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Banga R, Perreau M. The multifaceted nature of HIV tissue reservoirs. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:116-123. [PMID: 38547340 PMCID: PMC10990014 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To underline the complexity and the heterogeneity of the HIV reservoir. RECENT FINDINGS While lymphoid tissues (spleen, lymph nodes, gut-associated lymphoid tissue) harbor specific subsets of specialized CD4 + T cells enriched in HIV-infected cells, non-CD4 + T cell reservoirs such as tissue-resident macrophages and dendritic cells have also been implicated to contribute to viral persistence. Moreover, studies have applied highly sensitive tools to detect transcriptional activity within HIV-infected cells during prolonged ART and revealed a broader spectrum of transcriptional activity for proviruses than previously thought. Finally, while a combination of factors might be involved in the regulation of HIV persistence within different tissues and remains to be fully elucidated, recent results from autopsy samples of HIV-infected ART suppressed individuals indicate extensive clonality of HIV reservoirs in multiple tissues and suggest that the recirculation of HIV-infected cells and their local expansions in tissues may also contribute to the complexity of the HIV reservoirs in humans. SUMMARY HIV persistence in blood and multiple tissues despite long-standing and potent therapy is one of the major barriers to a cure. Given that the HIV reservoir is established early and is highly complex based on its composition, viral diversity, tissue distribution, transcriptional activity, replication competence, migration dynamics and proliferative potential across the human body and possible compartmentalization in specific tissues, combinatorial therapeutic approaches are needed that may synergize to target multiple viral reservoirs to achieve a cure for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhima Banga
- Divisions of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Bertacchi G, Posch W, Wilflingseder D. HIV-1 Trans Infection via TNTs Is Impeded by Targeting C5aR. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020313. [PMID: 35204813 PMCID: PMC8868603 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonadjacent immune cells communicate through a complex network of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs). TNTs can be hijacked by HIV-1, allowing it to spread between connected cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) are among the first cells to encounter HIV-1 at mucosal sites, but they are usually efficiently infected only at low levels. However, HIV-1 was demonstrated to productively infect DCs when the virus was complement-opsonized (HIV-C). Such HIV-C-exposed DCs mediated an improved antiviral and T-cell stimulatory capacity. The role of TNTs in combination with complement in enhancing DC infection with HIV-C remains to be addressed. To this aim, we evaluated TNT formation on the surface of DCs or DC/CD4+ T-cell co-cultures incubated with non- or complement-opsonized HIV-1 (HIV, HIV-C) and the role of TNTs or locally produced complement in the infection process using either two different TNT or anaphylatoxin receptor antagonists. We found that HIV-C significantly increased the formation of TNTs between DCs or DC/CD4+ T-cell co-cultures compared to HIV-exposed DCs or co-cultures. While augmented TNT formation in DCs promoted productive infection, as was previously observed, a significant reduction in productive infection was observed in DC/CD4+ T-cell co-cultures, indicating antiviral activity in this setting. As expected, TNT inhibitors significantly decreased infection of HIV-C-loaded-DCs as well as HIV- and HIV-C-infected-DC/CD4+ T-cell co-cultures. Moreover, antagonizing C5aR significantly inhibited TNT formation in DCs as well as DC/CD4+ T-cell co-cultures and lowered the already decreased productive infection in co-cultures. Thus, local complement mobilization via DC stimulation of complement receptors plays a pivotal role in TNT formation, and our findings herein might offer an exciting opportunity for novel therapeutic approaches to inhibit trans infection via C5aR targeting.
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3
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Liu CW, Su BC, Chen JY. Tilapia Piscidin 4 (TP4) Reprograms M1 Macrophages to M2 Phenotypes in Cell Models of Gardnerella vaginalis-Induced Vaginosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:773013. [PMID: 34925343 PMCID: PMC8674419 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.773013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Gardnerella vaginalis is associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV). The virulence factors produced by G. vaginalis are known to stimulate vaginal mucosal immune response, which is largely driven by activated macrophages. While Tilapia piscidin 4 (TP4), an antimicrobial peptide isolated from Nile tilapia, is known to display a broad range of antibacterial functions, it is unclear whether TP4 can affect macrophage polarization in the context of BV. In this study, we used the culture supernatants from G. vaginalis to stimulate differentiation of THP-1 and RAW264.7 cells to an M1 phenotype. The treatment activated the NF-κB/STAT1 signaling pathway, induced reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, and upregulated inflammatory mediators. We then treated the induced M1 macrophages directly with a non-toxic dose of TP4 or co-cultured the M1 macrophages with TP4-treated vaginal epithelial VK2 cells. The results showed that TP4 could not only decrease pro-inflammatory mediators in the M1 macrophages, but it also enriched markers of M2 macrophages. Further, we found that direct treatment with TP4 switched M1 macrophages toward a resolving M2c phenotype via the MAPK/ERK pathway and IL-10-STAT3 signaling. Conversely, tissue repair M2a macrophages were induced by TP4-treated VK2 cells; TP4 upregulated TSG-6 in VK2 cells, which subsequently activated STAT6 and M2a-related gene expression in the macrophages. In conclusion, our results imply that TP4 may be able to attenuate the virulence of G. vaginalis by inducing resolving M2c and tissue repair M2a macrophage polarizations, suggesting a novel strategy for BV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wen Liu
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Jiaushi, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Chyuan Su
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Jiaushi, Taiwan.,The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, The Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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4
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Madeen EP, Maldarelli F, Groopman JD. Environmental Pollutants, Mucosal Barriers, and Pathogen Susceptibility; The Case for Aflatoxin B 1 as a Risk Factor for HIV Transmission and Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2021; 10:1229. [PMID: 34684180 PMCID: PMC8537633 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV transmission risk is dependent on the infectivity of the HIV+ partner and personal susceptibility risk factors of the HIV- partner. The mucosal barrier, as the internal gatekeeper between environment and self, concentrates and modulates the internalization of ingested pathogens and pollutants. In this review, we summarize the localized effects of HIV and dietary toxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a common pollutant in high HIV burden regions, e.g., at the mucosal barrier, and evidence for pollutant-viral interactions. We compiled literature on HIV and AFB1 geographic occurrences, mechanisms of action, related co-exposures, personal risk factors, and HIV key determinants of health. AFB1 exposure and HIV sexual transmission hotspots geographically co-localize in many low-income countries. AFB1 distributes to sexual mucosal tissues generating inflammation, microbiome changes and a reduction of mucosal barrier integrity, effects that are risk factors for increasing HIV susceptibility. AFB1 exposure has a positive correlation to HIV viral load, a risk factor for increasing the infectivity of the HIV+ partner. The AFB1 exposure and metabolism generates inflammation that recruits HIV susceptible cells and generates chemokine/cytokine activation in tissues exposed to HIV. Although circumstantial, the available evidence makes a compelling case for studies of AFB1 exposure as a risk factor for HIV transmission, and a modifiable new component for combination HIV prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin P. Madeen
- Department of Cancer Prevention, National Institute of Health, Shady Grove, MD 21773, USA
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21703, USA;
| | - Frank Maldarelli
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21703, USA;
| | - John D. Groopman
- Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
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5
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remodels the cell surface of infected cells to facilitate viral dissemination and promote immune evasion. The membrane-associated viral protein U (Vpu) accessory protein encoded by HIV-1 plays a key role in this process by altering cell surface levels of multiple host proteins. Using an unbiased quantitative plasma membrane profiling approach, we previously identified CD47 as a putative host target downregulated by Vpu. CD47 is a ubiquitously expressed cell surface protein that interacts with the myeloid cell inhibitory receptor signal regulatory protein-alpha (SIRPα) to deliver a "don't-eat-me" signal, thus protecting cells from phagocytosis. In this study, we investigate whether CD47 modulation by HIV-1 Vpu might promote the susceptibility of macrophages to viral infection via phagocytosis of infected CD4+ T cells. Indeed, we find that Vpu downregulates CD47 expression on infected CD4+ T cells, leading to enhanced capture and phagocytosis by macrophages. We further provide evidence that this Vpu-dependent process allows a C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5)-tropic transmitted/founder (T/F) virus, which otherwise poorly infects macrophages in its cell-free form, to efficiently infect macrophages. Importantly, we show that HIV-1-infected cells expressing a Vpu-resistant CD47 mutant are less prone to infecting macrophages through phagocytosis. Mechanistically, Vpu forms a physical complex with CD47 through its transmembrane domain and targets the latter for lysosomal degradation. These results reveal a novel role of Vpu in modulating macrophage infection, which has important implications for HIV-1 transmission in early stages of infection and the establishment of viral reservoir. IMPORTANCE Macrophages play critical roles in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, viral spread early in infection, and as a reservoir of virus. Selective capture and engulfment of HIV-1-infected T cells was shown to drive efficient macrophage infection, suggesting that this mechanism represents an important mode of infection notably for weakly macrophage-tropic T/F viruses. In this study, we provide insight into the signals that regulate this process. We show that the HIV-1 accessory protein viral protein U (Vpu) downregulates cell surface levels of CD47, a host protein that interacts with the inhibitory receptor signal regulatory protein-alpha (SIRPα), to deliver a "don't-eat-me" signal to macrophages. This allows for enhanced capture and phagocytosis of infected T cells by macrophages, ultimately leading to their productive infection even with transmitted/founder (T/F) virus. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms governing the intercellular transmission of HIV-1 to macrophages with implications for the establishment of the macrophage reservoir and early HIV-1 dissemination in vivo.
