1
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Wu YH, Chang WT, Hsu CL, Lu YF, Wang JT, Tzeng SJ. FcγRIIB modulates splenic germinal center response against immune subversion during acute influenza A virus infection. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2024; 57:64-75. [PMID: 38087748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B cells are essential for providing humoral protection against acute influenza A virus (IAV) infection. FcγRIIB, a regulator of antibody (Ab) production, influences immune responses during pathogen infections, but its specific impact on humoral protection and B cell-mediated responses against IAV remains unclear. METHODS To investigate FcγRIIB's role in host defense and B cell function during acute IAV infection, we generated mice with systemic FcγRIIB deficiency, functional impairment, and B cell-specific FcγRIIB deletion. We infected these mice with PR8 (H1N1) or Hkx31 (H3N2) IAVs and evaluated body weight preservation, survival rates, Ab production, viral neutralization, Ab affinity maturation, and germinal center B cell development. RESULTS Mice lacking FcγRIIB or with impaired function showed improved protection, preserved body weight, and increased survival rates during IAV infection. Notably, mice with haploinsufficient FcγRIIB function displayed protective effects. Selective deficiency of FcγRIIB in B cells led to enhanced Ab production, resulting in elevated IAV-specific Abs in the serum with superior viral neutralizing potency. However, the impact on the affinity maturation index of virus-specific Abs was modest. Accordingly, FcγRIIB-deficient B cells maintained normal germinal center B cell development during IAV infection, whereas wild-type mice exhibited delayed differentiation. CONCLUSION Our research underscores the pivotal role of FcγRIIB in host defense and B cell-mediated immunity during acute IAV infection. Additionally, our discoveries hold implications for antiviral treatments, particularly during the initial stages of IAV infection, aimed at enhancing the host's humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
| | - Wan-Ting Chang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Lang Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan.
| | - Yan-Fong Lu
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taiwan.
| | - Jann-Tay Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan.
| | - Shiang-Jong Tzeng
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
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2
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Vinuesa CG, Grenov A, Kassiotis G. Innate virus-sensing pathways in B cell systemic autoimmunity. Science 2023; 380:478-484. [PMID: 37141353 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg6427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Although all multicellular organisms have germ line-encoded innate receptors to sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns, vertebrates also evolved adaptive immunity based on somatically generated antigen receptors on B and T cells. Because randomly generated antigen receptors may also react with self-antigens, tolerance checkpoints operate to limit but not completely prevent autoimmunity. These two systems are intricately linked, with innate immunity playing an instrumental role in the induction of adaptive antiviral immunity. In this work, we review how inborn errors of innate immunity can instigate B cell autoimmunity. Increased nucleic acid sensing, often resulting from defects in metabolizing pathways or retroelement control, can break B cell tolerance and converge into TLR7-, cGAS-STING-, or MAVS-dominant signaling pathways. The resulting syndromes span a spectrum that ranges from chilblain and systemic lupus to severe interferonopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola G Vinuesa
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- China Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | | | - George Kassiotis
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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3
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Lamrayah M, Charriaud F, Desmares M, Coiffier C, Megy S, Colomb E, Terreux R, Lucifora J, Durantel D, Verrier B. Induction of a strong and long-lasting neutralizing immune response by dPreS1-TLR2 agonist nanovaccine against hepatitis B virus. Antiviral Res 2023; 209:105483. [PMID: 36496142 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus remains a major medical burden with more than 250 million chronically infected patients worldwide and 900,000 deaths each year, due to the disease progression towards severe complications (cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma). Despite the availability of a prophylactic vaccine, this infection is still pandemic in Western Pacific and African regions, where around 6% of the adult population is infected. Among novel anti-HBV strategies, innovative drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticle platforms to deliver vaccine antigens or therapeutic molecules have been investigated. Here, we developed polylactic acid-based biodegradable nanoparticles as an innovative and efficient vaccine. They are twice functionalized by (i) the entrapment of Pam3CSK4, an immunomodulator and ligand to Toll-Like-Receptor 1/2, and by (ii) the adsorption/coating of myristoylated (2-48) derived PreS1 from the HBV surface antigen, identified as the major viral attachment site on hepatocytes. We demonstrate that such formulations mimic HBV virion with an efficient peptide recognition by the immune system, and elicit potent and durable antibody responses in naive mice during at least one year. We also show that the most efficient in vitro viral neutralization was observed with NP-Pam3CSK4-dPreS1 sera. The immunogenicity of the derived HBV antigen is modulated by the likely synergistic action of both the dPreS1 coated nanovector and the adjuvant moiety. This formulation represents a promising vaccine alternative to fight HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Lamrayah
- Colloidal Vectors and Therapeutic Targeted Engineering, UMR5305, LBTI, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Université Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France.
| | - Fanny Charriaud
- Colloidal Vectors and Therapeutic Targeted Engineering, UMR5305, LBTI, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Université Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Manon Desmares
- HepVir Team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR_5308, University of Lyon (UCBL1), Lyon, France
| | - Céline Coiffier
- Colloidal Vectors and Therapeutic Targeted Engineering, UMR5305, LBTI, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Université Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Simon Megy
- ECMO Team, UMR5305, LBTI, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Université Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Evelyne Colomb
- Colloidal Vectors and Therapeutic Targeted Engineering, UMR5305, LBTI, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Université Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Raphaël Terreux
- ECMO Team, UMR5305, LBTI, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Université Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Julie Lucifora
- HepVir Team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR_5308, University of Lyon (UCBL1), Lyon, France
| | - David Durantel
- HepVir Team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR_5308, University of Lyon (UCBL1), Lyon, France
| | - Bernard Verrier
- Colloidal Vectors and Therapeutic Targeted Engineering, UMR5305, LBTI, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Université Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon Cedex 07, France
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4
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Lagos J, Sagadiev S, Diaz J, Bozo JP, Guzman F, Stefani C, Zanlungo S, Acharya M, Yuseff MI. Autophagy Induced by Toll-like Receptor Ligands Regulates Antigen Extraction and Presentation by B Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233883. [PMID: 36497137 PMCID: PMC9741325 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The engagement of B cells with surface-tethered antigens triggers the formation of an immune synapse (IS), where the local secretion of lysosomes can facilitate antigen uptake. Lysosomes intersect with other intracellular processes, such as Toll-like Receptor (TLR) signaling and autophagy coordinating immune responses. However, the crosstalk between these processes and antigen presentation remains unclear. Here, we show that TLR stimulation induces autophagy in B cells and decreases their capacity to extract and present immobilized antigens. We reveal that TLR stimulation restricts lysosome repositioning to the IS by triggering autophagy-dependent degradation of GEF-H1, a Rho GTP exchange factor required for stable lysosome recruitment at the synaptic membrane. GEF-H1 degradation is not observed in B cells that lack αV integrins and are deficient in TLR-induced autophagy. Accordingly, these cells show efficient antigen extraction in the presence of TLR stimulation, confirming the role of TLR-induced autophagy in limiting antigen extraction. Overall, our results suggest that resources associated with autophagy regulate TLR and BCR-dependent functions, which can finetune antigen uptake by B cells. This work helps to understand the mechanisms by which B cells are activated by surface-tethered antigens in contexts of subjacent inflammation before antigen recognition, such as sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lagos
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Center of Immunology and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Sara Sagadiev
- Center of Immunology and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jheimmy Diaz
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Bozo
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Fanny Guzman
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile
| | - Caroline Stefani
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Silvana Zanlungo
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Mridu Acharya
- Center of Immunology and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Maria Isabel Yuseff
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Correspondence:
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5
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Gopalakrishnan A, Richard K, Wahid R, Harley R, Sztein MB, Hawkins LD, Vogel SN. E6020, a TLR4 Agonist Adjuvant, Enhances Both Antibody Titers and Isotype Switching in Response to Immunization with Hapten-Protein Antigens and Is Diminished in Mice with TLR4 Signaling Insufficiency. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1950-1959. [PMID: 36426935 PMCID: PMC9643654 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which TLR4-based adjuvants enhance immunogenicity are not fully understood. We have taken advantage of a novel knock-in mouse strain that homozygously expresses two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are homologous to human TLR4 (rs4986790 and rs4986791) and have been associated with LPS hyporesponsiveness in vivo and in vitro. TLR4-SNP (coexpressing mutations D298G/N397I in TLR4) mice that recapitulate the human phenotype were compared with wild-type (WT) mice for their hapten-specific Ab responses after immunization with hapten 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetyl (NP) NP-Ficoll or NP-OVA in the absence or presence of a water-soluble TLR4 analog adjuvant, E6020. IgM and IgG anti-NP responses were comparable in WT and TLR4-SNP mice after immunization with either NP-Ficoll or NP-OVA only. E6020 significantly yet transiently improved the IgM and IgG anti-NP responses of both WT and TLR4-SNP mice to NP-Ficoll (T-independent), with modestly enhanced Ab production in WT mice. In contrast, T-dependent (NP-OVA), adjuvant-enhanced responses showed sustained elevation of NP-specific Ab titers in WT mice, intermediate responses in TLR4-SNP mice, and negligible enhancement in TLR4-/- mice. E6020-enhanced early humoral responses in WT and TLR4-SNP mice to NP-OVA favored an IgG1 response. After a second immunization, however, the immune responses of TLR4-SNP mice remained IgG1 dominant, whereas WT mice reimmunized with NP-OVA and E6020 exhibited increased anti-NP IgG2c titers and a sustained increase in the IgG1 and IgG2c production by splenocytes. These findings indicate that E6020 increases and sustains Ab titers and promotes isotype class switching, as evidenced by reduced titers and IgG1-dominant immune responses in mice with TLR4 insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Katharina Richard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rezwanul Wahid
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Regina Harley
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marcelo B. Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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6
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Kaur A, Baldwin J, Brar D, Salunke DB, Petrovsky N. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists as a driving force behind next-generation vaccine adjuvants and cancer therapeutics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 70:102172. [PMID: 35785601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, the development of new human adjuvants was held back by a poor understanding of their mechanisms of action. The field was revolutionized by the discovery of the toll-like receptors (TLRs), innate immune receptors that directly or indirectly are responsible for detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and respond to them by activating innate and adaptive immune pathways. Hundreds of ligands targeting various TLRs have since been identified and characterized as vaccine adjuvants. This work has important implications not only for the development of vaccines against infectious diseases but also for immuno-therapies against cancer, allergy, Alzheimer's disease, drug addiction and other diseases. Each TLR has its own specific tissue localization and downstream gene signalling pathways, providing researchers the opportunity to precisely tailor adjuvants with specific immune effects. TLR agonists can be combined with other TLR or alternative adjuvants to create combination adjuvants with synergistic or modulatory effects. This review provides an introduction to the various classes of TLR adjuvants and their respective signalling pathways. It provides an overview of recent advancements in the TLR field in the past 2-3 years and discusses criteria for selecting specific TLR adjuvants based on considerations, such as disease mechanisms and correlates of protection, TLR immune biasing capabilities, route of administration, antigen compatibility, new vaccine technology platforms, and age- and species-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccines, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Deshkanwar Brar
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccines, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccines, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia.
