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Ponzio E, Dolcini J, Sparabombe S, Firmani G, D'Errico MM, Barbadoro P. Psychological Stress and its relationship to Periodontal flora and salivary Nitrite/Nitrate. Int Dent J 2024; 74:746-753. [PMID: 38538383 PMCID: PMC11287180 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychological stress can be a common risk factor for the development of oral and systemic disease; therefore, analysis of a pathophysiologic mechanisms that may explain this association may be significant in planning preventive strategies. The aim of this study was to investigate the association amongst academic stress, periodontal health, and salivary cortisol and nitrite and nitrate levels in a sample of university students. METHODS Participants (N = 14) were classified into 2 groups according to their exposure to academic stress due to periods of university exams (n = 6 and n = 8, respectively). All participants were subjected evlauted for their behavioural, psychological, and anthropometric parameters, as well as an oral health examination. A real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis in samples of saliva and plaque was used to detect Prevotella intermedia and Veillonella dispar as well as the total bacterial count. Nitrite/nitrate ratio (NR ratio) and cortisol in saliva were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Full Mouth Bleeding Score, Full Mouth Plaque Score, and Gingival Index were significantly higher in the group exposed to academic stress. Nitrite was directly related to the presence of V dispar (coefficient, 0.13; P = .00; CI, 0.07 to 0.19) and inversely related to total bacterial count (coefficient, -0.07; P = .012; CI, -0.13 to 0.02). NR ratio was directly related to V dispar (coefficient, 4.35; P = .010; 95% CI, 1.35 to 7.36) and inversely related to total bacterial count (coefficient, -4.05; P = .018; 95% CI, -7.32 to 0.86). CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the importance of stress on periodontal health and salivary nitrite concentration and highlight a potential differential role of specific bacteria on nitrite concentration in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ponzio
- Department of Biomedical Science and Public Health, Unit of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Jacopo Dolcini
- Department of Biomedical Science and Public Health, Unit of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Scilla Sparabombe
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60126, Italy
| | - Giorgio Firmani
- Department of Biomedical Science and Public Health, Unit of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marcello M D'Errico
- Department of Biomedical Science and Public Health, Unit of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pamela Barbadoro
- Department of Biomedical Science and Public Health, Unit of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Li W, Zong X, He YS, Liu X, Zhao C, Wang Y, Zhang J, Pan HF. The effect of air pollution exposure on the risk of outpatient visits for periodontitis: a time-series study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:2418-2429. [PMID: 37652674 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2253738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine if air pollution affected the risk of periodontitis outpatient visits. We collected the records of 56,456 periodontitis outpatient visits in Hefei, China, from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2021. The relationship between air pollution and periodontitis outpatient visits was evaluated using distributed lag nonlinear and generalized linear models. Additional analyses were performed, stratifying the data by age, season, and sex. Subgroup analyses showed a significantly higher risk of periodontitis outpatient visits due to NO2 exposure during the warm season compared with the cold season. Moreover, O3 exposure was associated with a lower risk of periodontitis outpatient visits in the cold season. The findings suggest that NO2 exposure is associated with an increased risk of periodontitis outpatient visits, whereas O3 exposure is associated with a decreased risk of periodontitis outpatient visits. Season is found to be an effect modifier in these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuli Li
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Xirun Zong
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yi-Sheng He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinpai Liu
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Chunhui Zhao
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanyin Wang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Paqué PN, Hjerppe J, Zuercher AN, Jung RE, Joda T. Salivary biomarkers as key to monitor personalized oral healthcare and precision dentistry: A scoping review. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:1003679. [PMID: 36338569 PMCID: PMC9632857 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.1003679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized Oral Healthcare has recently become the new trend word in medicine and dentistry. In this context, saliva diagnostics using various biomarkers seem to be the gateway to personalized dental diagnostics and therapy. But the terminology is not (yet) uniformly defined, furthermore it is unclear to what extent which salivary markers play a relevant role in the therapeutic decision making. In this Scoping Review, an electronic search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science databases using medical subject headings (MESH terms) “saliva”, “biomarker”, “personality/persons”, and “dentistry”. Only human studies were included, in which repeated salivary measurements were performed to analyze monitoring effects with at least ten patients per group. PRISMA-ScR and Tricco guidelines were followed: (i) to examine what salivary biomarkers have been explored in terms of personalized oral healthcare and precision dentistry, (ii) to investigate the clinical relevance for oral health and its correlation to systemic health, and (iii) to summarize an outlook for future developments based on these results. Out of 899 studies, a total of 57 were included for data extraction in this Scoping Review, mainly focusing on periodontal therapy and patient monitoring. Salivary biomarkers have shown the potential to change the field of dentistry in all dental disciplines as a key for personalized workflows. The increasing interest in dental research is obvious, demonstrated by the growing number of publications in recent years. At this time, however, the predominant discipline is periodontology, which allows biomarker-based monitoring of the disease prevention and progression. The studies included showed heterogeneous methods using manifolds biomarkers. Therefore, no uniformly accepted concept can be presented today. Further clinical research with well-defined outcomes including standardized procedures is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pune Nina Paqué