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6
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Bharucha JP, Sun L, Lu W, Gartner S, Garzino-Demo A. Human Beta-Defensin 2 and 3 Inhibit HIV-1 Replication in Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:535352. [PMID: 34277460 PMCID: PMC8281893 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.535352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human beta-defensins (hBDs) are broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides, secreted by epithelial cells of the skin and mucosae, and astrocytes, which we and others have shown to inhibit HIV-1 in primary CD4+ T cells. Although loss of CD4+ T cells contributes to mucosal immune dysfunction, macrophages are a major source of persistence and spread of HIV and also contribute to the development of various HIV-associated complications. We hypothesized that, besides T cells, hBDs could protect macrophages from HIV. Our data in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) in vitro show that hBD2 and hBD3 inhibit HIV replication in a dose-dependent manner. We determined that hBD2 neither alters surface expression of HIV receptors nor induces expression of anti-HIV cytokines or beta-chemokines in MDM. Studies using a G-protein signaling antagonist in a single-cycle reporter virus system showed that hBD2 suppresses HIV at an early post-entry stage via G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated signaling. We find that MDM express the shared chemokine-hBD receptors CCR2 and CCR6, albeit at variable levels among donors. However, cell surface expression analyses show that neither of these receptors is necessary for hBD2-mediated HIV inhibition, suggesting that hBD2 can signal via additional receptor(s). Our data also illustrate that hBD2 treatment was associated with increased expression of APOBEC3A and 3G antiretroviral restriction factors in MDM. These findings suggest that hBD2 inhibits HIV in MDM via more than one CCR thus adding to the potential of using β-defensins in preventive and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Bharucha
- Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lingling Sun
- Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Suzanne Gartner
- Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alfredo Garzino-Demo
- Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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7
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Berard AR, Miller C, Araínga M, Broedlow CA, Noël-Romas L, Schifanella L, Hensley-McBain T, Roederer A, Driscoll C, Coronado E, Manuzak J, McKinnon LR, Villinger FJ, Hope TJ, Burgener AD, Klatt NR. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Susceptibility, Immunology, and Microbiome in the Female Genital Tract of Adolescent Versus Adult Pigtail Macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:510-522. [PMID: 33446027 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In Sub-Saharan Africa, young women 15-24 years of age account for nearly 30% of all new HIV infections, however, biological and epidemiological factors underlying this disproportionate infection rate are unclear. In this study, we assessed biological contributors of SIV/HIV susceptibility in the female genital tract (FGT) using adolescent (n = 9) and adult (n = 10) pigtail macaques (PTMs) with weekly low-dose intravaginal challenges of SIV. Immunological variables were captured in vaginal tissue of PTMs by flow cytometry and cytokine assays. Vaginal biopsies were profiled by proteomic analysis. The vaginal microbiome was assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing. We were powered to detect a 2.2-fold increase in infection rates between age groups, however, we identified no significant differences in susceptibility. This model cannot capture epidemiological factors or may not best represent biological differences of HIV susceptibility. No immune cell subsets measured were significantly different between groups. Inflammatory marker MCP-1 was significantly higher (adj p = .02), and sCD40L trended higher (adj p = .06) in vaginal cytobrushes of adults. Proteomic analysis of vaginal biopsies showed no significant (adj p < .05) protein or pathway differences between groups. Vaginal microbiomes were not significantly different between groups. No differences were observed between age groups in this PTM model, however, these animals may not reflect biological factors contributing to HIV risk such as those found in their human counterparts. This model is therefore not appropriate to explore human adolescent differences in HIV risk. Young women remain a key population at risk for HIV infection, and there is still a need for comprehensive assessment and intervention strategies for epidemic control of this uniquely vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R Berard
- University of Manitoba, 8664, Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Charlene Miller
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 12235, Pediatrics, Miami, Florida, United States
- University of Washington, 7284, Pharmaceutics, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Mariluz Araínga
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 4365, New Iberia Research Centre, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States
| | - Courtney Ann Broedlow
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 12235, Pediatrics, Miami, Florida, United States
- University of Washington, 7284, Pharmaceutics, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Laura Noël-Romas
- University of Manitoba, 8664, Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Luca Schifanella
- University of Minnesota System, 311816, Department of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Tiffany Hensley-McBain
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 12235, Pediatrics, Miami, Florida, United States
- University of Washington, 7284, Pharmaceutics, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Alex Roederer
- University of Washington, 7284, Pharmaceutics, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Connor Driscoll
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 12235, Pediatrics, Miami, Florida, United States
- University of Washington, 7284, Pharmaceutics, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Ernesto Coronado
- University of Washington, 7284, Pharmaceutics, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Jennifer Manuzak
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 12235, Pediatrics, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Lyle R McKinnon
- University of Manitoba, 8664, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3E 0J9
- Centre for the Aids Programme of Research in South Africa, 470329, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Francois J Villinger
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 4365, New Iberia Research Centre, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States
| | - Thomas J Hope
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 12244, Cell and Molecular Biology, Chicago, Illinois, United States,
| | - Adam D Burgener
- Case Western Reserve University, 2546, Center for Global Health and Disease, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- University of Manitoba, 8664, Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Karolinska Institute, 27106, Department of Medicine Solna, Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nichole R Klatt
- University of Minnesota System, 311816, Department of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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8
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Evans N, Martinez E, Petrosillo N, Nichols J, Islam E, Pruitt K, Almodovar S. SARS-CoV-2 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Pathogen Pincer Attack. HIV AIDS (Auckl) 2021; 13:361-375. [PMID: 33833585 PMCID: PMC8020331 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s300055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramount efforts worldwide are seeking to increase understanding of the basic virology of SARS-CoV-2, characterize the spectrum of complications associated with COVID-19, and develop vaccines that can protect from new and recurrent infections with SARS-CoV-2. While we continue learning about this new virus, it is clear that 1) the virus is spread via the respiratory route, primarily by droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces and fomites, as well as by aerosol formation during invasive respiratory procedures; 2) the airborne route is still controversial; and 3) that those infected can spread the virus without necessarily developing COVID-19 (ie, asymptomatic). With the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections increasing globally, the possibility of co-infections and/or co-morbidities is becoming more concerning. Co-infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one such example of polyparasitism of interest. This military-themed comparative review of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV details their virology and describes them figuratively as separate enemy armies. HIV, an old enemy dug into trenches in individuals already infected, and SARS-CoV-2 the new army, attempting to attack and capture territories, tissues and organs, in order to provide resources for their expansion. This analogy serves to aid in discussion of three main areas of focus and draw attention to how these viruses may cooperate to gain the upper hand in securing a host. Here we compare their target, the key receptors found on those tissues, viral lifecycles and tactics for immune response surveillance. The last focus is on the immune response to infection, addressing similarities in cytokines released. While the majority of HIV cases can be successfully managed with antiretroviral therapy nowadays, treatments for SARS-CoV-2 are still undergoing research given the novelty of this army.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Evans
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Edgar Martinez
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Nicola Petrosillo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacob Nichols
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ebtesam Islam
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Pruitt
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Immunology & Molecular Microbiology, Lubbock, TX, USA
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9
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Interactions with Commensal and Pathogenic Bacteria Induce HIV-1 Latency in Macrophages through Altered Transcription Factor Recruitment to the LTR. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02141-20. [PMID: 33472928 PMCID: PMC8092691 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02141-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are infected by HIV-1 in vivo and contribute to both viral spread and pathogenesis. Recent human and animal studies suggest that HIV-1-infected macrophages serve as a reservoir that contributes to HIV-1 persistence during anti-retroviral therapy. The ability of macrophages to serve as persistent viral reservoirs is likely influenced by the local tissue microenvironment, including interactions with pathogenic and commensal microbes. Here we show that the sexually transmitted pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) and the gut-associated microbe Escherichia coli (E. coli), which encode ligands for both Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4, repressed HIV-1 replication in macrophages and thereby induced a state reminiscent of viral latency. This repression was mediated by signaling through TLR4 and the adaptor protein TRIF and was associated with increased production of type I interferons. Inhibiting TLR4 signaling, blocking type 1 interferon, or knocking-down TRIF reversed LPS- and GC-mediated repression of HIV-1. Finally, the repression of HIV-1 in macrophages was associated with the recruitment of interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) to the interferon stimulated response element (ISRE) downstream of the 5' HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR). Our data indicate that IRF8 is responsible for repression of HIV-1 replication in macrophages in response to TRIF-dependent signaling during GC and E. coli co-infection. These findings highlight the potential role of macrophages as HIV-1 reservoirs as well as the role of the tissue microenvironment and co-infections as modulators of HIV-1 persistence.IMPORTANCE The major barrier toward the eradication of HIV-1 infection is the presence of a small reservoir of latently infected cells, which include CD4+ T cells and macrophages that escape immune-mediated clearance and the effects of anti-retroviral therapy. There remain crucial gaps in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to transcriptionally silent or latent HIV-1 infection of macrophages. The significance of our research is in identifying microenvironmental factors, such as commensal and pathogenic microbes, that can contribute to the establishment and maintenance of latent HIV-1 infection in macrophages. It is hoped that identifying key processes contributing to HIV-1 persistence in macrophages may ultimately lead to novel therapeutics to eliminate latent HIV-1 reservoirs in vivo.
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10
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Zhao Z, Muth DC, Mulka K, Liao Z, Powell BH, Hancock GV, Metcalf Pate KA, Witwer KW. miRNA profiling of primate cervicovaginal lavage and extracellular vesicles reveals miR-186-5p as a potential antiretroviral factor in macrophages. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:2021-2039. [PMID: 33017084 PMCID: PMC7530394 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervicovaginal secretions, or their components collected, are referred to as cervicovaginal lavage (CVL). CVL constituents have utility as biomarkers and play protective roles in wound healing and against HIV-1 infection. However, several components of cervicovaginal fluids are less well understood, such as extracellular RNAs and their carriers, for example, extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs comprise a wide array of double-leaflet membrane extracellular particles and range in diameter from 30 nm to over one micron. The aim of this study was to determine whether differentially regulated CVL microRNAs (miRNAs) might influence retrovirus replication. To this end, we characterized EVs and miRNAs of primate CVL during the menstrual cycle and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of macaques. EVs were enriched by stepped ultracentrifugation, and miRNA profiles were assessed with a medium-throughput stem-loop/hydrolysis probe qPCR platform. Whereas hormone cycling was abnormal in infected subjects, EV concentration correlated with progesterone concentration in uninfected subjects. miRNAs were present predominantly in the EV-depleted CVL supernatant. Only a small number of CVL miRNAs changed during the menstrual cycle or SIV infection, for example, miR-186-5p, which was depleted in retroviral infection. This miRNA inhibited HIV replication in infected macrophages in vitro. In silico target prediction and pathway enrichment analyses shed light on the probable functions of miR-186-5p in hindering HIV infections via immunoregulation, T-cell regulation, disruption of viral pathways, etc. These results provide further evidence for the potential of EVs and small RNAs as biomarkers or effectors of disease processes in the reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhou Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Dillon C. Muth
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Kathleen Mulka
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Zhaohao Liao
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Bonita H. Powell
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | | | - Kelly A. Metcalf Pate
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
- Department of NeurologyThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
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11
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Whyte-Allman SK, Bendayan R. HIV-1 Sanctuary Sites-the Role of Membrane-Associated Drug Transporters and Drug Metabolic Enzymes. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:118. [PMID: 32875457 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) infection with highly active antiretroviral drug therapy, the persistence of the virus in cellular and anatomic reservoirs is a major obstacle preventing total HIV eradication. Viral persistence could result from a variety of contributing factors including, but not limited to, non-adherence to treatment and adverse drug reactions, latently infected cells carrying replication-competent virus, drug-drug interactions, and inadequate antiretroviral drug (ARV) concentrations reached in several anatomic sites such as the brain, testis, and gut-associated lymphoid tissues. The distribution of ARVs at specific sites of infection is primarily dependent on drug physicochemical properties and drug plasma protein binding, as well as drug efflux, influx, and metabolic processes. A thorough understanding of the functional roles of drug transporters and metabolic enzymes in the disposition of ARVs in immune cell types and tissues that are characterized as HIV reservoirs and sanctuaries is critical to overcome the challenge of suboptimal drug distribution at sites of persistent HIV infection. This review summarizes the current knowledge related to the expression and function of drug transporters and metabolic enzymes in HIV cellular and anatomic reservoirs, and their potential contribution to drug-drug interactions and insufficient drug concentration at these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana-Kay Whyte-Allman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Reina Bendayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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12
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Bermejo-Jambrina M, Blatzer M, Jauregui-Onieva P, Yordanov TE, Hörtnagl P, Valovka T, Huber LA, Wilflingseder D, Posch W. CR4 Signaling Contributes to a DC-Driven Enhanced Immune Response Against Complement-Opsonized HIV-1. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2010. [PMID: 32922405 PMCID: PMC7457048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) possess intrinsic cellular defense mechanisms to specifically inhibit HIV-1 replication. In turn, HIV-1 has evolved strategies to evade innate immune sensing by DCs resulting in suboptimal maturation and poor antiviral immune responses. We previously showed that complement-opsonized HIV-1 (HIV-C) was able to efficiently infect various DC subsets significantly higher than non-opsonized HIV-1 (HIV) and therefore also mediate a higher antiviral immunity. Thus, complement coating of HIV-1 might play a role with respect to viral control occurring early during infection via modulation of DCs. To determine in detail which complement receptors (CRs) expressed on DCs was responsible for infection and superior pro-inflammatory and antiviral effects, we generated stable deletion mutants for the α-chains of CR3, CD11b, and CR4, CD11c using CRISPR/Cas9 in THP1-derived DCs. We found that CD11c deletion resulted in impaired DC infection as well as antiviral and pro-inflammatory immunity upon exposure to complement-coated HIV-1. In contrast, sole expression of CD11b on DCs shifted the cells to an anti-inflammatory, regulatory DC type. We here illustrated that CR4 comprised of CD11c and CD18 is the major player with respect to DC infection associated with a potent early pro-inflammatory immune response. A more detailed characterization of CR3 and CR4 functions using our powerful tool might open novel avenues for early therapeutic intervention during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bermejo-Jambrina
