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Tian Z, Li W, Kou Y, Dong X, Liu H, Yang X, Dong Q, Chen T. Effects of Different Livestock Grazing on Foliar Fungal Diseases in an Alpine Grassland on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:949. [PMID: 37755057 PMCID: PMC10533196 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In grassland ecosystems, the occurrence and transmission of foliar fungal diseases are largely dependent on grazing by large herbivores. However, whether herbivores that have different body sizes differentially impact foliar fungal diseases remains largely unexplored. Thus, we conducted an 8-year grazing experiment in an alpine grassland on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China and tested how different types of livestock (sheep (Ovis aries), yak (Bos grunniens), or both)) affected foliar fungal diseases at the levels of both plant population and community. At the population level, grazing by a single species (yak or sheep) or mixed species (sheep and yak) significantly decreased the severity of eight leaf spot diseases. Similarly, at the community level, both single species (yak or sheep) and mixed grazing by both sheep and yak significantly decreased the community pathogen load. However, we did not find a significant difference in the community pathogen load among different types of livestock. These results suggest that grazing by large herbivores, independently of livestock type, consistently decreased the prevalence of foliar fungal diseases at both the plant population and community levels. We suggest that moderate grazing by sheep or yak is effective to control the occurrence of foliar fungal diseases in alpine grasslands. This study advances our knowledge of the interface between disease ecology, large herbivores, and grassland science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.T.); (W.L.); (Y.K.); (X.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Wenjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.T.); (W.L.); (Y.K.); (X.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Yixin Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.T.); (W.L.); (Y.K.); (X.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Xin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.T.); (W.L.); (Y.K.); (X.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Huining Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.T.); (W.L.); (Y.K.); (X.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Adaptive Management on Alpine Grassland, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.Y.); (Q.D.)
| | - Quanmin Dong
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Adaptive Management on Alpine Grassland, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.Y.); (Q.D.)
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.T.); (W.L.); (Y.K.); (X.D.); (H.L.)
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2
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Gauthier K, Pankovic D, Nikolic M, Hobert M, Germeier CU, Ordon F, Perovic D, Niehl A. Nutrients and soil structure influence furovirus infection of wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1200674. [PMID: 37600210 PMCID: PMC10436314 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1200674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) and Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus (SBCMV), genus Furovirus, family Virgaviridae, cause significant crop losses in cereals. The viruses are transmitted by the soil-borne plasmodiophorid Polymyxa graminis. Inside P. graminis resting spores, the viruses persist in the soil for long time, which makes the disease difficult to combat. To open up novel possibilities for virus control, we explored the influence of physical and chemical soil properties on infection of wheat with SBWMV and SBCMV. Moreover, we investigated, whether infection rates are influenced by the nutritional state of the plants. Infection rates of susceptible wheat lines were correlated to soil structure parameters and nutrient contents in soil and plants. Our results show that SBWMV and SBCMV infection rates decrease the more water-impermeable the soil is and that virus transmission depends on pH. Moreover, we found that contents of several nutrients in the soil (e.g. phosphorous, magnesium, zinc) and in planta (e.g. nitrogen, carbon, boron, sulfur, calcium) affect SBWMV and SBCMV infection rates. The knowledge generated may help paving the way towards development of a microenvironment-adapted agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Gauthier
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Dejana Pankovic
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Miroslav Nikolic
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirko Hobert
- State Institute for Agriculture and Horticulture Saxony-Anhalt, Centre for Agricultural Investigations, Bernburg, Germany
| | - Christoph U. Germeier
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Agricultural Crops, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Frank Ordon
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Dragan Perovic
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Annette Niehl
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Brunswick, Germany
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Climate change alters slug abundance but not herbivory in a temperate grassland. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283128. [PMID: 36917602 PMCID: PMC10013886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change will significantly impact the world's ecosystems, in part by altering species interactions and ecological processes, such as herbivory and plant community dynamics, which may impact forage quality and ecosystem production. Yet relatively few field experimental manipulations assessing all of these parameters have been performed to date. To help fill this knowledge gap, we evaluated the effects of increased temperature (+3°C day and night, year-round) and precipitation (+30% of mean annual rainfall) on slug herbivory and abundance and plant community dynamics biweekly in a pasture located in central Kentucky, U.S.A. Warming increased slug abundance once during the winter, likely due to improving conditions for foraging, whereas warming reduced slug abundance at times in late spring, mid-summer, and early fall (from 62-95% reduction depending on month). We found that warming and increased precipitation did not significantly modify slug herbivory at our site, despite altering slug abundance and affecting plant community composition and forage quality. Climate change will alter seasonal patterns of slug abundance through both direct effects on slug biology and indirect effects mediated by changes in the plant community, suggesting that pasture management practices may have to adapt.
