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Ruas CV, Ratel S, Nosaka K, Castellano G, Pinto RS. Resistance training effects on pubertal children with a risk of developing pediatric dynapenia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:2123-2137. [PMID: 38421430 PMCID: PMC11199291 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many modern-day children are at risk of pediatric dynapenia (muscle weakness). We examined the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program on neuromuscular function and body composition parameters in pubertal children with a risk of dynapenia. METHODS Twelve children (13.4 ± 0.9 y) with dynapenia performed a progressive RT program consisting of knee extension and flexion, bench press, abdominal crunch, back extension, lateral pull-down, elbow flexion, and upright row (1-2 sets of 10-15 repetitions/exercise) twice/week for 12 weeks. Outcome measures included one-repetition maximum (1-RM) strength, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque, rate of torque development (RTD), electromyographic (EMG) activity, muscle thickness (MT), muscle quality (MQ) assessed by echo intensity (MQEI) of the knee extensors and specific tension of MVIC torque to thigh fat-free mass (MQST), and total and regional body and bone composition assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Changes in the measures before and after the 12-week RT and associations among the measures were analyzed by linear mixed models. RESULTS Significant (p < 0.05) increases in 1-RM (63.9 ± 4.5%), MVIC torque (16.3 ± 17.8%), MT (18.8 ± 5.5%) and MQ (MQEI: -25.9 ± 15.2%; MQST: 15.1 ± 18.8%;) were evident from pre- to post-training. Total fat-free mass (FFM) increased by 2.3 ± 3.2% from baseline (p = 0.01), but no changes (p > 0.05) in the other measures were observed. Significant (p < 0.05) associations between the changes in 1-RM and/or MVIC torque and the changes in quadriceps MT, MQEI, MQST and total body FFM were evident. CONCLUSIONS The 12-week RT was effective for improving neuromuscular and body composition parameters, and thereby reversed the risk of pediatric dynapenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassio V Ruas
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology-Institute of Physics Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, R. Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, 777, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-859, Brazil.
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, AME2P, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Gabriela Castellano
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology-Institute of Physics Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, R. Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, 777, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Ronei S Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Trajković N, Rančić D, Ilić T, Herodek R, Korobeynikov G, Pekas D. Measuring handgrip strength in school children: inter-instrument reliability between Takei and Jamar. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1074. [PMID: 38212414 PMCID: PMC10784289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine inter-instrument reliability between Takei and Jamar dynamometers in school children. Fifty-six five grade participants aged eleven to twelve (n = 32 boys, n = 24 girls) performed handgrip strength test on two different occasions, with a 5-day gap between them, as test-retest. The Pearson correlation coefficient showed very large to almost perfect correlation between both devices (r = 0.76-0.91) which was graphically confirmed by Bland-Altman method. Test-retest also showed high reliability (ICC = 0.78-0.85) for Jamar and Takei. Trivial, nonsignificant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between for test-retest trials for Takei left hand (ES = 0.04), right hand (ES = 0.12) and Jamar left hand (ES = 0.15). According to the results, both the Jamar and Takei dynamometers are valid and reliable for measuring schoolchildren, and both devices may be used to assess a student's handgrip strength for this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebojša Trajković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Doroteja Rančić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Tamara Ilić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Romina Herodek
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Georgiy Korobeynikov
- National University of Physical Education and Sport, Kyiv, Ukraine.
- Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Damir Pekas
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Alqahtani BA, Alenazi AM, Elnaggar RK, Alshehri MM, Alhowimel A, Najmi AA, Alasraj M, Alghadeir M. Normative values for hand grip and pinch strength for 6 to 18 year-olds in Saudi Arabia. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:96. [PMID: 36740670 PMCID: PMC9899658 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normative values for hand grip and pinch strength among children in Saudi Arabia has not been well established. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to establish normative values for hand grip and pinch strength in children aged 6 to 18 years in Saudi Arabia. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from different 5 regions in Saudi Arabia. Participants between the age of 6 years and 18 years old were recruited through different primary and secondary schools in Saudi Arabia. Data for age, gender, Body Mass Index, and preferred hand were collected. Hand grip strength was measured using digital hand dynamometer and the tip pinch, palmar pinch, and key pinch strength were measured using the hydraulic pinch gauge. RESULTS A total of 616 participants included in this study (318 boys and 298 girls). Participants were stratified into 5 chronological age groups of 6-7 years, 8-9, 10-11, 12-13, 14-15, 16-17, and 18 years. The results showed an overall trend of increasing hand grip strength and pinch strength with age regardless of hand preference. Boys had significantly higher grip strength than girls in all age groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study established normative values for hand grip and pinch strength in the healthy Saudi pediatric and adolescent population, using boys and girls aged 6 to 18. The outcomes of this study also demonstrated that gender, age, and hand preference can all have an impact on how strong a handgrip develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bader A. Alqahtani
- grid.449553.a0000 0004 0441 5588Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aqeel M. Alenazi
- grid.449553.a0000 0004 0441 5588Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ragab K. Elnaggar
- grid.449553.a0000 0004 0441 5588Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ,grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Department of Physical Therapy for Pediatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M. Alshehri
- grid.411831.e0000 0004 0398 1027Physical Therapy Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alhowimel
- grid.449553.a0000 0004 0441 5588Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayat A. Najmi
- grid.411831.e0000 0004 0398 1027Physical Therapy Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muneera Alasraj
- grid.449553.a0000 0004 0441 5588Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mshari Alghadeir
- grid.449553.a0000 0004 0441 5588Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Reference Values of Absolute and Relative Handgrip Strength in Chilean Schoolchildren with Intellectual Disabilities. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9121912. [PMID: 36553355 PMCID: PMC9777202 DOI: 10.3390/children9121912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Handgrip strength is a simple measure of general muscle strength and is related to functionality in people with intellectual disabilities. The objective of this research was to describe the normative values of absolute and relative handgrip strength in children, adolescents and adults according to sex. The sample was made up of 264 schoolchildren (n = 168 men) belonging to five special education schools in Santiago of Chile. The results show higher levels of absolute handgrip strength in males compared to females. The maximum peak of the absolute manual handgrip is reached in females in adolescence with a decrease in adulthood. Relative handgrip strength levels are similar in boys and girls. In females, the relative handgrip strength is similar in childhood and adolescence. Relative handgrip strength declines in both sexes from adolescence to adulthood. The reference values of this study can be used by professionals in the areas of health and education as a guide for interpretation, monitoring and follow-up of Chilean schooled people with intellectual disabilities.
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Castro N, Bates LC, Zieff G, Pagan Lassalle P, Faulkner J, Lark S, Hamlin M, Skidmore P, Signal TL, Williams MA, Higgins S, Stoner L. Adiposity in preadolescent children: Associations with cardiorespiratory fitness. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275982. [PMID: 36288267 PMCID: PMC9605025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle factors contribute to childhood obesity risk, however it is unclear which lifestyle factors are most strongly associated with childhood obesity. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to simultaneously investigate the associations among dietary patterns, activity behaviors, and physical fitness with adiposity (body fat %, fat mass, body mass index [BMI], and waist to hip ratio) in preadolescent children. Preadolescent children (N = 392, 50% female, age: 9.5 ± 1.1year, BMI: 17.9 ± 3.3 kg/m2) were recruited. Body fat (%) and fat mass (kg) were measured with bioelectrical impedance analysis. Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2 max), muscular strength (hand-grip strength), activity, sleep, and dietary pattern was assessed. Multivariable analysis revealed that cardiorespiratory fitness associated most strongly with all four indicators of adiposity (body fat (%) (β = -0.2; p < .001), fat mass (β = -0.2; p < .001), BMI (β = -0.1; p < .001) and waist to hip ratio (β = -0.2; p < .001). Additionally, fruit and vegetable consumption patterns were associated with body fat percentage, but the association was negligible (β = 0.1; p = 0.015). Therefore, future interventions should aim to promote the use of cardiorespiratory fitness as a means of reducing the obesity epidemic in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Castro
- School of Health and Applied Human Sciences, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States of America
| | - Lauren C. Bates
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gabriel Zieff
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Patricia Pagan Lassalle
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - James Faulkner
- School of Sport, Health, and Community, University of Winchester, Winchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Lark
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michael Hamlin
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Paula Skidmore
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - T. Leigh Signal
- Sleep-Wake Research Centre, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michelle A. Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Simon Higgins
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Lee Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
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Radulović A, Jurak G, Leskošek B, Starc G, Blagus R. Secular trends in physical fitness of Slovenian boys and girls aged 7 to 15 years from 1989 to 2019: a population-based study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10495. [PMID: 35729360 PMCID: PMC9213534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the population-based data we aim to estimate the general population trends of multiple components of physical fitness of children, identify critical structural changes in these trends, and evaluate the potential changes in differences in the test scores between the children. During the entire study period, 1989-2019, median body mass index and triceps skinfold increased in both genders and all age groups. Muscular fitness, in general, showed negative trends, with some exceptions: during the post-2010 period, children were mostly experiencing the improvement of isometric strength of the upper body. The neuromuscular components of physical fitness showed positive trends, especially in girls. Cardiorespiratory fitness has been declining in all age groups until the last decade, with the largest decreases occurring before 2000. In the last decade, the trends reversed. The flexibility indicator revealed the largest differences between boys and girls, with boys mainly experiencing negative and girls mostly positive trends. The variability of the test scores mostly increased during the study period. This increasing variance suggests that-despite generally favourable trends in the last decade-children in Slovenia have been facing increasing inequalities in their development, which can potentially lead to future inequalities in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Radulović
- Center for Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Public Health of Montenegro, Džona Džeksona bb, 81000, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova ulica 22, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojan Leskošek
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova ulica 22, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Starc
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova ulica 22, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Blagus
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova ulica 22, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška ulica 8, 6000, Koper, Slovenia.