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michael Blatzer
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Paula Jauregui-Onieva
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Teodor E Yordanov
- Institute of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul Hörtnagl
- Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Immunological Department, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Taras Valovka
- Institute of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas A Huber
- Institute of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Doris Wilflingseder
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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13
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Dai Y, Xie F, Chen Y. Reduced levels of miR-485-5p in HPV-infected cervical cancer promote cell proliferation and enhance invasion ability. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:1348-1361. [PMID: 32343879 PMCID: PMC7327903 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is the most common gynecological malignancy, with high incidence and mortality rates in China. The microRNA miR‐485‐5p has previously been reported to serve as a negative regulator of tumorigenesis in breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma, and miR‐485‐5p has been observed to be differentially expressed between CC and normal control tissue. Here, we confirmed that miR‐485‐5p expression is lower in CC than in adjacent normal tissue and proceeded to investigate the effects of miR‐485 on tumor behavior in CC cell lines. We report that miR‐485‐5p transcription is decreased in HPV‐infected CC tissue, and levels of miR‐485 in clinical samples are positively correlated with the 5‐year overall survival rate. The Transwell assay showed that miR‐485‐5p inhibited cell invasion and migration but had no influence on apoptosis and cell proliferation. Using a luciferase reporter assay, we demonstrated that miR‐485‐5p partially abrogated cell migration and proliferation by targeting FLOT‐1 mRNA. Transfection of HPV‐infected cervical carcinoma cells with an adenovirus vector encoding human FLOT‐1 partially diminished the inhibitory effects of miR‐485 on cell invasion. Taken, together, these data demonstrated that miR‐485‐5p suppresses the invasion of cancer cells by targeting FLOT‐1 in HPV‐infected cervical carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengyan Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
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14
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Matrix Metalloproteinases Expressed in Response to Bacterial Vaginosis Disrupt the Endocervical Epithelium, Increasing Transmigration of HIV. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00041-20. [PMID: 32094253 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00041-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV), a disorder of the female reproductive tract (FRT) in which a healthy Lactobacillus-dominant microflora is replaced by BV-associated bacteria (BVAB), can significantly increase the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition. Discerning the effect of BV on the mucosal epithelium of the FRT may yield novel preventatives and therapeutics for HIV infection. Here, we investigated barrier dysfunction of the endocervix by host-derived factors, secreted in response to BV, as a potential cause of HIV infection. Using a polarized endocervical cell culture system, we determined that conditioned media (CM) from endocervical cells cocultured with BVAB (endocervical+BVAB CM), as well as cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) from women with BV, disrupted epithelial polarization. We assessed host matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as the BV-associated secreted factors which disrupt the endocervical epithelium. MMPs were overexpressed in endocervical+BVAB CM and CVF from women with BV and were capable of disrupting endocervical epithelial polarization. When we cocultured polarized endocervical cells with HIV-1-infected lymphocyte-derived cells, we discovered endocervical+BVAB CM and MMPs significantly increased the transmigration of virus through the epithelium, and treatment with an MMP inhibitor decreased these effects. When we examined the effect of CVF on HIV-1 transmigration through endocervical epithelium, we demonstrated that CVF samples with greater concentrations of BV-associated MMPs increased viral transmigration. Our results suggest MMPs increase HIV-1 infection by disrupting the endocervical epithelium, permitting transmigration of virus through the epithelium to infect underlying target cells.
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15
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Gartner MJ, Roche M, Churchill MJ, Gorry PR, Flynn JK. Understanding the mechanisms driving the spread of subtype C HIV-1. EBioMedicine 2020; 53:102682. [PMID: 32114391 PMCID: PMC7047180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C (C-HIV) is the most prevalent form of HIV-1 globally, accounting for approximately 50% of infections worldwide. C-HIV is the predominant and near-exclusive subtype in the low resource regions of India and Southern Africa. Given the vast diversity of HIV-1 subtypes, it is curious as to why C-HIV constitutes such a large proportion of global infections. This enriched prevalence may be due to phenotypic differences between C-HIV isolates and other viral strains that permit enhanced transmission efficiency or, pathogenicity, or might due to the socio-demographics of the regions where C-HIV is endemic. Here, we compare the mechanisms of C-HIV pathogenesis to less prominent HIV-1 subtypes, including viral genetic and phenotypic characteristics, and host genetic variability, to understand whether evolutionary factors drove C-HIV to predominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Gartner
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa J Churchill
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul R Gorry
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline K Flynn
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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16
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Vaginal dysbiosis associated-bacteria Megasphaera elsdenii and Prevotella timonensis induce immune activation via dendritic cells. J Reprod Immunol 2020; 138:103085. [PMID: 32004804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiome as a result of overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria leads to bacterial vaginosis (BV) which is associated with increased inflammation in the genital mucosa. Moreover, BV increases susceptibility to sexual transmitted infections (STIs) and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. It remains unclear how specific vaginal aerobic and anaerobic bacteria affect health and disease. We selected different vaginal bacteria ranging from true commensals to species associated with dysbiosis and investigated their effects on activation of dendritic cells (DCs). Commensal Lactobacilli crispatus did not induce DC maturation nor led to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, BV-associated bacteria Megasphaera elsdenii and Prevotella timonensis induced DC maturation and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Notably, DCs stimulated with Prevotella timonensis suppressed Th2 responses and induced Th1 skewing, typically associated with preterm birth. In contrast, Lactobacillus crispatus and Megasphaera elsdenii did not affect Th cell polarization. These results strongly indicate that the interaction of vaginal bacteria with mucosal DCs determines mucosal inflammation and we have identified the anaerobic bacterium Prevotella timonensis as a strong inducer of inflammatory responses. Specifically targeting these inflammation-inducing bacteria might be a therapeutic strategy to prevent BV and associated risks in STI susceptibility and preterm birth.
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17
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Pudney J, Wangu Z, Panther L, Fugelso D, Marathe JG, Sagar M, Politch JA, Anderson DJ. Condylomata Acuminata (Anogenital Warts) Contain Accumulations of HIV-1 Target Cells That May Provide Portals for HIV Transmission. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:275-283. [PMID: 30137482 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Condylomata acuminata (anogenital warts [AGWs]) are prevalent in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals and sexually active populations at risk for HIV acquisition and have been associated with HIV transmission. We compared AGW specimens to control tissue specimens for abundance, types, and location of HIV target cells and for susceptibility to HIV infection in vitro, to provide biologic evidence that AGWs facilitate HIV transmission. Methods We used immunohistologic staining to identify HIV target cells in AGW and control specimens. We also inoculated HIV in vitro into AGW and control specimens from HIV-negative men and assessed infection by means of TZM-bl and p24 assays. Results CD1a+ dendritic cells, CD4+ T cells, and macrophages were significantly more abundant in the epidermis of AGW specimens than control specimens. These HIV target cells also often appeared in large focal accumulations in the dermis of AGW specimens. Two of 8 AGW specimens versus 0 of 8 control specimens showed robust infection with HIV in vitro. Conclusions Compared with normal skin, AGWs contain significantly higher concentrations of HIV target cells that may be susceptible to HIV infection. Condylomata may thus promote HIV transmission, especially in the setting of typical lesion vascularity and friability. Prevention or treatment of AGWs may decrease the sexual transmission of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Pudney
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston
| | - Zoon Wangu
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, UMass Memorial Children's Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Lori Panther
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston
| | - Dana Fugelso
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston
| | - Jai G Marathe
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston
| | - Manish Sagar
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston
| | - Joseph A Politch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston
| | - Deborah J Anderson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston.,Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston
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18
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Monin L, Whettlock EM, Male V. Immune responses in the human female reproductive tract. Immunology 2019; 160:106-115. [PMID: 31630394 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are key interfaces between the host and its environment, but also constitute ports of entry for numerous pathogens. The gut and lung mucosae act as points of nutrient and gas exchange, respectively, but the physiological purpose of the female reproductive tract (FRT) is to allow implantation and development of the fetus. Our understanding of immune responses in the FRT has traditionally lagged behind our grasp of the situation at other mucosal sites, but recently reproductive immunologists have begun to make rapid progress in this challenging area. Here, we review current knowledge of immune responses in the human FRT and their heterogeneity within and between compartments. In the commensal-rich vagina, the immune system must allow the growth of beneficial microbes, whereas the key challenge in the uterus is allowing the growth of the semi-allogeneic fetus. In both compartments, these objectives must be balanced with the need to eliminate pathogens. Our developing understanding of immune responses in the FRT will help us develop interventions to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and to improve outcomes of pregnancy for mothers and babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Monin
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Emily M Whettlock
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Victoria Male
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
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19
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Bertram KM, Tong O, Royle C, Turville SG, Nasr N, Cunningham AL, Harman AN. Manipulation of Mononuclear Phagocytes by HIV: Implications for Early Transmission Events. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2263. [PMID: 31616434 PMCID: PMC6768965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes are antigen presenting cells that play a key role in linking the innate and adaptive immune systems. In tissue, these consist of Langerhans cells, dendritic cells and macrophages, all of which express the key HIV entry receptors CD4 and CCR5 making them directly infectible with HIV. Mononuclear phagocytes are the first cells of the immune system to interact with invading pathogens such as HIV. Each cell type expresses a specific repertoire of pathogen binding receptors which triggers pathogen uptake and the release of innate immune cytokines. Langerhans cells and dendritic cells migrate to lymph nodes and present antigens to CD4 T cells, whereas macrophages remain tissue resident. Here we review how HIV-1 manipulates these cells by blocking their ability to produce innate immune cytokines and taking advantage of their antigen presenting cell function in order to gain transport to its primary target cells, CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie Melissa Bertram
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Orion Tong
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Caroline Royle
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart Grant Turville
- HIV Biology, Kirby Institute, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,The University of New South Whales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony Lawrence Cunningham
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Nicholas Harman
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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20
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Bertram KM, Botting RA, Baharlou H, Rhodes JW, Rana H, Graham JD, Patrick E, Fletcher J, Plasto TM, Truong NR, Royle C, Doyle CM, Tong O, Nasr N, Barnouti L, Kohout MP, Brooks AJ, Wines MP, Haertsch P, Lim J, Gosselink MP, Ctercteko G, Estes JD, Churchill MJ, Cameron PU, Hunter E, Haniffa MA, Cunningham AL, Harman AN. Identification of HIV transmitting CD11c + human epidermal dendritic cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2759. [PMID: 31227717 PMCID: PMC6588576 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10697-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) are thought to be the only mononuclear phagocyte population in the epidermis where they detect pathogens. Here, we show that CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) are also present. These cells are transcriptionally similar to dermal cDC2 but are more efficient antigen-presenting cells. Compared to LCs, epidermal CD11c+ DCs are enriched in anogenital tissues where they preferentially interact with HIV, express the higher levels of HIV entry receptor CCR5, support the higher levels of HIV uptake and replication and are more efficient at transmitting the virus to CD4 T cells. Importantly, these findings are observed using both a lab-adapted and transmitted/founder strain of HIV. We also describe a CD33low cell population, which is transcriptionally similar to LCs but does not appear to function as antigen-presenting cells or acts as HIV target cells. Our findings reveal that epidermal DCs in anogenital tissues potentially play a key role in sexual transmission of HIV. Composition and function of immune populations at barrier surfaces is crucial for response to infection. Here, the authors identify a population of dendritic cells in human epidermis, abundant in anogenital epithelia and distinct from Langerhans cells by surface phenotype and by high capacity for HIV infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie M Bertram
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rachel A Botting
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Australia.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Heeva Baharlou
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jake W Rhodes
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hafsa Rana
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J Dinny Graham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ellis Patrick
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Fletcher
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Toby M Plasto
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Naomi R Truong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Caroline Royle
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chloe M Doyle
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Orion Tong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laith Barnouti
- Australia Plastic Surgery, 185-211, Broadway, Sydney, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Mark P Kohout
- Australia Plastic Surgery, 185-211, Broadway, Sydney, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brooks
- Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
| | - Michael P Wines
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Rd, St Leonards, New South Wales, 2065, Australia
| | - Peter Haertsch
- Burns Unit, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, 2139, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jake Lim
- Dr Jake Lim PLC, Shop 12, Cnr of Aird & Marsden Street, Parramatta, New South Wales, 2150, Australia
| | - Martijn P Gosselink
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
| | - Grahame Ctercteko
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Melissa J Churchill
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Paul U Cameron
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Muzlifah A Haniffa
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.,Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4LP, UK
| | - Anthony L Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew N Harman
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia. .,The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, New South Wales, Australia.
