- INSERM, UMR 955, Créteil, France
- Département de pathologie, APHP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Division of Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Hainfellner
- Institute of Neurology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giancarlo Pruneri
- European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- University of Milan, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Vingiani
- European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- University of Milan, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandra Demaria
- New York University Medical School, New York, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Fraser Symmans
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Paolo Nuciforo
- Molecular Oncology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Comerma
- Molecular Oncology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sunil Lakhani
- Centre for Clinical Research and School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Seong-Rim Kim
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stuart Schnitt
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Cecile Colpaert
- Department of Pathology, GZA Ziekenhuizen, Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Christos Sotiriou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan J. Scherer
- Academic Medical Innovation, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, USA
| | - Michail Ignatiadis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sunil Badve
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Robert H. Pierce
- Cancer Immunotherapy Trials Network, Central Laboratory and Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Giuseppe Viale
- Department of Pathology, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolas Sirtaine
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frederique Penault-Llorca
- Department of Surgical Pathology and Biopathology, Jean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- University of Auvergne UMR1240, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Tomohagu Sugie
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical School, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Susan Fineberg
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Soonmyung Paik
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Department of Medical Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ashok Srinivasan
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea Richardson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Yihong Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Lifespan Medical Center, Providence, USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Ewa Chmielik
- Tumor Pathology Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center, Gliwice, Poland
- Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jane Brock
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Douglas B. Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Justin Balko
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Stephan Wienert
- Institute of Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- VMscope GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veerle Bossuyt
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Stefan Michiels
- Service de Biostatistique et d’Epidémiologie, Gustave Roussy, CESP, Inserm U1018, Université-Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Nils Ternes
- Service de Biostatistique et d’Epidémiologie, Gustave Roussy, CESP, Inserm U1018, Université-Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Stephen J. Luen
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Savas
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Peter H. Watson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Trev & Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brad H. Nelson
- Trev & Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
- Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Sandra O’Toole
- The Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Australian Clinical Labs, Bella Vista, Australia
| | - Denis Larsimont
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roland de Wind
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Fabrice André
- INSERM Unit U981, and Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Magali Lacroix-Triki
- INSERM Unit U981, and Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Mark van de Vijver
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Rojo
- Pathology Department, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Floris
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shahinaz Bedri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Joseph Sparano
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Centre, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA
| | - David Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Torsten Nielsen
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zuzana Kos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Stephen Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Baljit Singh
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Centre, New York, USA
| | - Gelareh Farshid
- Directorate of Surgical Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | - Nadine Tung
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Sylvia Adams
- New York University Medical School, New York, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Karen Willard-Gallo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hugo M. Horlings
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leena Gandhi
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Andre Moreira
- Pulmonary Pathology, New York University Center for Biospecimen Research and Development, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Fred Hirsch
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Maria Vittoria Dieci
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Medical Oncology 2, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Urbanowicz
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Iva Brcic
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Konstanty Korski
- Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Roche Innovation Centre Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Fabien Gaire
- Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Roche Innovation Centre Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Koeppen
- Research Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Amy Lo
- Research Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, USA
| | | | - James Ziai
- Research Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | - Jiping Zha
- Translational Sciences, MedImmune, Gaithersberg, USA
| | | | | | - Carsten Denkert