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7
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Chang X, Krenger P, Krueger CC, Zha L, Han J, Yermanos A, Roongta S, Mohsen MO, Oxenius A, Vogel M, Bachmann MF. TLR7 Signaling Shapes and Maintains Antibody Diversity Upon Virus-Like Particle Immunization. Front Immunol 2022; 12:827256. [PMID: 35126381 PMCID: PMC8807482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.827256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are used in different marketed vaccines and are able to induce potent antibody responses. The innate pattern recognition receptors TLR7/8 recognize single stranded (ss) RNA naturally packaged into some VLPs and have been shown to enhance the production of IgG antibodies upon immunization. Here we demonstrate that, upon immunization with RNA-loaded bacteriophage-derived VLP Qβ, TLR7 signaling accelerates germinal center formation, promotes affinity/avidity maturation of VLP-specific IgG and isotype switching to IgG2b/2c. These findings extrapolated to antigens displayed on Qβ; as Fel d 1, the major cat allergen, chemically attached to Qβ also induced higher affinity/avidity IgG2b/2c antibodies in a TLR7-dependent fashion. Chimeric mice lacking TLR7-expression exclusively in B cells demonstrated that the enhanced IgG responses were driven by a B cell intrinsic mechanism. Importantly, deep sequencing of the BCR repertoire of antigen-specific B cells demonstrated higher diversity in mice with TLR7 signaling in B cells, suggesting that TLR7-signaling drives BCR repertoire development and diversity. Furthermore, the current data demonstrate that high levels of clonal diversity are reached early in the response and maintained by TLR7 signaling. In conclusion, TLR7 signaling enhances levels and quality of IgG antibodies, and this finding has major implications for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Chang
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Krenger
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Caroline C. Krueger
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lisha Zha
- International Immunology Centre, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiami Han
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Yermanos
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Salony Roongta
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mona O. Mohsen
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monique Vogel
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin F. Bachmann
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- International Immunology Centre, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Martin F. Bachmann,
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8
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Guo C, Peng Y, Lin L, Pan X, Fang M, Zhao Y, Bao K, Li R, Han J, Chen J, Song TZ, Feng XL, Zhou Y, Zhao G, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Zhu P, Hang H, Zhang L, Hua Z, Deng H, Hou B. A pathogen-like antigen-based vaccine confers immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 in non-human primates. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2:100448. [PMID: 34723223 PMCID: PMC8536523 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Activation of nucleic acid sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in B cells is involved in antiviral responses by promoting B cell activation and germinal center responses. In order to take advantage of this natural pathway for vaccine development, synthetic pathogen-like antigens (PLAs) constructed of multivalent antigens with encapsulated TLR ligands can be used to activate B cell antigen receptors and TLRs in a synergistic manner. Here we report a PLA-based coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine candidate designed by combining a phage-derived virus-like particle carrying bacterial RNA as TLR ligands with the receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) S protein as the target antigen. This PLA-based vaccine candidate induces robust neutralizing antibodies in both mice and non-human primates (NHPs). Using a NHP infection model, we demonstrate that the viral clearance is accelerated in vaccinated animals. In addition, the PLA-based vaccine induces a T helper 1 (Th1)-oriented response and a durable memory, supporting its potential for further clinical development. AP205-RBD elicits neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in mice and macaques AP205-RBD induces Th1-oriented immune response and durable memory Vaccination of AP205-RBD accelerates viral clearance in infected macaques
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanan Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lin Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Mengqi Fang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine and Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Keyan Bao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Runhan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianbao Han
- National High-level Bio-safety Research Center for Non-human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
| | - Jiaorong Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tian-Zhang Song
- National High-level Bio-safety Research Center for Non-human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
| | - Xiao-Li Feng
- National High-level Bio-safety Research Center for Non-human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
| | - Yahong Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gan Zhao
- Advaccine Biopharmaceuticals (Suzhou), Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Leike Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yongtang Zheng
- National High-level Bio-safety Research Center for Non-human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiying Hang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Key Laboratory for Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine and Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhaolin Hua
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongyu Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baidong Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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9
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Nogueira OC, Gandini M, Cabral N, de Figueiredo V, Rodrigues-da-Silva RN, Lima-Junior JDC, Pinheiro RO, Pereira GMB, Pessolani MCV, de Macedo CS. Changes in B Cell Pool of Patients With Multibacillary Leprosy: Diminished Memory B Cell and Enhanced Mature B in Peripheral Blood. Front Immunol 2021; 12:727580. [PMID: 34621273 PMCID: PMC8490736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.727580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being treatable, leprosy still represents a major public health problem, and many mechanisms that drive leprosy immunopathogenesis still need to be elucidated. B cells play important roles in immune defense, being classified in different subgroups that present distinct roles in the immune response. Here, the profile of B cell subpopulations in peripheral blood of patients with paucibacillary (TT/BT), multibacillary (LL/BL) and erythema nodosum leprosum was analyzed. B cell subpopulations (memory, transition, plasmablasts, and mature B cells) and levels of IgG were analyzed by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. It was observed that Mycobacterium leprae infection can alter the proportions of B cell subpopulations (increase of mature and decrease of memory B cells) in patients affected by leprosy. This modulation is associated with an increase in total IgG and the patient's clinical condition. Circulating B cells may be acting in the modulation of the immune response in patients with various forms of leprosy, which may reflect the patient's ability to respond to M. leprae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Castro Nogueira
- Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gandini
- Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natasha Cabral
- Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vilma de Figueiredo
- Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cristiana Santos de Macedo
- Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Center for Technological Development in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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Zhang W, An EK, Hwang J, Jin JO. Mice Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Were Activated by Lipopolysaccharides Through Toll-Like Receptor 4/Myeloid Differentiation Factor 2. Front Immunol 2021; 12:727161. [PMID: 34603298 PMCID: PMC8481683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.727161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are known to respond to viral infections. However, the activation of pDCs by bacterial components such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) has not been well studied. Here, we found that pDCs, conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), and B cells express high levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a receptor for LPS. Moreover, LPS could effectively bind to not only cDCs but also pDCs and B cells. Intraperitoneal administration of LPS promoted activation of splenic pDCs and cDCs. LPS treatment led to upregulation of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) and induced production of interferon-alpha (IFN-α) in splenic pDCs. Furthermore, LPS-dependent upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules in pDCs did not require the assistance of other immune cells, such as cDCs. However, the production levels of IFN-α were decreased in cDC-depleted splenocytes, indicating that cDCs may contribute to the enhancement of IFN-α production in pDCs. Finally, we showed that activation of pDCs by LPS requires the TLR4 and myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) signaling pathways. Thus, these results demonstrate that the gram-negative component LPS can directly stimulate pDCs via TLR4/MD2 stimulation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Eun-Koung An
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Juyoung Hwang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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11
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Arulraj T, Binder SC, Robert PA, Meyer-Hermann M. Germinal Centre Shutdown. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705240. [PMID: 34305944 PMCID: PMC8293096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal Centres (GCs) are transient structures in secondary lymphoid organs, where affinity maturation of B cells takes place following an infection. While GCs are responsible for protective antibody responses, dysregulated GC reactions are associated with autoimmune disease and B cell lymphoma. Typically, ‘normal’ GCs persist for a limited period of time and eventually undergo shutdown. In this review, we focus on an important but unanswered question – what causes the natural termination of the GC reaction? In murine experiments, lack of antigen, absence or constitutive T cell help leads to premature termination of the GC reaction. Consequently, our present understanding is limited to the idea that GCs are terminated due to a decrease in antigen access or changes in the nature of T cell help. However, there is no direct evidence on which biological signals are primarily responsible for natural termination of GCs and a mechanistic understanding is clearly lacking. We discuss the present understanding of the GC shutdown, from factors impacting GC dynamics to changes in cellular interactions/dynamics during the GC lifetime. We also address potential missing links and remaining questions in GC biology, to facilitate further studies to promote a better understanding of GC shutdown in infection and immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theinmozhi Arulraj
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sebastian C Binder
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philippe A Robert
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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12
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Elsner RA, Shlomchik MJ. Germinal Center and Extrafollicular B Cell Responses in Vaccination, Immunity, and Autoimmunity. Immunity 2021; 53:1136-1150. [PMID: 33326765 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activated B cells participate in either extrafollicular (EF) or germinal center (GC) responses. Canonical responses are composed of a short wave of plasmablasts (PBs) arising from EF sites, followed by GC producing somatically mutated memory B cells (MBC) and long-lived plasma cells. However, somatic hypermutation (SHM) and affinity maturation can take place at both sites, and a substantial fraction of MBC are produced prior to GC formation. Infection responses range from GC responses that persist for months to persistent EF responses with dominant suppression of GCs. Here, we review the current understanding of the functional output of EF and GC responses and the molecular switches promoting them. We discuss the signals that regulate the magnitude and duration of these responses, and outline gaps in knowledge and important areas of inquiry. Understanding such molecular switches will be critical for vaccine development, interpretation of vaccine efficacy and the treatment for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Elsner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA.