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21
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Schönfeld M, Knackmuss U, Chandorkar P, Hörtnagl P, Hope TJ, Moris A, Bellmann-Weiler R, Lass-Flörl C, Posch W, Wilflingseder D. Co- but not Sequential Infection of DCs Boosts Their HIV-Specific CTL-Stimulatory Capacity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1123. [PMID: 31178863 PMCID: PMC6542955 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria and their microbial products activate dendritic cells (DCs) at mucosal surfaces during sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and therefore might also differently shape DC functions during co-infection with HIV-1. We recently illustrated that complement (C) coating of HIV-1 (HIV-C), as primarily found during the acute phase of infection before appearance of HIV-specific antibodies, by-passed SAMHD1-mediated restriction in DCs and therefore mediated an increased DC activation and antiviral capacity. To determine whether the superior antiviral effects of HIV-C-exposed DCs also apply during STIs, we developed a co-infection model in which DCs were infected with Chlamydia spp. simultaneously (HIV-C/Chlam-DCs or HIV/Chlam-DCs) or a sequential infection model, where DCs were exposed to Chlamydia for 3 or 24 h (Chlam-DCs) followed by HIV-1 infection. Co-infection of DCs with HIV-1 and Chlamydia significantly boosted the CTL-stimulatory capacity compared to HIV-1-loaded iDCs and this boost was independent on the opsonization pattern. This effect was lost in the sequential infection model, when opsonized HIV-1 was added delayed to Chlamydia-loaded DCs. The reduction in the CTL-stimulatory capacity of Chlam-DCs was not due to lower HIV-1 binding or infection compared to iDCs or HIV-C/Chlam-DCs, but due to altered fusion and internalization mechanisms within DCs. The CTL-stimulatory capacity of HIV-C in Chlam-DCs correlated with significantly reduced viral fusion compared to iDCs and HIV-C/Chlam-DCs and illustrated considerably increased numbers of HIV-C-containing vacuoles than iDCs. The data indicate that Chlamydia co-infection of DCs mediates a transient boost of their HIV-specific CTL-stimulatory and antiviral capacity, while in the sequential infection model this is reversed and associated with hazard to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Schönfeld
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulla Knackmuss
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Parul Chandorkar
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul Hörtnagl
- Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Immunological Department, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas John Hope
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Arnaud Moris
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections - CIMI-Paris, Paris, France.,Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Rosa Bellmann-Weiler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Doris Wilflingseder
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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22
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Rhodes JW, Tong O, Harman AN, Turville SG. Human Dendritic Cell Subsets, Ontogeny, and Impact on HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1088. [PMID: 31156637 PMCID: PMC6532592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play important roles in orchestrating host immunity against invading pathogens, representing one of the first responders to infection by mucosal invaders. From their discovery by Ralph Steinman in the 1970s followed shortly after with descriptions of their in vivo diversity and distribution by Derek Hart, we are still continuing to progressively elucidate the spectrum of DCs present in various anatomical compartments. With the power of high-dimensional approaches such as single-cell sequencing and multiparameter cytometry, recent studies have shed new light on the identities and functions of DC subtypes. Notable examples include the reclassification of plasmacytoid DCs as purely interferon-producing cells and re-evaluation of intestinal conventional DCs and macrophages as derived from monocyte precursors. Collectively, these observations have changed how we view these cells not only in steady-state immunity but also during disease and infection. In this review, we will discuss the current landscape of DCs and their ontogeny, and how this influences our understanding of their roles during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake William Rhodes
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Orion Tong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Nicholas Harman
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Applied Medical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart Grant Turville
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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23
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Trifonova RT, Bollman B, Barteneva NS, Lieberman J. Myeloid Cells in Intact Human Cervical Explants Capture HIV and Can Transmit It to CD4 T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2719. [PMID: 30532754 PMCID: PMC6265349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of myeloid cells in HIV transmission in the female genital tract is uncertain. Because it is difficult to study the early events in HIV transmission in humans, most of our knowledge is based on animal models of SIV infection in Rhesus macaques and more recently HIV infection in humanized mice. However, these models may not accurately recapitulate transmission in the human genital tract. CD14+ myeloid cells are the most abundant hematopoietic cells in the human cervical mucosa, comprising 40-50% of CD45+ mononuclear cells. Most CD14+ cells are CD14+CD11c- macrophages and about a third are CD14+CD11c+ tissue dendritic cells, which express the HIV-binding receptors, DC-SIGN and CX3CR1. To examine the role of mucosal myeloid cells in HIV transmission, we infected intact healthy human cervical explants with CCR5-tropic HIV-1 ex vivo and then sorted populations of cervical immune cells 20 h later to determine whether they took up virus and could transmit it to activated CD4 T cells. Viral RNA was detected in CD14+ myeloid cells in all but one of 10 donor tissue samples, even when HIV RNA was not detected in CD4+ T cells. HIV RNA was detected predominantly in CD14+CD11c+ dendritic cells rather than in CD14+CD11c- macrophages. The reverse transcriptase inhibitor, nevirapine, reduced HIV RNA in CD4+ T cells, but not in CD14+ cells. Moreover, integrated HIV DNA were not detected above background in myeloid cells but was detected in T cells. These data suggest that although HIV replicates in T cells, myeloid cells in the female genital mucosa capture viral particles, but do not replicate the virus at early timepoints. However, sorted CD14+ myeloid cells isolated 20 h post-infection from 5 HIV-infected cervical explants tested all transmitted HIV to activated CD4+ T cells, while only 1 sample of sorted CD4+ T cells did. Thus, myeloid cells in human cervical tissue capture HIV and are an important early cellular storage site of infectious virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radiana T Trifonova
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brooke Bollman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Natasha S Barteneva
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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24
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Wessels JM, Felker AM, Dupont HA, Kaushic C. The relationship between sex hormones, the vaginal microbiome and immunity in HIV-1 susceptibility in women. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm035147. [PMID: 30154116 PMCID: PMC6177003 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.035147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of sex hormones in regulating immune responses in the female genital tract has been recognized for decades. More recently, it has become increasingly clear that sex hormones regulate susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections through direct and indirect mechanisms involving inflammation and immune responses. The reproductive cycle can influence simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infections in primates and HIV-1 infection in ex vivo cervical tissues from women. Exogenous hormones, such as those found in hormonal contraceptives, have come under intense scrutiny because of the increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections seen in women using medroxyprogesterone acetate, a synthetic progestin-based contraceptive. Recent meta-analyses concluded that medroxyprogesterone acetate enhanced HIV-1 susceptibility in women by 40%. In contrast, estradiol-containing hormonal contraceptives were not associated with increased susceptibility and some studies reported a protective effect of estrogen on HIV/SIV infection, although the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Recent studies describe a key role for the vaginal microbiota in determining susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections, including HIV-1. While Lactobacillus spp.-dominated vaginal microbiota is associated with decreased susceptibility, complex microbiota, such as those seen in bacterial vaginosis, correlates with increased susceptibility to HIV-1. Interestingly, sex hormones are inherently linked to microbiota regulation in the vaginal tract. Estrogen has been postulated to play a key role in establishing a Lactobacillus-dominated microenvironment, whereas medroxyprogesterone acetate is linked to hypo-estrogenic effects. The aim of this Review is to contribute to a better understanding of the sex-hormone-microbiome-immunity axis, which can provide key information on the determinants of HIV-1 susceptibility in the female genital tract and, consequently, inform HIV-1 prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn M Wessels
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Allison M Felker
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Haley A Dupont
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Charu Kaushic
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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25
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Aiello A, Giannessi F, Percario ZA, Affabris E. The involvement of plasmacytoid cells in HIV infection and pathogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 40:77-89. [PMID: 29588163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a unique dendritic cell subset that are specialized in type I interferon (IFN) production. pDCs are key players in the antiviral immune response and serve as bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. Although pDCs do not represent the main reservoir of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), they are a crucial subset in HIV infection as they influence viral transmission, target cell infection and antigen presentation. pDCs act as inflammatory and immunosuppressive cells, thus contributing to HIV disease progression. This review provides a state of art analysis of the interactions between HIV and pDCs and their potential roles in HIV transmission, chronic immune activation and immunosuppression. A thorough understanding of the roles of pDCs in HIV infection will help to improve therapeutic strategies to fight HIV infection, and will further increase our knowledge on this important immune cell subset.
