1
|
Lei D, Liu D, Zhang J, Zhang L, Man MQ. Benefits of topical natural ingredients in epidermal permeability barrier. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1275506. [PMID: 38239888 PMCID: PMC10794395 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1275506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Because of the crucial role of epidermal permeability barrier in regulation of cutaneous and extracutaneous functions, great efforts have been made to identify and develop the regimens that can improve epidermal permeability barrier function. Studies have demonstrated that oral administration of natural ingredients can improve epidermal permeability barrier in various skin conditions, including inflammatory dermatoses and UV-irradiation. Moreover, topical applications of some natural ingredients can also accelerate the repair of epidermal permeability barrier after acute barrier disruption and lower transepidermal water loss in the intact skin. Natural ingredient-induced improvements in epidermal permeability barrier function can be attributable to upregulation of keratinocyte differentiation, lipid production, antioxidant, hyaluronic acid production, expression of aquaporin 3 and sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1. In this review, we summarize the benefits of topical natural ingredients in epidermal permeability barrier in normal skin with or without acute barrier disruption and the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyun Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junling Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Litao Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mao-Qiang Man
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hervé PL, Dioszeghy V, Matthews K, Bee KJ, Campbell DE, Sampson HA. Recent advances in epicutaneous immunotherapy and potential applications in food allergy. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1290003. [PMID: 37965375 PMCID: PMC10641725 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1290003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the potent immunological properties of the skin, epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) emerges as a promising treatment approach for inducing immune tolerance, particularly for food allergies. Targeting the highly immunocompetent, non-vascularized epidermis allows for the application of microgram amounts of allergen while significantly reducing the risk of allergen passage into the bloodstream, thus limiting systemic allergen exposure and distribution. This makes EPIT highly suitable for the treatment of potentially life-threatening allergies such as food allergies. Multiple approaches to EPIT are currently under investigation for the treatment of food allergy, and these include the use of allergen-coated microneedles, application of allergen on the skin pretreated by tape stripping, abrasion or laser-mediated microperforation, or the application of allergen on the intact skin using an occlusive epicutaneous system. To date, the most clinically advanced approach to EPIT is the Viaskin technology platform. Viaskin is an occlusive epicutaneous system (patch) containing dried native allergen extracts, without adjuvants, which relies on frequent application for the progressive passage of small amounts of allergen to the epidermis through occlusion of the intact skin. Numerous preclinical studies of Viaskin have demonstrated that this particular approach to EPIT can induce potent and long-lasting T-regulatory cells with broad homing capabilities, which can exert their suppressive effects in multiple organs and ameliorate immune responses from different routes of allergen exposure. Clinical trials of the Viaskin patch have studied the efficacy and safety for the treatment of life-threatening allergies in younger patients, at an age when allergic diseases start to occur. Moreover, this treatment approach is designed to provide a non-invasive therapy with no restrictions on daily activities. Taken together, the preclinical and clinical data on the use of EPIT support the continued investigation of this therapeutic approach to provide improved treatment options for patients with allergic disorders in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dianne E. Campbell
- DBV Technologies, Montrouge, France
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hugh A. Sampson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu T, Yang S, Mauro TM, Man MQ. Association of Epidermal Biophysical Properties with Obesity and Its Implications. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2023; 36:165-173. [PMID: 37640014 DOI: 10.1159/000533587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a condition defined by an excess amount of body fat, with body mass index (BMI) of 30 and higher. It is associated with a number of other medical conditions, including insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases, as well as dyslipidemia, and it is also associated with several cutaneous disorders such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, intertriginous dermatitis, acanthosis nigricans and skin infections. SUMMARY Evidence suggests a link between obesity and epidermal dysfunction. Generally, individuals with obesity display higher transepidermal water loss rate and lower stratum corneum hydration levels, although no association of obesity with epidermal dysfunction has been documented. Results of skin surface pH are controversial. But study demonstrated a positive correlation of BMI with skin surface pH on both the forearm and the shin in males, suggesting that the changes in epidermal function vary with gender in individuals with obesity. KEY MESSAGES This review summarizes the association between obesity and epidermal function, and discusses possible underlying mechanisms. Individuals with obesity exhibit poor epidermal permeability barrier and lower stratum corneum hydration levels. Because of the pathogenic role of compromised epidermal function in inflammation, which is also linked to obesity, improvement in epidermal function could benefit individuals with obesity, particularly those with abnormalities in epidermal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuyun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The People's Hospital of Baoshan, Baoshan, China
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mao-Qiang Man
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Swindell WR, Bojanowski K, Chaudhuri RK. Isosorbide Fatty Acid Diesters Have Synergistic Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Cytokine-Induced Tissue Culture Models of Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214307. [PMID: 36430783 PMCID: PMC9696169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic disease in which epidermal barrier disruption triggers Th2-mediated eruption of eczematous lesions. Topical emollients are a cornerstone of chronic management. This study evaluated efficacy of two plant-derived oil derivatives, isosorbide di-(linoleate/oleate) (IDL) and isosorbide dicaprylate (IDC), using AD-like tissue culture models. Treatment of reconstituted human epidermis with cytokine cocktail (IL-4 + IL-13 + TNF-α + IL-31) compromised the epidermal barrier, but this was prevented by co-treatment with IDL and IDC. Cytokine stimulation also dysregulated expression of keratinocyte (KC) differentiation genes whereas treatment with IDC or IDL + IDC up-regulated genes associated with early (but not late) KC differentiation. Although neither IDL nor IDC inhibited Th2 cytokine responses, both compounds repressed TNF-α-induced genes and IDL + IDC led to synergistic down-regulation of inflammatory (IL1B, ITGA5) and neurogenic pruritus (TRPA1) mediators. Treatment of cytokine-stimulated skin explants with IDC decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) secretion by more than 50% (more than observed with cyclosporine) and in vitro LDH activity was inhibited by IDL and IDC. These results demonstrate anti-inflammatory mechanisms of isosorbide fatty acid diesters in AD-like skin models. Our findings highlight the multifunctional potential of plant oil derivatives as topical ingredients and support studies of IDL and IDC as therapeutic candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William R. Swindell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Correspondence:
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kovacs D, Bastonini E, Briganti S, Ottaviani M, D’Arino A, Truglio M, Sciuto L, Zaccarini M, Pacifico A, Cota C, Iacovelli P, Picardo M. Altered epidermal proliferation, differentiation, and lipid composition: Novel key elements in the vitiligo puzzle. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn9299. [PMID: 36054352 PMCID: PMC10848961 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn9299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an acquired skin depigmentation disease involving multiple pathogenetic mechanisms, which ultimately direct cytotoxic CD8+ cells to destroy melanocytes. Abnormalities have been described in several cells even in pigmented skin as an expression of a functional inherited defect. Keratinocytes regulate skin homeostasis by the assembly of a proper skin barrier and releasing and responding to cytokines and growth factors. Alterations in epidermal proliferation, differentiation, and lipid composition as triggers for immune response activation in vitiligo have not yet been investigated. By applying cellular and lipidomic approaches, we revealed a deregulated keratinocyte differentiation with altered lipid composition, associated with impaired energy metabolism and increased glycolytic enzyme expression. Vitiligo keratinocytes secreted inflammatory mediators, which further increased following mild mechanical stress, thus evidencing immune activation. These findings identify intrinsic alterations of the nonlesional epidermis, which can be the prime instigator of the local inflammatory milieu that stimulates immune responses targeting melanocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kovacs
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Bastonini
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Briganti
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Ottaviani
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea D’Arino
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Truglio
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Sciuto
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Zaccarini
- Genetic Research, Molecular Biology and Dermatopathology Unit, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Pacifico
- Clinical Dermatology, Phototherapy Unit, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Cota
- Genetic Research, Molecular Biology and Dermatopathology Unit, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Iacovelli
- Clinical Dermatology, Phototherapy Unit, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nakajima A, Sakae N, Yan X, Hakozaki T, Zhao W, Laughlin T, Furue M. Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Keratinocytes Treated with Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate, a Beneficial Cosmetic Ingredient. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11164645. [PMID: 36012891 PMCID: PMC9409768 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactomyces ferment filtrate (GFF, Pitera™) is a cosmetic ingredient known to have multiple skin care benefits, such as reducing redness and pore size via the topical application of its moisturizer form. Although GFF is known to act partly as an antioxidative agonist for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), its significance in keratinocyte biology is not fully understood. In this study, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis of GFF-treated human keratinocytes. Three different lots of GFF consistently modulated 99 (22 upregulated and 77 downregulated) genes, including upregulating cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), a specific downstream gene for AHR activation. GFF also enhanced the expression of epidermal differentiation/barrier-related genes, such as small proline-rich proteins 1A and 1B (SPRR1A and SPRR1B), as well as wound healing-related genes such as serpin B2 (SERPINB2). Genes encoding components of tight junctions claudin-1 (CLDN1) and claudin-4 (CLDN4) were also target genes upregulated in the GFF-treated keratinocytes. In contrast, the three lots of GFF consistently downregulated the expression of inflammation-related genes such as chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 14 (CXCL14) and interleukin-6 receptor (IL6R). These results highlight the beneficial properties of GFF in maintaining keratinocyte homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nakajima