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Physical Fitness, Dietary Habits and Substance Misuse: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Associations in 7,600 Swedish Adolescents. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.5334/paah.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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8
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Basterfield L, Burn NL, Galna B, Karoblyte G, Weston KL. The association between physical fitness, sports club participation and body mass index on health-related quality of life in primary school children from a socioeconomically deprived area of England. Prev Med Rep 2022; 24:101557. [PMID: 34976625 PMCID: PMC8683957 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined associations between physical fitness components, body mass index (BMI) and sports club participation on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in 8- to 11-year-old children from a socioeconomically deprived region of England. From May-October 2019, 432 children completed the HRQoL questionnaire Kidscreen-27 and Leisure Time Physical Activity Survey, and a physical fitness testing battery of 20 m shuttle run test (20mSRT), handgrip strength (Handgrip), standing broad jump (Broad Jump), and sit-and-reach. Height, body mass, BMI and somatic maturity data were collected. Comparisons with reference populations were undertaken using a quintile framework. Linear and quantile regression assessed associations between physical fitness components and HRQoL variables. Using English Indices of Multiple Deprivation, 90% of children were from the most deprived quintile and 39% were overweight or obese. More children scored poorly on the Physical Wellbeing (40%) and Psychological Wellbeing (45%) HRQoL domains than the reference population (31%). Physical fitness scores were generally classed as 'low'-'very low' (42-58%). 20mSRT and Broad Jump performance explained an additional 10.7% of variance in Physical Wellbeing after adjusting for BMI z-score, sex and age (total R2 21.2%). Quantile regression identified a subset of children who rated Physical Wellbeing as high regardless of 20mSRT performance. Sports club participation was associated with better 20mSRT and Broad Jump performance, and all domains of HRQoL. Our data indicate that some physical fitness components and sports club participation are positively associated with HRQoL of children from socioeconomically deprived areas, irrespective of BMI z-score. Interventions to improve HRQoL should consider both aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Basterfield
- Human Nutrition Research Centre and Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Naomi L Burn
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Constantine Building, Middlesbrough TS1 3BA, UK
| | - Brook Galna
- Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Guoda Karoblyte
- Human Nutrition Research Centre and Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Motor tests, including Finger-Tapping Test, Grooved Pegboard Test, and Grip Strength Test, are frequently used by neuropsychologists when assessing pediatric populations. Many of the norms available for these measures are outdated, have not been co-normed, and have samples with limited diversity. This study aims to provide updated, co-norms for three commonly used motor tasks with a diverse population. METHOD Participants (n = 476; age range 6-14) were recruited from community settings to complete each of the three motor tests. RESULTS Results demonstrate generally improved performance across ages with no significant difference between performance of males and females on the Grooved Pegboard Test or the Finger Tapping Test. The only significant findings were on the Grip Strength Test where 12-14-year-old boys demonstrated stronger performance on the dominant hand. CONCLUSION This study provides updated and co-normed data on frequently used motor tasks with a diverse pediatric sample, which are useful for clinicians.
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Silva Junior MCPD, Menezes EC, Mendonça G, Lima LRAD. Muscle endurance of Brazilian children and adolescents: a systematic review of the literature. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CINEANTROPOMETRIA E DESEMPENHO HUMANO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-0037.2022v24e84728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Muscle endurance (ME) is considered to be an important indicator of health-related fitness in childhood and adolescence. The present study aimed to identify and summarize the evidence on the prevalence of adequate ME in Brazilian children and adolescents (6 to 18 years old). A systematic search of studies published from 2009 to 2019 was performed in six databases (LILACS; SciELO; SportDiscus; Medline/PubMed; Web of Science; Scopus). We found 16,168 articles, 20 of which met the eligibility criteria and were included in this review for data extraction and assessment of their risk of bias. Among the 23,805 children and adolescents participating in the studies, 43.5% of the total (43.7% of boys and 41.0% of girls) had adequate abdominal ME. Different test batteries were reported, the main ones being PROESP/BR®, FITNESSGRAM®, and AAHPERD®. Most studies were carried out in the South (50.0%) and Southeast (20.0%) regions of Brazil. Regarding the distribution of studies by geographic region and human development index (HDI), there were no disparities in ME between studies conducted in regions with a lower HDI (43.1% for the Northeast and 32.2% for the North) and those with a higher HDI (46.8% for the South and 33.1% for the Southeast). We conclude that less than half of Brazilian children and adolescents of both genders have an abdominal ME adequate for health, with slightly lower values among females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerfeson Mendonça
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Brasil; Centro Universitário Cesmac, Brasil
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Liao T, Duhig SJ, Du G, Luo B, Wang YT. The Effect of a Functional Strength Training Intervention on Movement Quality and Physical Fitness in Adolescents. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 129:176-194. [PMID: 34784820 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211056865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study compared a 12 week Functional Strength Training (FST) program on functional movement and physical performance to typical physical education (PE) classes for middle school (MS) and high school (HS) students. We randomly assigned 266 participants (M age = 14.35, SD = 0.57 years; M height = 164.82, SD = 6.13 cm; M mass = 55.09, SD = 12.19 kg; M BMI = 20.11, SD = 3.54 kg/m2) into an FST or control group. The FST group trained in flexibility and stability, functional movement patterns, and health-related functional strength. The control group continued regular physical education (PE) classes. Each group trained three-times/week in 45 minute sessions for 12 weeks. Outcome measures included the Functional Movement Screen protocol and seven physical performance tests, assessed every four weeks over a 12 week period. We employed a mixed model ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc tests to examine differences between and within groups. Compared to the control group, the FST group significantly (p < 0.01) improved Functional Movement Screen total scores (25.7%), curl-ups (70.4%), pull-ups (281.6%), and flexibility (83.6%). We suggest including the FST program in the MS and HS PE curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liao
- School of Sports Training, 105807Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Steven J Duhig
- School of Allied Health Sciences, 5723Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Gold Coast Orthopaedic Research and Education Alliance (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Geng Du
- School of Sports Training, 105807Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingting Luo
- School of Sports Training, 105807Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Tai Wang
- College of Health Sciences and Technology, 6925Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
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12
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Santaliestra-Pasías AM, Moreno LA, Gracia-Marco L, Buck C, Ahrens W, De Henauw S, Hebestreit A, Kourides Y, Lauria F, Lissner L, Molnar D, Veidebaum T, González-Gil EM. Prospective physical fitness status and development of cardiometabolic risk in children according to body fat and lifestyle behaviours: The IDEFICS study. Pediatr Obes 2021; 16:e12819. [PMID: 34002531 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated cardiometabolic risk (CMR) is an important factor for cardiovascular diseases later in life while physical fitness seems to decrease CMR. OBJECTIVE Thus, the aim of the present study is to assess the association between muscular fitness (MF) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) on CMR in European children, both cross-sectional and longitudinally. METHODS A total of 289 children (49.5% males) from eight European countries, aged 6 to 9, with longitudinal information on blood pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, homoeostasis model assessment, body mass index, data on fitness level, objectively measured physical activity (PA), diet quality, and total screen time were included. A CMR score was calculated and dichotomized. MF and CRF were also dichotomized. Cross-sectional and longitudinal multilevel logistic regressions adjusting for lifestyle behaviours were performed. RESULTS Reaching a high level of MF during childhood as well as remaining in that level over-time were associated with an 82% and 62% lower probability of high CMR at follow-up, respectively. Also, children who became top CRF over time, showed a 77% lower probability (P < 0.05) of being in the highest CMR quartile at follow-up, independently of sociodemographic and lifestyle indicators. CONCLUSIONS A high MF at early childhood and during childhood reduces the odds of having CMR. Same occurs with the improvement of CRF during childhood. These findings highlight the importance of enhancing fitness to avoid CMR already in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba M Santaliestra-Pasías
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis A Moreno