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13
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Gazi U, Ozkayalar H, Mujahed MIM, Tosun O, Dalkan C, Sanlidag B, Asım Safak M, Mocan G, Onder Bahceciler N. Altered tonsillar toll-like receptor (TLR)-1 and TLR-2 expression levels between periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis (PFAPA), and group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GAβHS) recurrent tonsillitis patients. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 144:110674. [PMID: 33725589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2021.110674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tonsillar microenvironment is thought to contribute to innate immune dysregulation responsible for the periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis (PFAPA) because of beneficial effects of tonsillectomy on treatment of the syndrome. Accordingly previous studies reported altered lymphocyte frequency, cytokine level and microbial composition in PFAPA tonsils. The aim of our study is to monitor expression levels of pro-inflammatory cell surface Toll-like receptors (TLRs) which have important role in induction of inflammation and maintaining tissue haemostasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven patients with PFAPA syndrome, and eight patients with group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GAβHS) recurrent tonsillitis were included in our study. Tonsillar expression levels of TLR-1, -2, -4, -5, and -6 were monitored by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Expression levels were scored using semi-quantitative analysis method and were statistically analyzed by Two-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance test. RESULTS IHC analysis demonstrated expression of all TLRs in tonsillar surface epithelium (SE) and lymphoid interior (LI) except for TLR-6 which was not present in the former. There has not been any statistically significant difference in TLR expression levels between PFAPA and GAβHS tonsils, except for TLR-1 and TLR-2 which were higher on LI and lower on SE of PFAPA tonsils, respectively, than that of the GAβHS samples. CONCLUSIONS Altered TLR expression levels may be involved in PFAPA pathogenesis. Future studies with higher patient number, uninflamed tonsils and cellular markers are required to further enlighten the role of TLRs in the development of syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Gazi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Hanife Ozkayalar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Monjed I M Mujahed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ozgur Tosun
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ceyhun Dalkan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Burcin Sanlidag
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Mustafa Asım Safak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Gamze Mocan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
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14
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Abstract
As one of the most important weapons against infectious diseases, vaccines have saved countless lives since their first use in the late eighteenth century. Antibodies produced by effector B cells upon vaccination play a critical role in mediating protection. The past several decades of research have led to a revolution in our understanding of B cell response to vaccination. Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus were developed at an unprecedented speed to power our global fight against COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, we still face many challenges in the development of vaccines against many other deadly viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza virus. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on B cell response to vaccination and pathogen infection. We also discuss the current challenges in the field and the potential strategies targeting B cell response to improve vaccine efficacy.Key abbreviations box: BCR: B cell receptor; bNAb: broadly neutralizing antibody; DC: dendritic cells; DZ: dark zone; EF response: extrafollicular response; FDC: follicular dendritic cell; GC: germinal center; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; IC: immune complex; LLPC: long-lived plasma cell; LZ: light zone; MBC: memory B cell; SLPB: short-lived plasmablast; TFH: T follicular helper cells; TLR: Toll-like receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Qian Yin
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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15
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Muhammad Q, Jang Y, Kang SH, Moon J, Kim WJ, Park H. Modulation of immune responses with nanoparticles and reduction of their immunotoxicity. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:1490-1501. [PMID: 31994542 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01643k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Particles with a size range of 1-100 nm used in various fields of life sciences are called nanoparticles (NPs). Currently, nanotechnology has a wide range of applications in biomedical research, industries and in almost all types of modern technology. The growing applications of nanotechnology in medicine urge scientists to analyze the impact of NPs on human body tissues and the immune system. Easy surface modifications of the NPs enable the modulation of the immune system either by evading the immune system to prevent allergic reactions or by enhancing the immunogenic response. In this review, we discussed the various possible theories and practical implications reported to date for the applications of nanotechnology in immunostimulation and immunosuppression for favorable immune response, such as vaccine delivery and cancer treatments. In the last part of this paper, we also discussed the biocompatibility and unfavorable immunotoxicity of NPs and methods for lowering their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim Muhammad
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeonwoo Jang
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shin Hyuk Kang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - James Moon
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 500 S. State Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Won Jong Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hansoo Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Sanjuan Nandin I, Fong C, Deantonio C, Torreno-Pina JA, Pecetta S, Maldonado P, Gasparrini F, Ordovas-Montanes J, Kazer SW, Kjaer S, Borley DW, Nair U, Coleman JA, Lingwood D, Shalek AK, Meffre E, Poignard P, Burton DR, Batista FD. Novel in vitro booster vaccination to rapidly generate antigen-specific human monoclonal antibodies. J Exp Med 2020; 214:2471-2490. [PMID: 28739603 PMCID: PMC5551578 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines remain the most effective tool to prevent infectious diseases. Here, we introduce an in vitro booster vaccination approach that relies on antigen-dependent activation of human memory B cells in culture. This stimulation induces antigen-specific B cell proliferation, differentiation of B cells into plasma cells, and robust antibody secretion after a few days of culture. We validated this strategy using cells from healthy donors to retrieve human antibodies against tetanus toxoid and influenza hemagglutinin (HA) from H1N1 and newly emergent subtypes such as H5N1 and H7N9. Anti-HA antibodies were cross-reactive against multiple subtypes, and some showed neutralizing activity. Although these antibodies may have arisen as a result of previous influenza infection, we also obtained gp120-reactive antibodies from non-HIV-infected donors, indicating that we can generate antibodies without prior antigenic exposure. Overall, our novel approach can be used to rapidly produce therapeutic antibodies and has the potential to assess the immunogenicity of candidate antigens, which could be exploited in future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol Fong
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Cecilia Deantonio
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Juan A Torreno-Pina
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Simone Pecetta
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Paula Maldonado
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | | | - Jose Ordovas-Montanes
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - Samuel W Kazer
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA.,Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - Svend Kjaer
- Protein Purification and Structural Biology, Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Daryl W Borley
- Diagnostic and Molecular Development, hLAB Division, hVIVO PLC, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, London, England, UK
| | - Usha Nair
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Julia A Coleman
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA.,Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA.,Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Pascal Poignard
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Facundo D Batista
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
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17
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Aiello A, Farzaneh F, Candore G, Caruso C, Davinelli S, Gambino CM, Ligotti ME, Zareian N, Accardi G. Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2247. [PMID: 31608061 PMCID: PMC6773825 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by remodeling of the immune system. With time, this leads to a decline in immune efficacy, resulting in increased vulnerability to infectious diseases, diminished responses to vaccination, and a susceptibility to age-related inflammatory diseases. An age-associated immune alteration, extensively reported in previous studies, is the reduction in the number of peripheral blood naïve cells, with a relative increase in the frequency of memory cells. These two alterations, together with inflamm-aging, are considered the hallmarks of immunosenescence. Because aging is a plastic process, it is influenced by both nutritional and pharmacological interventions. Therefore, the role of nutrition and of immunomodulation in immunosenescence is discussed, due to the multifactorial influence on these hallmarks. The close connection between nutrition, intake of bioactive nutrients and supplements, immune function, and inflammation demonstrate the key role of dietary strategies as regulators of immune response and inflammatory status, hence as possible modulators of the rate of immunosenescence. In addition, potential options for therapeutic intervention are clarified. In particular, the use of interleukin-7 as growth factor for naïve T cells, the function of checkpoint inhibitors in improving T cell responses during aging and, the potential of drugs that inhibit mitogen-activated protein kinases and their interaction with nutrient signaling pathways are discussed. Finally, it is suggested that the inclusion of appropriate combinations of toll-like receptor agonists may enhance the efficacy of vaccination in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aiello
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Farzin Farzaneh
- Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Hematological Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppina Candore
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Calogero Caruso
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Caterina Maria Gambino
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mattia Emanuela Ligotti
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nahid Zareian
- Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Hematological Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Accardi
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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18