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26
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Nittayananta W, Weinberg A, Malamud D, Moyes D, Webster-Cyriaque J, Ghosh S. Innate immunity in HIV-1 infection: epithelial and non-specific host factors of mucosal immunity- a workshop report. Oral Dis 2017; 22 Suppl 1:171-80. [PMID: 27109285 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between HIV-1 and epithelial cells represents a critical aspect in mucosal HIV-1 transmission. Epithelial cells lining the oral cavity cover subepithelial tissues, which contain virus-susceptible host cells including CD4(+) T lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and dendritic cells. Oral epithelia are among the sites of first exposure to both cell-free and cell-associated virus HIV-1 through breast-feeding and oral-genital contact. However, oral mucosa is considered to be naturally resistant to HIV-1 transmission. Oral epithelial cells have been shown to play a crucial role in innate host defense. Nevertheless, it is not clear to what degree these local innate immune factors contribute to HIV-1 resistance of the oral mucosa. This review paper addressed the following issues that were discussed at the 7th World Workshop on Oral Health and Disease in AIDS held in Hyderabad, India, during November 6-9, 2014: (i) What is the fate of HIV-1 after interactions with oral epithelial cells?; (ii) What are the keratinocyte and other anti-HIV effector oral factors, and how do they contribute to mucosal protection?; (iii) How can HIV-1 interactions with oral epithelium affect activation and populations of local immune cells?; (iv) How can HIV-1 interactions alter functions of oral epithelial cells?
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Affiliation(s)
- W Nittayananta
- Excellent Research Laboratory, Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.,Natural Products Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - A Weinberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - D Malamud
- Department of Basic Science, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Moyes
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College Dental Institute, King's College, London, UK
| | - J Webster-Cyriaque
- University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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27
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Targeted microbicides for preventing sexual HIV transmission. J Control Release 2017; 266:119-128. [PMID: 28951320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sexual transmission remains one of the most significant hurdles in the fight against HIV infection. The use of vaginal or rectal microbicides has been proposed for topical pre-exposure prophylaxis but available results from clinical trials of candidate products have been, at best, less than optimal. While waiting for the first product to get regulatory approval, novel approaches are being explored in order to enhance efficacy, as well as to assure safety. Strategies involving specific delivery of antiviral agents to key players involved in the early steps of sexual transmission have the potential to help achieving such purposes. Engineering systems that allow targeting cells, tissues or other biological structures of interest may provide a way to modulate local pharmacokinetics of promising microbicide molecules and, thus, maximize protection. This concise review discusses the identification and use of potential targets for such purpose, while detailing on several examples of targeted systems engineered as potential microbicide candidates. Furthermore, remaining challenges and hints for future work in the field of targeted microbicides are addressed.
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28
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Marlin R, Nugeyre MT, Tchitchek N, Parenti M, Hocini H, Benjelloun F, Cannou C, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Levy Y, Barré-Sinoussi F, Scarlatti G, Le Grand R, Menu E. Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Vector Induces Specific Cellular and Humoral Responses in the Female Reproductive Tract, the Main HIV Portal of Entry. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1923-1932. [PMID: 28760882 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The female reproductive tract (FRT) is one of the major mucosal invasion sites for HIV-1. This site has been neglected in previous HIV-1 vaccine studies. Immune responses in the FRT after systemic vaccination remain to be characterized. Using a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) as a vaccine model, we characterized specific immune responses in all compartments of the FRT of nonhuman primates after systemic vaccination. Memory T cells were preferentially found in the lower tract (vagina and cervix), whereas APCs and innate lymphoid cells were mainly located in the upper tract (uterus and fallopian tubes). This compartmentalization of immune cells in the FRT was supported by transcriptomic analyses and a correlation network. Polyfunctional MVA-specific CD8+ T cells were detected in the blood, lymph nodes, vagina, cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes. Anti-MVA IgG and IgA were detected in cervicovaginal fluid after a second vaccine dose. Thus, systemic vaccination with an MVA vector elicits cellular and Ab responses in the FRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Marlin
- Immunologie des Infections Virales et des Maladies Auto-immunes (ImVA)/Infrastructure Nationale pour la Modélisation des Maladies Infectieuses Humaines et les Thérapies Innovantes (IDMIT)/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA)/Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF)/Institut des Maladies Emergentes et des Traitements Innovants (IMETI), Université Paris-Sud, INSERM U1184, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France.,Mucosal Innate Immunity and Sexually Transmitted Infections Control Group, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Nugeyre
- Immunologie des Infections Virales et des Maladies Auto-immunes (ImVA)/Infrastructure Nationale pour la Modélisation des Maladies Infectieuses Humaines et les Thérapies Innovantes (IDMIT)/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA)/Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF)/Institut des Maladies Emergentes et des Traitements Innovants (IMETI), Université Paris-Sud, INSERM U1184, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France.,Mucosal Innate Immunity and Sexually Transmitted Infections Control Group, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- Immunologie des Infections Virales et des Maladies Auto-immunes (ImVA)/Infrastructure Nationale pour la Modélisation des Maladies Infectieuses Humaines et les Thérapies Innovantes (IDMIT)/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA)/Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF)/Institut des Maladies Emergentes et des Traitements Innovants (IMETI), Université Paris-Sud, INSERM U1184, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Matteo Parenti
- Immunologie des Infections Virales et des Maladies Auto-immunes (ImVA)/Infrastructure Nationale pour la Modélisation des Maladies Infectieuses Humaines et les Thérapies Innovantes (IDMIT)/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA)/Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF)/Institut des Maladies Emergentes et des Traitements Innovants (IMETI), Université Paris-Sud, INSERM U1184, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Hakim Hocini
- Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, 94010 Créteil, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Est, INSERM U955, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Fahd Benjelloun
- Immunologie des Infections Virales et des Maladies Auto-immunes (ImVA)/Infrastructure Nationale pour la Modélisation des Maladies Infectieuses Humaines et les Thérapies Innovantes (IDMIT)/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA)/Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF)/Institut des Maladies Emergentes et des Traitements Innovants (IMETI), Université Paris-Sud, INSERM U1184, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France.,Mucosal Innate Immunity and Sexually Transmitted Infections Control Group, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Claude Cannou
- Immunologie des Infections Virales et des Maladies Auto-immunes (ImVA)/Infrastructure Nationale pour la Modélisation des Maladies Infectieuses Humaines et les Thérapies Innovantes (IDMIT)/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA)/Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF)/Institut des Maladies Emergentes et des Traitements Innovants (IMETI), Université Paris-Sud, INSERM U1184, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France.,Mucosal Innate Immunity and Sexually Transmitted Infections Control Group, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Immunologie des Infections Virales et des Maladies Auto-immunes (ImVA)/Infrastructure Nationale pour la Modélisation des Maladies Infectieuses Humaines et les Thérapies Innovantes (IDMIT)/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA)/Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF)/Institut des Maladies Emergentes et des Traitements Innovants (IMETI), Université Paris-Sud, INSERM U1184, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Yves Levy
- Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, 94010 Créteil, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Est, INSERM U955, 94010 Créteil, France.,Service d'Immunologie Clinique, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
- Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, 94010 Créteil, France.,Division Internationale, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; and
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, 94010 Créteil, France.,Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Immunologie des Infections Virales et des Maladies Auto-immunes (ImVA)/Infrastructure Nationale pour la Modélisation des Maladies Infectieuses Humaines et les Thérapies Innovantes (IDMIT)/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA)/Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF)/Institut des Maladies Emergentes et des Traitements Innovants (IMETI), Université Paris-Sud, INSERM U1184, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Elisabeth Menu
- Immunologie des Infections Virales et des Maladies Auto-immunes (ImVA)/Infrastructure Nationale pour la Modélisation des Maladies Infectieuses Humaines et les Thérapies Innovantes (IDMIT)/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA)/Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF)/Institut des Maladies Emergentes et des Traitements Innovants (IMETI), Université Paris-Sud, INSERM U1184, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France; .,Mucosal Innate Immunity and Sexually Transmitted Infections Control Group, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, 94010 Créteil, France
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29
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Abstract
The female reproductive tract (FRT) is a major site for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. There currently exists a poor understanding of how the innate immune system is activated upon HIV transmission and how this activation may affect systemic spread of HIV from the FRT. However, multiple mechanisms for how HIV is sensed have been deciphered using model systems with cell lines and peripheral blood-derived cells. The aim of this review is to summarize recent progress in the field of HIV innate immune sensing and place this in the context of the FRT. Because HIV is somewhat unique as an STD that thrives under inflammatory conditions, the response of cells upon sensing HIV gene products can either promote or limit HIV infection depending on the context. Future studies should include investigations into how FRT-derived primary cells sense and respond to HIV to confirm conclusions drawn from non-mucosal cells. Understanding how cells of the FRT participate in and effect innate immune sensing of HIV will provide a clearer picture of what parameters during the early stages of HIV exposure determine transmission success. Such knowledge could pave the way for novel approaches for preventing HIV acquisition in women.