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis Gracia-Marco
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity) Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Christoph Buck
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany.,Institute of Statistics, Bremen University, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Antje Hebestreit
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Fabio Lauria
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Lauren Lissner
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Denes Molnar
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Toomas Veidebaum
- National Institute for Health Development, Center of Health and Behavioral Science, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Esther M González-Gil
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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13
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Gentil P, de Lira CAB, Vancini RL, Ramirez-Campillo R, Souza D. High-Intensity Multimodal Training for Young People: It's Time to Think Inside the Box! Front Physiol 2021; 12:723486. [PMID: 34456755 PMCID: PMC8397438 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.723486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Gentil
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- College of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Souza
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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14
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Greier K, Drenowatz C, Bischofer T, Petrasch G, Greier C, Cocca A, Ruedl G. Physical activity and sitting time prior to and during COVID-19 lockdown in Austrian high-school students. AIMS Public Health 2021; 8:531-540. [PMID: 34395703 PMCID: PMC8334643 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2021043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led in many countries to the implementation of policies that mandate social distancing and movement restrictions. While these measures are warranted in order to minimize the spread of the virus they may have detrimental effects on various behaviors, including physical activity (PA). The present study examined PA and sitting time in 14 to18-year-old Austrian high school students prior to and during the second COVID-19 lockdown in Austria. Data was collected via an online questionnaire during fall/winter 2020/21. Questions were based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, which examined frequency and duration of PA and sitting time. A total of 221 high school students provided valid data. Participants reported significantly lower moderate and vigorous PA during the lockdown while sitting time increased (p < 0.01). The frequency of walking (days/week) also decreased during COVID-19 lockdown, which also contributed to a significant decline in total walking time (p < 0.01). Further, the decline in PA was more pronounced in boys, while girls reported a greater decline in walking. These differences were due to higher PA and walking in boys and girls, respectively, prior to the lockdown. During the lockdown sex differences in PA and sitting time were limited. Taken together, these results highlight the impact of COVID-19 policies on PA in adolescents and emphasize the importance to promote an active lifestyle even in times of home confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Greier
- Division of Physical Education, Private Educational College (KPH-ES), Stams, Austria
- Department of Sports Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Clemens Drenowatz
- Division of Sport, Physical Activity and Health, University of Education Upper Austria, Linz, Austria
| | - Theresa Bischofer
- Department of Sports Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gloria Petrasch
- Department of Sports Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Carla Greier
- Department of Sports Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Armando Cocca
- Department of Sports Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerhard Ruedl
- Department of Sports Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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15
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Kennedy SG, Sanders T, Estabrooks PA, Smith JJ, Lonsdale C, Foster C, Lubans DR. Implementation at-scale of school-based physical activity interventions: A systematic review utilizing the RE-AIM framework. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13184. [PMID: 33527738 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
School-based interventions can increase young people's physical activity levels, but few are implemented at-scale (i.e., the expanded delivery of efficacious interventions under real-world conditions into new/broader populations). The Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework can be used to describe the extent to which interventions have been implemented at-scale. The aim of our review was to determine the extent to which studies of school-based physical activity interventions implemented at-scale reported information across the RE-AIM dimensions. We conducted a systematic search of seven electronic databases to identify studies published up to June 2019. A total of 26 articles (representing 14 individual studies) met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Eleven studies reported actual or estimated number of students exposed to the intervention; however, the representativeness of these students was rarely reported. Nine studies reported the intervention effect on the primary outcome during scale-up. Ten studies reported the rate of participating schools/teachers; however, none reported on the characteristics of adopters/nonadopters. Eight studies reported intervention fidelity. Eleven studies described the extent to which the intervention was sustained in schools. There was considerable variability in the reporting of RE-AIM outcomes across studies. There is a need for greater consistency in the evaluation, and reporting of, school-based physical activity interventions implemented at-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Kennedy
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Taren Sanders
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul A Estabrooks
- Department of Health Promotion, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jordan J Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chris Lonsdale
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Charlie Foster
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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16
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Comeras-Chueca C, Marin-Puyalto J, Matute-Llorente A, Vicente-Rodriguez G, Casajus JA, Gonzalez-Aguero A. The Effects of Active Video Games on Health-Related Physical Fitness and Motor Competence in Children and Adolescents with Healthy Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136965. [PMID: 34209767 PMCID: PMC8296862 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Poor levels of physical fitness and motor skills are problems for today’s children. Active video games (AVG) could be an attractive strategy to help address them. The aim was to investigate the effects of AVG on health-related physical fitness and motor competence in children and adolescents with healthy weight. (2) Methods: Randomized and non-randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of AVG programs on health-related physical fitness and motor competence were included. Two different quality assessment tools were used to measure the risk of bias. Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria and the variables of interest were body mass index (BMI), body fat, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), muscular fitness and motor competence. (3) Results: AVG interventions seem to have benefits in BMI when lasting longer than 18 weeks (SMD, −0.590; 95% IC, −1.071, −0.108) and in CRF (SMD, 0.438; 95% IC, 0.022, 0.855). AVG seems to be a promising tool to improve muscular fitness and motor competence but the effects are still unclear due to the lack of evidence. (4) Conclusions: AVG seem to be an effective tool for improving some components of health-related physical fitness and motor competence in healthy-weight children and adolescents, but the effect on some fitness components needs further research. Therefore, AVG may be included as a strategy to improve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Comeras-Chueca
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.C.-C.); (J.A.C.)
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.M.-P.); (A.M.-L.); (G.V.-R.)
- EXERNET, Red de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud Para Poblaciones Especiales, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jorge Marin-Puyalto
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.M.-P.); (A.M.-L.); (G.V.-R.)
- EXERNET, Red de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud Para Poblaciones Especiales, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Universidad de Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2—(CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Angel Matute-Llorente
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.M.-P.); (A.M.-L.); (G.V.-R.)
- EXERNET, Red de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud Para Poblaciones Especiales, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Universidad de Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2—(CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - German Vicente-Rodriguez
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.M.-P.); (A.M.-L.); (G.V.-R.)
- EXERNET, Red de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud Para Poblaciones Especiales, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Universidad de Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2—(CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jose A. Casajus
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.C.-C.); (J.A.C.)
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.M.-P.); (A.M.-L.); (G.V.-R.)
- EXERNET, Red de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud Para Poblaciones Especiales, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2—(CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alex Gonzalez-Aguero
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.M.-P.); (A.M.-L.); (G.V.-R.)