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Wigton EJ, DeFranco AL, Ansel KM. Antigen Complexed with a TLR9 Agonist Bolsters c-Myc and mTORC1 Activity in Germinal Center B Lymphocytes. Immunohorizons 2019; 3:389-401. [PMID: 31427364 PMCID: PMC6738343 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1900030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) is the anatomical site where humoral immunity evolves. B cells undergo cycles of proliferation and selection to produce high-affinity Abs against Ag. Direct linkage of a TLR9 agonist (CpG) to a T-dependent Ag increases the number of GC B cells. We used a T-dependent Ag complexed with CpG and a genetic model for ablating the TLR9 signaling adaptor molecule MyD88 specifically in B cells (B-MyD88- mice) together with transcriptomics to determine how this innate pathway positively regulates the GC. GC B cells from complex Ag-immunized B-MyD88- mice were defective in inducing gene expression signatures downstream of c-Myc and mTORC1. In agreement with the latter gene signature, ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation was increased in GC B cells from wild-type mice compared with B-MyD88- mice. However, GC B cell expression of a c-Myc protein reporter was enhanced by CpG attached to Ag in both wild-type and B-MyD88- mice, indicating a B cell-extrinsic effect on c-Myc protein expression combined with a B cell-intrinsic enhancement of gene expression downstream of c-Myc. Both mTORC1 activity and c-Myc are directly induced by T cell help, indicating that TLR9 signaling in GC B cells either enhances their access to T cell help or directly influences these pathways to further enhance the effect of T cell help. Taken together, these findings indicate that TLR9 signaling in the GC could provide a surrogate prosurvival stimulus, "TLR help," thus lowering the threshold for selection and increasing the magnitude of the GC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Wigton
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Anthony L DeFranco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - K Mark Ansel
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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19
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Kwak K, Akkaya M, Pierce SK. B cell signaling in context. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:963-969. [PMID: 31285625 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0427-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, B cell antigen receptor (BCR)-induced signaling pathways have been described in extraordinary molecular detail, mainly from studies of B cell responses to antigens in vitro. BCR signaling has been shown to govern the initiation of transcriptional programs associated with B cell activation and fate decisions, as well as the BCR-dependent processing of antigen and presentation of antigen to T cells. However, although the potential of the BCR to orchestrate B cell behavior was known, there was no clear appreciation of the context in which B cells signal in secondary lymphoid organs in vivo or how that context influences signaling. In this Review, we describe the current view of the cellular consequences of BCR signaling and advances in the understanding of B cell signaling in context in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihyuck Kwak
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Munir Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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20
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Butterfield JS, Biswas M, Shirley JL, Kumar SR, Sherman A, Terhorst C, Ling C, Herzog RW. TLR9-Activating CpG-B ODN but Not TLR7 Agonists Triggers Antibody Formation to Factor IX in Muscle Gene Transfer. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2019; 30:81-92. [PMID: 31140323 PMCID: PMC6590725 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2019.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune signals that promote B cell responses in gene transfer are generally ill-defined. In this study, we evaluate the effect of activating endosomal Toll-like receptors 7, 8, and 9 (TLR7, TLR7/8, and TLR9) on antibody formation during muscle-directed gene therapy with adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. We examined whether activation of endosomal TLRs, by adenine analog CL264 (TLR7 agonist), imidazolquinolone compound R848 (TLR7/8 agonist), or class B CpG oligodeoxynucleotides ODN1826 (TLR9 agonist), could augment antibody formation upon intramuscular administration of AAV1 expressing human clotting factor IX (AAV1-hFIX) in mice. The TLR9 agonist robustly enhanced antibody formation by the 1st week, thus initially eliminating systemic hFIX expression. By contrast, the TLR7 and TLR7/8 agonists did not markedly promote antibody formation, or significantly reduce circulating hFIX. We concurrently investigated the effects of these TLR agonists during muscle gene transfer on mature B cells and dendritic cells (DCs) in the draining lymph nodes including conventional DCs (CD11b+ or CD8α+ cDCs), monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs), and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Only TLR9 stimulation caused a striking increase in the frequency of moDCs within 24 h. The TLR7/8 and TLR9 agonists activated pDCs, both subsets of cDCs, and mature B cells, whereas the TLR7 agonist had only mild effects on these cells. Thus, these TLR ligands have distinct effects on DCs and mature B cells, yet only the TLR9 agonist enhanced the humoral immune response against AAV-expressed hFIX. These new findings indicate a unique ability of certain TLR9 agonists to stimulate B cell responses in muscle gene transfer through enrichment of moDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moanaro Biswas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jamie L. Shirley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sandeep R.P. Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, IAPUI, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Alexandra Sherman
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, IAPUI, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chen Ling
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Roland W. Herzog
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, IAPUI, Indianapolis, Indiana
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21
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Setz CS, Khadour A, Renna V, Iype J, Gentner E, He X, Datta M, Young M, Nitschke L, Wienands J, Maity PC, Reth M, Jumaa H. Pten controls B-cell responsiveness and germinal center reaction by regulating the expression of IgD BCR. EMBO J 2019; 38:embj.2018100249. [PMID: 31015337 PMCID: PMC6545559 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to other B‐cell antigen receptor (BCR) classes, the function of IgD BCR on mature B cells remains largely elusive as mature B cells co‐express IgM, which is sufficient for development, survival, and activation of B cells. Here, we show that IgD expression is regulated by the forkhead box transcription factor FoxO1, thereby shifting the responsiveness of mature B cells towards recognition of multivalent antigen. FoxO1 is repressed by phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) signaling and requires the lipid phosphatase Pten for its activation. Consequently, Pten‐deficient B cells expressing knock‐ins for BCR heavy and light chain genes are unable to upregulate IgD. Furthermore, in the presence of autoantigen, Pten‐deficient B cells cannot eliminate the autoreactive BCR specificity by secondary light chain gene recombination. Instead, Pten‐deficient B cells downregulate BCR expression and become unresponsive to further BCR‐mediated stimulation. Notably, we observed a delayed germinal center (GC) reaction by IgD‐deficient B cells after immunization with trinitrophenyl‐ovalbumin (TNP‐Ova), a commonly used antigen for T‐cell‐dependent antibody responses. Together, our data suggest that the activation of IgD expression by Pten/FoxO1 results in mature B cells that are selectively responsive to multivalent antigen and are capable of initiating rapid GC reactions and T‐cell‐dependent antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna S Setz
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ahmad Khadour
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Valerio Renna
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Joseena Iype
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva Gentner
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Xiaocui He
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Moumita Datta
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marc Young
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wienands
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Palash C Maity
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Reth
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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22
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Mlynarczyk C, Fontán L, Melnick A. Germinal center-derived lymphomas: The darkest side of humoral immunity. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:214-239. [PMID: 30874354 PMCID: PMC6518944 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the unusual features of germinal center (GC) B cells is that they manifest many hallmarks of cancer cells. Accordingly, most B-cell neoplasms originate from the GC reaction, and characteristically display abundant point mutations, structural genomic lesions, and clonal diversity from the genetic and epigenetic standpoints. The dominant biological theme of GC-derived lymphomas is mutation of genes involved in epigenetic regulation and immune receptor signaling, which come into play at critical transitional stages of the GC reaction. Hence, mechanistic studies of these mutations reveal fundamental insight into the biology of the normal and malignant GC B cell. The BCL6 transcription factor plays a central role in establishing the GC phenotype in B cells, and most lymphomas are dependent on BCL6 to maintain survival, proliferation, and perhaps immune evasion. Many lymphoma mutations have the commonality of enhancing the oncogenic functions of BCL6, or overcoming some of its tumor suppressive effects. Herein, we discuss how unique features of the GC reaction create vulnerabilities that select for particular lymphoma mutations. We examine the interplay between epigenetic programming, metabolism, signaling, and immune regulatory mechanisms in lymphoma, and discuss how these are leading to novel precision therapy strategies to treat lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coraline Mlynarczyk
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology & Medical OncologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew York CityNew York
| | - Lorena Fontán
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology & Medical OncologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew York CityNew York
| | - Ari Melnick
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology & Medical OncologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew York CityNew York
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23
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Increased influenza-specific antibody avidity in HIV-infected women compared with HIV-infected men on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2019; 33:33-44. [PMID: 30234599 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is recommended that HIV-infected individuals receive annual influenza vaccination due to their high susceptibility to influenza infection, especially among women. However, there have been few studies investigating sex-related responses to influenza vaccine in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated HIV-infected individuals. METHOD In this study, 26 aviremic ART-treated HIV-infected individuals and 16 healthy controls were enrolled in the current study. Blood was collected prior to vaccination (D0), on days 7-10 (D7) and on days 14-21 (D14) following administration of the 2013-2014 seasonal influenza vaccine. A series of analyses evaluated the serological and cellular responses following influenza vaccination. RESULTS Female HIV-infected individuals had increased influenza-specific antibody avidity relative to male HIV-infected individuals, but similar plasma levels of influenza-specific binding antibodies and neutralizing antibodies. Increased cycling B cells and follicular helper CD4 T (Tfh) cells were observed in female HIV-infected individuals pre and postvaccination compared with male HIV-infected individuals, and cycling Tfh cells were directly correlated with influenza-specific antibody avidity. Moreover, plasma testosterone levels were inversely correlated with antibody avidity index. The magnitude of microbial translocation [plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] level was directly correlated with influenza-specific antibody avidity. Circulating 16S rDNA microbiome showed that enrichment of specific species within Proteobacteria was associated with influenza-specific antibody avidity. These results, including differences based on sex and correlations, were only observed in HIV-infected individuals but not in the healthy controls. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated sex differences in influenza-specific antibody avidity in ART-treated HIV disease, and provides valuable information on vaccination strategy in the ART-treated HIV-infected population.