- Clinic of Reconstructive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jenni Hjerppe
- Clinic of Reconstructive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anina N. Zuercher
- Clinic of Reconstructive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ronald E. Jung
- Clinic of Reconstructive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tim Joda
- Clinic of Reconstructive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center of Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: Tim Joda
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NUNES PLS, FONSECA FA, PARANHOS LR, BLUMENBERG C, BARÃO VAR, FERNANDES ES, FERREIRA RG, SIQUEIRA WL, SIQUEIRA MF, MOFFA EB. Analysis of salivary parameters of mucopolysaccharidosis individuals. Braz Oral Res 2022; 36:e011. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Cortelli SC, Máximo PDM, Peralta FS, Silva RAD, Rovai ES, Costa FO, Aquino DR, Rodrigues E, Cortelli JR. Salivary nitrite and systemic biomarkers in obese individuals with periodontitis submitted to FMD. Braz Dent J 2021; 32:27-36. [PMID: 34614058 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202103782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this 9-month clinical study is to assess the impact of one-stage full-mouth disinfection (FMD) on salivary nitrite levels and systemic biomarkers and its correlation with total subgingival bacterial load in obese and non-obese patients with periodontitis. In total, 94 patients (55 obese and 39 non-obese) were initially evaluated, seven were lost during follow-up, resulting in 87 individuals at the end of the study. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 3, 6, and 9 months post periodontal treatment by FMD. Salivary nitrite levels were determined using Griess reagent. Blood samples were collected to determine C-Reactive Protein (CRP), alkaline phosphatase and fasting blood glucose. Real-time PCR was used to determine the total subgingival bacterial load. FMD protocol resulted in increased salivary nitrite levels at 6- and 9-months post-treatment in the non-obese group (p<0.05). In obese individuals, FMD treatment led to an increase in salivary nitrite levels at 6 months (p<0.05); however, at 9 months, the nitrite levels returned to baseline levels. For both groups, the highest nitrite values were observed at 6 months. In addition, in both groups, FMD was associated with a decrease in biomarkers related to systemic inflammation and cardiovascular diseases, such as CRP (p<0.05) and alkaline phosphatase (p<0.05), and had no impact on the fasting blood glucose. This study demonstrates that obese patients with periodontitis present similar salivary nitrite levels when compared with non-obese individuals. FMD protocol resulted in increases in salivary nitrite levels and was associated with a positive impact on systemic biomarkers, regardless of obesity status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila C Cortelli
- Department of Dentistry, Periodontics Research Division, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila de Macedo Máximo
- Department of Dentistry, Periodontics Research Division, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe S Peralta
- Department of Dentistry, Periodontics Research Division, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Augusto da Silva
- Department of Dentistry, Periodontics Research Division, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emanuel S Rovai
- Department of Dentistry, Periodontics Research Division, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando O Costa
- Department of Dentistry, Periodontics Research Division, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Davi R Aquino
- School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edson Rodrigues
- Institute of Bioscience, Biochemistry Division, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose R Cortelli
- Department of Dentistry, Periodontics Research Division, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yan T, Xie Y, He H, Fan W, Huang F. Role of nitric oxide in orthodontic tooth movement (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:168. [PMID: 34278439 PMCID: PMC8285047 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.5001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an ubiquitous signaling molecule that mediates numerous cellular processes associated with cardiovascular, nervous and immune systems. NO also plays an essential role in bone homeostasis regulation. The present review article summarized the effects of NO on bone metabolism during orthodontic tooth movement in order to provide insight into the regulatory role of NO in orthodontic tooth movement. Orthodontic tooth movement is a process in which the periodontal tissue and alveolar bone are reconstructed due to the effect of orthodontic forces. Accumulating evidence has indicated that NO and its downstream signaling molecule, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), mediate the mechanical signals during orthodontic-related bone remodeling, and exert complex effects on osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. NO has a regulatory effect on the cellular activities and functional states of osteoclasts, osteocytes and periodontal ligament fibroblasts involved in orthodontic tooth movement. Variations of NO synthase (NOS) expression levels and NO production in periodontal tissues or gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) have been found on the tension and compression sides during tooth movement in both orthodontic animal models and patients. Furthermore, NO precursor and NOS inhibitor administration increased and reduced the tooth movement in animal models, respectively. Further research is required in order to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms and the clinical application prospect of NO in orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Yongjian Xie
- Department of Orthodontic Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Hongwen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Wenguo Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