- Kobe Innovation Center, Procter and Gamble Innovation GK, Kobe 651-0088, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Nahoko Sakae
- Kobe Innovation Center, Procter and Gamble Innovation GK, Kobe 651-0088, Japan
| | - Xianghong Yan
- Kobe Innovation Center, Procter and Gamble Innovation GK, Kobe 651-0088, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hakozaki
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA
| | - Wenzhu Zhao
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA
| | - Timothy Laughlin
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA
| | - Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lim SH, Kim EJ, Lee CH, Park GH, Yoo KM, Nam SJ, Shin KO, Park K, Choi EH. A Lipid Mixture Enriched by Ceramide NP with Fatty Acids of Diverse Chain Lengths Contributes to Restore the Skin Barrier Function Impaired by Topical Corticosteroid. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 35:112-123. [PMID: 34348350 DOI: 10.1159/000518517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The stratum corneum (SC) is a skin barrier that consists of corneocytes, intercellular lipids, and corneodesmosomes. Ceramides are composed of sphingoid bases linked with various types of fatty acids (FAs), and they are an essential constituent of SC intercellular lipids. Among their subtypes, ceramide NP with a phytosphingosine base is especially important. Most of the previous studies on barrier recovery have focused on a specific ceramide with a single chain FA, not with diverse chain lengths. Skin barrier function is impaired by various factors, including topical corticosteroid. OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether a lipid mixture enriched by ceramide NP with FAs of diverse chain lengths (CER [NP]*) can restore the skin barrier function impaired by topical corticosteroid. METHODS Twenty-seven healthy adult male volunteers were recruited. Topical corticosteroid was applied on both volar forearms of volunteers. Then, the test cream containing a lipid mixture with CER (NP)* was applied on the left forearm, and a vehicle cream without a lipid mixture was applied on the right forearm of each subject. The functional parameters of the skin barrier were compared before and after the treatment. Epidermal differentiation markers, hyaluronic acid synthase 3 (HAS3), cytokine levels, and the lipid profiles in the SC were analyzed. RESULTS The functional parameters of the skin barrier, such as barrier recovery rate, SC integrity, and SC hydration were significantly improved in the test cream-applied site compared to the vehicle cream-applied sites. Filaggrin and HAS3 levels were significantly higher in the sites applied with the test cream. Interleukin (IL)-1α levels were also significantly increased in these sites. IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13 levels were significantly decreased in the test cream-applied sites. Lipid analyses showed that C18, C20, and total ceramide NP levels significantly increased in the sites where the test cream was applied. Also, C16, C18, C20, C24, and total ceramide NP levels were significantly elevated in the test cream-applied sites after acute barrier disruption. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that a lipid mixture enriched by CER (NP)* could recover the barrier function impaired by topical corticosteroid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ha Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Hyuk Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Kyong-Oh Shin
- The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Park
- The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung Ho Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Toxicity of topically applied drugs beyond skin irritation: Static skin model vs. Two organs-on-a-chip. Int J Pharm 2020; 589:119788. [PMID: 32882369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Skin model cultivation under static conditions limits the observation of the toxicity to this single organ. Biology-inspired microphysiological systems associating skin with a liver in the same circulating medium provide a more comprehensive insight into systemic substance toxicity; however, its advantages or limitations for topical substance toxicity remain unknown. Herein, we performed topical (OECD test guideline no. 439) and systemic administration of terbinafine in reconstructed human skin (RHS) vs. a RHS plus liver model cultured in TissUse' HUMIMIC Chip2 (Chip2). Aiming for a more detailed insight into the cutaneous substance irritancy/toxicity, we assessed more than the MTT cell viability: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lactate and glucose levels, as well as inherent gene expressions. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was the topical irritant positive control. We confirmed SDS irritancy in both static RHS and Chip2 culture by the damage in the morphology, reduction in the lactate production and lower glucose consumption. In the static RHS, the SDS-treated tissues also released significantly high LDH (82%; p < 0.05) and significantly lower IL-6 release (p < 0.05), corroborating with the other metabolic levels. In both static RHS and Chip2 conditions, we confirmed absence of irritancy or systemic toxicity by LDH, glucose or lactate levels for topical 1% and 5% terbinafine and systemic 0.1% terbinafine treatment. However, topical 5% terbinafine treatment in the Chip2 upregulated IL-1α in the RHS, unbalanced apoptotic and proliferative cell ratios in the liver and significantly increased its expression of CYP1A2 and 3A4 enzymes (p < 0.05), proving that it has passed the RHS barrier promoting a liver impact. Systemic 0.1% terbinafine treatment in the Chip2 increased RHS expression of EGFR, increased apoptotic cells in the liver, downregulated liver albumin expression and upregulated CYP2C9 significantly (p < 0.05), acting as an effective hepatotoxic terbinafine control. The combination of the RHS and liver model in the Chip2 allowed a more sensitive assessment of skin and hepatic effects caused by chemicals able to pass the skin (5% terbinafine and SDS) and after systemic 0.1% terbinafine application. The present study opens up a more complex approach based on the microphysiological system to assess more than a skin irritation process.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang B, Tai M, Zhang K, Chen H, Gan X, Che B, Abudukelimu N, Wang G, Xin X, Lin L, Han P, Peng Y, Du Z, Aker Aisa H. Elaeagnus L gum polysaccharides alleviate the impairment of barrier function in the dry skin model mice. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 20:647-656. [PMID: 33098181 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dry skin is a common skin condition caused by reduction of water-holding capacity, which is regulated by skin barrier function. Dry skin can also be a symptom that indicates a more serious diagnosis. There are a number of moisturizers on the market, which play an important role in dermatologic and cosmetic therapies. However, the demand for these products with good and therapeutic efficiency is still growing. AIMS It remains necessary to investigate the effects of Elaeagnus L gum polysaccharides (EAP), which are prepared from gum of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. on the epidermal permeability barrier function and their possible underlying mechanisms. PATIENTS/METHODS EAP were purified, analyzed, and tested on human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and then on the skin in vivo to evaluate their antiinflammatory activities and their impacts on impaired skin barrier function. RESULTS Histological analyses revealed that topical administration with EAP effectively attenuated dryness-like skin condition, including less percutaneous water loss rate, less infiltrate inflammation cells, and less epidermal thickening. Moreover, EAP inhibited the production of various inflammatory mediators and increased AQP-3, FLG, and LOR expression. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that EAP enhances epidermal permeability barrier function, and they can be used as a promising adjuvant agent in skin care cosmetics and in treating some skin disorders characterized by cutaneous inflammation and abnormal barrier function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingying Wang
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Kun Zhang
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huixiong Chen
- Chemistry of RNA, Nucleosides, Peptides and Heterocycles, CNRS UMR8601, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR Biomédicale, Paris Cedex 06, France
| | | | - Biao Che
- Infinitus(China) Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - N Abudukelimu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, China Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, China Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuelei Xin
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, China Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Li Lin
- Foshan Conney Allan Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Foshan, China
| | - Ping Han
- Foshan Conney Allan Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Foshan, China
| | - Yi Peng
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyun Du
- The School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haji Aker Aisa
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, China Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cialfi S, Calabro S, Franchitto M, Zonfrilli A, Screpanti I, Talora C. Hypotonic, Acidic Oxidizing Solution Containing Hypochlorous Acid (HClO) as a Potential Treatment of Hailey-Hailey Disease. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244427. [PMID: 31817098 PMCID: PMC6943548 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hailey–Hailey disease (HHD) is a rare, chronic and recurrent blistering disorder, characterized by erosions occurring primarily in intertriginous regions and histologically by suprabasal acantholysis. Mutation of the Golgi Ca2+-ATPase ATP2C1 has been identified as having a causative role in Hailey–Hailey disease. HHD-derived keratinocytes have increased oxidative-stress that is associated with impaired proliferation and differentiation. Additionally, HHD is characterized by skin lesions that do not heal and by recurrent skin infections, indicating that HHD keratinocytes might not respond well to challenges such as wounding or infection. Hypochlorous acid has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo to possess properties that rescue both oxidative stress and altered wound repair process. Thus, we investigated the potential effects of a stabilized form of hypochlorous acid (APR-TD012) in an in vitro model of HHD. We found that treatment of ATP2C1-defective keratinocytes with APR-TD012 contributed to upregulation of Nrf2 (nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2). Additionally, APR TD012-treatment restored the defective proliferative capability of siATP2C1-treated keratinocytes. We also found that the APR-TD012 treatment might support wound healing process, due to its ability to modulate the expression of wound healing associated cytokines. These observations suggested that the APR-TD012 might be a potential therapeutic agent for HHD-lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Cialfi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy (M.F.); (A.Z.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Salvatore Calabro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy (M.F.); (A.Z.); (I.S.)