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Assessing the roles of nitrogen, biomass, and niche dimensionality as drivers of species loss in grassland communities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2112010119. [PMID: 35235460 PMCID: PMC8915794 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient enrichment of natural ecosystems is a primary characteristic of the Anthropocene and a known cause of biodiversity loss, particularly in grasslands. In a global meta-analysis of 630 resource addition experiments, we conduct a simultaneous test of the three most prominent explanations of this phenomenon. Our results conclusively indicate that nitrogen is the leading cause of species loss. This result is important because of the increase in nitrogen deposition and the frequent use of nitrogen-based fertilizers worldwide. Our findings provide global-scale, experimental evidence that minimizing nitrogen inputs to ecological systems may help to conserve the diversity of grassland ecosystems. Eutrophication is a major driver of species loss in plant communities worldwide. However, the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon are controversial. Previous studies have raised three main explanations: 1) High levels of soil resources increase standing biomass, thereby intensifying competitive interactions (the “biomass-driven competition hypothesis”). 2) High levels of soil resources reduce the potential for resource-based niche partitioning (the “niche dimension hypothesis”). 3) Increasing soil nitrogen causes stress by changing the abiotic or biotic conditions (the “nitrogen detriment hypothesis”). Despite several syntheses of resource addition experiments, so far, no study has tested all of the hypotheses together. This is a major shortcoming, since the mechanisms underlying the three hypotheses are not independent. Here, we conduct a simultaneous test of the three hypotheses by integrating data from 630 resource addition experiments located in 99 sites worldwide. Our results provide strong support for the nitrogen detriment hypothesis, weaker support for the biomass-driven competition hypothesis, and negligible support for the niche dimension hypothesis. The results further show that the indirect effect of nitrogen through its effect on biomass is minor compared to its direct effect and is much larger than that of all other resources (phosphorus, potassium, and water). Thus, we conclude that nitrogen-specific mechanisms are more important than biomass or niche dimensionality as drivers of species loss under high levels of soil resources. This conclusion is highly relevant for future attempts to reduce biodiversity loss caused by global eutrophication.
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5
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Michalska-Smith M, Song Z, Spawn-Lee SA, Hansen ZA, Johnson M, May G, Borer ET, Seabloom EW, Kinkel LL. Network structure of resource use and niche overlap within the endophytic microbiome. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:435-446. [PMID: 34413476 PMCID: PMC8776778 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endophytes often have dramatic effects on their host plants. Characterizing the relationships among members of these communities has focused on identifying the effects of single microbes on their host, but has generally overlooked interactions among the myriad microbes in natural communities as well as potential higher-order interactions. Network analyses offer a powerful means for characterizing patterns of interaction among microbial members of the phytobiome that may be crucial to mediating its assembly and function. We sampled twelve endophytic communities, comparing patterns of niche overlap between coexisting bacteria and fungi to evaluate the effect of nutrient supplementation on local and global competitive network structure. We found that, despite differences in the degree distribution, there were few significant differences in the global network structure of niche-overlap networks following persistent nutrient amendment. Likewise, we found idiosyncratic and weak evidence for higher-order interactions regardless of nutrient treatment. This work provides a first-time characterization of niche-overlap network structure in endophytic communities and serves as a framework for higher-resolution analyses of microbial interaction networks as a consequence and a cause of ecological variation in microbiome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Michalska-Smith
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA.
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA.
| | - Zewei Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Seth A Spawn-Lee
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zoe A Hansen
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Mitch Johnson
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Georgiana May
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, USA
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, USA
| | - Linda L Kinkel
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
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6
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Easterday CA, Kendig AE, Lacroix C, Seabloom EW, Borer ET. Long-term nitrogen enrichment mediates the effects of nitrogen supply and co-inoculation on a viral pathogen. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8450. [PMID: 35136545 PMCID: PMC8809429 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host nutrient supply can mediate host-pathogen and pathogen-pathogen interactions. In terrestrial systems, plant nutrient supply is mediated by soil microbes, suggesting a potential role of soil microbes in plant diseases beyond soil-borne pathogens and induced plant defenses. Long-term nitrogen (N) enrichment can shift pathogenic and nonpathogenic soil microbial community composition and function, but it is unclear if these shifts affect plant-pathogen and pathogen-pathogen interactions. In a growth chamber experiment, we tested the effect of long-term N enrichment on infection by Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV-PAV) and Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus (CYDV-RPV), aphid-vectored RNA viruses, in a grass host. We inoculated sterilized growing medium with soil collected from a long-term N enrichment experiment (ambient, low, and high N soil treatments) to isolate effects mediated by the soil microbial community. We crossed soil treatments with a N supply treatment (low, high) and virus inoculation treatment (mock-, singly-, and co-inoculated) to evaluate the effects of long-term N enrichment on plant-pathogen and pathogen-pathogen interactions, as mediated by N availability. We measured the proportion of plants infected (i.e., incidence), plant biomass, and leaf chlorophyll content. BYDV-PAV incidence (0.96) declined with low N soil (to 0.46), high N supply (to 0.61), and co-inoculation (to 0.32). Low N soil mediated the effect of N supply on BYDV-PAV: instead of N supply reducing BYDV-PAV incidence, the incidence increased. Additionally, ambient and low N soil ameliorated the negative effect of co-inoculation on BYDV-PAV incidence. BYDV-PAV infection only reduced chlorophyll when plants were grown with low N supply and ambient N soil. There were no significant effects of long-term N soil on CYDV-RPV incidence. Soil inoculant with different levels of long-term N enrichment had different effects on host-pathogen and pathogen-pathogen interactions, suggesting that shifts in soil microbial communities with long-term N enrichment may mediate disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey A. Easterday