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de Farias JO, de Freitas Lima SM, Rezende TMB. Physiopathology of nitric oxide in the oral environment and its biotechnological potential for new oral treatments: a literature review. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:4197-4212. [PMID: 33057827 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A narrative review on the NO properties and their relationship with the oral environment describing NO's molecular origin, role, and perspectives regarding oral pathological, physiological, and regenerative processes for future applications and possible use as prevention or treatment in dentistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pubmed was searched using the word "nitric oxide." Reviews, clinical studies, and experimental studies were eligible for the screening process. Similar search procedures were then performed with the additional search words "conservative dentistry," "orthodontics," "endodontics," "implants," "periodontics," "oral cancer," "pulp revascularization," and "oral surgery." Furthermore, references of included articles were examined to identify further relevant articles. RESULTS There is a relationship between NO production and oral diseases such as caries, periodontal diseases, pulp inflammation, apical periodontitis, oral cancer, with implants, and orthodontics. Studies on this relationship and uses of NO, in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, are being developed. Also, some NO and oral cavity patents have already registered. CONCLUSIONS The understanding of how NO can interfere in oral health maintenance or disease processes can contribute to elucidate the disease development and optimize treatment approaches. CLINICAL RELEVANCE NO has considerable biotechnological potential and can contribute to improving diagnostics and treating the oral environment. As a biomarker, NO has an important role in the early diagnosis of diseases. Regarding treatments, NO can possibly be used as a regulator of inflammation, anti-biofilm action, replacing antibiotics, inducing apoptosis of cancerous cells, and contributing to the angiogenesis. All these studies are initial considerations regarding the relationship between NO and dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Ormondes de Farias
- Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, QS 07 Lote 01, Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916N - Módulo B Avenida W5-Campus II -Modulo C, room C-221, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70.790-160, Brazil.,Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências de Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro s/n-Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Stella Maris de Freitas Lima
- Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, QS 07 Lote 01, Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916N - Módulo B Avenida W5-Campus II -Modulo C, room C-221, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70.790-160, Brazil
| | - Taia Maria Berto Rezende
- Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, QS 07 Lote 01, Brasília, DF, Brazil. .,Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916N - Módulo B Avenida W5-Campus II -Modulo C, room C-221, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70.790-160, Brazil. .,Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências de Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro s/n-Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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8
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Salivary Redox Biomarkers in the Course of Caries and Periodontal Disease. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10186240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Caries are a pathological process of extracorporeal nature, characterized by demineralization of inorganic substances as well as proteolysis triggered by acids produced by bacteria present in dental plaque, as a result of metabolism of sugars of both external and internal origin. Periodontal disease, on the other hand, is a multifactorial degenerative disease associated with inflammation, involving a group of tissues that surround the dental cervix and root of the tooth. It is believed that one of the mechanisms in the etiopathogenesis of caries and periodontitis are disorders of local and/or general oxidative stress (OS) parameters. Numerous clinical studies have confirmed the relationship between oxidative stress markers and oral diseases. In most analyzed studies, technical and biological variability was so high that none of the markers so far has proven suitable for routine clinical use. The aim of systematic reviews of the literature is to present the existing studies on OS parameters, mainly concerning the activity of antioxidant enzymes in saliva of patients with caries and periodontitis.
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Nitrosative Stress Biomarkers in the Non-Stimulated and Stimulated Saliva, as well as Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Patients with Periodontitis: Review and Clinical Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9030259. [PMID: 32245286 PMCID: PMC7139506 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of periodontopathy is complex and includes defining the cause, type, stage, and grade of periodontitis. Therefore, alternative diagnostic methods are sought to indicate the progression of inflammation or to determine the effectiveness of therapy. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) biomarkers can be particularly useful because they most likely reflect the disease process of the periodontal tissues. However, the difficulty of collecting GCF for testing is the reason for the limited use in diagnostics. Because periodontitis is the primary source of nitrogen free radicals in the oral cavity, the aim of the study was to evaluate the biomarkers of nitrosative stress (nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, and S-nitrosothiols) in GCF, non-stimulated and stimulated saliva of 90 patients with periodontitis. The study group was divided into two subgroups, depending on the stage of the disease severity. We showed a significantly higher concentration of all assessed biomarkers in the non-stimulated and stimulated saliva of patients with periodontitis. However, significant changes in GCF has been shown only for peroxynitrite. The studied biomarkers did not correlate with clinical periodontal status, which probably results from their short-duration activity and the impact on a few factors in the oral cavity. Saliva and gingival fluid are not very useful in the differential diagnosis of periodontitis.