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30
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Woodham AW, Sanna AM, Taylor JR, Skeate JG, Da Silva DM, Dekker LV, Kast WM. Annexin A2 antibodies but not inhibitors of the annexin A2 heterotetramer impair productive HIV-1 infection of macrophages in vitro. Virol J 2016; 13:187. [PMID: 27863502 PMCID: PMC5116172 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), macrophages are initial targets for HIV infection. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) has been shown to protect against HIV infection of macrophages through interactions with annexin A2 (A2), which is found on the macrophage cell surface as a heterotetramer (A2t) consisting of A2 and S100A10. Therefore, we investigated potential protein-protein interactions between A2 and HIV-1 gp120 through a series of co-immunoprecipitation assays and a single molecule pulldown (SiMPull) technique. Additionally, inhibitors of A2t (A2ti) that target the interaction between A2 and S100A10 were tested for their ability to impair productive HIV-1 infection of macrophages. Our data suggest that interactions between HIV-1 gp120 and A2 exist, though this interaction may be indirect. Furthermore, an anti-A2 antibody impaired HIV-1 particle production in macrophages in vitro, whereas A2ti did not indicating that annexin A2 may promote HIV-1 infection of macrophages in its monomeric rather than tetrameric form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Woodham
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adriana M Sanna
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Present Address: Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Julia R Taylor
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy St., NRT 7507, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Joseph G Skeate
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy St., NRT 7507, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Diane M Da Silva
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lodewijk V Dekker
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - W Martin Kast
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy St., NRT 7507, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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31
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Barillari G, Palladino C, Bacigalupo I, Leone P, Falchi M, Ensoli B. Entrance of the Tat protein of HIV-1 into human uterine cervical carcinoma cells causes upregulation of HPV-E6 expression and a decrease in p53 protein levels. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2389-2394. [PMID: 27698804 PMCID: PMC5038842 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The infection of uterine cervical epithelial cells by oncogenic, high-risk human papilloma viruses (HR-HPVs) may lead to the development of cervical carcinoma. Of note, the incidence of this tumor is significantly increased in women infected by both HR-HPV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1. In this regard, previous studies have linked the HIV-1 Tat protein, a trans-activator of viral gene expression, to the pathogenesis of HIV-associated malignancies. In particular, it has been shown that upon its release by acutely infected cells, Tat protein can enter human cells, thus modifying their phenotype. Based on these findings, the present study evaluated whether extracellular Tat protein could be taken up by human uterine cervical carcinoma cells, and whether this could affect the expression of HPV (E6 or E7) or cellular (p16 or p53) molecules, which are key to cervical carcinoma development or progression. The results indicated that extracellular, biologically active HIV-1 Tat protein is taken up by human uterine cervical carcinoma cells, and that this is followed by an increase in the expression of the E6 protein of HPV, and by a reduction in the protein levels of the cellular oncosuppressor p53. Since p53 loss is associated with cell dedifferentiation and immortalization, these findings suggest a possible link between extracellular Tat protein and the high incidence and clinical aggressiveness of uterine cervical carcinoma observed in HIV/HPV doubly infected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barillari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University 'Tor Vergata', I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Clelia Palladino
- National AIDS Center, National Institute of Health, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bacigalupo
- National AIDS Center, National Institute of Health, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Leone
- National AIDS Center, National Institute of Health, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Falchi
- National AIDS Center, National Institute of Health, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Ensoli
- National AIDS Center, National Institute of Health, I-00161 Rome, Italy
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32
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Woodham AW, Skeate JG, Sanna AM, Taylor JR, Da Silva DM, Cannon PM, Kast WM. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Immune Cell Receptors, Coreceptors, and Cofactors: Implications for Prevention and Treatment. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2016; 30:291-306. [PMID: 27410493 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2016.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last three decades, extensive research on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has highlighted its capability to exploit a variety of strategies to enter and infect immune cells. Although CD4(+) T cells are well known as the major HIV target, with infection occurring through the canonical combination of the cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) receptor and either the C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) or C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) coreceptors, HIV has also been found to enter other important immune cell types such as macrophages, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, B cells, and granulocytes. Interestingly, the expression of distinct cellular cofactors partially regulates the rate in which HIV infects each distinct cell type. Furthermore, HIV can benefit from the acquisition of new proteins incorporated into its envelope during budding events. While several publications have investigated details of how HIV manipulates particular cell types or subtypes, an up-to-date comprehensive review on HIV tropism for different immune cells is lacking. Therefore, this review is meant to focus on the different receptors, coreceptors, and cofactors that HIV exploits to enter particular immune cells. Additionally, prophylactic approaches that have targeted particular molecules associated with HIV entry and infection of different immune cells will be discussed. Unveiling the underlying cellular receptors and cofactors that lead to HIV preference for specific immune cell populations is crucial in identifying novel preventative/therapeutic targets for comprehensive strategies to eliminate viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Woodham
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joseph G. Skeate
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Adriana M. Sanna
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julia R. Taylor
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Diane M. Da Silva
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paula M. Cannon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - W. Martin Kast
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Abstract
Objectives: Semen composition is influenced by HIV-1 infection, yet the impact of semen components on HIV infection of primary target cells has only been studied in samples from HIV-uninfected donors. Design: We compared the effect of seminal plasma (SP) from chronically HIV-infected (SP+) versus uninfected donors (SP–) on HIV-1 infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CD4+ T cells. Methods: Primary cells were infected with HIV-1 in the presence of SP+ or SP– and analyzed for infection level, metabolic activity, HIV receptor expression, proliferation and activation. SP+ and SP– were compared for infection-enhancing peptides, cytokines and prostaglandin E2 levels. Results: SP– efficiently enhanced HIV-1 R5 infection of CD4+ T cells, whereas SP+ enhancing activity was significantly reduced. RANTES (CCL5) concentrations were elevated in SP+ relative to SP–, whereas the concentrations of infectivity-enhancing peptides [semen-derived enhancer of viral infection (SEVI), SEM1, SEM2] were similar. CCR5 membrane expression levels were reduced on CD4+ T cells shortly postexposure to SP+ compared with SP– and correlated to R5-tropic HIV-1 infection levels, and CCR5 ligands’ concentrations in semen. SP+ and SP– displayed similar enhancing activity on PBMC infection by X4-tropic HIV-1. Addition/depletion of RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted) from SPs modulated their effect on PBMC infection by R5-tropic HIV-1. Conclusion: Semen from HIV-infected donors exhibits a significantly reduced enhancing potential on CD4+ T-cell infection by R5-tropic HIV-1 when compared with semen from uninfected donors. Our data indicate that elevated seminal concentrations of RANTES in HIV-infected men can influence the ability of semen to enhance infection.
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Moyes DL, Islam A, Kohli A, Naglik JR. Oral epithelial cells and their interactions with HIV-1. Oral Dis 2016; 22 Suppl 1:66-72. [PMID: 26879550 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As the AIDS pandemic has continued, our understanding of the events that occur during the entry and infection of conventional, susceptible cells has increased dramatically, leading to the development of control therapies for HIV-infected individuals. However, an ongoing hole in our understanding is how HIV crosses the mucosal barriers to gain access to permissive cells, despite how important this information would be in developing successful vaccines and other preventative measures such as topical anti-HIV microbicides. In particular, our knowledge of the role that epithelial cells of the mucosal surfaces play in infection - both during early phases and throughout the life of an infected individual, is currently hazy at best. However, several studies in recent years suggest that HIV can bind to and traverse these mucosal epithelial cells, providing a reservoir of infection that can subsequently infect underlying permissive cells. Despite this interaction with epithelial cells, evidence suggests HIV-1 does not productively infect these cells, although they are capable of transferring surface-bound and transcytosed virus to other, permissive cells. Further, there appear to be key differences between adult and infant epithelial cells in the degree to which HIV can transcytose and infect the epithelium. Thus, it is clear that, whilst not primary targets for infection and virus replication, epithelial cells play an important role in the infection cycle and improving our understanding of their interactions with HIV could potentially provide key insights necessary to develop effective preventative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Moyes
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Islam
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Kohli
- Public Health England, London, UK
| | - J R Naglik
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
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Barriers to a cure for HIV in women. J Int AIDS Soc 2016; 19:20706. [PMID: 26900031 PMCID: PMC4761692 DOI: 10.7448/ias.19.1.20706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Distinct biological factors exist that affect the natural history of HIV and the host immune response between women and men. These differences must be addressed to permit the optimal design of effective HIV eradication strategies for much of the HIV-positive population. Methods and results Here, we review the literature on sex-based differences in HIV pathogenesis and natural history in tissues and anatomic compartments, HIV latency and transcriptional activity, and host immunity including the role of sex hormones. We then outline the potential effects of these differences on HIV persistence, and on the safety and efficacy of HIV eradication and curative interventions. Finally, we discuss the next steps necessary to elucidate these factors to achieve a cure for HIV, taking in account the complex ethical issues and the regulatory landscape in the hopes of stimulating further research and awareness in these areas. Conclusions Targeted enrolment of women in clinical trials and careful sex-based analysis will be crucial to gain further insights into sex-based differences in HIV persistence and to design sex-specific approaches to HIV eradication, if required.
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Shen R, Achenbach J, Shen Y, Palaia J, Rahkola JT, Nick HJ, Smythies LE, McConnell M, Fowler MG, Smith PD, Janoff EN. Mother-to-Child HIV-1 Transmission Events Are Differentially Impacted by Breast Milk and Its Components from HIV-1-Infected Women. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145150. [PMID: 26680219 PMCID: PMC4683070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is a vehicle of infection and source of protection in post-natal mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission (MTCT). Understanding the mechanism by which breast milk limits vertical transmission will provide critical insight into the design of preventive and therapeutic approaches to interrupt HIV-1 mucosal transmission. However, characterization of the inhibitory activity of breast milk in human intestinal mucosa, the portal of entry in postnatal MTCT, has been constrained by the limited availability of primary mucosal target cells and tissues to recapitulate mucosal transmission ex vivo. Here, we characterized the impact of skimmed breast milk, breast milk antibodies (Igs) and non-Ig components from HIV-1-infected Ugandan women on the major events of HIV-1 mucosal transmission using primary human intestinal cells and tissues. HIV-1-specific IgG antibodies and non-Ig components in breast milk inhibited the uptake of Ugandan HIV-1 isolates by primary human intestinal epithelial cells, viral replication in and transport of HIV-1- bearing dendritic cells through the human intestinal mucosa. Breast milk HIV-1-specific IgG and IgA, as well as innate factors, blocked the uptake and transport of HIV-1 through intestinal mucosa. Thus, breast milk components have distinct and complementary effects in reducing HIV-1 uptake, transport through and replication in the intestinal mucosa and, therefore, likely contribute to preventing postnatal HIV-1 transmission. Our data suggests that a successful preventive or therapeutic approach would require multiple immune factors acting at multiple steps in the HIV-1 mucosal transmission process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhong Shen
- Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ENJ); (RS)
| | - Jenna Achenbach
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama United States of America
| | - Jana Palaia
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jeremy T. Rahkola
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Heidi J. Nick
- Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Lesley E. Smythies
- Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Michelle McConnell
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mary G. Fowler
- The Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Phillip D. Smith
- Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Edward N. Janoff
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ENJ); (RS)
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Biophysical Characterization of a Vaccine Candidate against HIV-1: The Transmembrane and Membrane Proximal Domains of HIV-1 gp41 as a Maltose Binding Protein Fusion. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136507. [PMID: 26295457 PMCID: PMC4546420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane proximal region (MPR, residues 649-683) and transmembrane domain (TMD, residues 684-705) of the gp41 subunit of HIV-1's envelope protein are highly conserved and are important in viral mucosal transmission, virus attachment and membrane fusion with target cells. Several structures of the trimeric membrane proximal external region (residues 662-683) of MPR have been reported at the atomic level; however, the atomic structure of the TMD still remains unknown. To elucidate the structure of both MPR and TMD, we expressed the region spanning both domains, MPR-TM (residues 649-705), in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with maltose binding protein (MBP). MPR-TM was initially fused to the C-terminus of MBP via a 42 aa-long linker containing a TEV protease recognition site (MBP-linker-MPR-TM). Biophysical characterization indicated that the purified MBP-linker-MPR-TM protein was a monodisperse and stable candidate for crystallization. However, crystals of the MBP-linker-MPR-TM protein could not be obtained in extensive crystallization screens. It is possible that the 42 residue-long linker between MBP and MPR-TM was interfering with crystal formation. To test this hypothesis, the 42 residue-long linker was replaced with three alanine residues. The fusion protein, MBP-AAA-MPR-TM, was similarly purified and characterized. Significantly, both the MBP-linker-MPR-TM and MBP-AAA-MPR-TM proteins strongly interacted with broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies 2F5 and 4E10. With epitopes accessible to the broadly neutralizing antibodies, these MBP/MPR-TM recombinant proteins may be in immunologically relevant conformations that mimic a pre-hairpin intermediate of gp41.