- Institute of Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jorge Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Sherene Loi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen B. Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Sfanos KS, Yegnasubramanian S, Nelson WG, De Marzo AM. The inflammatory microenvironment and microbiome in prostate cancer development. Nat Rev Urol 2017; 15:11-24. [PMID: 29089606 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2017.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation promotes the development of several types of solid cancers and might contribute to prostate carcinogenesis. This hypothesis partly originates in the frequent observation of inflammatory cells in the prostate microenvironment of adult men. Inflammation is associated with putative prostate cancer precursor lesions, termed proliferative inflammatory atrophy. Inflammation might drive prostate carcinogenesis via oxidative stress and generation of reactive oxygen species that induce mutagenesis. Additionally, inflammatory stress might cause epigenetic alterations that promote neoplastic transformation. Proliferative inflammatory atrophy is enriched for proliferative luminal epithelial cells of intermediate phenotype that might be prone to genomic alterations leading to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer. Studies in animals suggest that inflammatory changes in the prostate microenvironment contribute to reprogramming of prostate epithelial cells, a possible step in tumour initiation. Prostatic infection, concurrent with epithelial barrier disruption, might be a key driver of an inflammatory microenvironment; the discovery of a urinary microbiome indicates a potential source of frequent exposure of the prostate to a diverse number of microorganisms. Hence, current evidence suggests that inflammation and atrophy are involved in prostate carcinogenesis and suggests a role for the microbiome in establishing an inflammatory prostate microenvironment that might promote prostate cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Sfanos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - William G Nelson
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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45
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Krušlin B, Tomas D, Džombeta T, Milković-Periša M, Ulamec M. Inflammation in Prostatic Hyperplasia and Carcinoma-Basic Scientific Approach. Front Oncol 2017; 7:77. [PMID: 28487844 PMCID: PMC5403898 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is associated with both benign conditions and cancer. Likewise, inflammatory cells are quite common in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatic tissue harboring cancer. Triggers that activate inflammatory pathways in the prostate remain a subject of argument and are likely to be multifactorial, some of these being bacterial antigens, different chemical irritations, and metabolic disorders. Acute and chronic inflammation in prostate leads to accumulation of immunocompetent cells, mainly T lymphocytes and macrophages, but also neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells, depending on the type of offending agent. Inflammatory processes activate hyperproliferative programs resulting in nodules seen in BPH, but are also important in creating suitable microenvironment for cancer growth and progression. Inflammatory cells have mostly been shown to have a protumoral effect such as tumor-associated macrophages, but some cell types such as mast cells have antitumoral effects. This review outlines the recent findings and theories supporting the role of inflammatory responses as drivers of both benign and malignant epithelial processes in the prostate gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Božo Krušlin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital Centre Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Tomas
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital Centre Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tihana Džombeta
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital Centre Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Milković-Periša
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital for Tumors, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Monika Ulamec
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital Centre Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb, Croatia
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46
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Immune Characterization of the Programmed Death Receptor Pathway in High Risk Prostate Cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2017; 15:577-581. [PMID: 28461179 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), a T-cell inhibitory receptor, and its ligand, PD-L1, have been reported to be expressed in many tumor types, and this expression has led to the development of many drugs targeting the PD-1 pathway. The objective of this study was to determine the expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in high-grade prostate cancer tissues, and correlate the expression with disease and patient characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemistry for PD-1 (CD279), PD-L1 (B7-H1), and CD3 was performed and scored from 0 to 5 on prostatectomy/biopsy tissue samples taken from 25 men with high-grade prostate cancer. Charts were then retrospectively reviewed for numerous patient and disease characteristics. Statistical analyses were done to investigate the association of these patient and disease characteristics with PD-1, PD-L1, and CD3 expression. RESULTS A score of 3 to 5 on the semiquantitative 0 to 5 score was deemed "high" expression whereas a score of 0 to 2 was deemed "low" expression. Of the 25 samples, 2 (8%) scored high for PD-1 expression, 2 (8%) scored high for PD-L1 expression, and 18 (72%) scored high for CD3 expression. There was no statistically significant difference between high and low expression groups of PD-1, PD-L1, or CD3 for any of the variables we collected. CONCLUSION An overall low expression of PD-1 and PD-L1, and a concurrent high expression of CD3+ T cells was found in high-risk prostate cancer tissue. No significant association was found between expression of PD-1, PD-L1, or CD3, and patient or disease characteristics. Because of this, one might be able to question the role of PD-L1 in local immune suppression in prostate cancer.
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Hempel HA, Cuka NS, Kulac I, Barber JR, Cornish TC, Platz EA, De Marzo AM, Sfanos KS. Low Intratumoral Mast Cells Are Associated With a Higher Risk of Prostate Cancer Recurrence. Prostate 2017; 77:412-424. [PMID: 27868214 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells are of interest in prostate cancer because they possess both pro- and anti-tumorigenic properties and are present in the tumor microenvironment. We studied the association of mast cell count and densities with prostate cancer recurrence using tissue microarrays (TMAs) for 462 men who recurred (cases) and 462 controls that were matched to the cases nested in a cohort of radical prostatectomy patients. METHODS Dual-immunostaining for mast cell tryptase and epithelial cytokeratin-8 and whole slide image analysis were used to assess total mast cell number, mast cell density (mast cell number/tissue area), and mast cell number per epithelial or stromal area in TMA spots containing tumor (up to 4 per man). We used conditional logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval of recurrence for the mean, minimum, and maximum mast cell parameters in tumor tissue among each man's TMA spots. RESULTS After taking into account matching factors of age, race, Gleason sum, and pathologic stage, higher minimum mast cell density in the tumor (comparing highest to lowest quartiles: OR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.40-0.86; P-trend = 0.004) was associated with a lower risk of recurrence. Patterns for mast cell number and ratio of mast cell number to epithelial or stromal area were similar to those for mast cell density. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that intratumoral mast cells may be protective against prostate cancer recurrence and could potentially serve as a prognostic biomarker after prostatectomy. Prostate 77: 412-424, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Hempel