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Kuka GI, Gursoy H, Emekli-Alturfan E, Ustundag UV, Kuru B. Evaluation of nitric oxide levels in chronic periodontitis patients treated with initial periodontal therapy and probiotic food supplements: a double blind, randomized controlled clinical trial. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1632740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Ince Kuka
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hare Gursoy
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Emekli-Alturfan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Unsal Veli Ustundag
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medipol University, Kavacık, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahar Kuru
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Polymorphisms and Nitric Oxide Levels in Individuals with Chronic Periodontitis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061128. [PMID: 28617311 PMCID: PMC5485952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether the -1026(A>C)(rs2779249) and +2087(A>G)(2297518) polymorphisms in the NOS2 gene were associated with chronic periodontitis (CP) and with salivary levels of nitrite (NO₂-) and/or nitrate + nitrite (NOx). A group of 113 mixed-race patients were subjected to periodontal, genetic, and biochemical evaluations (65 CP/48 periodontally healthy subjects). DNA was extracted from oral epithelial cells and used for genotyping by polymerase chain reaction (real-time). Salivary NOx concentrations were determined using an ozone-based chemiluminescence assay. Association of CP with alleles and genotypes of the -1026(A>C) polymorphism was found (X² test, p = 0.0075; 0.0308), but this was not maintained after multiple logistic regression, performed to estimate the effect of covariates and polymorphisms in CP. This analysis demonstrated, after correction for multiple comparisons, that only the female gender was significantly associated with CP. Polymorphisms analyzed as haplotypes were not associated with CP. NOx levels were significantly higher in the control group of heterozygous individuals for both polymorphisms. In conclusion, the female gender was significantly associated with CP, and higher levels of salivary NOx were found in control subjects and associated with the heterozygous state of the NOS2 polymorphisms, reinforcing the potential of NO metabolites as markers of periodontitis status.
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12
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Koch CD, Gladwin MT, Freeman BA, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Morris A. Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 105:48-67. [PMID: 27989792 PMCID: PMC5401802 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent insights into the bioactivation and signaling actions of inorganic, dietary nitrate and nitrite now suggest a critical role for the microbiome in the development of cardiac and pulmonary vascular diseases. Once thought to be the inert, end-products of endothelial-derived nitric oxide (NO) heme-oxidation, nitrate and nitrite are now considered major sources of exogenous NO that exhibit enhanced vasoactive signaling activity under conditions of hypoxia and stress. The bioavailability of nitrate and nitrite depend on the enzymatic reduction of nitrate to nitrite by a unique set of bacterial nitrate reductase enzymes possessed by specific bacterial populations in the mammalian mouth and gut. The pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH), obesity, hypertension and CVD are linked to defects in NO signaling, suggesting a role for commensal oral bacteria to shape the development of PH through the formation of nitrite, NO and other bioactive nitrogen oxides. Oral supplementation with inorganic nitrate or nitrate-containing foods exert pleiotropic, beneficial vascular effects in the setting of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, ischemia-reperfusion injury and in pre-clinical models of PH, while traditional high-nitrate dietary patterns are associated with beneficial outcomes in hypertension, obesity and CVD. These observations highlight the potential of the microbiome in the development of novel nitrate- and nitrite-based therapeutics for PH, CVD and their risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl D Koch
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15261, USA
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alison Morris
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Janem WF, Scannapieco FA, Sabharwal A, Tsompana M, Berman HA, Haase EM, Miecznikowski JC, Mastrandrea LD. Salivary inflammatory markers and microbiome in normoglycemic lean and obese children compared to obese children with type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172647. [PMID: 28253297 PMCID: PMC5333807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is emerging evidence linking diabetes with periodontal disease. Diabetes is a well-recognized risk factor for periodontal disease. Conversely, pro-inflammatory molecules released by periodontally-diseased tissues may enter the circulation to induce insulin resistance. While this association has been demonstrated in adults, there is little information regarding periodontal status in obese children with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). We hypothesized that children with T2D have higher rates of gingivitis, elevated salivary inflammatory markers, and an altered salivary microbiome compared to children without T2D. METHODS Three pediatric cohorts ages 10-19 years were studied: lean (normal weight-C), obese (Ob), and obese with T2D (T2D). Each subject completed an oral health survey, received a clinical oral examination, and provided unstimulated saliva for measurement of inflammatory markers and microbiome analysis. RESULTS The diabetes group was less likely to have had a dental visit within the last six months. Body mass index (BMI) Z-scores and waist circumference/height ratios were similar between Ob and T2D cohorts. The number of carious lesions and fillings were similar for all three groups. The gingival index was greater in the T2D group compared to the Ob and C groups. Although salivary microbial diversity was minimal between groups, a few differences in bacterial genus composition were noted. CONCLUSIONS Obese children with T2D show a trend toward poorer oral health compared to normal weight and obese children without T2D. This study characterizes the salivary microbiome of children with and without obesity and T2D. This study supports a modest link between T2D and periodontal inflammation in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed F. Janem
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Frank A. Scannapieco
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Amarpeet Sabharwal
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Maria Tsompana
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Harvey A. Berman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Elaine M. Haase
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Miecznikowski
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Lucy D. Mastrandrea
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Validity of a New Kit Measuring Salivary Lactate Dehydrogenase Level for Screening Gingivitis. DISEASE MARKERS 2017; 2017:9547956. [PMID: 28337048 PMCID: PMC5346391 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9547956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aim. The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of a new kit that can evaluate salivary lactate dehydrogenase (LD) level in real time for screening gingivitis. Materials and Methods. The study included 70 systemic healthy volunteers [29 males and 41 females; mean age ± SD: 24.1 ± 2.6 years]. Resting saliva was collected from each participant and LD level was evaluated in real time using the kit (a color-changing sheet with an integer scale ranging from 1 to 10). A dentist measured probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and the proportion of sites with bleeding on probing (% BOP) at six sites on all teeth. Gingivitis was diagnosed when the BOP value was ≥20%. Results. Salivary LD level was positively correlated with mean % BOP (odds ratio: 1.47, 95% confidence interval: 1.132–1.916, and P < 0.001) in a logistic regression model. The sensitivity and specificity of the kit were 0.89 and 0.98, respectively, at a cut-off value of 8.0 for LD level. Conclusions. The new kit for measurement of salivary LD level may be a useful tool to screen for gingivitis in young adults, which contributes to early detection of future periodontitis.