- EXERNET, Red de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud Para Poblaciones Especiales, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Universidad de Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2—(CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
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17
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Đurić S, Sember V, Starc G, Sorić M, Kovač M, Jurak G. Secular trends in muscular fitness from 1983 to 2014 among Slovenian children and adolescents. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1853-1861. [PMID: 33910265 PMCID: PMC8453876 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Low physical fitness has been found to be associated with many chronic diseases and medical conditions. Knowledge of secular trends in physical fitness is important to initiate countermeasures for addressing negative trends. The aim of this study was to analyze secular trends in health-related muscular fitness in Slovenian children and adolescents between 1983 and 2014. Data were collected as part of "The Analysis of Children's Development in Slovenia (ACDSi)" study in 1983, 1993/94, 2003/04, and 2013/14. Anthropometry (body weight, height, BMI, and triceps skinfold) and muscular fitness (standing long jump, bent-arm hang, and sit-ups 60 s test) of 18730 (9168 female) students from primary and secondary schools were recorded. The secular trend was analyzed considering anthropometry. The results showed that anthropometric measures had an increasing trend and overall muscular fitness had a decreasing trend. Leg muscle power decreased over the decades in all age groups (relative difference between -1.5% and -2.6%), being more pronounced in boys. Arm muscle strength decreased in two younger age groups (range -21.1% to -42.7%, 6-10, and 11-14 years), but not in the oldest group (15-19 years), where the increase occurred in both genders (0.4% to 9.3%). In terms of decades, the largest negative changes (-30.1%) occurred from 1993/94 to 2003/04 and the smallest changes (-4.2%) from 2003/04 to 2013/14. The overall trend in repetitive core strength surprisingly increased (1.1% to 18.3%). There is a need to promote healthy lifestyles, raise parental awareness and use all government resources to redirect the negative trend in physical fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Đurić
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Starc
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maroje Sorić
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marjeta Kovač
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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18
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Wick K, Kriemler S, Granacher U. Effects of a Strength-Dominated Exercise Program on Physical Fitness and Cognitive Performance in Preschool Children. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:983-990. [PMID: 33752222 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Wick, K, Kriemler, S, and Granacher, U. Effects of a strength-dominated exercise program on physical fitness and cognitive performance in preschool children. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 983-990, 2021-Childhood is characterized by high neuroplasticity that affords qualitative rather than quantitative components of physical activity to maximize the potential to sufficiently develop motor skills and foster long-term engagement in regular physical activity. This study examined the effects of an integrative strength-dominated exercise program on measures of physical fitness and cognitive performance in preschool children. Children aged 4-6 years from 3 kindergartens were randomized into an intervention (INT) group (n = 32) or a control group (n = 22). The 10-week intervention period was conducted 3 times per week (each session lasted 30 minutes) and included exercises for the promotion of muscle strength and power, coordination, and balance. Pre and post training, tests were conducted for the assessment of muscle strength (i.e., handgrip strength), muscle power (i.e., standing long jump), balance (i.e., timed single-leg stand), coordination (hopping on right/left leg), and attentional span (i.e., "Konzentrations-Handlungsverfahren für Vorschulkinder" [concentration-action procedure for preschoolers]). Results from 2 × 2 repeated-measures analysis of covariance revealed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) and near significant (p = 0.051) group × time interaction for the standing long jump test and the Konzentrations-Handlungsverfahren. Post hoc tests showed significant pre-post changes for the INT (p < 0.001; d = 1.53) but not the CON (p = 0.72; d = 0.83). Our results indicate that a 10-week strength-dominated exercise program increased jump performance with a concomitant trend toward improvements in attentional capacity of preschool children. Thus, we recommend implementing this type of exercise program for preschoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Wick
- University of Applied Sciences for Sport and Management Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; and
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; and
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19
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Lima TRD, Martins PC, Alves Junior CAS, Moraes MS, Zanlorenci S, Borges LL, Castro JACD, Silva DAS. Report Card Brazil: systematic review of muscle strength assessment in children and adolescents in Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CINEANTROPOMETRIA E DESEMPENHO HUMANO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-0037.2021v23e80292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The present study aimed to identify and summarize evidence regarding muscle strength (MS) levels in school children and adolescents (≤ 19 years) in Brazil in order to update previously published evidence from the Report Card Brazil project. The systematic search for information was conducted in seven databases, restricted to studies published during the period from January 2018 to December 2019. Thirteen studies were included, which gathered information from 10,135 children and adolescents from seven Brazilian states. Different tests/protocols for assessing MS were identified, however, handgrip strength was the test most adopted in studies (53.8%). The prevalence of children and adolescents with MS levels considered healthy was 29.8%, considering the totality of information, and 27.6% for males and 31.8% for females. Considering full data reviewed by the Report Card Brazil project (data analyzed in this study in addition to those previously published), information regarding the assessment of MS levels in children and adolescents in Brazil came from studies conducted during the period from 2010 to 2019, which included a sample of 15,208 children and adolescents (aged 7-19 years). According to this information, the prevalence of children and adolescents with MS levels considered healthy in this period was 57.8%, 61.1% for males and 58.8% for females.
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20
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The longitudinal relationship between dietary intake, physical activity and muscle strength among adolescents. Br J Nutr 2020; 124:1207-1218. [PMID: 32624008 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520002202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The longitudinal relationship between muscle strength, dietary intake and physical activity among adolescents is not well understood. We investigated the trend and longitudinal effects of dietary intakes and physical activity scores on muscle strength in adolescents. This prospective cohort study consisted of 436 adolescents (134 males; 302 females) aged 13 years at baseline (2012) who were followed up at the ages of 15 (2014) and 17 (2016) years, respectively. We measured muscle strength using a calibrated hand dynamometer, estimated dietary intake with a 7-d dietary history and physical activity scores with a validated physical activity questionnaire for older children. A generalised estimating equation was used to examine the effect of dietary intakes and physical activity on muscle strength changes. The analysis was performed separately by sex. The muscle strength for males and females had increased within the 5-year period. The dietary intakes (energy and macronutrients) also increased initially but plateaued after the age of 15 years for both sexes. Females recorded a significant declining trend in physical activity scores compared with males as they grew older. A significant positive longitudinal relationship was found between protein (β = 0·035; P = 0·016), carbohydrate intake (β = 0·002; P = 0·013) and muscle strength among males. However, no longitudinal relationship was found between dietary intake, physical activity and muscle strength among females. Higher protein and carbohydrate intake among males was associated with higher muscle strength but was not observed in females. Nutrition and physical activity focusing on strength building are required in early adolescence and need to be tailored to males and females accordingly.
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21
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Lovecchio N, Giuriato M, Carnevale Pellino V, Valarani F, Codella R, Vandoni M. Italian Physical Fitness Decline: A True Fact or a Mindset? A 10-Year Observational Perspective Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8008. [PMID: 33143298 PMCID: PMC7663718 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Evidence regarding a putative physical fitness decline remains less well documented for Italian children and adolescents. An update review of data collection articles was undertaken concerning motor performances (power, strength, speed-agility and indirect cardiorespiratory fitness) of children and adolescents worldwide and compared with 2859 11-12-year-old Italian students of both sexes, throughout a ten-year observational period. Lower limb explosive strength (standing broad jump), flexibility (sit-and-reach), endurance (Cooper) and speed (SP-30) performances of sixth grade Italian students showed nearly stable trends, with no differences during the observed decade, in both sexes. This 10-year perspective study confirmed that Italian physical fitness levels flatlined rather than actually declined. According to these study data, the decline in physical fitness of the Italian youth is ostensible and needs a further in-depth analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Lovecchio
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.C.P.); (M.V.)
- Department of Human and Social Science, University of Bergamo, 24100 Bergamo, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.V.); (R.C.)
| | - Matteo Giuriato
- Department of Human Science, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy;
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, Università of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy
- Department of Physical Education, Gdańsk Academy of Physical Education and Sport, 80-001 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Vittoria Carnevale Pellino
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.C.P.); (M.V.)
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Tor Vergata, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Valarani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.V.); (R.C.)
| | - Roberto Codella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.V.); (R.C.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Vandoni
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.C.P.); (M.V.)
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22
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Anselma M, Collard DCM, van Berkum A, Twisk JWR, Chinapaw MJM, Altenburg TM. Trends in Neuromotor Fitness in 10-to-12-Year-Old Dutch Children: A Comparison Between 2006 and 2015/2017. Front Public Health 2020; 8:559485. [PMID: 33102422 PMCID: PMC7544990 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.559485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with a low level of neuromotor fitness are less skilled to participate in sports activities. Moreover, lower levels of neuromotor fitness are related to adiposity, lower cardiovascular health, and poor self-esteem in children. The aim of this paper was to determine neuromotor fitness in 10-12-year-old Dutch children over a 10-year period. Test scores measured in 2015/2017 (N = 533 in 2015, N = 941 in 2017) were compared with scores of same-aged children measured in 2006 (N = 1986). Neuromotor fitness was assessed using the MOPER fitness test battery, including speed and agility, strength, flexibility, and coordination and upper-limb speed. Data were analyzed using multilevel linear regression models and tobit regression analyses in case of skewed distributions with an excess of zeros. Analyses were stratified by age and gender, and adjusted for level of urbanization. Children in 2015/2017 performed significantly worse on speed and agility (β = 0.8 to 1.1 s), significantly better on coordination/upper-limb speed (β = -1.0 to -0.6 s), and-except for 12-year-old girls-significantly worse on flexibility vs. children in 2006 (β = -3.4 to -1.8 cm). Additionally, upper-body strength was significantly worse among 10-year olds (β = -3.2 to -2.5 s) while leg strength was significantly worse among 11-year-olds in 2015/2017 vs. 2006 (β = -1.8 to -1.7 cm). Trunk strength was worse among 11- and 12-year old boys (β = 1.1 to 1.2 s). In line with a previously observed downward trend in neuromotor fitness among children (1980-2006), we found worse scores on speed and agility, and flexibility in 2015/2017 vs. 2006, stressing the need for interventions aimed at improving neuromotor fitness in order to promote physical activity and future health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manou Anselma
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Anniek van Berkum
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jos W R Twisk
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mai J M Chinapaw
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Teatske M Altenburg
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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A 47-Year Comparison of Lower Body Muscular Power in Spanish Boys: A Short Report. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5030064. [PMID: 33467279 PMCID: PMC7739341 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of the evidence examining temporal trends in fitness among youth has found a decrease in measures of muscular strength and muscular power over recent decades. The aim of this study was to examine trends in lower body muscular power in Spanish boys over 47 years. In 1969 140 boys (10-11 years; body mass index = 19.24, SD = 2.91 kg/m2) and in 2016, 113 boys (10-11 years; body mass index = 19.20, SD = 3.15 kg/m2) were recruited. Lower body power was assessed using the vertical jump (VJ) and standing long jump (SLJ) tests. Significant differences and a large effect size were shown between groups in the SLJ (p = 0.001; d = 0.94) and the VJ (p = 0.001; d = 0.66). SLJ data in 1969 were higher (1.52 m, SD = 0.19) when compared to the 2016 data (1.34 m, SD = 0.18). The VJ performance of the 1969 sample was also higher (25.95 cm; SD = 6.58) than the 2016 sample (21.56 cm; SD = 4.72). SLJ and VJ performance of the 2016 group decreased 11.8% and 16.9%, respectively. There were no significant differences between groups in body mass index. The results indicate a secular decline in lower body muscular power in 10-11-year-old Spanish boys with no significant changes in body mass index over the 47-year study period.