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24
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Perez-Chacon G, Adrados M, Vallejo-Cremades MT, Lefebvre S, Reed JC, Zapata JM. Dysregulated TRAF3 and BCL2 Expression Promotes Multiple Classes of Mature Non-hodgkin B Cell Lymphoma in Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3114. [PMID: 30687320 PMCID: PMC6338067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF-Receptor Associated Factor (TRAF)-3 is a master regulator of B cell homeostasis and function. TRAF3 has been shown to bind and regulate various proteins involved in the control of innate and adaptive immune responses. Previous studies showed that TRAF3 overexpression renders B cells hyper-reactive to antigens and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, while TRAF3 deficiency has been implicated in the development of a variety of B cell neoplasms. In this report, we show that transgenic mice overexpressing TRAF3 and BCL2 in B cells develop with high incidence severe lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and lymphoid infiltrations into tissues and organs, which is the result of the growth of monoclonal and oligoclonal B cell neoplasms, as demonstrated by analysis of VHDJH gene rearrangement. FACS and immunohistochemical analyses show that different types of mature B cell neoplasms arise in TRAF3/BCL2 double-transgenic (tg) mice, all of which are characterized by the loss of surface IgM and IgD expression. However, two types of lymphomas are predominant: (1) mature B cell neoplasms consistent with diffuse large B cell lymphoma and (2) plasma cell neoplasms. The Ig isotypes expressed by the expanded B-cell clones included IgA, IgG, and IgM, with most having undergone somatic hypermutation. In contrast, mouse littermates representing all the other genotypes (TRAF3-/BCL2-; TRAF3+/BCL2-, and TRAF3-/BCL2+) did not develop significant lymphadenopathy or clonal B cell expansions within the observation period of 20 months. Interestingly, a large representation of the HCDR3 sequences expressed in the TRAF3-tg and TRAF3/BCL2-double-tg B cells are highly similar to those recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns, strongly suggesting a role for TRAF3 in promoting B cell differentiation in response to these antigens. Finally, allotransplantation of either splenocytes or cell-containing ascites from lymphoma-bearing TRAF3/BCL2 mice into SCID/NOD immunodeficient mice showed efficient transfer of the parental expanded B-cell clones. Altogether, these results indicate that TRAF3, perhaps by promoting exacerbated B cell responses to certain antigens, and BCL2, presumably by supporting survival of these clones, cooperate to induce mature B cell neoplasms in transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Perez-Chacon
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Magdalena Adrados
- Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sophie Lefebvre
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - John C Reed
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Juan M Zapata
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Bufan B. Application of prophylactic vaccines in the elderly. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2019. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm1906469b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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26
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Female predisposition to TLR7-driven autoimmunity: gene dosage and the escape from X chromosome inactivation. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 41:153-164. [PMID: 30276444 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0712-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Women develop stronger immune responses than men, with positive effects on the resistance to viral or bacterial infections but magnifying also the susceptibility to autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In SLE, the dosage of the endosomal Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is crucial. Murine models have shown that TLR7 overexpression suffices to induce spontaneous lupus-like disease. Conversely, suppressing TLR7 in lupus-prone mice abolishes SLE development. TLR7 is encoded by a gene on the X chromosome gene, denoted TLR7 in humans and Tlr7 in the mouse, and expressed in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), monocytes/macrophages, and B cells. The receptor recognizes single-stranded RNA, and its engagement promotes B cell maturation and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antibodies. In female mammals, each cell randomly inactivates one of its two X chromosomes to equalize gene dosage with XY males. However, 15 to 23% of X-linked human genes escape X chromosome inactivation so that both alleles can be expressed simultaneously. It has been hypothesized that biallelic expression of X-linked genes could occur in female immune cells, hence fostering harmful autoreactive and inflammatory responses. We review here the current knowledge of the role of TLR7 in SLE, and recent evidence demonstrating that TLR7 escapes from X chromosome inactivation in pDCs, monocytes, and B lymphocytes from women and Klinefelter syndrome men. Female B cells where TLR7 is thus biallelically expressed display higher TLR7-driven functional responses, connecting the presence of two X chromosomes with the enhanced immunity of women and their increased susceptibility to TLR7-dependent autoimmune syndromes.
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27
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Raso F, Sagadiev S, Du S, Gage E, Arkatkar T, Metzler G, Stuart LM, Orr MT, Rawlings DJ, Jackson SW, Lacy-Hulbert A, Acharya M. αv Integrins regulate germinal center B cell responses through noncanonical autophagy. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4163-4178. [PMID: 29999501 PMCID: PMC6118577 DOI: 10.1172/jci99597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are major sites of clonal B cell expansion and generation of long-lived, high-affinity antibody responses to pathogens. Signaling through TLRs on B cells promotes many aspects of GC B cell responses, including affinity maturation, class switching, and differentiation into long-lived memory and plasma cells. A major challenge for effective vaccination is identifying strategies to specifically promote GC B cell responses. Here, we have identified a mechanism of regulation of GC B cell TLR signaling, mediated by αv integrins and noncanonical autophagy. Using B cell-specific αv-KO mice, we show that loss of αv-mediated TLR regulation increased GC B cell expansion, somatic hypermutation, class switching, and generation of long-lived plasma cells after immunization with virus-like particles (VLPs) or antigens associated with TLR ligand adjuvants. Furthermore, targeting αv-mediated regulation increased the magnitude and breadth of antibody responses to influenza virus vaccination. These data therefore identify a mechanism of regulation of GC B cells that can be targeted to enhance antibody responses to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Raso
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sara Sagadiev
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Samuel Du
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Emily Gage
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tanvi Arkatkar
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Genita Metzler
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lynda M. Stuart
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark T. Orr
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David J. Rawlings
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Adam Lacy-Hulbert
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mridu Acharya
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
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28
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Cho S, Lee HM, Yu IS, Choi YS, Huang HY, Hashemifar SS, Lin LL, Chen MC, Afanasiev ND, Khan AA, Lin SW, Rudensky AY, Crotty S, Lu LF. Differential cell-intrinsic regulations of germinal center B and T cells by miR-146a and miR-146b. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2757. [PMID: 30013024 PMCID: PMC6048122 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reciprocal interactions between B and follicular T helper (Tfh) cells orchestrate the germinal center (GC) reaction, a hallmark of humoral immunity. Abnormal GC responses could lead to the production of pathogenic autoantibodies and the development of autoimmunity. Here we show that miR-146a controls GC responses by targeting multiple CD40 signaling pathway components in B cells; by contrast, loss of miR-146a in T cells does not alter humoral responses. However, specific deletion of both miR-146a and its paralog, miR-146b, in T cells increases Tfh cell numbers and enhanced GC reactions. Thus, our data reveal differential cell-intrinsic regulations of GC B and Tfh cells by miR-146a and miR-146b. Together, members of the miR-146 family serve as crucial molecular brakes to coordinately control GC reactions to generate protective humoral responses without eliciting unwanted autoimmunity. In the germinal center (GC), B and T cells interact to induce the production of protective antibodies against threats. Here the authors show that microRNA miR-146a modulates CD40 signaling in GC B cells, while both miR-146a and miR-146b synergize to control GC T cell responses, thereby implicating intricate controls of GC response by miR-146.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunglim Cho
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hyang-Mi Lee
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - I-Shing Yu
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Youn Soo Choi
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Hsi-Yuan Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Ling-Li Lin
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mei-Chi Chen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nikita D Afanasiev
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Shu-Wha Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Li-Fan Lu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA. .,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA. .,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
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29
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Mertens B, Cristina de Araujo Nogueira T, Topalis D, Stranska R, Snoeck R, Andrei G. Investigation of tumor-tumor interactions in a double human cervical carcinoma xenograft model in nude mice. Oncotarget 2018; 9:21978-22000. [PMID: 29774117 PMCID: PMC5955163 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-tumor distant interactions within one organism are of major clinical relevance determining clinical outcome. To investigate this poorly understood phenomenon, a double human cervical xenograft model in nude mice was developed. A first tumor was induced subcutaneously by injection of human papillomavirus positive cervical carcinoma cells into the mouse lower right flank and 3 weeks later, animals were challenged with the same tumor cell line injected subcutaneously into the upper left flank. These tumors had no direct physical contact and we found no systemic changes induced by the primary tumor affecting the growth of a secondary tumor. However, ablation of the primary tumor by local treatment with cidofovir, a nucleotide analogue with known antiviral and antiproliferative properties, resulted not only in a local antitumor effect but also in a temporary far-reaching effect leading to retarded growth of the challenged tumor. Cidofovir far-reaching effects were linked to a reduced tumor-driven inflammation, to increased anti-tumor immune responses, and could not be enhanced by co-administration with immune stimulating adjuvants. Our findings point to the potential use of cidofovir in novel therapeutic strategies aiming to kill tumor cells as well as to influence the immune system to fight cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mertens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Ruzena Stranska
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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30
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Akkaya M, Akkaya B, Kim AS, Miozzo P, Sohn H, Pena M, Roesler AS, Theall BP, Henke T, Kabat J, Lu J, Dorward DW, Dahlstrom E, Skinner J, Miller LH, Pierce SK. Toll-like receptor 9 antagonizes antibody affinity maturation. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:255-266. [PMID: 29476183 PMCID: PMC5839995 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Key events in T cell-dependent antibody responses, including affinity maturation, are dependent on the B cell’s presentation of antigen to helper T cells at critical check points in germinal center formation in secondary lymphoid organs. Here we show that Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling blocked the ability of antigen-specific B cells to capture, process and present antigen and to activate antigen-specific helper T cells in vitro. In a mouse model in vivo and in a human clinical trial the TLR9 agonist, CpG, enhanced the magnitude of the antibody response to a protein vaccine but failed to promote affinity maturation. Thus, TLR9 signaling may enhance antibody titers at the expense of the ability of B cells to engage in germinal center events that are highly dependent on B cells’ antigen capture and presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Billur Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ann S Kim