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nathan S Cuka
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ibrahim Kulac
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John R Barber
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Toby C Cornish
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth A Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karen S Sfanos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Kalina JL, Neilson DS, Comber AP, Rauw JM, Alexander AS, Vergidis J, Lum JJ. Immune Modulation by Androgen Deprivation and Radiation Therapy: Implications for Prostate Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9020013. [PMID: 28134800 PMCID: PMC5332936 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer patients often receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in combination with radiation therapy (RT). Recent evidence suggests that both ADT and RT have immune modulatory properties. First, ADT can cause infiltration of lymphocytes into the prostate, although it remains unclear whether the influx of lymphocytes is beneficial, particularly with the advent of new classes of androgen blockers. Second, in rare cases, radiation can elicit immune responses that mediate regression of metastatic lesions lying outside the field of radiation, a phenomenon known as the abscopal response. In light of these findings, there is emerging interest in exploiting any potential synergy between ADT, RT, and immunotherapy. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the rationale behind combining immunotherapy with ADT and RT for the treatment of prostate cancer, including an examination of the current clinical trials that employ this combination. The reported outcomes of several trials demonstrate the promise of this combination strategy; however, further scrutiny is needed to elucidate how these standard therapies interact with immune modulators. In addition, we discuss the importance of synchronizing immune modulation relative to ADT and RT, and provide insight into elements that may impact the ability to achieve maximum synergy between these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Kalina
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada.
| | - David S Neilson
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Alexandra P Comber
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Jennifer M Rauw
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, BC, V8R 6V5, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.
| | - Abraham S Alexander
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, BC, V8R 6V5, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.
| | - Joanna Vergidis
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, BC, V8R 6V5, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.
| | - Julian J Lum
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
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Solinas C, Chanzá NM, Awada A, Scartozzi M. The immune infiltrate in prostate, bladder and testicular tumors: An old friend for new challenges. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 53:138-145. [PMID: 28113097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In genito-urinary tumors immunotherapy has been administered for a long time: Calmette-Guèrin Bacillus as adjuvant treatment in high risk patients with non muscle invasive urothelial bladder cancer and interleukin-2 and interferon-α in metastatic kidney cancer. The vaccine Sipuleucel-T has been approved by United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer patients with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic disease, given the 22% reduction of mortality risk in this group. Recently immunotherapeutic agents targeting inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules lead to improved outcomes and lasting anti-tumor effects in a variety of hematological and solid malignancies, including urogenital tumors. The benefit from these treatments has been observed only in a proportion of subjects, raising a need in optimizing patients' selection for immune checkpoint blockade. The composition and activity of a pre-existing immune infiltrate may aid in identifying ideal candidates to immunotherapy, with possible implications for the clinical management of neoplastic diseases from earlier to later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Solinas
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nieves Martinez Chanzá
- Medical Oncology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium; Medical Oncology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ahmad Awada
- Medical Oncology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium.
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Cao J, Zhu X, Zhao X, Li XF, Xu R. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts PSA Response and Prognosis in Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158770. [PMID: 27368058 PMCID: PMC4930176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An unprecedented advance has been seen in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) treatments in the past few years. With a number of novel agents were approved, there is a pressing need to develop improved prognostic biomarkers to facilitate the personalised selection and sequencing of these novel agents. Emerging evidence indicates that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is associated with poorer survival in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). However, the importance of the NLR for the prediction of the PSA response (PSARS) and biochemical recurrence (BCR) has been largely neglected. Here, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the prognostic value of the NLR for the PSARS, BCR, and survival in PCa. A systematic database search was performed using Embase, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). A meta-analysis was performed by pooling hazard ratios (HRs), odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 22 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Our results suggest that an elevated NLR predicts a lower PSARS rate (OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.40–1.98) and a higher possibility of BCR (HR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.02–1.21). Additionally, we confirmed that an elevated NLR was a prognostic predictor of shorter overall survival (OS) in both metastatic castration-resistant PCa (mCRPC) (HR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.32–1.59) and localized PCa (LPC) (HR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01–1.23) and that it predicted worse progression-free survival (PFS) in CRPC (HR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.23–1.61) and poorer recurrence-free survival (RFS) (HR = 1.38, 95%CI: 1.01–1.75) in LPC. Our results suggest that an elevated NLR might be employed as a prognostic marker of biochemical changes and prognosis to facilitate risk stratification and decision making for individual treatment of PCa patients. The potential mechanisms underlying these associations and future research directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cao
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaokun Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Feng Li
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ran Xu
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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