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Kırzıoğlu FY, Fentoğlu Ö, Bulut MT, Doğan B, Özdem M, Özmen Ö, Çarsancaklı SA, Ergün AG, Orhan H. Is a Cholestrol-Enriched Diet a Risk Factor for Alveolar Bone Loss? J Periodontol 2016; 87:529-38. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.150509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Nitric Oxide Concentration and Other Salivary Changes after Insertion of New Complete Dentures in Edentulous Subjects. Int J Dent 2016; 2016:8351427. [PMID: 27034674 PMCID: PMC4789480 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8351427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To assess changes in levels of salivary nitric oxide (NO) after insertion of new complete dentures and its association with clinical and salivary parameters. Methods. Nineteen fully edentulous subjects were included, mean age 64.4. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected before and after insertion of the dentures, at follow-up visits, and after 12 months. The concentration of the final stable NO product (nitrite) was measured by a colorimetric assay based on the Griess reaction. Clinical parameters were assessed during all clinical visits. Results. Functional adaptation to the dentures progressively improved, with no complaints at the long-term follow-up. NO concentration was not influenced by the level of functional adaptation, presence of injuries to the mucosa, salivary flow, and saliva viscosity. Pairwise comparison showed a reduction in NO concentration at the first follow-up compared to baseline values but differences were not statistically significant. Significant differences were observed in NO concentrations at the long-term follow-up when compared to the first (p = 0.024) and second (p = 0.027) visits. Conclusion. NO concentration reduced after denture insertion and returned to baseline levels in the long-term follow-up. This appears to be an autonomic response of the body and provides valuable complementary information for the management of the edentulous patient.
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Wattamwar PP, Kolte RA, Kolte AP, Shah KK. Influence of interventional nonsurgical periodontal treatment on levels of salivary and serum nitric oxide in smokers and nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2016; 20:592-596. [PMID: 29238138 PMCID: PMC5713081 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_106_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Nitric oxide (NO) is a widespread signaling molecule which is known to influence varied biological processes. However, an uncontrolled high level of NO accelerates tissue destruction. The pathogenesis of periodontal disease is also affected by smoking which alters the inflammatory response. The present study was thus performed to assess the effect of nonsurgical periodontal treatment on salivary and serum NO levels in smokers and nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods Forty patients with chronic periodontitis, including 20 nonsmokers and equal number of smokers participated in the present study. Probing depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index, gingival index were assessed, serum and saliva samples were obtained from the patients at baseline and after Phase I therapy at 6 weeks to estimate NO by Griess colorimetric reaction. Results Smokers showed higher serum and saliva NO levels 30.3 ± 3.28 and 50.4 ± 4.07 μM as compared to nonsmokers 20.05 ± 2.42 μM and 37.5 ± 2.95 μM, respectively, at baseline. After Phase I therapy, both the groups exhibited significant improvement in clinical parameters and reduction in serum and saliva NO levels; however, reduction was higher in nonsmokers. Conclusion More destructive expression of periodontal disease in smokers causes an increase in the concentrations of NO and less reduction after Phase I therapy as compared to nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis. Hence, NO levels in saliva and serum could be used as indicators of periodontal inflammatory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Purushottam Wattamwar
- Department of Periodontics and Implantology, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajashri Abhay Kolte
- Department of Periodontics and Implantology, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhay Pandurang Kolte
- Department of Periodontics and Implantology, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kanan Ketan Shah
- Department of Periodontics and Implantology, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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Tóthová L, Kamodyová N, Červenka T, Celec P. Salivary markers of oxidative stress in oral diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:73. [PMID: 26539412 PMCID: PMC4611854 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva is an interesting alternative diagnostic body fluid with several specific advantages over blood. These include non-invasive and easy collection and related possibility to do repeated sampling. One of the obstacles that hinders the wider use of saliva for diagnosis and monitoring of systemic diseases is its composition, which is affected by local oral status. However, this issue makes saliva very interesting for clinical biochemistry of oral diseases. Periodontitis, caries, oral precancerosis, and other local oral pathologies are associated with oxidative stress. Several markers of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA damage induced by reactive oxygen species can be measured in saliva. Clinical studies have shown an association with oral pathologies at least for some of the established salivary markers of oxidative stress. This association is currently limited to the population level and none of the widely used markers can be applied for individual diagnostics. Oxidative stress seems to be of local oral origin, but it is currently unclear whether it is caused by an overproduction of reactive oxygen species due to inflammation or by the lack of antioxidants. Interventional studies, both, in experimental animals as well as humans indicate that antioxidant treatment could prevent or slow-down the progress of periodontitis. This makes the potential clinical use of salivary markers of oxidative stress even more attractive. This review summarizes basic information on the most commonly used salivary markers of oxidative damage, antioxidant status, and carbonyl stress and the studies analyzing these markers in patients with caries or periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L'ubomíra Tóthová
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovakia ; Center for Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Natália Kamodyová
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Červenka
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Celec
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovakia ; Center for Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovakia ; Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovakia ; Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovakia
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Ji S, Choi Y. Point-of-care diagnosis of periodontitis using saliva: technically feasible but still a challenge. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:65. [PMID: 26389079 PMCID: PMC4558535 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammation of the periodontium caused by persistent bacterial infection that leads to the breakdown of connective tissue and bone. Because the ability to reconstruct the periodontium is limited after alveolar bone loss, early diagnosis and intervention should be the primary goals of periodontal treatment. However, periodontitis often progresses without noticeable symptoms, and many patients do not seek professional dental care until the periodontal destruction progresses to the point of no return. Furthermore, the current diagnosis of periodontitis depends on time-consuming clinical measurements. Therefore, there is an unmet need for near-patient testing to diagnose periodontitis. Saliva is an optimal biological fluid to serve as a near-patient diagnostic tool for periodontitis. Recent developments in point-of-care (POC) testing indicate that a diagnostic test for periodontitis using saliva is now technically feasible. A number of promising salivary biomarkers associated with periodontitis have been reported. A panel of optimal biomarkers must be carefully selected based on the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The biggest hurdle for the POC diagnosis of periodontitis using saliva may be the process of validation in a large, diverse patient population. Therefore, we propose the organization of an International Consortium for Biomarkers of Periodontitis, which will gather efforts to identify, select, and validate salivary biomarkers for the diagnosis of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Ji
- Department of Periodontology, Anam Hospital, Korea University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngnim Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University Seoul, South Korea
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20
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Meschiari CA, Zuardi LR, Gomes VA, Costa de Almeida GR, Novaes AB, Gerlach RF, Marcaccini AM. Salivary, blood and plasma nitrite concentrations in periodontal patients and healthy individuals before and after periodontal treatment. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 444:293-6. [PMID: 25748039 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, no study has employed ozone-based reductive chemiluminescence to compare nitrite concentration in the saliva of periodontal disease (PD) and healthy individuals or in the various blood compartments of the same individuals before and after periodontal treatment. We evaluated nitrite concentrations in whole, submandibular, and parotid saliva, as well as in whole blood, erythrocytes, and plasma of healthy volunteers and patients with chronic periodontitis. METHODS Data obtained for the PD and control groups were compared before and 3 months after periodontal therapy. RESULTS At baseline, stimulated whole saliva nitrite concentration was lower in PD patients (mean=57.3 ± 9.8 μmol/L) as compared with healthy individuals (92.5 ± 13.6 μmol/L, P<0.05). PD and periodontal treatment did not affect submandibular or parotid saliva nitrite concentrations. PD patients presented higher baseline whole blood nitrite concentration (238.4 ± 45.7 μmol/L) as compared with values recorded 3 months after therapy (141.3 ± 20.1 nmol/L, P<0.05). PD patients' erythrocytes exhibited higher baseline nitrite concentration (573.1 ± 97.8 nmol/L) as compared with three months after therapy (298.7 ± 52.1 nmol/L, P<0.05). Again, PD and PD treatment did not impact plasma nitrite concentration. CONCLUSIONS PD patients had lower nitrite concentration in whole saliva, and this situation remained unchanged after periodontal treatment. Nevertheless, erythrocytes and whole blood nitrite levels diminished after periodontal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Meschiari
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo R Zuardi
- Department of Morphology and Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Valeria A Gomes
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Glauce R Costa de Almeida
- Department of Morphology and Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Arthur B Novaes
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery & Traumatology and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel F Gerlach
- Department of Morphology and Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrea M Marcaccini
- School of Dentistry, University of Ribeirão Preto (UNAERP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Ford H, Suri S, Nilforoushan D, Manolson M, Gong SG. Nitric oxide in human gingival crevicular fluid after orthodontic force application. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:1211-6. [PMID: 25108338 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in bone remodelling and has been shown to play a role in regulating the rate of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in rat models. In humans, however, the role of NO in OTM remains less clear. In this study, NO concentration in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was measured in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Thirteen male participants (ages 11-18 years) planned for non-extraction fixed orthodontic therapy were recruited. Samples of GCF were collected from each maxillary central incisor and first and second molar immediately before (T0), 1h after (T1), and 3-4 days after (T2) application of light orthodontic forces. The maxillary second molars were not included in the appliance and served as controls. Measureable NO levels were consistently obtained from all sampled sites. Total NO levels showed significantly higher NO levels (p<0.05) at T1 at the buccal surfaces of the central incisors when compared to the first and second molars. The results indicate a possible role for NO in OTM at the pressure sites of incisors at early time points. Further studies are required to determine whether NO levels in the periodontal ligament tissues of human teeth during OTM are affected by a force gradient and the magnitude of the applied force.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ford
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S Suri
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - D Nilforoushan
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Manolson
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S G Gong
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The relationship of a sound mind to the maintenance of a healthy body has been recognized throughout most of recorded history. The term 'stress' is used to describe adverse emotions or reactions to unpleasant experiences. Individuals with high levels of stress and poor coping skills experience twice as much periodontal disease as compared to those with minimal stress and good coping skills. Although stress may predispose an individual to more destruction from periodontitis, the presence of periodontal pathogens remains the essential aetiologic factor. This review presents a summary of stress, discussing how it can predispose an individual to periodontal disease. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Stress, which is a universal phenomenon, is implicated to have various systemic effects besides being a risk factor for periodontal disease. This article elucidates the relationship between psycho-social stress and destructive periodontal disease.