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Pietro Miozzo
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Haewon Sohn
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mirna Pena
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Alexander S Roesler
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Brandon P Theall
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Travis Henke
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinghua Lu
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - David W Dorward
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Eric Dahlstrom
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jeff Skinner
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Louis H Miller
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Cavalcante P, Barzago C, Baggi F, Antozzi C, Maggi L, Mantegazza R, Bernasconi P. Toll-like receptors 7 and 9 in myasthenia gravis thymus: amplifiers of autoimmunity? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1413:11-24. [PMID: 29363775 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen infections and dysregulated Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated innate immune responses are suspected to play key roles in autoimmunity. Among TLRs, TLR7 and TLR9 have been implicated in several autoimmune conditions, mainly because of their ability to promote abnormal B cell activation and survival. Recently, we provided evidence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) persistence and reactivation in the thymus of myasthenia gravis (MG) patients, suggesting an involvement of EBV in the intrathymic pathogenesis of the disease. Considerable data highlight the existence of pathogenic crosstalk among EBV, TLR7, and TLR9: EBV elicits TLR7/9 signaling, which in turn can enhance B cell dysfunction and autoimmunity. In this article, after a brief summary of data demonstrating TLR activation in MG thymus, we provide an overview on the contribution of TLR7 and TLR9 to autoimmune diseases and discuss our recent findings indicating a pivotal role for these two receptors, along with EBV, in driving, perpetuating, and/or amplifying intrathymic B cell dysregulation and autoimmune responses in MG. Development of therapeutic approaches targeting TLR7 and TLR9 signaling could be a novel strategy for treating the chronic inflammatory autoimmune process in myasthenia gravis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cavalcante
- Neurology IV, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Barzago
- Neurology IV, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Fulvio Baggi
- Neurology IV, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Antozzi
- Neurology IV, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Maggi
- Neurology IV, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Renato Mantegazza
- Neurology IV, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Pia Bernasconi
- Neurology IV, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
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Tian M, Hua Z, Hong S, Zhang Z, Liu C, Lin L, Chen J, Zhang W, Zhou X, Zhang F, DeFranco AL, Hou B. B Cell–Intrinsic MyD88 Signaling Promotes Initial Cell Proliferation and Differentiation To Enhance the Germinal Center Response to a Virus-like Particle. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:937-948. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Castiblanco DP, Maul RW, Russell Knode LM, Gearhart PJ. Co-Stimulation of BCR and Toll-Like Receptor 7 Increases Somatic Hypermutation, Memory B Cell Formation, and Secondary Antibody Response to Protein Antigen. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1833. [PMID: 29312329 PMCID: PMC5742111 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of immunization is to produce both a flood of antibodies to neutralize antigen and memory cells to accelerate the secondary response. To enhance the generation of memory B cells, we examined the effect of co-engaging BCR and toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 receptors by immunizing mice with a hapten-protein antigen, NP-CGG, and a ligand, R837 (imiquimod). During the early and late primary responses, there was no augmentation with R837 on the number of germinal center B cells or serum antibody. However, in the niche of germinal centers, R837 increased somatic hypermutation in the canonical VH1-72 gene that encodes NP-specific antibody. Increased mutation was not due to enhanced expression of activation-induced deaminase, but was likely a result of selection for high-affinity B cells with altered codons in the gene. This correlated with the appearance of antigen-specific B cells with a memory phenotype, which was intrinsic to TLR7 on B cells. To determine if these memory cells produced a recall response after a secondary challenge, spleen cells from mice that were immunized with NP-CGG and R837 were adoptively transferred into muMT recipients, and boosted with NP-CGG. Cells from mice that initially received both antigen and R837 generated a robust increase in germinal center B cells, plasmablasts, plasma cells, and serum antibody, compared with their cohorts who received antigen alone. These results support the use of co-immunization with TLR7 ligands to promote vigorous memory B cell responses to protein antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Castiblanco
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robert W Maul
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lisa M Russell Knode
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Patricia J Gearhart
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Antonialli R, Sulczewski FB, Amorim KNDS, Almeida BDS, Ferreira NS, Yamamoto MM, Soares IS, Ferreira LCDS, Rosa DS, Boscardin SB. CpG Oligodeoxinucleotides and Flagellin Modulate the Immune Response to Antigens Targeted to CD8α + and CD8α - Conventional Dendritic Cell Subsets. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1727. [PMID: 29255470 PMCID: PMC5723008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells essential for the induction of adaptive immune responses. Their unprecedented ability to present antigens to T cells has made them excellent targets for vaccine development. In the last years, a new technology based on antigen delivery directly to different DC subsets through the use of hybrid monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to DC surface receptors fused to antigens of interest opened new perspectives for the induction of robust immune responses. Normally, the hybrid mAbs are administered with adjuvants that induce DC maturation. In this work, we targeted an antigen to the CD8α+ or the CD8α− DC subsets in the presence of CpG oligodeoxinucleotides (ODN) or bacterial flagellin, using hybrid αDEC205 or αDCIR2 mAbs, respectively. We also accessed the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) 5 and 9 signaling in the induction of specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Wild-type and TLR5 or TLR9 knockout mice were immunized with two doses of the hybrid αDEC205 or αDCIR2 mAbs, as well as with an isotype control, together with CpG ODN 1826 or flagellin. A chimeric antigen containing the Plasmodium vivax 19 kDa portion of the merozoite surface protein (MSP119) linked to the Pan-allelic DR epitope was fused to each mAb. Specific CD4+ T cell proliferation, cytokine, and antibody production were analyzed. We found that CpG ODN 1826 or flagellin were able to induce CD4+ T cell proliferation, CD4+ T cells producing pro-inflammatory cytokines, and specific antibodies when the antigen was targeted to the CD8α+ DC subset. On the other hand, antigen targeting to CD8α− DC subset promoted specific antibody responses and proliferation, but no detectable pro-inflammatory CD4+ T cell responses. Also, specific antibody responses after antigen targeting to CD8α+ or CD8α− DCs were reduced in the absence of TLR9 or TLR5 signaling, while CD4+ T cell proliferation was mainly affected after antigen targeting to CD8α+ DCs and in the absence of TLR9 signaling. These results extend our understanding of the modulation of specific immune responses induced by antigen targeting to DCs in the presence of different adjuvants. Such knowledge may be useful for the optimization of DC-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Antonialli
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bianca da Silva Almeida
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália Soares Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio Massao Yamamoto
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Irene Silva Soares
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Santoro Rosa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Beatriz Boscardin
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
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Braun RO, Python S, Summerfield A. Porcine B Cell Subset Responses to Toll-like Receptor Ligands. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1044. [PMID: 28890720 PMCID: PMC5574874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) triggering of B cells are known to promote B cell expansion, differentiation of B cells into antibody-producing and memory cells, but the TLR responses of porcine B cells is poorly characterized. Therefore, this study investigated the response pattern of porcine B cell subsets to a large collection of TLR ligands and demonstrates that the TLR2 ligand Pam3Cys-SK4 and the TLR7/8 ligands gardiquimod and resiquimod are particularly efficient at inducing proliferation, CD25 and CCR7. This activation was also determined in B-cell subpopulations including a CD21+IgM+ subset, an IgG+ subset and two putative B1-like subsets, defined as CD21-IgMhighCD11R1+CD11c+CD14+ and CD21-IgMhigh CD11R1-CD11c+CD14- B cells. The latter two were larger and expressed higher levels of CD80/86 and spontaneous phospholipase C-γ2 phosphorylation. All porcine B-cell subsets were activated by TLR2, TLR7, and TLR9 ligands. Naïve and memory conventional B cells responded similar to TLR ligands. The CD11R1+ B1-like subset had the highest proliferative responses. While both B1-like subsets did not spontaneously secrete IgM, they were the only subsets to produce high level of TLR-induced IgM. Similar to polyclonal IgM responses, memory B cells were efficiently induced to produce specific antibodies by CpG oligodinucleotide, resiquimod, and to a weaker extend by Pam3Cys-SK4. Depletion of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) enhanced TLR-induced antibodies. The same set of TLR ligands also induced CD40 on cDCs, pDCs, and monocytes with the exception of TLR4 ligand being unable to activate pDCs. Gardiquimod and resiquimod were particularly efficient at inducing CCR7 on pDCs. Porcine B cells expressed high levels of TLR7, but relatively little other TLR mRNA. Nevertheless, TLR2 on B cells was rapidly upregulated following stimulation, explaining the strong responses following stimulation. Subset-specific analysis of TLR expression demonstrated a comparable expression of TLR2, TLR7, and TLR9 in all B cell subsets, but TLR3 was restricted to B1-like cells, whereas TLR4 was only expressed on conventional B cells, although both at low levels. Altogether, our data describe porcine innate B1-like cells, and how different B cell subsets are involved in innate sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Othmar Braun
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Python
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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36
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Akkaya M, Akkaya B, Miozzo P, Rawat M, Pena M, Sheehan PW, Kim AS, Kamenyeva O, Kabat J, Bolland S, Chaturvedi A, Pierce SK. B Cells Produce Type 1 IFNs in Response to the TLR9 Agonist CpG-A Conjugated to Cationic Lipids. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:931-940. [PMID: 28652397 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B cells express the innate receptor, TLR9, which signals in response to unmethylated CpG sequences in microbial DNA. Of the two major classes of CpG-containing oligonucleotides, CpG-A appears restricted to inducing type 1 IFN in innate immune cells and CpG-B to activating B cells to proliferate and produce Abs and inflammatory cytokines. Although CpGs are candidates for adjuvants to boost innate and adaptive immunity, our understanding of the effect of CpG-A and CpG-B on B cell responses is incomplete. In this study we show that both CpG-B and CpG-A activated B cells in vitro to proliferate, secrete Abs and IL-6, and that neither CpG-B nor CpG-A alone induced type 1 IFN production. However, when incorporated into the cationic lipid, DOTAP, CpG-A, but not CpG-B, induced a type 1 IFN response in B cells in vitro and in vivo. We provide evidence that differences in the function of CpG-A and CpG-B may be related to their intracellular trafficking in B cells. These findings fill an important gap in our understanding of the B cell response to CpGs, with implications for the use of CpG-A and CpG-B as immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852;
| | - Billur Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Pietro Miozzo