| | - Matteo Franchitto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy (M.F.); (A.Z.); (I.S.)
| | - Azzurra Zonfrilli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy (M.F.); (A.Z.); (I.S.)
- Center of Life Nano Science Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Screpanti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy (M.F.); (A.Z.); (I.S.)
| | - Claudio Talora
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy (M.F.); (A.Z.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (C.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pfannes EK, Weiss L, Hadam S, Gonnet J, Combardière B, Blume-Peytavi U, Vogt A. Physiological and Molecular Effects of in vivo and ex vivo Mild Skin Barrier Disruption. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 31:115-124. [DOI: 10.1159/000484443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
12
|
Zanoni TB, Pedrosa TN, Catarino CM, Spiekstra SW, de Oliveira DP, Den Hartog G, Bast A, Hagemann G, Gibbs S, de Moraes Barros SB, Maria-Engler SS. Allergens of permanent hair dyes induces epidermal damage, skin barrier loss and IL-1 α increase in epidermal in vitro model. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 112:265-272. [PMID: 29273420 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Allergic and irritant skin reactions caused by topical exposure to permanent hair dyes are a common problem. For regulatory and ethnical purposes, it is required to perform chemical safety assessment following the replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal testing (3Rs). Permanent hair dyes are formed by a mixture of ingredients that vary from low to extreme skin sensitizing potency and that inter-react to form unknown by-products. Because of the complex reaction, this cytotoxic mechanism has not yet been elucidated and is the subject of this study. Here, we topically exposed p-phenylenediamine (PPD), Resorcinol (RES), Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) alone or as a mixture to RhE and evaluated parameters related to skin irritation such as epidermal viability, keratinocytes damage, barrier loss and IL-1 α. Our data indicates that ingredients tested alone did not lead to an increase of cytotoxic parameters related to skin irritation. However, when the mixture of PPD/H2O2/RES and PPD/H2O2 was applied to the RhE, some of the parameters such as morphological changes including the presence of apoptotic cells, barrier loss and increased IL- 1 α release were observed. The results indicate that the mixture of ingredients used in permanent hair dyes have an irritant effect in RhE while the ingredients alone not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thalita Boldrin Zanoni
- Skin Biology Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, (FCF/USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Tatiana Nascimento Pedrosa
- Skin Biology Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, (FCF/USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Motter Catarino
- Skin Biology Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, (FCF/USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sander W Spiekstra
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Centre, O/2 Building, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle Palma de Oliveira
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Gertjan Den Hartog
- Toxicology, Research Institute NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aalt Bast
- Toxicology, Research Institute NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Geja Hagemann
- Toxicology, Research Institute NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Centre, O/2 Building, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrij Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Berlanga de Moraes Barros
- Skin Biology Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, (FCF/USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler
- Skin Biology Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, (FCF/USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 580, CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li Z, Hu L, Elias PM, Man MQ. Skin care products can aggravate epidermal function: studies in a murine model suggest a pathogenic role in sensitive skin. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 78:151-158. [PMID: 29152821 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensitive skin is defined as a spectrum of unpleasant sensations in response to a variety of stimuli. However, only some skin care products provoke cutaneous symptoms in individuals with sensitive skin. Hence, it would be useful to identify products that could provoke cutaneous symptoms in individuals with sensitive skin. OBJECTIVE To assess whether vehicles, as well as certain branded skin care products, can alter epidermal function following topical applications to normal mouse skin. METHODS Following topical applications of individual vehicle or skin care product to C57BL/6J mice twice daily for 4 days, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) rates, stratum corneum (SC) hydration and skin surface pH were measured on treated versus untreated mouse skin with an MPA5 device and pH 900 pH meter. RESULTS Our results show that all tested products induced abnormalities in epidermal functions of varying severity, including elevations in TEWL and skin surface pH, and reduced SC hydration. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that mice can serve as a predictive model that could be used to evaluate the potential safety of skin care products in humans with sensitive skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxiao Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China.,Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lizhi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of State Education), Immunology Department, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mao-Qiang Man
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Velarde MC. Epidermal Barrier Protects against Age-Associated Systemic Inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1206-1208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.02.964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
15
|
Hu L, Mauro TM, Dang E, Man G, Zhang J, Lee D, Wang G, Feingold KR, Elias PM, Man MQ. Epidermal Dysfunction Leads to an Age-Associated Increase in Levels of Serum Inflammatory Cytokines. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1277-1285. [PMID: 28115059 PMCID: PMC5441930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Even though elderly populations lack visible or other clinical signs of inflammation, their serum cytokine and C-reactive protein levels typically are elevated. However, the origin of age-associated systemic inflammation is unknown. Our previous studies showed that abnormalities in epidermal function provoke cutaneous inflammation, and because intrinsically aged skin displays compromised permeability barrier homeostasis and reduced stratum corneum hydration, we hypothesized here that epidermal dysfunction could contribute to the elevations in serum cytokines in the elderly. Our results show first that acute disruption of the epidermal permeability barrier in young mice leads not only to a rapid increase in cutaneous cytokine mRNA expression but also an increase in serum cytokine levels. Second, cytokine levels in both the skin and serum increase in otherwise normal, aged mice (>12 months). Third, expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and amyloid A mRNA levels increased in the epidermis, but not in the liver, in parallel with a significant elevation in serum levels of cytokines. Fourth, disruption of the permeability barrier induced similar elevations in epidermal and serum cytokine levels in normal and athymic mice, suggesting that T cells play a negligible role in the elevations in cutaneous and serum inflammatory cytokines induced by epidermal dysfunction. Fifth, correction of epidermal function significantly reduced cytokine levels not only in the skin but also in the serum of aged mice. Together, these results indicate that the sustained abnormalities in epidermal function in chronologically aged skin contribute to the elevated serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, potentially predisposing the elderly to the subsequent development or exacerbation of chronic inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affair Medical Center and University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Erle Dang
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affair Medical Center and University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - George Man
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affair Medical Center and University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dale Lee
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affair Medical Center and University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Kenneth R Feingold
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affair Medical Center and University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Metabolism, Veterans Affair Medical Center and University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affair Medical Center and University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mao-Qiang Man
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affair Medical Center and University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cialfi S, Le Pera L, De Blasio C, Mariano G, Palermo R, Zonfrilli A, Uccelletti D, Palleschi C, Biolcati G, Barbieri L, Screpanti I, Talora C. The loss of ATP2C1 impairs the DNA damage response and induces altered skin homeostasis: Consequences for epidermal biology in Hailey-Hailey disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31567. [PMID: 27528123 PMCID: PMC4985699 DOI: 10.1038/srep31567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the Golgi Ca(2+)-ATPase ATP2C1 is associated with deregulated calcium homeostasis and altered skin function. ATP2C1 mutations have been identified as having a causative role in Hailey-Hailey disease, an autosomal-dominant skin disorder. Here, we identified ATP2C1 as a crucial regulator of epidermal homeostasis through the regulation of oxidative stress. Upon ATP2C1 inactivation, oxidative stress and Notch1 activation were increased in cultured human keratinocytes. Using RNA-seq experiments, we found that the DNA damage response (DDR) was consistently down-regulated in keratinocytes derived from the lesions of patients with Hailey-Hailey disease. Although oxidative stress activates the DDR, ATP2C1 inactivation down-regulates DDR gene expression. We showed that the DDR response was a major target of oxidative stress-induced Notch1 activation. Here, we show that this activation is functionally important because early Notch1 activation in keratinocytes induces keratinocyte differentiation and represses the DDR. These results indicate that an ATP2C1/NOTCH1 axis might be critical for keratinocyte function and cutaneous homeostasis, suggesting a plausible model for the pathological features of Hailey-Hailey disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Cialfi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Le Pera