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Topcu Ali O, Akalin FA, Sahbazoglu KB, Yamalik N, Kilinc K, Karabulut E, Tözüm TF. Nitrite and nitrate levels of gingival crevicular fluid and saliva in subjects with gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. J Oral Maxillofac Res 2014; 5:e5. [PMID: 25089177 PMCID: PMC4115597 DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2014.5205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nitrosative stress plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. The aim of this study is to analyze the gingival crevicular fluid and saliva nitrite and nitrate levels in periodontally healthy and diseased sites. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 60 individuals including, 20 chronic periodontitis and 20 gingivitis patients and 20 periodontally healthy controls participated in the present study. Probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, gingival index and plaque index were assessed, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva samples were obtained from the subjects, including 480 GCF samples and 60 unstimulated whole saliva samples. Nitrite and nitrate were analyzed by Griess reagent. RESULTS Total GCF nitrite levels were higher in gingivitis and periodontitis groups (1.07 [SD 0.62] nmol and 1.08 [SD 0.59] nmol) than the control group (0.83 [SD 0.31] nmol) (P < 0.05) but did not differ significantly between gingivitis and periodontitis groups (P > 0.05). The difference in GCF nitrate level was not significant among the control, gingivitis and periodontitis groups (7.7 [SD 2.71] nmol, 7.51 [SD 4.16] nmol and 7.38 [SD 1.91] nmol). Saliva nitrite and nitrate levels did not differ significantly among three study groups. Saliva nitrate/nitrite ratios were higher in periodontitis and gingivitis groups than the control group. A gradual decrease in nitrate/nitrite ratio in GCF was detected with the presence of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS It may be suggested that nitrite in gingival crevicular fluid is a better periodontal disease marker than nitrate and may be used as an early detection marker of periodontal inflammation, and that local nitrosative stress markers don't show significant difference between the initial and advanced stages of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orkun Topcu Ali
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
| | - Ferda Alev Akalin
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
| | | | - Nermin Yamalik
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
| | - Kamer Kilinc
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
| | - Erdem Karabulut
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
| | - Tolga Fikret Tözüm
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
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Sánchez GA, Miozza VA, Delgado A, Busch L. Total salivary nitrates and nitrites in oral health and periodontal disease. Nitric Oxide 2014; 36:31-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Andrukhov O, Haririan H, Bertl K, Rausch WD, Bantleon HP, Moritz A, Rausch-Fan X. Nitric oxide production, systemic inflammation and lipid metabolism in periodontitis patients: possible gender aspect. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 40:916-23. [PMID: 23952303 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Nitric oxide (NO) plays a crucial role in vascular tone regulation and is involved in pathogenesis of periodontitis. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated the serum and saliva levels of NO metabolites in periodontal disease and their relationship with serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, lipids metabolism and periodontal disease severity. MATERIAL AND METHODS Serum and saliva were collected from non-smoking patients with generalized severe periodontitis (n = 89) and healthy controls (n = 56). Serum and salivary levels of NO metabolites, serum levels of high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), triglycerides, cholesterol and CRP were measured. Data were analysed in whole population and in different gender groups. RESULTS Periodontitis patients exhibited significantly lower serum and saliva levels of NO metabolites and significantly higher LDL, cholesterol and CRP levels than control group. Similar findings were observed within male but not within female population. Serum NO metabolites levels exhibited significant negative correlation with CRP in whole population and in male population. Significant positive correlation of serum NO metabolite levels with HDL levels was observed in whole population. CONCLUSION NO production is reduced in periodontitis, especially in male population. Gender might be an important factor in assessing risk of cardiovascular disease in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleh Andrukhov