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Mukul Rawat
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411 008, India; and
| | - Mirna Pena
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Patrick W Sheehan
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Ann S Kim
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Biological Imaging Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Biological Imaging Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Silvia Bolland
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Akanksha Chaturvedi
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411 008, India; and
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852;
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37
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Liao W, Hua Z, Liu C, Lin L, Chen R, Hou B. Characterization of T-Dependent and T-Independent B Cell Responses to a Virus-like Particle. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3846-3856. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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38
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Schweighoffer E, Nys J, Vanes L, Smithers N, Tybulewicz VLJ. TLR4 signals in B lymphocytes are transduced via the B cell antigen receptor and SYK. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1269-1280. [PMID: 28356391 PMCID: PMC5413329 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in immune responses to pathogens by transducing signals in innate immune cells in response to microbial products. TLRs are also expressed on B cells, and TLR signaling in B cells contributes to antibody-mediated immunity and autoimmunity. The SYK tyrosine kinase is essential for signaling from the B cell antigen receptor (BCR), and thus for antibody responses. Surprisingly, we find that it is also required for B cell survival, proliferation, and cytokine secretion in response to signaling through several TLRs. We show that treatment of B cells with lipopolysaccharide, the ligand for TLR4, results in SYK activation and that this is dependent on the BCR. Furthermore, we show that B cells lacking the BCR are also defective in TLR-induced B cell activation. Our results demonstrate that TLR4 signals through two distinct pathways, one via the BCR leading to activation of SYK, ERK, and AKT and the other through MYD88 leading to activation of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josquin Nys
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, England, UK
| | - Lesley Vanes
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, England, UK
| | - Nicholas Smithers
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England, UK
| | - Victor L J Tybulewicz
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, England, UK .,Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, England, UK
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Mosaheb MM, Reiser ML, Wetzler LM. Toll-Like Receptor Ligand-Based Vaccine Adjuvants Require Intact MyD88 Signaling in Antigen-Presenting Cells for Germinal Center Formation and Antibody Production. Front Immunol 2017; 8:225. [PMID: 28316602 PMCID: PMC5334362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are critical in the fight against infectious diseases, and immune-stimulating adjuvants are essential for enhancing vaccine efficacy. However, the precise mechanisms of action of most adjuvants are unknown. There is an urgent need for customized and adjuvant formulated vaccines against immune evading pathogens that remain a risk today. Understanding the specific role of various cell types in adjuvant-induced protective immune responses is vital for an effective vaccine design. We have investigated the role of cell-specific MyD88 signaling in vaccine adjuvant activity in vivo, using Neisserial porin B (PorB), a TLR2 ligand-based adjuvant, compared with an endosomal TLR9 ligand (CpG) and toll-like receptor (TLR)-independent (alum, MF59) adjuvants. We found that intact MyD88 signaling is essential, separately, in all three antigen-presenting cell types [B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs)] for optimal TLR ligand-based adjuvant activity. The role of MyD88 signaling in B cell and DC in vaccine adjuvant has been previously investigated. In this study, we now demonstrate that the immune response was also reduced in mice with macrophage-specific MyD88 deletion (Mac-MyD88-/-). We demonstrate that TLR-dependent adjuvants are potent inducers of germinal center (GC) responses, but GCs are nearly absent in Mac-MyD88-/- mice following immunization with TLR-dependent adjuvants PorB or CpG, but not with TLR-independent adjuvants MF59 or alum. Our findings reveal a unique and here-to-for unrecognized importance of intact MyD88 signaling in macrophages, to allow for a robust vaccine-induced immune responses when TLR ligand-based adjuvants are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir M. Mosaheb
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael L. Reiser
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lee M. Wetzler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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40
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The Role of TLR4 on B Cell Activation and Anti- β2GPI Antibody Production in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:1719720. [PMID: 27868072 PMCID: PMC5102736 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1719720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
High titer of anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies (anti-β2GPI Ab) plays a pathogenic role in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Numerous studies have focused on the pathological mechanism in APS; however, little attention is paid to the immune mechanism of production of anti-β2GPI antibodies in APS. Our previous study demonstrated that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a vital role in the maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from the mice immunized with human β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI). TLR4 is required for the activation of B cells and the production of autoantibody in mice treated with β2GPI. However, TLR4 provides a third signal for B cell activation and then promotes B cells better receiving signals from both B cell antigen receptor (BCR) and CD40, thus promoting B cell activation, surface molecules expression, anti-β2GPI Ab production, and cytokines secretion and making B cell functioning like an antigen presenting cell (APC). At the same time, TLR4 also promotes B cells producing antibodies by upregulating the expression of B-cell activating factor (BAFF). In this paper, we aim to review the functions of TLR4 in B cell immune response and antibody production in autoimmune disease APS and try to find a new way for the prevention and treatment of APS.
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41
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Silva-Barrios S, Smans M, Duerr C, Qureshi S, Fritz J, Descoteaux A, Stäger S. Innate Immune B Cell Activation by Leishmania donovani Exacerbates Disease and Mediates Hypergammaglobulinemia. Cell Rep 2016; 15:2427-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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42
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Wang F, Fang RH, Luk BT, Hu CMJ, Thamphiwatana S, Dehaini D, Angsantikul P, Kroll AV, Pang Z, Gao W, Lu W, Zhang L. Nanoparticle-Based Antivirulence Vaccine for the Management of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infection. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2016; 26:1628-1635. [PMID: 27325913 PMCID: PMC4912041 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201505231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
With the rising threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, vaccination is becoming an increasingly important strategy to prevent and manage bacterial infections. Made from deactivated bacterial toxins, toxoid vaccines are widely used in the clinic as they help to combat the virulence mechanisms employed by different pathogens. Herein, the efficacy of a biomimetic nanoparticle-based anti-virulence vaccine is examined in a mouse model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin infection. Vaccination with nanoparticle-detained staphylococcal α-hemolysin (Hla) effectively triggers the formation of germinal centers and induces high anti-Hla titers. Compared to mice vaccinated with control samples, those vaccinated with the nanoparticle toxoid show superior protective immunity against MRSA skin infection. The vaccination not only inhibits lesion formation at the site of bacterial challenge, but also reduces the invasiveness of MRSA, preventing dissemination into other organs. Overall, this biomimetic nanoparticle-based toxin detainment strategy is a promising method for the design of potent anti-virulence vaccines for managing bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A. Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Ronnie H. Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Brian T. Luk
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Che-Ming J. Hu
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Soracha Thamphiwatana
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Diana Dehaini
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Pavimol Angsantikul
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Ashley V. Kroll
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Zhiqing Pang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A. Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
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Cheng S, He C, Zhou H, Kong X, Xie H, Xia L, Yan J. The effect of Toll-like receptor 4 on β 2 -glycoprotein I-induced B cell activation in mouse model. Mol Immunol 2016; 71:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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44
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Germain C, Guillaudeux T, Galsgaard ED, Hervouet C, Tekaya N, Gallouet AS, Fassy J, Bihl F, Poupon G, Lazzari A, Spee P, Anjuère F, Pangault C, Tarte K, Tas P, Xerri L, Braud VM. Lectin-like transcript 1 is a marker of germinal center-derived B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas dampening natural killer cell functions. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1026503. [PMID: 26405582 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1026503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) are malignant neoplasms which are clinically and biologically diverse. Their incidence is constantly increasing and despite treatment advances, there is a need for novel targeted therapies. Here, we identified Lectin-like transcript 1 (LLT1) as a biomarker of germinal center (GC)-derived B-cell NHLs. LLT1 identifies GC B cells in reactive tonsils and lymph nodes and its expression is maintained in B-cell NHLs which derive from GC, including Burkitt lymphoma (BL), follicular lymphoma (FL), and GC-derived diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We further show that LLT1 expression by tumors dampens natural killer (NK) cell functions following interaction with its receptor CD161, uncovering a potential immune escape mechanism. Our results pinpoint LLT1 as a novel biomarker of GC-derived B-cell NHLs and as a candidate target for innovative immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Germain
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire; CNRS UMR7275 ; Valbonne, France ; Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis ; Valbonne, France ; Laboratory "Cancer, Immune control and Escape,", Cordeliers Research Center; UMRS1138 ; Paris, France
| | - Thierry Guillaudeux
- Université de Rennes 1; INSERM, Unité 917; EFS Bretagne; UMS 3480CNRS 018INSERM Biosit ; Rennes, France
| | | | - Catherine Hervouet
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire; CNRS UMR7275 ; Valbonne, France ; Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis ; Valbonne, France
| | - Nedra Tekaya
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire; CNRS UMR7275 ; Valbonne, France ; Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis ; Valbonne, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Gallouet
- Université de Rennes 1; INSERM, Unité 917; EFS Bretagne; UMS 3480CNRS 018INSERM Biosit ; Rennes, France
| | - Julien Fassy
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire; CNRS UMR7275 ; Valbonne, France ; Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis ; Valbonne, France
| | - Franck Bihl
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire; CNRS UMR7275 ; Valbonne, France ; Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis ; Valbonne, France
| | - Gwenola Poupon
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire; CNRS UMR7275 ; Valbonne, France ; Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis ; Valbonne, France
| | - Anne Lazzari
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire; CNRS UMR7275 ; Valbonne, France ; Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis ; Valbonne, France
| | - Pieter Spee
- Biopharmaceutical Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S , DK-2760; Måløv, Denmark
| | - Fabienne Anjuère
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire; CNRS UMR7275 ; Valbonne, France ; Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis ; Valbonne, France