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo De Blasio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Germano Mariano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco Palermo
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Azzurra Zonfrilli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Uccelletti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”; Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Palleschi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”; Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luca Barbieri
- Porphyria Center, San Gallicano Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Screpanti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Italy
| | - Claudio Talora
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ousey K, Cutting KF, Rogers AA, Rippon MG. The importance of hydration in wound healing: reinvigorating the clinical perspective. J Wound Care 2016; 25:122, 124-30. [PMID: 26947692 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2016.25.3.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Balancing skin hydration levels is important as any disruption in skin integrity will result in disturbance of the dermal water balance. The discovery that a moist environment actively supports the healing response when compared with a dry environment highlights the importance of water and good hydration levels for optimal healing. The benefits of 'wet' or 'hyper-hydrated' wound healing appear similar to those offered by moist over a dry environment. This suggests that the presence of free water may not be detrimental to healing, but any adverse effects of wound fluid on tissues is more likely related to the biological components contained within chronic wound exudate, for example elevated protease levels. Appropriate dressings applied to wounds must not only be able to absorb the exudate, but also retain this excess fluid together with its protease solutes, while concurrently preventing desiccation. This is particularly important in the case of chronic wounds where peri-wound skin barrier properties are compromised and there is increased permeation across the injured skin. This review discusses the importance of appropriate levels of hydration in skin, with a particular focus on the need for optimal hydration levels for effective healing. Declaration of interest: This paper was supported by Paul Hartmann Ltd. The authors have provided consultative services to Paul Hartmann Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Ousey
- School of Human and Health Sciences, Institute of Skin Integrity and Infection Prevention. University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield
| | | | | | - M G Rippon
- School of Human and Health Sciences, Institute of Skin Integrity and Infection Prevention. University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Göblös A, Danis J, Vas K, Bata-Csörgő Z, Kemény L, Széll M. Keratinocytes express functional CARD18, a negative regulator of inflammasome activation, and its altered expression in psoriasis may contribute to disease pathogenesis. Mol Immunol 2016; 73:10-8. [PMID: 27023378 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Caspase recruitment domain family member 18 (CARD18, Iceberg) is known as a negative regulatory molecule that inhibits inflammatory events by terminating inflammasome activation due to a direct interaction with pro-caspase-1. During the investigation of molecular mechanisms in keratinocytes that contribute to the pathogenesis of psoriasis, we found that CARD18 expression differs in healthy and psoriatic skin; moreover, CARD18 demonstrated altered response under inflammatory conditions in healthy and psoriatic skin. In healthy skin, low basal CARD18 expression was detected, which showed significant elevation in response to inflammatory stimuli (lymphokine treatment or mechanical injury). In contrast, higher basal expression was observed in psoriatic non-involved skin, but no further induction could be detected. We demonstrated that keratinocytes express CARD18 both at mRNA and protein levels and the expression increased in parallel with differentiation. The investigation of cellular inflammatory processes revealed that psoriasis-associated danger signals triggered the expression of inflammasome components (AIM2, Caspase-1) and CARD18 as well as IL-1β production of keratinocytes. Furthermore, gene-specific silencing of CARD18 in cells treated with cytosolic DNA (poly(dA:dT)) resulted in increased IL-1β secretion, suggesting a negative regulatory role for CARD18 in keratinocyte inflammatory signaling. The differential regulation of CARD18 in healthy and psoriatic uninvolved epidermis may contribute to the susceptibility of psoriasis. Furthermore, our in vitro results indicate that CARD18 may contribute to the fine tuning of keratinocyte innate immune processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Göblös
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Korányifasor 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Judit Danis
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Korányifasor 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Krisztina Vas
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Korányifasor 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsanna Bata-Csörgő
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Korányifasor 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, University of Szeged, Korányifasor 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Lajos Kemény
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Korányifasor 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, University of Szeged, Korányifasor 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Márta Széll
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, University of Szeged, Korányifasor 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, Somogyi u. 4, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Comparison of the Efficacy of Atopalm(®) Multi-Lamellar Emulsion Cream and Physiogel(®) Intensive Cream in Improving Epidermal Permeability Barrier in Sensitive Skin. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2016; 6:47-56. [PMID: 26841947 PMCID: PMC4799034 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-016-0097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The management of sensitive skin, which affects over 60% of the general population, has been a long-standing challenge for both patients and clinicians. Because defective epidermal permeability barrier is one of the clinical features of sensitive skin, barrier-enhancing products could be an optimal regimen for sensitive skin. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of two barrier-enhancing products, i.e., Atopalm (®) Multi-Lamellar Emulsion (MLE) Cream and Physiogel (®) Intensive Cream for sensitive skin. METHODS 60 patients with sensitive skin, aged 22-40 years old, were randomly assigned to one group treated with Atopalm MLE Cream, and another group treated with Physiogel Intensive Cream twice daily for 4 weeks. Lactic acid stinging test scores (LASTS), stratum hydration (SC) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were assessed before, 2 and 4 weeks after the treatment. RESULTS Atopalm MLE Cream significantly lowered TEWL after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment (p < 0.01). In contrast, Physiogel Intensive Cream significantly increased TEWL after 2 weeks of treatment (p < 0.05) while TEWL significantly decreased after 4-week treatments. Moreover, both Atopalm MLE Cream and Physiogel Intensive Cream significantly increased SC hydration, and improved LASTS after 4 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSION Both barrier-enhancing products are effective and safe for improving epidermal functions, including permeability barrier, SC hydration and LASTS, in sensitive skin. These products could be a valuable alternative for management of sensitive skin. FUNDING Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA, and NeoPharm Co., Ltd., Daejeon, Korea.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Psychological interventions administered before wounding can reduce stress and improve healing. However, in many cases, it would be more practical for interventions to be delivered after wounding. This preliminary study investigated whether a brief relaxation intervention could improve healing when administered either before or after skin damage produced by tape stripping in comparison to a control group. METHODS One hundred twenty-one healthy adults were randomized into one of three groups: (a) relaxation prestripping group, (b) relaxation poststripping group, or (c) no relaxation. Participants completed measures of stress, fatigue, relaxation, and pain. Relaxation consisted of listening to 20 minutes of guided relaxation, whereas the control condition was quiet reading for 20 minutes. Skin barrier function was measured using transepidermal water loss at baseline, immediately after tape stripping and 25 minutes later. RESULTS Relaxation either before or after tape stripping improved skin barrier recovery compared with the control group (F(2,92) = 3.58, p = .032, partial η = 0.074). Participants who took part in the relaxation intervention were significantly more relaxed and reported greater reductions in pain than the control group did 25 minutes after tape stripping. Perceived stress over the last month was not significantly related to healing. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that a relaxation intervention had a beneficial effect on skin barrier recovery regardless of whether the intervention was administered before or after wounding. Future research needs to replicate these findings in other wound types and in clinical settings, and investigate the biological mechanisms involved.