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Yang X, Lee J, Gu X, Zhang X, Zhang T. Physical Fitness Promotion among Adolescents: Effects of a Jump Rope-Based Physical Activity Afterschool Program. CHILDREN-BASEL 2020; 7:children7080095. [PMID: 32823828 PMCID: PMC7463663 DOI: 10.3390/children7080095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The major purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a jump rope-based physical activity afterschool program on middle school students’ physical fitness. Sixty students (Mage = 13.37, SD = 0.58; 53.3% female) participated in a 12-week jump rope-based afterschool program (45 min/time, three times/week). Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: (a) freestyle rope skipping (N = 20), traditional jump rope (N = 20), and a control group (N = 20). Physical fitness tests, including muscular strength (standing long jump, right-hand grip, and left-hand grip), flexibility, body composition, and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured in pre- and post-tests. A 2 (time) × 3 (groups) repeated measure multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed. The results found significant improvements in muscular strength (standing long jump, right-hand grip, and left-hand grip) in both intervention groups (p < 0.001; ds = 0.2–0.44). Only the freestyle rope skipping group had increased BMD (p < 0.05, d = 0.33). Compared to the traditional jump rope, the freestyle rope skipping group showed significantly higher improvement in flexibility (p < 0.05, d = 0.83). These findings suggest that the jump rope-based afterschool program with freestyle rope skipping would be more effective than traditional jump rope to promote physical fitness performance among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Yang
- School of Leisure Sport, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China;
| | - Joonyoung Lee
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (T.Z.)
| | - Xiangli Gu
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (X.G.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (X.G.); (X.Z.)
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (T.Z.)
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Secular Trends in Physical Fitness of Children and Adolescents: A Review of Large-Scale Epidemiological Studies Published after 2006. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165671. [PMID: 32764514 PMCID: PMC7459672 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Physical fitness (PF) of children and adolescents is an important resource for their future health. Population-based studies, however, rarely report secular changes of PF, although monitoring of these is crucial to deriving information for adequate interventions. This review aims to report trends in PF of children and adolescents. A literature search was conducted in PubMed in July 2019. Cohort studies published in English allowing statements to be made on trends in PF by comparing youth between the ages of four and 18 years were included. The review identified 24 studies from 16 countries meeting the inclusion criteria, with an overall sample size of more than 860,000 children and adolescents. Through a standardized quality assessment tool, we classified two studies as strong, 21 as moderate, and only one as weak. We analyzed specific secular trends separately for the five different dimensions: endurance, strength, speed, flexibility, and coordination. The majority of studies report a decline of PF over time; however, a few studies report conflicting results. Performance in endurance, strength, and flexibility decreased over time, whereas there was no consistent trend reported for speed and coordination. Overall, there is no international standard on examining and reporting changes or secular trends in PF of children and adolescents, and comparability of studies is limited due to heterogeneous conditions of conducting and analyzing PF tests. Consequently, standardized and consistent international monitoring should be implemented.
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Normative Values for Muscular Fitness for Chinese Children and Adolescents Aged 7–18 Years. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12156078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to establish sex and age-specific muscular fitness (MF) norms for Chinese children and adolescents aged 7–18 years old. The secondary aim was to compare their MF values with those of children and adolescents in other countries and regions. The MF of 93,755 participants from China was evaluated by handgrip strength (upper limbs strength), sit-ups (trunk strength) and a standing broad jump (lower limbs strength), with a total of 90,424, 90,281 and 90,663 data values, respectively. The Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) method was used to calculate smooth curves and table data. The MF of Chinese boys was higher than that of girls in all age groups. After the age of 11, the growth rate of boys accelerated while that of girls slowed down. Age-related changes were larger for boys than for girls. In the international comparison, all the MF indicators of Chinese children and adolescents were lower than those of their Japanese peers but were higher than those of their European peers, with the exception of handgrip strength. The results of this study can be used to evaluate, monitor and apply interventions that improve MF. They can also be used to compare trends across countries and regions.
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Hanssen-Doose A, Niessner C, Oriwol D, Bös K, Woll A, Worth A. Population-based trends in physical fitness of children and adolescents in Germany, 2003-2017. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:1204-1214. [PMID: 32627676 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1793003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Physical fitness is an important health resource. From 2003 onwards, the MoMo study, a part of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS), has investigated physical fitness on the basis of nationally representative data. The objective of this paper was to analyse trends in physical fitness of three cohorts at the ages of 4-17 years. Changes within 10 test items of the MoMo-test profile are reported. The mean values of physical fitness and the relevant influencing factors were directly compared across cohorts (in the total group and in age-and sex-subgroups). Statistical significance of differences was examined by calculating the confidence intervals (95% CI) for complex samples; effect sizes were determined using Cohen's d. The results indicated that physical fitness levels of German children and adolescents initially slightly increased between MoMo baseline (2003-2006) and wave 1 (2009-2012). This could partly be attributed to increased physical activity in sports clubs and in extracurricular sports at school. Then, between MoMo wave 1 and MoMo wave 2 (2014-2017) the physical fitness of children and adolescents in Germany remained the same, as did all influencing factors with the exception of extracurricular sport. From a public health perspective, programmes and measures that can increase the chances for all children and adolescents to strive for greater physical fitness should be of the highest priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hanssen-Doose
- Institute of Movement and Sport, University of Education Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claudia Niessner
- Institute of Sports and Sport Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Doris Oriwol
- Institute of Sports and Sport Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Klaus Bös
- Institute of Sports and Sport Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Woll
- Institute of Sports and Sport Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Annette Worth
- Institute of Movement and Sport, University of Education Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
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O’Keeffe BT, MacDonncha C, Purtill H, Donnelly AE. Profiling the health-related physical fitness of Irish adolescents: A school-level sociodemographic divide. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235293. [PMID: 32598397 PMCID: PMC7323969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Examining factors that may explain disparities in fitness levels among youth is a critical step in youth fitness promotion. The purpose of this study was twofold; 1) to examine the influence of school-level characteristics on fitness test performance; 2) to compare Irish adolescents’ physical fitness to European norms. Methods Adolescents (n = 1215, girls = 609) aged 13.4 years (SD .41) from a randomised sample of 20 secondary schools, stratified for gender, location and educational (dis)advantage, completed a series of field-based tests to measure the components of health-related physical fitness. Tests included: body mass index; 20 metre shuttle run test (20 m SRT); handgrip strength; standing broad jump (SBJ); 4 x 10 metre shuttle run; and back-saver sit-and-reach (BSR). Results Overall, boys outperformed girls in all tests, aside from the BSR (p < 0.005, t-test, Bonferroni correction). Participants in designated disadvantaged schools had significantly higher body mass index levels (p < 0.001), and significantly lower cardiorespiratory endurance (20 m SRT) (p < 0.001) and muscular strength (handgrip strength) (p = 0.018) levels compared to participants in non-disadvantaged schools. When compared to European norms, girls in this study scored significantly higher in the 20 m SRT, 4 x 10 metre shuttle run and SBJ tests, while boys scored significantly higher in the BSR test (Cohen’s d 0.2 to 0.6, p < 0.001). However, European adolescents had significantly higher handgrip strength scores (Cohen’s d 0.6 to 0.8, p < 0.001). Conclusion Irish adolescents compared favourably to European normative values across most components of HRPF, with the exception of muscular strength. School socioeconomic status was a strong determinant of performance among Irish adolescents. The contrasting findings for different fitness components reiterate the need for multi-component testing batteries for monitoring fitness in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T. O’Keeffe
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- * E-mail:
| | - Ciaran MacDonncha
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Helen Purtill
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Alan E. Donnelly