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
- Present address:
Carlson School of ManagementUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Amy E. Kendig
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Christelle Lacroix
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
- Present address:
Pathologie VégétaleINRAEMontfavetFrance
| | - Eric W. Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Elizabeth T. Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
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7
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Liu Y, Duan D, Jiang F, Tian Z, Feng X, Wu N, Hou F, Kardol P, Nan Z, Chen T. Long‐term heavy grazing increases community‐level foliar fungal diseases by shifting plant composition. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
- Industrial Crop Research Institute of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Chengdu China
| | - Dongdong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Feifei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Zhen Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Xiaoxuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Nana Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Zhibiao Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems Center for Grassland Microbiome College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
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8
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Wang M, Yan C, Luo A, Li Y, Chesters D, Qiao H, Chen J, Zhou Q, Ma K, Bruelheide H, Schuldt A, Zhang Z, Zhu C. Phylogenetic relatedness, functional traits, and spatial scale determine herbivore co‐occurrence in a subtropical forest. ECOL MONOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming‐Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 Beichen West Road Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 China
- College of Biological Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 19A Yuquan Road Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chuan Yan
- Institute of Innovation Ecology Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu 730013 China
| | - Arong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 Beichen West Road Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 Beichen West Road Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 China
- College of Biological Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 19A Yuquan Road Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 China
| | - Douglas Chesters
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 Beichen West Road Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 China
| | - Hui‐Jie Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 Beichen West Road Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 China
| | - Jing‐Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 Beichen West Road Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 China
- College of Biological Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 19A Yuquan Road Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 China
| | - Qing‐Song Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 Beichen West Road Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 China
| | - Keping Ma
- Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Am Kirchtor 1 Halle 06108 Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Puschstr. 4 Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Andreas Schuldt
- Forest Nature Conservation Georg‐August‐University Goettingen Buesgenweg 3 Goettingen 37077 Germany
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 19A Yuquan Road Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 Beichen West Road Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chao‐Dong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 Beichen West Road Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 China
- College of Biological Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 19A Yuquan Road Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 Beichen West Road Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 China
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9
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Radujković D, Verbruggen E, Seabloom EW, Bahn M, Biederman LA, Borer ET, Boughton EH, Catford JA, Campioli M, Donohue I, Ebeling A, Eskelinen A, Fay PA, Hansart A, Knops JMH, MacDougall AS, Ohlert T, Olde Venterink H, Raynaud X, Risch AC, Roscher C, Schütz M, Silveira ML, Stevens CJ, Van Sundert K, Virtanen R, Wardle GM, Wragg PD, Vicca S. Soil properties as key predictors of global grassland production: Have we overlooked micronutrients? Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2713-2725. [PMID: 34617374 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fertilisation experiments have demonstrated that nutrient availability is a key determinant of biomass production and carbon sequestration in grasslands. However, the influence of nutrients in explaining spatial variation in grassland biomass production has rarely been assessed. Using a global dataset comprising 72 sites on six continents, we investigated which of 16 soil factors that shape nutrient availability associate most strongly with variation in grassland aboveground biomass. Climate and N deposition were also considered. Based on theory-driven structural equation modelling, we found that soil micronutrients (particularly Zn and Fe) were important predictors of biomass and, together with soil physicochemical properties and C:N, they explained more unique variation (32%) than climate and N deposition (24%). However, the association between micronutrients and biomass was absent in grasslands limited by NP. These results highlight soil properties as key predictors of global grassland biomass production and point to serial co-limitation by NP and micronutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Radujković
- Department of Biology, Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Erik Verbruggen
- Department of Biology, Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lori A Biederman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Boughton
- Archbold Biological Station, Buck Island Ranch Agroecology Program, Lake Placid, Florida, USA
| | - Jane A Catford
- Department of Geography, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matteo Campioli
- Department of Biology, Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ian Donohue
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne Ebeling
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anu Eskelinen
- Physiological Diversity, UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Leipzig-Jena, Leipzig, Germany.,Ecology & Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Philip A Fay
- USDA-ARS Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Amandine Hansart
- Département de biologie, CNRS, UMS 3194, Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), Ecole normale supérieure, PSL University, Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - Johannes M H Knops
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xián Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Andrew S MacDougall