Collapse
|
21
|
Man G, Elias PM, Man MQ. Therapeutic benefits of enhancing permeability barrier for atopic eczema. DERMATOL SIN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsi.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
22
|
Elias PM, Wakefield JS. Mechanisms of abnormal lamellar body secretion and the dysfunctional skin barrier in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:781-791.e1. [PMID: 25131691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
I review how diverse inherited and acquired abnormalities in epidermal structural and enzymatic proteins converge to produce defective permeability barrier function and antimicrobial defense in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Although best known are mutations in filaggrin (FLG), mutations in other member of the fused S-100 family of proteins (ie, hornerin [hrn] and filaggrin 2 [flg-2]); the cornified envelope precursor (ie, SPRR3); mattrin, which is encoded by TMEM79 and regulates the assembly of lamellar bodies; SPINK5, which encodes the serine protease inhibitor lymphoepithelial Kazal-type trypsin inhibitor type 1; and the fatty acid transporter fatty acid transport protein 4 have all been linked to AD. Yet these abnormalities often only predispose to AD; additional acquired stressors that further compromise barrier function, such as psychological stress, low ambient humidity, or high-pH surfactants, often are required to trigger disease. T(H)2 cytokines can also compromise barrier function by downregulating expression of multiple epidermal structural proteins, lipid synthetic enzymes, and antimicrobial peptides. All of these inherited and acquired abnormalities converge on the lamellar body secretory system, producing abnormalities in lipid composition, secretion, and/or extracellular lamellar membrane organization, as well as antimicrobial defense. Finally, I briefly review therapeutic options that address this new pathogenic paradigm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, Calif.
| | - Joan S Wakefield
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
The adverse effect of IFN gamma on stratum corneum structure and function in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:597-600. [PMID: 24518112 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
There is a marked increase in cytokines, including interferon gamma, in cutaneous diseases such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. In this issue of the Journal, Tawada and colleagues demonstrate that the quantity of ultra long-chain ceramides in the stratum corneum, which play a key role in maintaining the permeability barrier, is reduced in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Further, they demonstrate that interferon gamma decreases the expression of the enzymes required for the synthesis of these ultra long-chain ceramides (ELOVLs and ceramide synthase 3). These results suggest that an increase in interferon gamma by decreasing the key enzymes required for the synthesis of ultra long-chain ceramides could further impair permeability barrier function, thereby exacerbating the pathological changes.
Collapse
|
24
|
Darlenski R, Kazandjieva J, Tsankov N. Is there an increased skin irritation and contact sensitization in atopic dermatitis? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.11.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
25
|
Nakajima K, Terao M, Takaishi M, Kataoka S, Goto-Inoue N, Setou M, Horie K, Sakamoto F, Ito M, Azukizawa H, Kitaba S, Murota H, Itami S, Katayama I, Takeda J, Sano S. Barrier abnormality due to ceramide deficiency leads to psoriasiform inflammation in a mouse model. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2555-2565. [PMID: 23633022 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It has been recognized that ceramides are decreased in the epidermis of patients with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Here, we generated Sptlc2 (serine palmitoyltransferase long-chain base subunit 2)-targeted mice (SPT-cKO mice), thereby knocking out serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), the critical enzyme for ceramide biosynthesis, in keratinocytes. SPT-cKO mice showed decreased ceramide levels in the epidermis, which impaired water-holding capacity and barrier function. From 2 weeks of age, they developed skin lesions with histological aberrations including hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, loss of the granular layer, and inflammatory cell infiltrates. Epidermal Langerhans cells showed persistent activation and enhanced migration to lymph nodes. Skin lesions showed upregulation of psoriasis-associated genes, such as IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, S100A8, S100A9, and β-defensins. In the skin lesions and draining lymph nodes, there were increased numbers of γδ T cells that produced IL-17 (γδ-17 cells), most of which also produced IL-22, as do Th17 cells. Furthermore, IL-23-producing CD11c(+) cells were observed in the lesions. In vivo treatment of SPT-cKO mice with an anti-IL-12/23p40 antibody ameliorated the skin lesions and reduced the numbers of γδ-17 cells. Therefore, we conclude that a ceramide deficiency in the epidermis leads to psoriasis-like lesions in mice, probably mediated by IL-23-dependent IL-22-producing γδ-17 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Mika Terao
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Mikiro Takaishi
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Sayo Kataoka
- Science Research Center, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Naoko Goto-Inoue
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kyoji Horie
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Fumiko Sakamoto
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Azukizawa
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shun Kitaba
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Murota
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Itami
- Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Junji Takeda
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Sano
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Xu W, Jia S, Xie P, Zhong A, Galiano RD, Mustoe TA, Hong SJ. The expression of proinflammatory genes in epidermal keratinocytes is regulated by hydration status. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:1044-1055. [PMID: 24226202 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal wounds heal more rapidly, exhibit less inflammation, and are associated with minimal scarring when compared with equivalent cutaneous wounds. We previously demonstrated that cutaneous epithelium exhibits an exaggerated response to injury compared with mucosal epithelium. We hypothesized that treatment of injured skin with a semiocclusive dressing preserves the hydration of the skin and results in a wound healing phenotype that more closely resembles that of mucosa. Here we explored whether changes in hydration status alter epidermal gene expression patterns in rabbit partial-thickness incisional wounds. Using microarray studies on injured epidermis, we showed that global gene expression patterns in highly occluded versus non-occluded wounds are distinct. Many genes including IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), and COX-2 (cyclooxygenase 2) are upregulated in non-occluded wounds compared with highly occluded wounds. In addition, decreased levels of hydration resulted in an increased expression of proinflammatory genes in human ex vivo skin culture (HESC) and stratified keratinocytes. Hierarchical analysis of genes using RNA interference showed that both TNF-α and IL-1β regulate the expression of IL-8 through independent pathways in response to reduced hydration. Furthermore, both gene knockdown and pharmacological inhibition studies showed that COX-2 mediates the TNF-α/IL-8 pathway by increasing the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). IL-8 in turn controls the production of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in keratinocytes. Our data show that hydration status directly affects the expression of inflammatory signaling in the epidermis. The identification of genes involved in the epithelial hydration pathway provides an opportunity to develop strategies to reduce scarring and optimize wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shengxian Jia
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ping Xie
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Aimei Zhong
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Robert D Galiano
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas A Mustoe
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Seok J Hong
- Laboratory for Wound Repair and Regenerative Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Epicutaneous sensitization results in IgE-dependent intestinal mast cell expansion and food-induced anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:451-60.e1-6. [PMID: 23374269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensitization to food antigen can occur through cutaneous exposure. OBJECTIVE We sought to test the hypothesis that epicutaneous sensitization with food antigen predisposes to IgE-mediated anaphylaxis on oral allergen challenge. METHODS BALB/c mice were epicutaneously sensitized by repeated application of ovalbumin (OVA) to tape-stripped skin over 7 weeks or orally immunized with OVA and cholera toxin (CT) weekly for 8 weeks and then orally challenged with OVA. Body temperature was monitored, and serum mouse mast cell protease 1 levels were determined after challenge. Tissue mast cell (MC) counts were examined by using chloroacetate esterase staining. Levels of serum OVA-specific IgE and IgG(1) antibodies and cytokines in supernatants of OVA-stimulated splenocytes were measured by means of ELISA. Serum IL-4 levels were measured by using an in vivo cytokine capture assay. RESULTS Epicutaneously sensitized mice exhibited expansion of connective tissue MCs in the jejunum, increased serum IL-4 levels, and systemic anaphylaxis after oral challenge, as evidenced by decreased body temperature and increased serum mouse mast cell protease 1 levels. Intestinal MC expansion and anaphylaxis were IgE dependent because they did not occur in epicutaneously sensitized IgE(-/-) mice. Mice orally immunized with OVA plus CT did not have increased serum IL-4 levels, expanded intestinal MCs, or anaphylaxis after oral challenge, despite OVA-specific IgE levels and splenocyte cytokine production in response to OVA stimulation, which were comparable with those of epicutaneously sensitized mice. CONCLUSION Epicutaneously sensitized mice, but not mice orally immunized with antigen plus CT, have expansion of intestinal MCs and IgE-mediated anaphylaxis after single oral antigen challenge. IgE is necessary but not sufficient for food anaphylaxis, and MC expansion in the gut can play an important role in the development of anaphylaxis.