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Stricker PR, Faigenbaum AD, McCambridge TM. Resistance Training for Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 2020; 145:peds.2020-1011. [PMID: 32457216 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance training is becoming more important as an integral part of comprehensive sport training regimens, school physical education classes, and after-school fitness programs. The increasing number of youth who are involved in sport activities, coupled with the health problems of inactivity and being overweight, have resulted in increased interest in resistance training. Secular declines in measures of muscular fitness in modern-day youth highlight the need for participation in youth resistance training for nonathletes as well as athletes. Parents often ask pediatricians to offer advice regarding the safety, benefits, and implementation of an effective resistance-training program. This report is a revision of the 2008 American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement and reviews current information and research on the benefits and risks of resistance training for children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Stricker
- Department of Orthopedics, Pediatric & Adolescent Sports Medicine, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, California;
| | - Avery D Faigenbaum
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey; and
| | - Teri M McCambridge
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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Till K, Eisenmann J, Emmonds S, Jones B, Mitchell T, Cowburn I, Tee J, Holmes N, Lloyd RS. A Coaching Session Framework to Facilitate Long-Term Athletic Development. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lee DW, Lim YH, Shin CH, Lee YA, Kim BN, Kim JI, Hong YC. Prenatal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and decreased skeletal muscle mass in 6-year-old children: A prospective birth cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109020. [PMID: 31863942 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Phthalate is a well-known endocrine-disrupting chemical that has anti-androgenic effects. Although there are several studies on the relationship between body composition and phthalate, studies that investigated the effects of phthalate on skeletal muscle during childhood are lacking. METHODS We analyzed data from 481 mother-and-child pairs enrolled in the Environment and Development of Children cohort in South Korea. We examined the association between phthalate metabolites (mono [2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl] phthalate [MEHHP], mono [2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl] phthalate [MEOHP], molar sum of MEHHP and MEOHP [Σ DEHP], and mono-n-butyl phthalate [MnBP]) in prenatal maternal urine and children's urine at the age of 6, and body composition indices (body mass index [BMI] z-score, percentage of fat mass, fat mass index, percentage of skeletal muscle, and the skeletal muscle index [SMI]) measured when the child was 6 years using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer. RESULTS A 2-fold increase in Σ DEHP and MnBP in the prenatal maternal urine was significantly associated with a -0.07 unit (95% CI: -0.11, -0.03) and -0.09 unit (95% CI: -0.14, -0.03) change in SMI, respectively, in 6-year old girls alone. BMI z-score was also negatively associated with a 2-fold increase in MEHHP and MnBP in prenatal maternal urine as -0.11 unit (95% CI: -0.22, -0.01) and -0.15 unit (95% CI: -0.28, -0.02) change, respectively, only among girls. Among boys, phthalate metabolites in the prenatal and children's urine were not significantly associated with any body composition indices. CONCLUSIONS Our longitudinal study shows that high levels of prenatal exposure to phthalates are significantly associated with decreased SMI among girls. We can postulate that anti-androgenic effects of phthalates during pregnancy may affect girl offspring's muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wook Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Youn-Hee Lim
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong-Ho Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ah Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bung-Nyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Johanna Inhyang Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Petilli MA, Rinaldi L, Trisolini DC, Girelli L, Vecchio LP, Daini R. How difficult is it for adolescents to maintain attention? The differential effects of video games and sports. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2020; 73:968-982. [PMID: 32028843 DOI: 10.1177/1747021820908499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite a large body of evidence suggests positive effects of playing action video games and practising sports on various visual attentional skills, the impact of these activities on the ability to maintain attention over prolonged periods of time (i.e., sustained attention) has been largely neglected. Here, we first explored free-time habits on a group of 310 adolescents by means of a self-reported questionnaire. We found an inverse relationship between the time spent with sports and video games, but not with other extra-scholastic activities: the time spent practising sports and playing video games clearly competed with each other, with the more-intensive-sport practitioners being less involved in video game play. Next, we directly measured sustained attention and other attentional skills in a subgroup of 76 participants, divided as a function of their time spent in sports and action video games. In particular, sustained attention was assessed by means of two tasks: a classic exogenous task, requiring participants to attend to a flashing visual stimulus; and an internal (endogenous) sustained attention task, requiring participants to synchronise their manual responses to the rhythm of auditory pulses presented in an earlier phase. As previously documented, we found that action video game players displayed worse ability to maintain attention over time, as compared with non-action players. In striking contrast, intensive sports practice was associated with an increased ability to maintain attention over time. Overall, these findings unveil distinct cascading effects on sustained attention induced by doing sport and playing action video games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Alessandro Petilli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Mind and Behavior Technological Center (MiBTec) and Bicocca Center for Apllied Psychology (BiCApP), University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Rinaldi
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Mind and Behavior Technological Center (MiBTec) and Bicocca Center for Apllied Psychology (BiCApP), University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Girelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Mind and Behavior Technological Center (MiBTec) and Bicocca Center for Apllied Psychology (BiCApP), University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Daini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Mind and Behavior Technological Center (MiBTec) and Bicocca Center for Apllied Psychology (BiCApP), University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Optics and Optometry Research Center (COMiB), University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Omar MTA, Alghadir AH, Zafar H, Al Baker S. Hand grip strength and dexterity function in children aged 6-12 years: A cross-sectional study. J Hand Ther 2019; 31:93-101. [PMID: 28343852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional and clinical measurement. INTRODUCTION Assessment of hand function considers an essential part in clinical practice. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY To develop normative values of hand grip strength and dexterity function for 6-12-year-old children in Saudi Arabia. METHODS Grip strength and dexterity function was measured in 525 children using Grip Track hand dynamometer (JTECH Medical, Midvale, UT, USA) and 9-hole pegboard test respectively. RESULTS The grip strength and dexterity function was improved as age progressed regardless of gender. Across all age groups, the hand grip strength of boys was significantly higher than girls for dominant hand (31.75 ± 10.33 vs 28.24 ± 9.35; P < .001) and nondominant hand (31.01 ± 10.27 vs 27.27 ± 9.30; P < .001). The girls performed slightly faster than boys for dominant hand (19.70 vs 20.68; P < .05) and nondominant hand (21.79 vs 23.46; P < .05). In general, girls completed a 9-HPT faster than boys in the 2 of 7 age groups: 11 years (9-HPT scores = 2.10 seconds; P < .01) and 12 years (9-HPT scores = 1.93 seconds; P < .01). DISCUSSION The overall patterns of hand grip strength and dexterity function observed in the present study are similar to the previous studies that established acceleration of grip strength with advanced age, and faster performance scores in older children than younger children in both genders. CONCLUSIONS Norms of hand grip strength and dexterity enable therapists to identify some developmental characteristics of hand function among Saudi children, determine the presence of impairment, and compare scores from children in different clinical settings. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed T A Omar
- Department of Physical Therapy for Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Rehabilitation Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmad H Alghadir
- Department of Rehabilitation Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamayun Zafar
- Department of Rehabilitation Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Odontology, Clinical Oral Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shaheerah Al Baker
- Physical Therapy Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Introduction Introduction: overweight and obesity reach a high prevalence since childhood in Spain. Objective: to describe the effect of overweight and obesity, in schoolchildren of eleven years of age, in tests that assess the strength of both the lower and upper extremities, as well as speed. Method: four hundred and twenty-three schoolchildren of eleven years of age participated in the study. Basic anthropometric characteristics were obtained and several tests of the EUROFIT battery were developed. Results: normal-weight boys and girls had better scores in physical condition tests in general. Therefore, the vertical and horizontal jumps, bar suspension and abdominals were higher in the participants with normal-weight (p < 0.05). In addition, they performed in less time a speed circuit in both sexes (p < 0.001); however, in relation to the manual isometric strength, in the group of girls those who are overweight or obese have better results (p < 0.01). Conclusions: overweight and obese children of eleven year-olds showed a lower muscular performance, except in the case of manual isometric strength. Several equations haven been also determined for predicting the results of physical tests carried out such as jumps, dynamometry and speed, through sex and body mass index (BMI).