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy Ohlert
- Department of Biology, 1 University of New Mexico, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Xavier Raynaud
- UPEC, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences-Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anita C Risch
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Roscher
- Physiological Diversity, UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Leipzig-Jena, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Schütz
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Maria Lucia Silveira
- Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, Florida, USA
| | - Carly J Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Kevin Van Sundert
- Department of Biology, Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Glenda M Wardle
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter D Wragg
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sara Vicca
- Department of Biology, Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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10
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Susi H, Laine A. Agricultural land use disrupts biodiversity mediation of virus infections in wild plant populations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2447-2458. [PMID: 33341977 PMCID: PMC8248426 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Human alteration of natural habitats may change the processes governing species interactions in wild communities. Wild populations are increasingly impacted by agricultural intensification, yet it is unknown whether this alters biodiversity mediation of disease dynamics. We investigated the association between plant diversity (species richness, diversity) and infection risk (virus richness, prevalence) in populations of Plantago lanceolata in natural landscapes as well as those occurring at the edges of cultivated fields. Altogether, 27 P. lanceolata populations were surveyed for population characteristics and sampled for PCR detection of five recently characterized viruses. We find that plant species richness and diversity correlated negatively with virus infection prevalence. Virus species richness declined with increasing plant diversity and richness in natural populations while in agricultural edge populations species richness was moderately higher, and not associated with plant richness. This difference was not explained by changes in host richness between these two habitats, suggesting potential pathogen spill-over and increased transmission of viruses across the agro-ecological interface. Host population connectivity significantly decreased virus infection prevalence. We conclude that human use of landscapes may change the ecological laws by which natural communities are formed with far reaching implications for ecosystem functioning and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Susi
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiPO Box 65Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Anna‐Liisa Laine
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiPO Box 65Helsinki00014Finland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 190ZurichCH‐8057Switzerland
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11
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Seabloom EW, Adler PB, Alberti J, Biederman L, Buckley YM, Cadotte MW, Collins SL, Dee L, Fay PA, Firn J, Hagenah N, Harpole WS, Hautier Y, Hector A, Hobbie SE, Isbell F, Knops JMH, Komatsu KJ, Laungani R, MacDougall A, McCulley RL, Moore JL, Morgan JW, Ohlert T, Prober SM, Risch AC, Schuetz M, Stevens CJ, Borer ET. Increasing effects of chronic nutrient enrichment on plant diversity loss and ecosystem productivity over time. Ecology 2021; 102:e03218. [PMID: 33058176 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human activities are enriching many of Earth's ecosystems with biologically limiting mineral nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). In grasslands, this enrichment generally reduces plant diversity and increases productivity. The widely demonstrated positive effect of diversity on productivity suggests a potential negative feedback, whereby nutrient-induced declines in diversity reduce the initial gains in productivity arising from nutrient enrichment. In addition, plant productivity and diversity can be inhibited by accumulations of dead biomass, which may be altered by nutrient enrichment. Over longer time frames, nutrient addition may increase soil fertility by increasing soil organic matter and nutrient pools. We examined the effects of 5-11 yr of nutrient addition at 47 grasslands in 12 countries. Nutrient enrichment increased aboveground live biomass and reduced plant diversity at nearly all sites, and these effects became stronger over time. We did not find evidence that nutrient-induced losses of diversity reduced the positive effects of nutrients on biomass; however, nutrient effects on live biomass increased more slowly at sites where litter was also increasing, regardless of plant diversity. This work suggests that short-term experiments may underestimate the long-term nutrient enrichment effects on global grassland ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Peter B Adler
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
| | - Juan Alberti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), UNMdP-CONICET, FCEyN, CC1260, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Lori Biederman
- Ecology, Evolution, & Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 2200 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Yvonne M Buckley
- Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Scott L Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Laura Dee
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80302, USA
| | - Philip A Fay
- USDA-ARS Grassland, Soil, and Water Laboratory, 808 East Blackland Road, Temple, Texas, 76502, USA
| | - Jennifer Firn
- Science and Engineering Faculty, School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia
| | - Nicole Hagenah
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - W Stanley Harpole
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig, 04318, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.,Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, am Kirchtor 1, Halle (Saale), 06108, Germany
| | - Yann Hautier
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Johannes M H Knops
- Health & Environmental Sciences Department, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kimberly J Komatsu
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland, 21037, USA
| | - Ramesh Laungani
- Department of Biology, Doane University, 1014 Boswell Avenue, Crete, Nebraska, 68333, USA
| | - Andrew MacDougall
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Rebecca L McCulley
- Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536-0312, USA
| | - Joslin L Moore
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - John W Morgan
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Timothy Ohlert
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Suzanne M Prober
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag 5, Wembley, Western Australia, 6913, Australia
| | - Anita C Risch
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Martin Schuetz
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Carly J Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