Collapse
|
28
|
Kim H, Shin JU, Lee KH. Atopic dermatitis and skin barrier dysfunction. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2013.1.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Atopy and Asthma Center, Medical Research Institute, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung U Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Hoon Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
A major function of the skin is to provide a barrier to the movement of water and electrolytes, which is required for life in a terrestrial environment. This permeability barrier is localized to the stratum corneum and is mediated by extracellular lipid-enriched lamellar membranes, which are delivered to the extracellular spaces by the secretion of lamellar bodies by stratum granulosum cells. A large number of factors have been shown to regulate the formation of this permeability barrier. Specifically, lamellar body secretion and permeability barrier formation are accelerated by decreases in the calcium content in the stratum granulosum layer of the epidermis. In addition, increased expression of cytokines and growth factors and the activation of nuclear hormone receptors (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, liver X receptors, vitamin D receptor) accelerate permeability barrier formation. In contrast, nitric oxide, protease-activated receptor 2 activation, glucocorticoids, and testosterone inhibit permeability barrier formation. The ability of a variety of factors to regulate permeability barrier formation allows for a more precise and nuanced regulation.
Collapse
|
30
|
Distinct roles of JNK-1 and ERK-2 isoforms in permeability barrier repair and wound healing. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 90:565-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
|
31
|
Olivry T, Wofford J, Paps JS, Dunston SM. Stratum corneum removal facilitates experimental sensitization to mite allergens in atopic dogs. Vet Dermatol 2010; 22:188-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
32
|
Oyoshi MK, Larson RP, Ziegler SF, Geha RS. Mechanical injury polarizes skin dendritic cells to elicit a T(H)2 response by inducing cutaneous thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:976-84, 984.e1-5. [PMID: 21050944 PMCID: PMC3085022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis is characterized by scratching and by T(H)2-dominated immune response to cutaneously introduced antigens. Antigen application to skin mechanically injured by tape stripping results in T(H)2-dominated skin inflammation. OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of tape stripping on the capacity of skin dendritic cells (DCs) to polarize T cells toward a T(H)2 phenotype. METHODS CD11c(+) DCs were isolated from skin of BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)(+) and FITC(-) DCs were isolated from draining lymph nodes (DLNs) 24 hours after painting the skin with FITC. DCs were assessed for their ability to induce cytokine secretion by ovalbumin-stimulated naive CD4(+) T cells from T cell receptor-ovalbumin transgenic DO11.10 mice. Cytokine mRNA levels were examined by quantitative PCR. RESULTS Dendritic cells isolated from the skin of wild-type, but not thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) receptor(-/-) or IL-10(-/-), mice 6 hours after tape stripping elicited significantly more IL-4 and IL-13 and significantly less IFN-γ production by CD4(+) cells than DCs isolated from unmanipulated skin, and expressed significantly more mRNA for the T(H)2 skewing molecules IL-10, Jagged1, and Jagged2, but significantly less mRNA for the T(H)1 skewing cytokine IL-12. CD11c(+)FITC(+) cells isolated from DLNs of shaved and tape stripped skin of wild-type, but not TSLP receptor(-/-) or IL-10(-/-), mice polarized T cells significantly more toward T(H)2 and expressed significantly more IL-10, Jagged1, and Jagged2 mRNA than CD11c(+)FITC(+) cells isolated from DLNs of shaved skin. Tape stripping significantly increased TSLP levels in the skin, and TSLP was shown to play an essential role in the T(H)2 polarization of skin DCs by tape stripping. CONCLUSIONS Tape stripping upregulates TSLP levels in the skin, which polarizes skin DCs to elicit a T(H)2 response via the induction of IL-10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiko K. Oyoshi
- Division of Immunology, Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ryan P. Larson
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98185
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Steven F. Ziegler
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98185
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Raif S. Geha
- Division of Immunology, Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Conditioning of the injection site with CpG enhances the migration of adoptively transferred dendritic cells and endogenous CD8+ T-cell responses. J Immunother 2010; 33:115-25. [PMID: 20145551 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181b8ef5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of immunotherapy using tumor-antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) is severely limited by the impaired migration of injected cells from the application site to the draining lymph nodes. As described earlier, pretreatment of the injection site with inflammatory cytokines enhances DC migration. We wanted to test whether toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands can improve migration of murine bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) and the subsequent T-cell responses. For this purpose, we established an experimental setup closely resembling human vaccination protocols that served to investigate DC migration from the skin to the draining lymph nodes. We observed that BMDC, matured with a cytokine cocktail (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-beta, interleukin-6, prostaglandin E2), strongly expressed CCR7. The migration efficiency of adoptively transferred mature BMDCs was determined by the number of cells injected and the application site. We decided to inject DC intradermally into the ear skin and investigated the effects of pretreatment of the injection site with various TLR ligands. Conditioning of the skin site with the TLR ligands CpG and Peptidoglycan increased the number of DCs arriving in the lymph node. Mechanical stress applied to the skin, such as tape stripping of the skin was equally effective. Importantly, only pretreatment with CpG enhanced responses of endogenous CD8 T cells. Thus, conditioning of the injection site with the TLR ligand CpG could be a new promising way to improve the outcome of DC immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
34
|
Scarponi C, Nasorri F, Pavani F, Madonna S, Sestito R, Simonacci M, De Pità O, Cavani A, Albanesi C. Low-frequency low-intensity ultrasounds do not influence the survival and immune functions of cultured keratinocytes and dendritic cells. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2009:193260. [PMID: 20145702 PMCID: PMC2817368 DOI: 10.1155/2009/193260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-frequency ultrasounds (US) are used to enhance drug transdermal transport. Although this phenomenon has been extensively analyzed, information on US effects on the single skin cell components is limited. Here, we investigated the possible effects of low-frequency US on viability and immune functions of cultured human keratinocytes and dendritic cells (DC), skin cells involved in the regulation of many immune-mediated dermatoses. We demonstrated that US, employed at low-frequency (42 KHz) and low-intensity (0.15 W/cm(2)) values known to enhance drug and water transdermal transport, did not affect extracellular-signal-regulated-kinase (ERK)1/2 activation, cell viability, or expression of adhesion molecules in cultured keratinocytes. Moreover, US at these work frequency and intensity did not influence the keratinocyte expression and release of immunomodulatory molecules. Similarly, cultured DC treated with low-frequency low-intensity US were viable, and did not show an altered membrane phenotype, cytokine profile, nor antigen presentation ability. However, intensity enhancement of low-frequency US to 5 W/cm(2) determined an increase of the apoptotic rate of both keratinocytes and DC as well as keratinocyte CXCL8 release and ERK1/2 activation, and DC CD40 expression. Our study sustains the employment of low-frequency and low-intensity US for treatment of those immune skin disorders, where keratinocytes and DC have a pathogenetic role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Scarponi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI)-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Nasorri
- Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI)-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Madonna
- Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI)-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Sestito
- Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI)-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Simonacci
- Unità Operativa di Dermatologia, Ospedale di Macerata, 62100 Macerata, Italy
| | - Ornella De Pità
- Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI)-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavani
- Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI)-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Albanesi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI)-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jiang YJ, Lu B, Crumrine D, Elias PM, Feingold KR. IL-6 Stimulates but is not essential for stratum corneum formation and permeability barrier development during gestation. Exp Dermatol 2009; 19:e31-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
36
|
Walburn J, Vedhara K, Hankins M, Rixon L, Weinman J. Psychological stress and wound healing in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res 2009; 67:253-71. [PMID: 19686881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current review aims to synthesize existing knowledge about the relationship between psychological stress and wound healing. METHODS A systematic search strategy was conducted using electronic databases to search for published articles up to the end of October 2007. The reference lists of retrieved articles were inspected for further studies and citation searches were conducted. In addition, a meta-analysis of a subset of studies was conducted to provide a quantitative estimation of the influence of stress on wound healing. RESULTS Twenty-two papers met the inclusion criteria of the systematic review and a subsample of 11 was included in a meta-analysis. The studies assessed the impact of stress on the healing of a variety of wound types in different contexts, including acute and chronic clinical wounds, experimentally created punch biopsy and blister wounds, and minor damage to the skin caused by tape stripping. Seventeen studies in the systematic review reported that stress was associated with impaired healing or dysregulation of a biomarker related to wound healing. The relationship between stress and wound healing estimated by the meta-analysis was r=-0.42 (95% CI=-0.51 to -0.32) (P<.01). CONCLUSION Attention now needs to be directed towards investigating potential moderators of the relationship, mediating mechanisms underpinning the association, as well as the demonstration of a causal link by the development of experimental interventions in healthy populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Walburn
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, King's College London, SE1 9RT London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
O'Shaughnessy KD, De La Garza M, Roy NK, Mustoe TA. Homeostasis of the epidermal barrier layer: A theory of how occlusion reduces hypertrophic scarring. Wound Repair Regen 2009; 17:700-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2009.00534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
38
|
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial, heterogenous disease that arises as a result of the interaction between both environmental and genetic factors. Changes in at least three groups of genes encoding structural proteins, epidermal proteases, and protease inhibitors predispose to a defective epidermal barrier and increase the risk of developing AD. Loss-of-function mutations found within the FLG gene encoding the structural protein, filaggrin, represent the most significant genetic factor predisposing to AD identified to date. Enhanced protease activity and decreased synthesis of the lipid lamellae lead to exacerbated breakdown of the epidermal barrier. Environmental factors, including the use of soap and detergents, exacerbate epidermal barrier breakdown, attributed to the elevation of stratum corneum pH. A sustained increase in pH enhances the activity of degradatory proteases and decreases the activity of the lipid synthesis enzymes. The strong association between both genetic barrier defects and environmental insults to the barrier with AD suggests that epidermal barrier dysfunction is a primary event in the development of this disease. Our understanding of gene-environment interactions should lead to a better use of some topical products, avoidance of others, and the increased use and development of products that can repair the skin barrier.