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Ng AK, Hairi NN, Jalaludin MY, Majid HA. Dietary intake, physical activity and muscle strength among adolescents: the Malaysian Health and Adolescents Longitudinal Research Team (MyHeART) study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e026275. [PMID: 31248920 PMCID: PMC6597745 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the role of dietary intake and physical activity in muscle strength among adolescents. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis. SETTING The Malaysian Health and Adolescents Longitudinal Research Team (MyHeART) study. PARTICIPANTS Fifteen-year-old secondary school children who have given consent and who participated in the MyHeART study in 2014. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE Muscle strength was measured in relation to dietary intake (energy and macronutrients) and physical activity by using a hand grip dynamometer. RESULTS Among the 1012 participants (395 male; 617 female), the hand grip strength of the males was higher than that of the females (27.08 kg vs 18.63 kg; p<0.001). Also, males were more active (2.43vs2.12; p<0.001) and consumed a higher amount of energy (2047 kcal vs 1738 kcal; p<0.001), carbohydrate (280.71 g vs 229.31 g; p<0.001) and protein (1.46 g/kg body weight (BW) vs 1.35 g/kg BW; p<0.168). After controlling for ethnicity, place of residency and body mass index, there was a positive relationship between hand grip strength and the intake of energy (r=0.14; p=0.006), carbohydrate (r=0.153; p=0.002) and fat (r=0.124; p=0.014) and the physical activity score (r=0.170; p=0.001) and a negative relationship between hand grip strength and the intake of protein (r=-0.134; p=0.008), for males. However, this was not observed among females. CONCLUSIONS Energy, carbohydrate and fat intakes and physical activity score were positively correlated with hand grip strength while protein intake was negatively correlated with hand grip strength in males but not in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Kah Ng
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- School of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Department, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noran Naqiah Hairi
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Practice and Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Hazreen Abdul Majid
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Nutrition, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
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Liao T, Li L, Wang YT. Effects of Functional Strength Training Program on Movement Quality and Fitness Performance Among Girls Aged 12-13 Years. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1534-1541. [PMID: 31125325 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Liao, T, Li, L, and Wang, YT. Effects of functional strength training program on movement quality and fitness performance among girls aged 12-13 years. J Strength Cond Res 33(6): 1534-1541, 2019-The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of a 12-week intervention of functional strength training (FST) on movement quality and fitness performance among 12- to 13-year-old untrained girls. One hundred forty-four girls (age 12.47 ± 0.57 years) were randomly assigned to the FST group and traditional strength training (TST) group. The FST group underwent 10 functional movement corrective exercises in the first 6 weeks and 10 functional strength promotion exercises in the following 6 weeks, whereas the TST group did 10 TST exercises with progressive intensity in 12 weeks. The training was 3 times per week and 45 min per session for both groups. The subjects were tested at the beginning and at the end of the intervention on movement quality and fitness performance variables. To compare the 2 groups pretest vs. posttests, analysis of variance with mixed model analysis of variance, paired t-test and independent t-test, and 2 × 2 contingency chi-squared analysis were used. The main time-by-group interaction effect of the total score of Functional Movement Screen (FMS) showed FST group significantly better than TST group explicitly (p ≤ 0.05). Differences between groups were detected for individual components in FMS test, injury-related problem items of FMS, and fitness performance variables. Although TST group increased the muscular strength significantly (p ≤ 0.05), the FST group has significant improvements on more variables such as deep squat and trunk stability, muscular strength, flexibility, and power (p ≤ 0.05). In comparison with TST program, FST program may be more effective on the improvements of movement quality, muscular strength, flexibility, and power among untrained healthy girls aged 12-13 years, and may result in better health promotion and injury prevention as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liao
- Department of Sports Training, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lun Li
- Department of Physical Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Tai Wang
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
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A Preliminary Study of Physical Fitness in 8- to 10-Year-Old Primary School Children From North East England in Comparison With National and International Data. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2019; 31:229-237. [PMID: 30651046 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2018-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Despite recent updates to international normative values for physical fitness in young people, contemporary data sets from England are sparse with no published data available from the North East. We compared physical fitness in children from one primary school in North East England to International and European reference data, and other English regions. Methods: Eighty participants (mean age [SD]: 9.1 [0.6] y) completed a testing battery of 20-m shuttle run test, handgrip strength, standing broad jump, and sit-and-reach. Scores for each component were assessed against International or European age- and sex-specific centiles, then grouped into quintiles. Differences between our sample and European and English data sets were explored using z scores and t tests. Results: For all components, ≥58% of participants were classified as having "moderate" or lower levels. Twenty-meter shuttle run test performance was not substantially different compared with other English data sets. For handgrip and sit-and-reach, our sample scored significantly worse than South East children. Standing broad jump distance in girls, and handgrip in boys and girls, was significantly lower than North West equivalents. Conclusion: Physical fitness levels in primary school children from North East England are suboptimal, highlighting a need for large-scale monitoring studies to build on our preliminary findings.
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Behavioral Correlates of Muscular Fitness in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2019; 49:887-904. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Jeremic D, Macuzic IZ, Vulovic M, Stevanovic J, Radovanovic D, Varjacic V, Djordjevic D. ACE/ACTN3 GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS AND ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE OF FEMALE SOCCER PLAYERS`. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220192501187684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: Previous studies have shown controversial relationships between ACE and ACTN3 gene polymorphisms and sports performance. Thus, the aim of our study was to assess anaerobic and aerobic performance indicators of young female soccer players with different ACE/ACTN3 gene profiles. Methods: Twenty-seven female soccer players aged 16-18 underwent acceleration, speed, strength, anaerobic power and aerobic endurance tests and had their ACE and ACTN3 polymorphisms determined. Results: Based on genetic analysis, they were divided into the following groups: ACE II (n=2), ACE ID (n=11), ACE DD (n=14), ACTN3 XX (n=5), ACTN3 RR (n=7) and ACTN3 RX (n=15). ACE DD and ACE ID groups differed significantly in terms of results achieved on the 5 m sprint test (1.15±0.05 s vs 1.10±0.05 s, P=0.42). ACTN3 RR and RX achieved better results than the ACTN3 XX group in seven continuous vertical jumps (26.57±1.59 cm vs 25.77±2.51 cm vs 22.86±1.16 cm, respectively; P=0.007 for RR vs XX and P=0.021 for RX vs XX). Conclusion: High prevalence of ACE DD and ACTN3 RX genotypes in our subjects may suggest that faster and more powerful young females tend to perform better in soccer. Nevertheless, the absence of differences in most of the physical test results indicates that different genotypes are compatible with high-level soccer performance, meaning that it is the phenotype-genotype interaction that makes a successful female soccer player. Level of Evidence I, Prognostic studies — Investigating the effect of a patient characteristic on disease outcome.