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Peters PJ, Gonzalez-Perez MP, Musich T, Moore Simas TA, Lin R, Morse AN, Shattock RJ, Derdeyn CA, Clapham PR. Infection of ectocervical tissue and universal targeting of T-cells mediated by primary non-macrophage-tropic and highly macrophage-tropic HIV-1 R5 envelopes. Retrovirology 2015; 12:48. [PMID: 26055104 PMCID: PMC4459458 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 variants carrying non-macrophage-tropic HIV-1 R5 envelopes (Envs) are predominantly transmitted and persist in immune tissue even in AIDS patients who have highly macrophage-tropic variants in the brain. Non-macrophage-tropic R5 Envs require high levels of CD4 for infection contrasting with macrophage-tropic Envs, which can efficiently mediate infection of cells via low CD4. Here, we investigated whether non-macrophage-tropic R5 Envs from the acute stage of infection (including transmitted/founder Env) mediated more efficient infection of ectocervical explant cultures compared to non-macrophage-tropic and highly macrophage-tropic R5 Envs from late disease. Results We used Env+ pseudovirions that carried a GFP reporter gene to measure infection of the first cells targeted in ectocervical explant cultures. In straight titrations of Env+ pseudovirus supernatants, mac-tropic R5 Envs from late disease mediated slightly higher infectivities for ectocervical explants although this was not significant. Surprisingly, explant infection by several T/F/acute Envs was lower than for Envs from late disease. However, when infectivity for explants was corrected to account for differences in the overall infectivity of each Env+ pseudovirus (measured on highly permissive HeLa TZM-bl cells), non-mac-tropic early and late disease Env+ pseudoviruses mediated significantly higher infection. This observation suggests that cervical tissue preferentially supports non-mac-tropic Env+ viruses compared to mac-tropic viruses. Finally, we show that T-cells were the main targets for infection regardless of whether explants were stimulated with T-cell or monocyte/macrophage cytokines. There was no evidence of macrophage infection even for pseudovirions carrying highly mac-tropic Envs from brain tissue or for the highly mac-tropic, laboratory strain, BaL, which targeted T-cells in the explant tissue. Conclusions Our data support ectocervical tissue as a favorable environment for non-mac-tropic HIV-1 R5 variants and emphasize the role of T-cells as initial targets for infection even for highly mac-tropic variants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0176-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Peters
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Biotech 2, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2377, USA.
| | - Maria Paz Gonzalez-Perez
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Biotech 2, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2377, USA.
| | - Thomas Musich
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Biotech 2, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2377, USA.
| | - Tiffany A Moore Simas
- Department of Ob/Gyn, University of Massachusetts Memorial Health Care, 119 Belmont Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Rongheng Lin
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 411 Arnold House, 715 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003-9304, USA.
| | - Abraham N Morse
- Department of Ob/Gyn, University of Massachusetts Memorial Health Care, 119 Belmont Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College, Medical School Building, London, W21PG, UK.
| | - Cynthia A Derdeyn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center at Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | - Paul R Clapham
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Biotech 2, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2377, USA.
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Shey MS, Garrett NJ, McKinnon LR, Passmore JAS. The role of dendritic cells in driving genital tract inflammation and HIV transmission risk: are there opportunities to intervene? Innate Immun 2015; 21:99-112. [PMID: 24282122 PMCID: PMC4033703 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913513815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective prevention of new HIV infections will require an understanding of the mechanisms involved in HIV acquisition. HIV transmission across the female genital tract is the major mode of new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa and involves complex processes, including cell activation, inflammation and recruitment of HIV target cells. Activated CD4(+) T-cells, dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages have been described as targets for HIV at the genital mucosa. Activation of these cells may occur in the presence of sexually-transmitted infections, disturbances of commensal flora and other inflammatory processes. In this review, we discuss causes and consequences of inflammation in the female genital tract, with a focus on DC. We describe the central role these cells may play in facilitating or preventing HIV transmission across the genital mucosa, and in the initial recognition of HIV and other pathogens, allowing activation of an adaptive immune response to infection. We discuss studies that investigate interventions to limit DC activation, inflammation and HIV transmission. This knowledge is essential in the development of novel strategies for effective HIV control, including microbicides and pre-exposure prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jo-Ann S Passmore
- CAPRISA, Durban, South Africa Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
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Distinct characteristics of endometrial and decidual macrophages and regulation of their permissivity to HIV-1 infection by SAMHD1. J Virol 2014; 89:1329-39. [PMID: 25392215 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01730-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In order to develop strategies to prevent HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) transmission, it is crucial to better characterize HIV-1 target cells in the female reproductive tract (FRT) mucosae and to identify effective innate responses. Control of HIV-1 infection in the decidua (the uterine mucosa during pregnancy) can serve as a model to study natural mucosal protection. Macrophages are the main HIV-1 target cells in the decidua. Here we report that in vitro, macrophages and T cells are the main HIV-1 targets in the endometrium in nonpregnant women. As reported for decidual macrophages (dM), endometrial macrophages (eM) were found to have an M2-like phenotype (CD68+ CD163+ CD206+ IL-10high). However, eM and dM may belong to different subpopulations, as they differently express certain markers and secrete different amounts of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. We observed strong expression of the SAMHD1 restriction factor and weak expression of its inactive form (pSAMHD1, phosphorylated at residue Thr592) in both eM and dM. Infection of macrophages from both tissues was enhanced in the presence of the viral protein Vpx, suggesting a role for SAMHD1 in the restriction of HIV-1 infection. This study and further comparisons of the decidua with FRT mucosae in nonpregnant women should help to identify mechanisms of mucosal protection against HIV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE The female reproductive tract mucosae are major portals of HIV-1 entry into the body. The decidua (uterine mucosa during pregnancy) can serve as a model for studying natural mucosal protection against HIV-1 transmission. A comparison of target cells and innate responses in the decidua versus the endometrium in nonpregnant women could help to identify protective mechanisms. Here, we report for the first time that macrophages are one of the main HIV-1 target cells in the endometrium and that infection of macrophages from both the endometrium and the decidua is restricted by SAMHD1. These findings might have implications for the development of vaccines to prevent HIV-1 mucosal transmission.
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Pereira LE, Makarova N, Dobard C, Aubert RD, Srinivasan P, McNicholl J, Smith JM. Development and optimization of a non-enzymatic method of leukocyte isolation from macaque tissues. J Med Primatol 2014; 43:360-3. [PMID: 25379593 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS Cell isolation from macaque tissues involves laborious enzymatic digestion. The Medimachine provides a simpler, quicker non-enzymatic method, yielding 1.5–5 million cells/g of vaginal or rectal tissue from pigtailed macaques. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Flow cytometry analysis of the two methods revealed similar levels of cell viability and most major cell lineage and activation markers.
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Ho TH, Cohen BL, Colombel JF, Mehandru S. Review article: the intersection of mucosal pathophysiology in HIV and inflammatory bowel disease, and its implications for therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40:1171-86. [PMID: 25267394 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunopathology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and HIV in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can be viewed as ends of a spectrum with IBD being associated with 'immune excess' and HIV with 'immune paucity' within the GI tract. AIM To review the pathophysiology of IBD and HIV as they intersect in the gut immune system. METHODS A search was conducted in PubMed using defined keywords 'IBD, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, HIV, innate immunity, mucosal layer, macrophage, cytokine, dendritic cells, adaptive immunity, CD4, T cells, Th1, Th2, natural killer T cells (NKT)'. RESULTS Both the mucosal innate defence and adaptive immunity are profoundly affected by IBD and HIV. The pathophysiology of IBD and HIV with regard to mucosal barrier, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, NKT cells and T-cell subsets is distinct yet closely interwoven. There is limited information on the clinical manifestations of patients who have both IBD and HIV. However, recent studies suggest that the clinical course of IBD may be attenuated by concurrent HIV infection - a premise that is reasonably supported by what is known of their pathophysiology. CONCLUSIONS It is apparent that through specific pathophysiological mechanisms, HIV is capable of attenuating inflammation in IBD. In the absence of experimental models, further clinical studies are necessary to better understand patients with concurrent disease and decipher the clinical and mechanistic relationship between HIV and IBD at mucosal surfaces. Such studies are critical to guide therapeutic decisions in the management of patients with IBD infected with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Ho
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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43
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) is heavily glycosylated, with approximately 50% of the Env molecular mass being contributed by N-glycans. HIV-1 Env N-glycans shield the protein backbone and have been shown to play key roles in determining Env structure, surface exposure, and, consequently, antigenicity, infectivity, antibody neutralization, and carbohydrate and receptor binding. Studies of HIV-1 glycosylation have focused mainly on the position of glycosylation, rather than the types of glycans. Also, the role of Env glycan moieties on HIV-1 transmission has not been systematically defined. Using viruses with modified Env glycan content and heterogeneity, we examined the effects of Env glycan moieties on the major events of HIV-1 transmission. Compared to viruses with less oligomannose and more complex Env glycans, viruses with more oligomannose and less complex glycans more efficiently (i) transcytosed across an epithelial cell monolayer, (ii) attached to monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), (iii) bound monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs), and (iv) trans-infected primary lymphocytes via MoDCs. However, viruses with more oligomannose and less complex glycans displayed impaired infectivity in TZMbl cells, MDMs, primary lymphocytes, and fresh human intestinal tissue. Thus, N-linked Env glycans display discordant effects on the major events of HIV-1 transmission, with mature oligosaccharide structures on Env playing a crucial role in HIV-1 infection. Env glycosylation should be taken into consideration in the development of vaccine strategies to interdict HIV-1 transmission. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 Env N-glycans shield the protein backbone and play key roles in determining Env structure and surface exposure, thereby impacting Env antigenicity, infectivity, antibody neutralization, and carbohydrate and receptor binding. Studies of HIV-1 glycosylation have focused mainly on the position of glycosylation, rather than the types of glycans. In the study described in this report, we investigated systematically the role of Env glycan moieties on HIV-1 transmission. We show that N-linked Env glycans display discordant effects on the major events of HIV-1 transmission. These data indicate that Env glycan moieties impact HIV-1 transmission and that modulation of Env glycan moieties offers a potential strategy for the development of therapeutic or prophylactic vaccines against HIV-1.