Collapse
|
39
|
Cork MJ, Moustafa M, Danby S, Vasilopoulos Y, Tazi-Ahnini R, Ward SJ, Hadgraft J, Lane ME, Guy R, MacGowan A. Skin Barrier Dysfunction in Atopic Dermatitis. BASIC AND CLINICAL DERMATOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/9781420070958.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
40
|
Cornelissen LH, Bronneberg D, Bader DL, Baaijens FPT, Oomens CWJ. The transport profile of cytokines in epidermal equivalents subjected to mechanical loading. Ann Biomed Eng 2009; 37:1007-18. [PMID: 19234790 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-009-9652-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pressure ulcer risk assessment might be optimized by incorporating the soft tissue reaction to mechanical loading in the currently used risk assessment scales. Cytokines, like IL-1alpha, IL-1RA, IL-8, and TNF-alpha, might be used to determine this tissue reaction, since they are released after 24 h of mechanical loading of epidermal equivalents. In the current study, the release and transport of these cytokines with time was evaluated. Epidermal equivalents were subjected to 20 kPa for different time periods (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, and 24 h). Compared to the unloaded control group, a significant increase was found for IL-1alpha (4.7-fold), IL-1RA (4.8-fold), and IL-8 (3.6-fold) release after 1 h loading. For TNF-alpha, the release was significantly increased after 4 h of loading (5.1-fold compared to the unloaded situation), coinciding with the first signs of gross structural tissue damage. These cytokine values were determined in the surrounding medium and a transport model was developed to evaluate the distribution of cytokines inside the culture. These simulations revealed that all IL-8 and TNF-alpha was released from the keratinocytes, whereas most of the IL-1alpha and IL-1RA remained inside the keratinocytes during the 24 h loading period. In conclusion, IL-1alpha, IL-1RA, and IL-8 appear promising biochemical markers for pressure ulcer risk assessment, since their release is increased after 1 h of epidermal loading and before the onset of structural tissue damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisette H Cornelissen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Building W-hoog 4.11, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Elias PM, Arbiser J, Brown BE, Rossiter H, Man MQ, Cerimele F, Crumrine D, Gunathilake R, Choi EH, Uchida Y, Tschachler E, Feingold KR. Epidermal vascular endothelial growth factor production is required for permeability barrier homeostasis, dermal angiogenesis, and the development of epidermal hyperplasia: implications for the pathogenesis of psoriasis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:689-99. [PMID: 18688025 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.080088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Primary abnormalities in permeability barrier function appear to underlie atopic dermatitis and epidermal trauma; a concomitant barrier dysfunction could also drive other inflammatory dermatoses, including psoriasis. Central to this outside-inside view of disease pathogenesis is the epidermal generation of cytokines/growth factors, which in turn signal downstream epidermal repair mechanisms. Yet, this cascade, if sustained, signals downstream epidermal hyperplasia and inflammation. We found here that acute barrier disruption rapidly stimulates mRNA and protein expression of epidermal vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) in normal hairless mice, a specific response to permeability barrier requirements because up-regulation is blocked by application of a vapor-impermeable membrane. Moreover, epidermal vegf(-/-) mice display abnormal permeability barrier homeostasis, attributable to decreased VEGF signaling of epidermal lamellar body production; a paucity of dermal capillaries with reduced vascular permeability; and neither angiogenesis nor epidermal hyperplasia in response to repeated tape stripping (a model of psoriasiform hyperplasia). These results support a central role for epidermal VEGF in the maintenance of epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis and a link between epidermal VEGF production and both dermal angiogenesis and the development of epidermal hyperplasia. Because psoriasis is commonly induced by external trauma [isomorphic (Koebner) phenomenon] and is associated with a prominent permeability barrier abnormality, excess VEGF production, prominent angiogenesis, and epidermal hyperplasia, these results could provide a potential outside-inside mechanistic basis for the development of psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service (190), VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cork MJ, Danby S, Vasilopoulos Y, Moustafa M, MacGowan A, Varghese J, Duff GW, Tazi-Ahnini R, Ward SJ. Epidermal barrier dysfunctionin atopic dermatitis. SERIES IN DERMATOLOGICAL TREATMENT 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/9780203091449.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
43
|
Bronneberg D, Spiekstra SW, Cornelissen LH, Oomens CWJ, Gibbs S, Baaijens FPT, Bouten CVC. Cytokine and chemokine release upon prolonged mechanical loading of the epidermis. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16:567-73. [PMID: 17576236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
At this moment, pressure ulcer risk assessment is dominated by subjective measures and does not predict pressure ulcer development satisfactorily. Objective measures are, therefore, needed for an early detection of these ulcers. The current in vitro study evaluates cytokines and chemokines [interleukin 1alpha (IL-1alpha), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 8 (CXCL8/IL-8)] as early markers for mechanically-induced epidermal damage. Various degrees of epidermal damage were induced by subjecting commercially available epidermal equivalents (EpiDerm) to increasing pressures (0, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 mmHg) for 24 h, using a loading device. At the end of the loading experiment, tissue damage was assessed by histological examination and by evaluation of the cell membrane integrity. Cytokines and chemokines were determined in the culture supernatant. Sustained epidermal loading resulted in an increased release of IL-1alpha, IL-1RA, TNF-alpha and CXCL8/IL-8. This was first observed at 75 mmHg, when the tissue was only slightly damaged. Swollen cells, vacuoles, necrosis and affected cell membranes were observed at pressures higher than 75 mmHg. Furthermore, at 150 and 200 mmHg, the cells in the lower part of the epidermis were severely compressed. In conclusion, IL-1alpha, IL-1RA, TNF-alpha and CXCL8/IL-8 are released in vitro as a result of sustained mechanical loading of the epidermis. The first increase in cytokines and chemokines was observed when the epidermal tissue was only slightly damaged. Therefore, these cytokines and chemokines are potential markers for the objective, early detection of mechanically-induced skin damage, such as pressure ulcers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Bronneberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Man MQ, Wood L, Elias PM, Feingold KR. Cutaneous barrier repair and pathophysiology following barrier disruption in IL-1 and TNF type I receptor deficient mice. Exp Dermatol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1999.tb00380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
45
|
Hüffmeier U, Traupe H, Oji V, Lascorz J, Ständer M, Lohmann J, Wendler J, Burkhardt H, Reis A. Loss-of-function variants of the filaggrin gene are not major susceptibility factors for psoriasis vulgaris or psoriatic arthritis in German patients. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1367-70. [PMID: 17255953 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis share a number of features such as chronic cutaneous inflammation and disturbed epidermal barrier function. Genome-wide scans have revealed a conspicuous overlap of susceptibility loci for both diseases involving chromosomal regions 1q21, 3q21, 17q25, and 20p12. Recently, two loss-of-function variants in the gene encoding filaggrin at 1q21 were shown to be strongly associated with atopic dermatitis. In view of a possible genetic overlap of the two skin diseases, we investigated 375 patients suffering from psoriasis vulgaris, 375 patients with psoriatic arthritis, and 376 control probands. Moreover we directly studied expression of filaggrin in 10 patients suffering from psoriasis vulgaris. Our immunohistochemical analysis revealed a checkered pattern with alternating positive broadened or almost absent filaggrin expression. However, no association was found for the two variants of filaggrin (FLG). We conclude that despite a markedly altered filaggrin expression in psoriatic skin, loss-of-function variants of the FLG gene are neither associated with psoriasis vulgaris nor with psoriatic arthritis. The abnormal staining might reflect the altered epidermal differentiation. Our findings imply that the genetic background underlying the epidermal barrier defect in psoriasis is distinct from that found in atopic dermatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Hüffmeier