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12
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Kendig AE, Borer ET, Boak EN, Picard TC, Seabloom EW. Host nutrition mediates interactions between plant viruses, altering transmission and predicted disease spread. Ecology 2020; 101:e03155. [PMID: 32745231 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Interactions among co-infecting pathogens are common across host taxa and can affect infectious disease dynamics. Host nutrition can mediate these among-pathogen interactions, altering the establishment and growth of pathogens within hosts. It is unclear, however, how nutrition-mediated among-pathogen interactions affect transmission and the spread of disease through populations. We manipulated the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supplies to oat plants in growth chambers and evaluated interactions between two aphid-vectored Barley and Cereal Yellow Dwarf Viruses: PAV and RPV. We quantified the effect of each virus on the other's establishment, within-plant density, and transmission. Co-inoculation significantly increased PAV density when N and P supplies were low and tended to increase RPV density when N supply was high. Co-infection increased PAV transmission when N and P supplies were low and tended to increase RPV transmission when N supply was high. Despite the parallels between the effects of among-pathogen interactions on density and transmission, changes in virus density only partially explained changes in transmission, suggesting that virus density-independent processes contribute to transmission. A mathematical model describing the spread of two viruses through a plant population, parameterized with empirically derived transmission values, demonstrated that nutrition-mediated among-pathogen interactions could affect disease spread. Interactions that altered transmission through virus density-independent processes determined overall disease dynamics. Our work suggests that host nutrition alters disease spread through among-pathogen interactions that modify transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Kendig
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA.,Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Emily N Boak
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA.,Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Tashina C Picard
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
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13
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Gora EM, Burchfield JC, Muller-Landau HC, Bitzer PM, Yanoviak SP. Pantropical geography of lightning-caused disturbance and its implications for tropical forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5017-5026. [PMID: 32564481 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lightning is a major agent of disturbance, but its ecological effects in the tropics are unquantified. Here we used ground and satellite sensors to quantify the geography of lightning strikes in terrestrial tropical ecosystems, and to evaluate whether spatial variation in lightning frequency is associated with variation in tropical forest structure and dynamics. Between 2013 and 2018, tropical terrestrial ecosystems received an average of 100.4 million lightning strikes per year, and the frequency of strikes was spatially autocorrelated at local-to-continental scales. Lightning strikes were more frequent in forests, savannas, and urban areas than in grasslands, shrublands, and croplands. Higher lightning frequency was positively associated with woody biomass turnover and negatively associated with aboveground biomass and the density of large trees (trees/ha) in forests across Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Extrapolating from the only tropical forest study that comprehensively assessed tree damage and mortality from lightning strikes, we estimate that lightning directly damages c. 832 million trees in tropical forests annually, of which c. 194 million die. The similarly high lightning frequency in tropical savannas suggests that lightning also influences savanna tree mortality rates and ecosystem processes. These patterns indicate that lightning-caused disturbance plays a major and largely unappreciated role in pantropical ecosystem dynamics and global carbon cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Gora
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Burchfield
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | | | - Phillip M Bitzer
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Stephen P Yanoviak
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
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14
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Goss EM, Kendig AE, Adhikari A, Lane B, Kortessis N, Holt RD, Clay K, Harmon PF, Flory SL. Disease in Invasive Plant Populations. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 58:97-117. [PMID: 32516034 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Non-native invasive plants can establish in natural areas, where they can be ecologically damaging and costly to manage. Like cultivated plants, invasive plants can experience a relatively disease-free period upon introduction and accumulate pathogens over time. Diseases of invasive plant populations are infrequently studied compared to diseases of agriculture, forestry, and even native plant populations. We evaluated similarities and differences in the processes that are likely to affect pathogen accumulation and disease in invasive plants compared to cultivated plants, which are the dominant focus of the field of plant pathology. Invasive plants experience more genetic, biotic, and abiotic variation across space and over time than cultivated plants, which is expected to stabilize the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of interactions with pathogens and possibly weaken the efficacy of infectious disease in their control. Although disease is expected to be context dependent, the widespread distribution of invasive plants makes them important pathogen reservoirs. Research on invasive plant diseases can both protect crops and help manage invasive plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Goss
- Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA;
| | - Amy E Kendig
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Ashish Adhikari
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Brett Lane
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Nicholas Kortessis
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Robert D Holt
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Keith Clay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
| | - Philip F Harmon
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - S Luke Flory
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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15