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Gong Z, Kessans SA, Song L, Dörner K, Lee HH, Meador LR, LaBaer J, Hogue BG, Mor TS, Fromme P. Recombinant expression, purification, and biophysical characterization of the transmembrane and membrane proximal domains of HIV-1 gp41. Protein Sci 2014; 23:1607-18. [PMID: 25155369 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane subunit (gp41) of the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 associates noncovalently with the surface subunit (gp120) and together they play essential roles in viral mucosal transmission and infection of target cells. The membrane proximal region (MPR) of gp41 is highly conserved and contains epitopes of broadly neutralizing antibodies. The transmembrane (TM) domain of gp41 not only anchors the envelope glycoprotein complex in the viral membrane but also dynamically affects the interactions of the MPR with the membrane. While high-resolution X-ray structures of some segments of the MPR were solved in the past, they represent the post-fusion forms. Structural information on the TM domain of gp41 is scant and at low resolution. Here we describe the design, expression and purification of a protein construct that includes MPR and the transmembrane domain of gp41 (MPR-TMTEV-6His), which reacts with the broadly neutralizing antibodies 2F5 and 4E10 and thereby may represent an immunologically relevant conformation mimicking a prehairpin intermediate of gp41. The expression level of MPR-TMTEV-6His was improved by fusion to the C-terminus of Mistic protein, yielding ∼ 1 mg of pure protein per liter. The isolated MPR-TMTEV-6His protein was biophysically characterized and is a monodisperse candidate for crystallization. This work will enable further investigation into the structure of MPR-TMTEV-6His, which will be important for the structure-based design of a mucosal vaccine against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287-1604; The Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287
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Kleppa E, Ramsuran V, Zulu S, Karlsen GH, Bere A, Passmore JAS, Ndhlovu P, Lillebø K, Holmen SD, Onsrud M, Gundersen SG, Taylor M, Kjetland EF, Ndung’u T. Effect of female genital schistosomiasis and anti-schistosomal treatment on monocytes, CD4+ T-cells and CCR5 expression in the female genital tract. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98593. [PMID: 24896815 PMCID: PMC4045760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosoma haematobium is a waterborne parasite that may cause female genital schistosomiasis (FGS), characterized by genital mucosal lesions. There is clinical and epidemiological evidence for a relationship between FGS and HIV. We investigated the impact of FGS on HIV target cell density and expression of the HIV co-receptor CCR5 in blood and cervical cytobrush samples. Furthermore we evaluated the effect of anti-schistosomal treatment on these cell populations. Design The study followed a case-control design with post treatment follow-up, nested in an on-going field study on FGS. Methods Blood and cervical cytobrush samples were collected from FGS negative and positive women for flow cytometry analyses. Urine samples were investigated for schistosome ova by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results FGS was associated with a higher frequency of CD14+ cells (monocytes) in blood (11.5% in FGS+ vs. 2.2% in FGS-, p = 0.042). Frequencies of CD4+ cells expressing CCR5 were higher in blood samples from FGS+ than from FGS- women (4.7% vs. 1.5%, p = 0.018). The CD14+ cell population decreased significantly in both compartments after anti-schistosomal treatment (p = 0.043). Although the frequency of CD4+ cells did not change after treatment, frequencies of CCR5 expression by CD4+ cells decreased significantly in both compartments (from 3.4% to 0.5% in blood, p = 0.036; and from 42.4% to 5.6% in genital samples, p = 0.025). Conclusions The results support the hypothesis that FGS may increase the risk of HIV acquisition, not only through damage of the mucosal epithelial barrier, but also by affecting HIV target cell populations, and that anti-schistosomal treatment can modify this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Kleppa
- Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital (OUH), Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Veron Ramsuran
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
| | - Siphosenkosi Zulu
- School of Public Health Medicine, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, UKZN, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Alfred Bere
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jo-Ann S. Passmore
- Division of Medical Virology, IDM, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Kristine Lillebø
- Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital (OUH), Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigve D. Holmen
- Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital (OUH), Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Svein Gunnar Gundersen
- Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway
- Centre for Development Studies, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Myra Taylor
- School of Public Health Medicine, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, UKZN, Durban, South Africa
| | - Eyrun F. Kjetland
- Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital (OUH), Oslo, Norway
- School of Public Health Medicine, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, UKZN, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thumbi Ndung’u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
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Shen R, Richter HE, Smith PD. Interactions between HIV-1 and mucosal cells in the female reproductive tract. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71:608-17. [PMID: 24689653 PMCID: PMC4073589 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, the heterosexual route is the prevalent mode of HIV-1 transmission, and the female reproductive tract accounts for approximately 40% of all HIV-1 transmissions. HIV-1 infection in the female reproductive tract involves three major events: entry through the mucosal epithelium, productive infection in subepithelial mononuclear cells, and delivery to lymph nodes to initiate systemic infection. Here, we provide a focused review of the interaction between HIV-1 and mucosal epithelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells in female genital mucosa. Increased understanding of these interactions could illuminate new approaches for interdicting HIV-1 heterosexual transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhong Shen
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Holly E. Richter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Phillip D. Smith
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Kohli A, Islam A, Moyes DL, Murciano C, Shen C, Challacombe SJ, Naglik JR. Oral and vaginal epithelial cell lines bind and transfer cell-free infectious HIV-1 to permissive cells but are not productively infected. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98077. [PMID: 24857971 PMCID: PMC4032250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of HIV-1 infections worldwide are acquired via mucosal surfaces. However, unlike the vaginal mucosa, the issue of whether the oral mucosa can act as a portal of entry for HIV-1 infection remains controversial. To address potential differences with regard to the fate of HIV-1 after exposure to oral and vaginal epithelium, we utilized two epithelial cell lines representative of buccal (TR146) and pharyngeal (FaDu) sites of the oral cavity and compared them with a cell line derived from vaginal epithelium (A431) in order to determine (i) HIV-1 receptor gene and protein expression, (ii) whether HIV-1 genome integration into epithelial cells occurs, (iii) whether productive viral infection ensues, and (iv) whether infectious virus can be transferred to permissive cells. Using flow cytometry to measure captured virus by HIV-1 gp120 protein detection and western blot to detect HIV-1 p24 gag protein, we demonstrate that buccal, pharyngeal and vaginal epithelial cells capture CXCR4- and CCR5-utilising virus, probably via non-canonical receptors. Both oral and vaginal epithelial cells are able to transfer infectious virus to permissive cells either directly through cell-cell attachment or via transcytosis of HIV-1 across epithelial cells. However, HIV-1 integration, as measured by real-time PCR and presence of early gene mRNA transcripts and de novo protein production were not detected in either epithelial cell type. Importantly, both oral and vaginal epithelial cells were able to support integration and productive infection if HIV-1 entered via the endocytic pathway driven by VSV-G. Our data demonstrate that under normal conditions productive HIV-1 infection of epithelial cells leading to progeny virion production is unlikely, but that epithelial cells can act as mediators of systemic viral dissemination through attachment and transfer of HIV-1 to permissive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinder Kohli
- Department of Oral Immunology, Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ayesha Islam
- Department of Oral Immunology, Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David L Moyes
- Department of Oral Immunology, Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Celia Murciano
- Department of Oral Immunology, Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Chengguo Shen
- Department of Oral Immunology, Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Challacombe
- Department of Oral Immunology, Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Department of Oral Immunology, Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Lourenço AG, Komesu MC, Machado AA, Quintana SM, Bourlet T, Pozzetto B, Delézay O. Semen lactoferrin promotes CCL20 production by epithelial cells: Involvement in HIV transmission. World J Virol 2014; 3:11-17. [PMID: 25019057 PMCID: PMC4087152 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v3.i2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the effect of seminal plasma on Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) production by epithelial cells and its relationship with lactoferrin.
METHODS: HEC-1A cells, a cell line derived from a monostratified endocervical epithelium, were incubated with samples of seminal plasma (diluted 1:10 in culture medium) recovered from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seronegative (HIV-) or HIV seropositive (HIV+) subjects. Recombinant human interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) was used as positive control, and culture medium only as negative control. The measurement of CCL20 production in the supernatants of HEC-1A cells and of lactoferrin in seminal plasma was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. A fractionation of seminal plasma proteins was performed by ion exchange chromatography on a pool of seminal plasma specimens from HIV- subjects. Each fraction was tested for its ability to stimulate the production of CCL20 by HEC-1A cells and for its lactoferrin concentration. The HIV viral load in seminal plasma samples from HIV+ patients was measured using the HIV-Monitor kit (Roche Diagnostic Systems, Branchburg, NJ, United States).
RESULTS: The positive control IL-1β was responsible for an increase of 11.36 ± 3.36 times in the production of CCL20. Stimulation of HEC-1A cells was performed in 34 seminal plasma samples (22 from HIV+ subjects and 12 from HIV- subjects). The mean production of CCL20 by HEC-1A in presence of seminal plasma from HIV- and HIV+ subjects was respectively 5.38 ± 0.91 and 7.57 ± 3.26 times higher than that obtained with the untreated cells (P < 0.05 between the two groups). Using the same 34 specimens of seminal plasma, no correlation was observed between the concentration of total proteins in seminal plasma and their ability to stimulate the secretion of CCL20 by HEC-1 cells. In contrast, the ability to produce CCL20 by HEC-1A cells correlated to the concentration of lactoferrin in the seminal plasma samples (r coefficient = 0.56; CI: 0.26-0.76; P < 0.001). After fractionation by ion exchange chromatography, the seminal plasma fractions exhibiting the highest concentrations of lactoferrin were responsible for the greatest stimulation of CCL20 production by HEC-1A cells (r coefficient = 0.89; CI: 0.78-0.95; P < 0.0001).
CONCLUSION: Lactoferrin present in seminal plasma correlated with an increased production of CCL20 by HEC-1A cells and therefore could facilitate HIV entry through the genital mucosa.
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Tasker C, Ding J, Schmolke M, Rivera-Medina A, García-Sastre A, Chang TL. 17β-estradiol protects primary macrophages against HIV infection through induction of interferon-alpha. Viral Immunol 2014; 27:140-50. [PMID: 24801776 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2013.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen has been shown to increase resistance to HIV/SIV transmission by increasing the thickness of the genital epithelium. The immunological role of estrogen in HIV infection of primary target cells is less well characterized. We have found that primary macrophages are a target for anti-HIV activity of 17β-estradiol (E2). E2 did not affect surface expression of CD4 and HIV co-receptors nor HIV attachment to monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). In addition, E2 treatment blocked infection by a co-receptor-independent HIV-1VSV-G pseudotyped virus. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of HIV reverse transcribed DNA products indicated that E2 blocked HIV reverse transcription. E2 upregulated gene expression of interferons (IFNs) in MDMs from multiple donors. However, induction of host restriction factors APOBEC3G, APOBEC3F, or SAMHD1 was not consistent, with exception of APOBEC3A. Anti-HIV activity of E2 was abolished in the presence of IFN-α neutralizing antibody, and was absent in bone marrow-derived macrophages from IFN-α receptor deficient mice. Interestingly, HIV overcame E2-mediated HIV inhibition by suppressing induction of IFNs when MDMs were exposed to HIV before E2 treatment. These results offer a new mechanism of E2 on HIV inhibition. Future studies on the interplay between HIV and E2-mediated innate immune responses will likely provide insights relevant for development of effective strategies for HIV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carley Tasker
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences-New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey
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Abstract
We report that primary human vaginal dendritic cells (DCs) display a myeloid phenotype and express CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4. Vaginal CD13(+) CD11c(+) DCs rapidly and efficiently bound transmitted/founder (T/F) CCR5-tropic (R5) viruses, transported them through explanted vaginal mucosa, and transmitted them in trans to vaginal and blood lymphocytes. Vaginal myeloid DCs may play a key role in capturing and disseminating T/F R5 HIV-1 in vivo and are candidate "gatekeeper" cells in HIV-1 transmission.
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