- Central Research Unit, Bernhard Gottlieb School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Hunter RA, Privett BJ, Henley WH, Breed ER, Liang Z, Mittal R, Yoseph BP, McDunn JE, Burd EM, Coopersmith CM, Ramsey JM, Schoenfisch MH. Microfluidic amperometric sensor for analysis of nitric oxide in whole blood. Anal Chem 2013; 85:6066-72. [PMID: 23692300 PMCID: PMC3712765 DOI: 10.1021/ac400932s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Standard photolithographic techniques and a nitric oxide (NO) selective xerogel polymer were utilized to fabricate an amperometric NO microfluidic sensor with low background noise and the ability to analyze NO levels in small sample volumes (~250 μL). The sensor exhibited excellent analytical performance in phosphate buffered saline, including a NO sensitivity of 1.4 pA nM(-1), a limit of detection (LOD) of 840 pM, and selectivity over nitrite, ascorbic acid, acetaminophen, uric acid, hydrogen sulfide, ammonium, ammonia, and both protonated and deprotonated peroxynitrite (selectivity coefficients of -5.3, -4.2, -4.0, -5.0, -6.0, -5.8, -3.8, -1.5, and -4.0, respectively). To demonstrate the utility of the microfluidic NO sensor for biomedical analysis, the device was used to monitor changes in blood NO levels during the onset of sepsis in a murine pneumonia model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Takahama U, Ansai T, Hirota S. Nitrogen Oxides Toxicology of the Aerodigestive Tract. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62645-5.00004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Otenio CCM, Fonseca I, Martins MF, Ribeiro LC, Assis NMSP, Ferreira AP, Ribeiro RA. Expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS in pregnant women with periodontal disease. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:4468-78. [PMID: 23079986 DOI: 10.4238/2012.september.20.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is one of the most prevalent oral diseases. An association between this disease and pregnancy has been suggested, but available findings are controversial. We evaluated the expression levels of interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in pregnant women with and without periodontal disease in comparison with non-pregnant women with and without periodontal disease since studies have suggested a relationship between periodontitis and the expression levels of these genes. The women in the sample were distributed into four groups: pregnant and non-pregnant women, with or without periodontal disease, a total of 32 women. The periodontal condition was evaluated according to the probing depth, clinical attachment level and bleeding on probing. Analysis of gene expression was performed by real-time PCR. Comparisons were made of the level of gene expression among the four groups. Expression of IL-1β in the non-pregnant women with periodontal disease was 12.6 times higher than in the non-pregnant women without periodontal disease (P < 0.01), while expression of TNF-α in the non-pregnant women without periodontal disease was 3.5 times higher than in the pregnant women with periodontal disease (P < 0.05). Despite these differences, our overall findings indicate no differences in the expression levels of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS in pregnant women with and without periodontal disease in comparison with expression of the same genes in non-pregnant women with and without periodontal disease, suggesting that periodontal disease is not influenced by pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C M Otenio
- Departamento de Odontologia Social e Infantil, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.
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Han DH, Kim MS, Shin HS, Park KP, Kim HD. Association between periodontitis and salivary nitric oxide metabolites among community elderly Koreans. J Periodontol 2012; 84:776-84. [PMID: 22799757 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) is known to play an important role in many biologic systems, although the relationship between NO metabolites and periodontitis remains controversial. Moreover, little evidence of an association between salivary NO (S-NO) and periodontitis in the general population has been reported. This study aims to investigate the relationship between S-NO and periodontitis in an elderly Korean population. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted using participants and salivary samples from Sunchang Elderly Cohort Study. The total number of final participants was 242 (91 males and 151 females; 48 to 93 years old). Periodontitis was determined by a clinical attachment loss of >6 mm at six probe points on 12 index teeth. NO was measured in unstimulated saliva via the Griess reaction. Sociodemographic status, general/oral health, and health-related behaviors were investigated as confounders. Bivariate analysis and multivariable linear regression analyses including confounders were applied. RESULTS After controlling for age, sex, education, salivary flow rate, number of teeth, smoking status, physical activity, hypertension, and diabetes, three metabolites of S-NO (total NO, nitrite, and nitrate) were independently associated with the percentage of probe points exhibiting periodontitis. Of these linear associations, total NO was found to have the strongest correlation with periodontitis (partial r = 0.181, P = 0.009). These associations were most pronounced in females (except for nitrate), non-smokers, those without hypertension, and those without diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that high concentrations of S-NO are associated with severe periodontitis. Thus, S-NO may serve as a potential biologic marker for detecting and monitoring periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Han
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Bejeh Mir A. P, Samani MK. To the Editor: Re: Arginine–Nitric Oxide–Polyamine Metabolism in Periodontal Disease. J Periodontol 2012; 83:393-4. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.110396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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