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Van Sundert K, Radujković D, Cools N, De Vos B, Etzold S, Fernández-Martínez M, Janssens IA, Merilä P, Peñuelas J, Sardans J, Stendahl J, Terrer C, Vicca S. Towards comparable assessment of the soil nutrient status across scales-Review and development of nutrient metrics. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:392-409. [PMID: 31437331 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient availability influences virtually every aspect of an ecosystem, and is a critical modifier of ecosystem responses to global change. Although this crucial role of nutrient availability in regulating ecosystem structure and functioning has been widely acknowledged, nutrients are still often neglected in observational and experimental synthesis studies due to difficulties in comparing the nutrient status across sites. In the current study, we explain different nutrient-related concepts and discuss the potential of soil-, plant- and remote sensing-based metrics to compare the nutrient status across space. Based on our review and additional analyses on a dataset of European, managed temperate and boreal forests (ICP [International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests] Forests dataset), we conclude that the use of plant- and remote sensing-based metrics that rely on tissue stoichiometry is limited due to their strong dependence on species identity. The potential use of other plant-based metrics such as Ellenberg indicator values and plant-functional traits is also discussed. We conclude from our analyses and review that soil-based metrics have the highest potential for successful intersite comparison of the nutrient status. As an example, we used and adjusted a soil-based metric, previously developed for conifer forests across Sweden, against the same ICP Forests data. We suggest that this adjusted and further adaptable metric, which included the organic carbon concentration in the upper 20 cm of the soil (including the organic fermentation-humus [FH] layer), the C:N ratio and pH CaCl 2 of the FH layer, can be used as a complementary tool along with other indicators of nutrient availability, to compare the background nutrient status across temperate and boreal forests dominated by spruce, pine or beech. Future collection and provision of harmonized soil data from observational and experimental sites is crucial for further testing and adjusting the metric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Van Sundert
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dajana Radujković
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Bruno De Vos
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Sophia Etzold
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marcos Fernández-Martínez
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Päivi Merilä
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Oulu, Finland
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Johan Stendahl
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - César Terrer
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sara Vicca
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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16
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Lumibao CY, Borer ET, Condon B, Kinkel L, May G, Seabloom EW. Site-specific responses of foliar fungal microbiomes to nutrient addition and herbivory at different spatial scales. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12231-12244. [PMID: 31832156 PMCID: PMC6854330 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant microbiome can affect host function in many ways and characterizing the ecological factors that shape endophytic (microbes living inside host plant tissues) community diversity is a key step in understanding the impacts of environmental change on these communities. Phylogenetic relatedness among members of a community offers a way of quantifying phylogenetic diversity of a community and can provide insight into the ecological factors that shape endophyte microbiomes. We examined the effects of experimental nutrient addition and herbivory exclusion on the phylogenetic diversity of foliar fungal endophyte communities of the grass species Andropogon gerardii at four sites in the Great Plains of the central USA. Using amplicon sequencing, we characterized the effects of fertilization and herbivory on fungal community phylogenetic diversity at spatial scales that spanned within-host to between sites across the Great Plains. Despite increasing fungal diversity and richness, at larger spatial scales, fungal microbiomes were composed of taxa showing random phylogenetic associations. Phylogenetic diversity did not differ systematically when summed across increasing spatial scales from a few meters within plots to hundreds of kilometers among sites. We observed substantial shifts in composition across sites, demonstrating distinct but similarly diverse fungal communities were maintained within sites across the region. In contrast, at the scale of within leaves, fungal communities tended to be comprised of closely related taxa regardless of the environment, but there were no shifts in phylogenetic composition among communities. We also found that nutrient addition (fertilization) and herbivory have varying effects at different sites. These results suggest that the direction and magnitude of the outcomes of environmental modifications likely depend on the spatial scale considered, and can also be constrained by regional site differences in microbial diversity and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Y. Lumibao
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
| | - Elizabeth T. Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
| | - Bradford Condon
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
| | - Linda Kinkel
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
| | - Georgiana May
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
| | - Eric W. Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
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17
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Poe N, Stuble KL, Souza L. Small mammal herbivores mediate the effects of soil nitrogen and invertebrate herbivores on grassland diversity. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3577-3587. [PMID: 30962912 PMCID: PMC6434553 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous reductions in herbivore abundance and increases in nitrogen deposition have led to radical shifts in plant communities worldwide. While the individual impacts of these human-caused disturbances are apparent, few studies manipulate both herbivory and N, nor differentiate among herbivore guilds, to understand contingencies in the ability of these drivers to affect producer diversity and productivity. As such, understanding how the main and combined effects of increasing soil N with declining herbivores may influence plant community structure and function is critical to better understand the future of grassland ecosystems under multiple global change drivers.In this study, we asked: (a) What are the main effects of small mammal herbivores, invertebrate herbivores, and soil N on plant community structure and function? and (b) Are the effects of invertebrate herbivores and soil N on plant community structure and function contingent on small mammal herbivory? We used a nested design, with invertebrate and soil N treatments nested within small mammal manipulations in an existing tallgrass prairie. We measured plant community structure by quantifying plant richness, evenness, diversity, and composition across two full growing seasons. We also recorded total aboveground biomass to quantify grassland productivity.We found that small mammal herbivores strongly shaped plant diversity, species composition, and productivity. Small mammal herbivores also mediated the effects of soil N and invertebrate herbivores on grassland community structure, but