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Disturbed regulation of both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathoadrenomedullary system in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suggests that immune function, which is modulated by these systems, may also be dysregulated. Two dermatologic, in vivo measures of immune function, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and skin barrier function recovery, were examined in female subjects with PTSD and compared to measures in healthy female comparison subjects. In addition, at the time of DTH test placement, circulating numbers of lymphocyte subtypes were assessed. In separate studies, the effects of acute psychological stress on DTH and skin barrier function recovery were examined in healthy volunteer subjects. Both DTH and barrier function recovery were enhanced in women with PTSD. These findings contrast with the effects of acute stress in healthy control subjects, which was associated with suppression of DTH responses and skin barrier function recovery. There was no difference between subjects with PTSD and healthy control subjects in proportions of circulating lymphocyte subsets or in expression of the lymphocyte markers CD62, CD25, and CD45RO/CD45RA. These results suggest that cell-mediated immune function is enhanced in individuals with PTSD, a condition that imposes chronic physiologic and mental stress on sufferers. These findings contrast with suppression of DTH and skin barrier function recovery in healthy volunteers in response to acute psychological stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Altemus
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, Box 244, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lehé CL, Jacobs JJL, Hua CM, Courtellemont P, Elliott GR, Das PK. Subtoxic concentrations of allergenic haptens induce LC migration and maturation in a human organotypic skin explant culture model: a novel method for identifying potential contact allergens. Exp Dermatol 2006; 15:421-31. [PMID: 16689858 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2006.00415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The accelerated migration of Langerhans cells (LCs) out of the epidermis and up-regulation of maturation markers, upon treatment with subtoxic concentrations of chemicals, were used as the criteria to determine the potential of allergenic chemicals capable of inducing a hapten-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. Here we report the findings of a study in which seven chemicals, coded and tested in a blind fashion, were classified as contact allergens or non-allergens using the human organotypic skin explant culture (hOSEC) model. All chemicals that were identified as a contact sensitizer on decoding induced a definite decrease in the number of CD1a and HLA-DR-positive epidermal LCs in the epidermis of the skin explants, as determined by both semiquantitative immunohistochemistry and quantitative flow cytometric analysis. A significant increase in the number of CD83(+) cells was accompanied by up-regulation of activation molecules in the epidermis of hOSEC exposed specifically to contact allergens. In contrast, there were only minor alterations in epidermal LC numbers, expression of CD83 and other activation markers by LCs when the biopsies were treated with non-toxic concentrations of non-allergenic irritants and vehicles. The data suggest that an increased epidermal LC migration and maturation accompanied by increased expression of activation markers could be used as end-point determinants to screen allergens in a non-animal alternative hOSEC model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Lehé
- Department of Pathology, UvA-AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Most epidermal functions can be considered as protective, or more specifically, as defensive in nature. Yet, the term "barrier function" is often used synonymously with only one such defensive function, though arguably its most important, i.e., permeability barrier homeostasis. Regardless of their relative importance, these protective cutaneous functions largely reside in the stratum corneum (SC). In this review, I first explore the ways in which the multiple defensive functions of the SC are linked and interrelated, either by their shared localization or by common biochemical processes; how they are co-regulated in response to specific stressors; and how alterations in one defensive function impact other protective functions. Then, the structural and biochemical basis for these defensive functions is reviewed, including metabolic responses and signaling mechanisms of barrier homeostasis. Finally, the clinical consequences and therapeutic implications of this integrated perspective are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94121, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kobayashi H, Aiba S, Yoshino Y, Tagami H. Acute cutaneous barrier disruption activates epidermal p44/42 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases in human and hairless guinea pig skin. Exp Dermatol 2004; 12:734-46. [PMID: 14714552 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2003.00045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute cutaneous barrier disruption of the skin elicits various homeostatic repair responses in the epidermis. Although several candidates for the signaling mechanisms that induce these responses have been reported, e.g. the calcium and ion concentration, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha, and TNF-alpha signaling mediated by sphingomyelinases, the exact nature of the signals remains undertermined. Therefore, assuming that an important group of serine/threonine-signaling kinases, mitogen- and SAPK/JNK, might link the barrier disruption to the subsequent homeostatic responses, the activation of three MAPKs in hairless guinea pig or in human skin after barrier disruption was investigated. The epidermal barrier was insulated with tape stripping or organic solvents, and Western blotting, and immune complex kinase assay. In the skin of hairless guinea pigs, p44/42 MAPK and p38 MAPK, but nor SAPK/JNK, were continued to be activated for at least 180 min. The activation of p44/42 which positively correlated with the number of tape strippings, whereas K+ sucrose solution suppressed its activation. The activation of p44/42 MAPK was also induced by treatment of the skin with organic solvents. In similar fashion, p44/42 and p38 MAPKs were found to be activated in human skin after tape stripping. These results for strongly suggest that the activation of p44/42 and p38 MAPKs links the stimuli of barrier disruption to the subsequent homeostatic responses to repair the barrier defect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kobayashi
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Dickel H, Bruckner TM, Erdmann SM, Fluhr JW, Frosch PJ, Grabbe J, Löffler H, Merk HF, Pirker C, Schwanitz HJ, Weisshaar E, Brasch J. The "strip" patch test: results of a multicentre study towards a standardization. Arch Dermatol Res 2004; 296:212-9. [PMID: 15293061 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-004-0496-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2004] [Revised: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 07/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The "strip" patch test (SPT) is a variant of patch testing which is used for substances with a poor percutaneous penetration. Penetration of the substances is enhanced by repeated applications of adhesive tape prior to their application to the skin. However, no guidelines exist for standardized performance of the SPT. OBJECTIVES The aim of this multicentre study was to obtain a first practical approach towards a standardized SPT procedure. METHODS Intact noninflamed skin of the upper back of 83 healthy volunteers was tape-stripped. For sequential strips, a 25-mm diameter 3M Blenderm surgical tape was vertically applied and gently pressed downward using the fingertips for about 2 s. The tape was removed in one quick movement at an angle of 45 degrees in the direction of adherence. Each strip was performed with a new piece of tape on exactly the same skin area. RESULTS. In each subject, we first determined the number of strips (A) until the skin surface started to glisten and calculated the median number of strips (A) in the sample (A=26 strips). We then ascertained the median number of strips (a) in the sample that was necessary to achieve a statistically significant and twofold increase in TEWL (a=11 strips), revealing a "critical" stratum corneum strip depth. The unknown number of strips (a) for each subject was finally calculated from the formula a/A=a/A, i.e. the individual number of strips (A) until the skin surface started to glisten was multiplied by a derived tape-specific correction factor (cf=a/A=11/26=0.4). The increase in percutaneous penetration in strip patch testing by performing "a" strips versus conventional patch testing was shown by scoring of clinical and subjective SLS irritant reactions. CONCLUSIONS The present multicentre study outlines an experimentally derived approach for a uniform SPT procedure, which does not require the use of complex technical equipment. This first approach now requires validation by a study involving the application of allergens to obtain evidence of enhancement in the sensitivity of patch testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Dickel
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine, and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Sedanstr. 115, 49090 Osnabrück, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|