| | - Céline Pangault
- Université de Rennes 1; INSERM, Unité 917, EFS Bretagne; CHU de Rennes, Service d'Hématologie, UMS 3480CNRS 018INSERM Biosit ; Rennes, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- Université de Rennes 1; INSERM, Unité 917, EFS Bretagne; CHU de Rennes, Service d'Hématologie, UMS 3480CNRS 018INSERM Biosit ; Rennes, France
| | - Patrick Tas
- Université de Rennes 1; INSERM, Unité 917, EFS Bretagne; CHU de Rennes, Service d'Hématologie, UMS 3480CNRS 018INSERM Biosit ; Rennes, France
| | - Luc Xerri
- Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire; Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille; INSERM UMR89 , IFR137; Marseille, France
| | - Veronique M Braud
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire; CNRS UMR7275 ; Valbonne, France ; Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis ; Valbonne, France
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Freeman SA, Jaumouillé V, Choi K, Hsu BE, Wong HS, Abraham L, Graves ML, Coombs D, Roskelley CD, Das R, Grinstein S, Gold MR. Toll-like receptor ligands sensitize B-cell receptor signalling by reducing actin-dependent spatial confinement of the receptor. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6168. [PMID: 25644899 PMCID: PMC4327415 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrating signals from multiple receptors allows cells to interpret the physiological context in which a signal is received. Here we describe a mechanism for receptor crosstalk in which receptor-induced increases in actin dynamics lower the threshold for signalling by another receptor. We show that the Toll-like receptor ligands lipopolysaccharide and CpG DNA, which are conserved microbial molecules, enhance signalling by the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) by activating the actin-severing protein cofilin. Single-particle tracking reveals that increased severing of actin filaments reduces the spatial confinement of the BCR within the plasma membrane and increases BCR mobility. This allows more frequent collisions between BCRs and greater signalling in response to low densities of membrane-bound antigen. These findings implicate actin dynamics as a means of tuning receptor signalling and as a mechanism by which B cells distinguish inert antigens from those that are accompanied by indicators of microbial infection. Microbial pathogens can activate both innate and adaptive receptors, and integration of these signals may enhance the sensitivity of the immune response. Freeman et al. show that innate microbial cues sensitize B cells to antigen by increasing actin dynamics and reducing the actin-dependent confinement of the B-cell receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer A Freeman
- 1] Department of Microbiology &Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [2] Department of Cellular &Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [3] Life Sciences Institute I3 and Cell Research Groups, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [4] Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Kids Research Institute, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Valentin Jaumouillé
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Kids Research Institute, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Kate Choi
- 1] Department of Microbiology &Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [2] Life Sciences Institute I3 and Cell Research Groups, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Brian E Hsu
- 1] Department of Microbiology &Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [2] Life Sciences Institute I3 and Cell Research Groups, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Harikesh S Wong
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Kids Research Institute, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Libin Abraham
- 1] Department of Microbiology &Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [2] Life Sciences Institute I3 and Cell Research Groups, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [3] Department of Mathematics and Institute of Applied Mathematics, 1984 Mathematics Road, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z2
| | - Marcia L Graves
- 1] Department of Microbiology &Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [2] Department of Cellular &Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [3] Life Sciences Institute I3 and Cell Research Groups, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Daniel Coombs
- Department of Mathematics and Institute of Applied Mathematics, 1984 Mathematics Road, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z2
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- 1] Department of Cellular &Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [2] Life Sciences Institute I3 and Cell Research Groups, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Raibatak Das
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, 1151 Arapahoe, Denver, Colorado 80204, USA
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Kids Research Institute, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Michael R Gold
- 1] Department of Microbiology &Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [2] Life Sciences Institute I3 and Cell Research Groups, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
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46
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Miller KD, Roque R, Clegg CH. Novel Anti-Nicotine Vaccine Using a Trimeric Coiled-Coil Hapten Carrier. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114366. [PMID: 25494044 PMCID: PMC4262398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco addiction represents one of the largest public health problems in the world and is the leading cause of cancer and heart disease, resulting in millions of deaths a year. Vaccines for smoking cessation have shown considerable promise in preclinical models, although functional antibody responses induced in humans are only modestly effective in preventing nicotine entry into the brain. The challenge in generating serum antibodies with a large nicotine binding capacity is made difficult by the fact that this drug is non-immunogenic and must be conjugated as a hapten to a protein carrier. To circumvent the limitations of traditional carriers like keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), we have synthesized a short trimeric coiled-coil peptide (TCC) that creates a series of B and T cell epitopes with uniform stoichiometry and high density. Here we compared the relative activities of a TCC-nic vaccine and two control KLH-nic vaccines using Alum as an adjuvant or GLA-SE, which contains a synthetic TLR4 agonist formulated in a stable oil-in-water emulsion. The results showed that the TCC's high hapten density correlated with a better immune response in mice as measured by anti-nicotine Ab titer, affinity, and specificity, and was responsible for a reduction in anti-carrier immunogenicity. The Ab responses achieved with this synthetic vaccine resulted in a nicotine binding capacity in serum that could prevent >90% of a nicotine dose equivalent to three smoked cigarettes (0.05 mg/kg) from reaching the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D. Miller
- TRIA Bioscience Corp, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Richard Roque
- TRIA Bioscience Corp, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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47
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Schiller JT, Lowy DR. Raising expectations for subunit vaccine. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1373-5. [PMID: 25420478 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidose regimens are recommended for all prophylactic subunit vaccines. Recent findings from clinical trials of an human papillomavirus virus-like particle vaccine suggest that it may be possible to develop effective single-dose subunit vaccines. The broad implications of these findings are discussed, and the importance of antigen structure and adjuvant in achieving this goal is considered. In conclusion, we argue for the inclusion of single-dose arms in future trials of vaccines, especially if they are based on induction of antibodies by virus-like displayed antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Schiller
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Douglas R Lowy
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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48
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Matsushita K, Yoshimoto T. B cell-intrinsic MyD88 signaling is essential for IgE responses in lungs exposed to pollen allergens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5791-800. [PMID: 25367117 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Allergen-specific IgE is linked to asthma pathogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms of IgE production in response to allergen exposure are poorly understood. In this article, we show that B cell-intrinsic MyD88 is essential for IgE/IgG1 production evoked by ragweed pollen instilled into lungs. MyD88-deficient mice showed defective IgE/IgG1 production and germinal center responses to lung instillation of ragweed pollen. However, MyD88 was dispensable for dendritic cell activation and Th2 cell development. B cell-specific deletion of MyD88 replicated the defective Ab production observed in MyD88-deficient mice. Although ragweed pollen contains TLR ligands, TLR2/4/9-deficient mice developed normal allergic responses to ragweed pollen. However, anti-IL-1R1 Ab-treated mice and IL-18-deficient mice showed decreased IgE/IgG1 production with normal Th2 development. Furthermore, B cell-specific MyD88-deficient mice showed reduced IgE/IgG1 production in response to lung instillation of OVA together with IL-1α, IL-1β, or IL-18. Thus, pollen instillation into lungs induces IL-1α/β and IL-18 production, which activates B cell-intrinsic MyD88 signaling to promote germinal center responses and IgE/IgG1 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Matsushita
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; and
| | - Tomohiro Yoshimoto
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; and Department of Immunology and Medical Zoology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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49
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Boraschi D, Italiani P. Immunosenescence and vaccine failure in the elderly: Strategies for improving response. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:346-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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50
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Soni C, Wong EB, Domeier PP, Khan TN, Satoh T, Akira S, Rahman ZSM. B cell-intrinsic TLR7 signaling is essential for the development of spontaneous germinal centers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4400-14. [PMID: 25252960 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous germinal center (Spt-GC) B cells and follicular helper T cells generate high-affinity autoantibodies that are involved in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus. TLRs play a pivotal role in systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis. Although previous studies focused on the B cell-intrinsic role of TLR-MyD88 signaling on immune activation, autoantibody repertoire, and systemic inflammation, the mechanisms by which TLRs control the formation of Spt-GCs remain unclear. Using nonautoimmune C57BL/6 (B6) mice deficient in MyD88, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, or TLR9, we identified B cell-intrinsic TLR7 signaling as a prerequisite to Spt-GC formation without the confounding effects of autoimmune susceptibility genes and the overexpression of TLRs. TLR7 deficiency also rendered autoimmune B6.Sle1b mice unable to form Spt-GCs, leading to markedly decreased autoantibodies. Conversely, B6.yaa and B6.Sle1b.yaa mice expressing an extra copy of TLR7 and B6.Sle1b mice treated with a TLR7 agonist had increased Spt-GCs and follicular helper T cells. Further, TLR7/MyD88 deficiency led to compromised B cell proliferation and survival after B cell stimulation both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, TLR9 inhibited Spt-GC development. Our findings demonstrate an absolute requirement for TLR7 and a negative regulatory function for TLR9 in Spt-GC formation under nonautoimmune and autoimmune conditions. Our data suggest that, under nonautoimmune conditions, Spt-GCs initiated by TLR7 produce protective Abs. However, in the presence of autoimmune susceptibility genes, TLR7-dependent Spt-GCs produce pathogenic autoantibodies. Thus, a single copy of TLR7 in B cells is the minimal requirement for breaking the GC-tolerance checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetna Soni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Eric B Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Phillip P Domeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Tahsin N Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239; and
| | - Takashi Satoh
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ziaur S M Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033;
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