not composition or productivity. Small mammal reduction lowered plant species richness while increasing aboveground biomass and altering compositional similarity. Invertebrate herbivores, in the presence of small mammals, promoted plant dominance by reducing evenness without altering compositional similarity. Additionally, soil nitrogen addition reduced plant richness, but only when small mammals were reduced, and no effects were detected on compositional similarity or productivity.Our findings provide further evidence that temperate grasslands can be strongly influenced by consumers, and that consumers mediate the effects of resources as well as other consumer guilds on producer evenness and richness. Taken together, we provide evidence of strong contingencies in the drivers of grassland structure, with small mammals directly altering plant diversity as well as mediating the effects of soil nitrogen and invertebrate herbivory on plant richness and evenness. Therefore, we suggest it is imperative to consider how consumer guilds and resource types may interact to shape grassland plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Poe
- Oklahoma Biological Survey and Microbiology and Plant Biology DepartmentUniversity of OklahomaNormanOklahoma
| | - Katharine L. Stuble
- Oklahoma Biological Survey and Microbiology and Plant Biology DepartmentUniversity of OklahomaNormanOklahoma
- The Holden ArboretumKirtlandOhio
| | - Lara Souza
- Oklahoma Biological Survey and Microbiology and Plant Biology DepartmentUniversity of OklahomaNormanOklahoma
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18
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Lacroix C, Seabloom EW, Borer ET. Environmental Nutrient Supply Directly Alters Plant Traits but Indirectly Determines Virus Growth Rate. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2116. [PMID: 29163408 PMCID: PMC5681519 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological stoichiometry and resource competition theory both predict that nutrient rates and ratios can alter infectious disease dynamics. Pathogens such as viruses hijack nutrient rich host metabolites to complete multiple steps of their epidemiological cycle. As the synthesis of these molecules requires nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), environmental supply rates, and ratios of N and P to hosts can directly limit disease dynamics. Environmental nutrient supplies also may alter virus epidemiology indirectly by changing host phenotype or the dynamics of coinfecting pathogens. We tested whether host nutrient supplies and coinfection control pathogen growth within hosts and transmission to new hosts, either directly or through modifications of plant tissue chemistry (i.e., content and stoichiometric ratios of nutrients), host phenotypic traits, or among-pathogen interactions. We examined two widespread plant viruses (BYDV-PAV and CYDV-RPV) in cultivated oats (Avena sativa) grown along a range of N and of P supply rates. N and P supply rates altered plant tissue chemistry and phenotypic traits; however, environmental nutrient supplies and plant tissue content and ratios of nutrients did not directly alter virus titer. Infection with CYDV-RPV altered plant traits and resulted in thicker plant leaves (i.e., higher leaf mass per area) and there was a positive correlation between CYDV-RPV titer and leaf mass per area. CYDV-RPV titer was reduced by the presence of a competitor, BYDV-PAV, and higher CYDV-RPV titer led to more severe chlorotic symptoms. In our experimental conditions, virus transmission was unaffected by nutrient supply rates, co-infection, plant stoichiometry, or plant traits, although nutrient supply rates have been shown to increase infection and coinfection rates. This work provides a robust test of the role of plant nutrient content and ratios in the dynamics of globally important pathogens and reveals a more complex relationship between within-host virus growth and alterations of plant traits. A deeper understanding of the differential effects of environmental nutrient supplies on virus epidemiology and ecology is particularly relevant given the rapid increase of nutrients flowing into Earth's ecosystems as a result of human activities.
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19
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Driscoll DA, Strong C. Covariation of soil nutrients drives occurrence of exotic and native plant species. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Don A. Driscoll
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences; Centre for Integrative Ecology; Deakin University Geelong; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Craig Strong
- The Fenner School of Environment & Society; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
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20
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Whitaker BK, Rúa MA, Mitchell CE. Viral pathogen production in a wild grass host driven by host growth and soil nitrogen. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:760-768. [PMID: 25782030 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient limitation is a basic ecological constraint that has received little attention in studies on virus production and disease dynamics. Nutrient availability could directly limit the production of viral nucleic acids and proteins, or alternatively limit host growth and thus indirectly limit metabolic pathways necessary for viral replication. In order to compare direct and indirect effects of nutrient limitation on virus production within hosts, we manipulated soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability in a glasshouse for the wild grass host Bromus hordeaceus and the viral pathogen Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV. We found that soil N additions increased viral concentrations within host tissues, and the effect was mediated by host growth. Specifically, in statistical models evaluating the roles of host biomass production, leaf N and leaf P, viral production depended most strongly on host biomass, rather than the concentration of either nutrient. Furthermore, at low soil N, larger plants supported greater viral concentrations than smaller ones, whereas at high N, smaller plants supported greater viral concentrations. Our results suggest that enhanced viral productivity under N enrichment is an indirect consequence of nutrient stimulation to host growth rate. Heightened pathogen production in plants has important implications for a world facing increasing rates of nutrient deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana K Whitaker
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Coker Hall, CB #3280, 120 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, USA
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Jordan Hall, 1001 E. 3rd St, Bloomington, IN, 47405-3700, USA
| | - Megan A Rúa
- Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology, University of North Carolina, 3301 Venable Hall, CB# 3275, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3135, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, 214 Shoemaker Hall, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Charles E Mitchell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Coker Hall, CB #3280, 120 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, USA
- Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology, University of North Carolina, 3301 Venable Hall, CB# 3275, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3135, USA
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21
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Blaisdell GK, Zhang S, Bratburd JR, Daane KM, Cooper ML, Almeida RPP. Interactions Within Susceptible Hosts Drive Establishment of Genetically Distinct Variants of an Insect-Borne Pathogen. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 108:1531-1539. [PMID: 26470292 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Coinfections are common, leading to pathogen interactions during transmission and establishment in a host. However, few studies have tested the relative strengths of pathogen interactions in vectors and hosts that determine the outcome of infection. We tested interactions between two genetically distinct variants of the mealybug-transmitted Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3. The transmission efficiency of each variant in single variant inoculations by two vector species was determined. The effects of vector species, a coinfected source, and simultaneous inoculation from multiple hosts to one host on variant establishment were examined. Within-vector interactions could have a role in transmission from hosts containing mixed infections, but not when vectors were moved from separate singly infected source plants to a single recipient plant. The invasive Planococcus ficus (Signoret) was a more efficient vector than Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret). Transmission efficiency of the two variants did not differ in single variant inoculations. Overall infections were the same whether from singly or coinfected source plants. In mixed inoculations, establishment of one variant was reduced. Mixed inoculations from two singly infected source plants resulted in fewer mixed infections than expected by chance. Therefore, the observed outcome was determined subsequent to host inoculation rather than in the vector. The outcome may be due to resource competition between pathogens. Alternatively apparent competition may be responsible; the pathogens' differential ability to overcome host defenses and colonize the host may determine the final outcome of new infections. Detailed knowledge of interactions between pathogens during transmission and establishment could improve understanding and management of disease spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Blaisdell
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - S Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - J R Bratburd
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - K M Daane
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - M L Cooper
- Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, UC Cooperative Extension, 1710 Soscol Ave., Suite 4, Napa, CA 94559
| | - R P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720.
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22
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Smith VH, Holt RD, Smith MS, Niu Y, Barfield M. Resources, mortality, and disease ecology: Importance of positive feedbacks between host growth rate and pathogen dynamics. Isr J Ecol Evol 2015; 61:37-49. [PMID: 27642269 PMCID: PMC5026129 DOI: 10.1080/15659801.2015.1035508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Resource theory and metabolic scaling theory suggest that the dynamics of a pathogen within a host should strongly depend upon the rate of host cell metabolism. Once an infection occurs, key ecological interactions occur on or within the host organism that determine whether the pathogen dies out, persists as a chronic infection, or grows to densities that lead to host death. We hypothesize that, in general, conditions favoring rapid host growth rates should amplify the replication and proliferation of both fungal and viral pathogens. If a host population experiences an increase in mortality, to persist it must have a higher growth rate, per host, often reflecting greater resource availability per capita. We hypothesize that this could indirectly foster the pathogen, which also benefits from increased within-host resource turnover. We first bring together in a short review a number of key prior studies which illustrate resource effects on viral and fungal pathogen dynamics. We then report new results from a semi-continuous cell culture experiment with SHIV, demonstrating that higher mortality rates indeed can promote viral proliferation. We develop a simple model that illustrates dynamical consequences of these resource effects, including interesting effects such as alternative stable states and oscillatory dynamics. Our paper contributes to a growing body of literature at the interface of ecology and infectious disease epidemiology, emphasizing that host abundances alone do not drive community dynamics: the physiological state and resource content of infected hosts also strongly influence host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Val H Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Robert D Holt
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, PO Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525. . Phone 1.352.392.6917
| | - Marilyn S Smith
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Yafen Niu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Michael Barfield
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, PO Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525. . Phone 1.352.392.6914
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Lacroix C, Seabloom EW, Borer ET. Environmental nutrient supply alters prevalence and weakens competitive interactions among coinfecting viruses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:424-433. [PMID: 24975238 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The rates and ratios of environmental nutrient supplies can determine plant community composition. However, the effect of nutrient supplies on within-host microbial interactions is poorly understood. Resource competition is a promising theory for understanding microbial interactions, because microparasites require nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) for synthesis of macromolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins. To better understand the effects of nutrient supplies to hosts on pathogen interactions, we singly inoculated and coinoculated Avena sativa with two virus species, barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) and cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV). Host plants were grown across a factorial combination of N and P supply rates that created a gradient of N : P supply ratios, one being replicated at low and high nutrient supply. Nutrient supply affected prevalence and the interaction strength among viruses. P addition lowered CYDV-RPV prevalence. The two viruses had a distinct competitive hierarchy: the coinoculation of BYDV-PAV lowered CYDV-RPV infection rate, but the reverse was not true. This antagonistic interaction occurred at low nutrient supply rates and disappeared at high N supply rate. Given the global scale of human alterations of N and P cycles, these results suggest that elevated nutrient supply will increase risks of virus coinfection with likely effects on virus epidemiology, virulence and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Lacroix
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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