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Fraser BJ, Blizzard L, Tomkinson GR, Lycett K, Wake M, Burgner D, Ranganathan S, Juonala M, Dwyer T, Venn AJ, Olds T, Magnussen CG. The great leap backward: changes in the jumping performance of Australian children aged 11-12-years between 1985 and 2015. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:748-754. [PMID: 30319026 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1523672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous data have indicated relative stability over time of paediatric jumping performance, but few data exist since the early 2000s. This study quantified the 30-year secular changes in jumping performance of Australian children aged 11-12-years using data from the Australian Schools Health and Fitness Survey (1985, n = 1967) and Growing Up in Australia's Child Health CheckPoint (2015, n = 1765). Both cohorts measured jumping performance (standing long jump distance), anthropometric and demographic data. Secular changes in jumping performance means and quantiles were examined using multivariable linear and quantile regression. Between 1985 and 2015, jumping performance declined by 16.4 cm or by 11.2% (standardised change 0.66 SD, 95%CI 0.60 to 0.73). Adjustment for body mass reduced the effect by 32%, although the decline remained (absolute change - 11.1 cm, 95%CI -12.5 to -9.7; percent change 7.7%, 95%CI 6.7 to 8.6; standardised change 0.51 SD, 95%CI 0.44 to 0.57). This decline was evident across all quantiles. The jumping performance of Australian children aged 11-12-years has declined between 1985 and 2015, with body mass changes accounting for only part of the decline. Efforts should continue to promote paediatric muscular fitness, reduce adiposity, and aim to reverse this decline in jumping performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooklyn J Fraser
- a Menzies Institute for Medical Research , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Tasmania , Australia
| | - Leigh Blizzard
- a Menzies Institute for Medical Research , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Tasmania , Australia
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- b Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences & Sansom Institute for Health Research , University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia.,c Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education , University of North Dakota , Grand Forks , North Dakota , USA
| | - Kate Lycett
- d Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,e Department of Paediatrics , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - Melissa Wake
- d Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - David Burgner
- d Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,e Department of Paediatrics , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,f Department of Paediatrics , Monash University , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Sarath Ranganathan
- d Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,e Department of Paediatrics , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - Markus Juonala
- g Department of Medicine , University of Turku , Turku , Finland.,h Division of Medicine , Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland
| | - Terence Dwyer
- a Menzies Institute for Medical Research , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Tasmania , Australia.,i George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School and Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology , Oxford University , Oxford , UK
| | - Alison J Venn
- a Menzies Institute for Medical Research , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Tasmania , Australia
| | - Tim Olds
- b Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences & Sansom Institute for Health Research , University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia.,d Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - Costan G Magnussen
- a Menzies Institute for Medical Research , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Tasmania , Australia.,j Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine , University of Turku , Turku , Finland
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Ramírez-Vélez R, Izquierdo M, Correa-Bautista JE, Tordecilla-Sanders A, Correa-Rodríguez M, Schmidt Rio-Valle J, González-Jiménez E, González-Ruíz K. Grip Strength Moderates the Association between Anthropometric and Body Composition Indicators and Liver Fat in Youth with an Excess of Adiposity. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7100347. [PMID: 30322094 PMCID: PMC6210856 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7100347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Paediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the most common early driver of chronic liver disease. The aim of this study was to examine whether grip strength moderates the association between anthropometric and body composition parameters and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), an indicator of fat deposits in the liver, in children and adolescents with excess of adiposity. A total of 127 adolescents (67% girls) aged between 11 and 17, attending two public schools in Bogotá (Colombia), who had an axiological evaluation of obesity were included in this study. A grip strength test was assessed as an indicator of muscular strength, and cardiorespiratory fitness by maximal oxygen uptake was assessed using the 20 m shuttle-run test. Waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), fat mass, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (cm³) were included as anthropometric and body composition measures. CAP was determined with a FibroScan® 502 Touch device (Echosens, Paris, France). The anthropometric and body composition parameters including WC, WHtR, fat mass, and VAT were positively associated with the CAP (range β = 0.423 to 0.580), slightly reduced after being adjusted for handgrip strength/weight. The Johnson-Neyman technique revealed a significant inverse relationship between WC, WHtR, VAT, and CAP when grip strength normalized by body mass was above but not equal to or below 0.475 (8.1% of the sample), 0.469 (8.9% of the sample), and 0.470 (8.5% of the sample), respectively. In conclusion, grip strength adjusted by body mass, has a moderating effect on the association between anthropometric and body composition parameters (including WC, WHtR, and VAT) and CAP in in children and adolescents with excess of adiposity, suggesting the importance of promoting muscular strength during paediatric population in order to prevent NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Centro de Estudios Para la Medición de la Actividad Física CEMA, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia.
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CB16/10/00315), Tudela, Navarre 31006, Spain.
| | - Jorge Enrique Correa-Bautista
- Centro de Estudios Para la Medición de la Actividad Física CEMA, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia.
| | - Alejandra Tordecilla-Sanders
- Centro de Estudios Para la Medición de la Actividad Física CEMA, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia.
| | - María Correa-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. De la Ilustración, 60, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
| | - Jacqueline Schmidt Rio-Valle
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. De la Ilustración, 60, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
| | - Emilio González-Jiménez
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. De la Ilustración, 60, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
| | - Katherine González-Ruíz
- Centro de Estudios Para la Medición de la Actividad Física CEMA, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia.
- Grupo de Ejercicio Físico y Deportes, Facultad de Salud, Programa de Fisioterapia, Universidad Manuela Beltrán, Bogotá 110231, Colombia.
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Agostinis-Sobrinho C, García-Hermoso A, Ramírez-Vélez R, Moreira C, Lopes L, Oliveira-Santos J, Póvoas SC, Mota J, Santos R. Longitudinal association between ideal cardiovascular health status and muscular fitness in adolescents: The LabMed Physical Activity Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 28:892-899. [PMID: 30111494 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Muscular fitness is an emerging predictor for cardiovascular disease mortality. The ideal cardiovascular health metrics has been inversely related to a subsequent cardiometabolic health in adulthood. However, evidence regarding muscular fitness and ideal cardiovascular health in adolescents is scarce. This study aimed to examine the longitudinal association between ideal cardiovascular health index and muscular fitness. METHODS AND RESULTS This study cohort consisted of 331 adolescents (183 girls) from the LabMed Physical Activity Study who were followed from 2011 to 2013. Ideal cardiovascular health, as defined by the American Heart Association, was determined as meeting ideal health factors (total cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose) and behaviors (smoking status, body mass index, physical activity, and diet). Handgrip strength and standing long jump tests assessed muscular fitness and were transformed into standardized values according to age and sex. ANCOVA showed a significant association between the accumulation of ideal cardiovascular health metrics at baseline and muscular fitness indices at follow-up (F(4, 322) = 2.280, p = 0.04). In addition, the higher the number of ideal cardiovascular health metrics accumulated, the higher the likelihood of having a high muscular fitness over a two-year period (p for trend = 0.01), after adjustments for age, sex, pubertal stage and socioeconomic status and muscular fitness at baseline. CONCLUSION The ideal cardiovascular health status during adolescence was associated with high muscular fitness levels over a two-year period.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Agostinis-Sobrinho
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania.
| | - A García-Hermoso
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, University of Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - R Ramírez-Vélez
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física (CEMA), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - C Moreira
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - L Lopes
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - J Oliveira-Santos
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - S C Póvoas
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - J Mota
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - R Santos
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal; Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Australia
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Sandercock GRH, Cohen DD. Temporal trends in muscular fitness of English 10-year-olds 1998-2014: An allometric approach. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:201-205. [PMID: 30098974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify temporal trends in muscular fitness of English children using allometric scaling for height and weight to adjust for the influence of body size. DESIGN Repeated cross-sectional study. METHODS We measured; height, weight, standing broad-jump, handgrip, sit-ups and bent-arm hang in 10-year-old boys and girls from Chelmsford, England in: 2014 (n=306), 2008 (n=304) and 1998 (n=310). Physical activity was (PAQ-C) was assessed in 2008 and 2014. Muscular fitness was allometrically scaled for height and weight. We assessed temporal trends using General Linear Models (fixed factors: wave and sex) and reported effect sizes using partial eta squared (ηP2). We compared percentage change per year 1998-2008 with 2008-2014. RESULTS Ten-year-olds in 2014 were taller and heavier than in 2008 and 1998 but there were no differences in BMI. Compared with 2008, physical activity was lower in boys (ηP2=0.012) and girls (ηP2=0.27) assessed in 2014. There were significant main effects of wave for handgrip (ηP2=0.060), sit-ups (ηP2=0.120) and bent-arm hang (ηP2=0.204). Pairwise comparisons showed muscular fitness of both sexes was significantly lower in 2014 than in 1998. From 2008 to 2014 percent change per year in handgrip (1.6%) and sit-ups (3.9%) were greater than for the preceding decade (handgrip 0.6%, sit-ups 2.6%). CONCLUSIONS Downward temporal trends in muscular fitness appear independent of secular changes in body size. We found a decrease in self-reported physical activity concurrent with the accelerated declines in fitness from 2008 to 2014. These findings suggest the declines in children are not engaging in physical activities which support development of muscular fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel D Cohen
- MASIRA Institute, School of Health Sciences, Universidad de Santander, Colombia
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between back pain and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among adolescents. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The prevalence of back pain has been increasing not only in the adult population but also among children and adolescents. The better knowledge about the association between back pain and health-related quality of life could facilitate the implementation of new intervention strategies on prevention and treatment of back pain. METHODS A sample of 350 students from the fifth to ninth grades of one public school in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Anthropometric measures and information regarding sociodemographic, lifestyle, frequency and intensity of neck (NP), thoracic (TP), and low back pain in the previous month were collected using a personal digital assistant. HRQoL was assessed by KIDSCREEN-27. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between back pain and HRQoL by sex. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 12.7 (±1.6) years. Frequency of NP, TP, and low back pain was 34.3, 27.1, and 13.1%, respectively. The mean intensity of pain was 2.3 (±0.2) for neck, 2.0 (±0.2) for thoracic, and 1.3 (±0.1) for low back pain. The presence of two/three painful sites was reported by 21.7% of the adolescents. The frequency and severity of neck pain were inversely associated with global HRQoL in both the sexes. There is a strong inverse association between the number of painful sites and global HRQoL and domains. CONCLUSION The presence and intensity of cervical pain and the number of painful regions were associated with lower HRQoL in adolescents, which is worrying due to the important relationship between back pain in the adolescence and in the adulthood. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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Al-Ali NM, Yaghy HS, Shattnawi KK, Al-Shdayfat NM. Parents' Knowledge and Beliefs about the Impact of Exposure to Media Violence on Children's Aggression. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2018; 39:592-599. [PMID: 29446662 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2017.1422201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to assess Jordanian parents' knowledge and beliefs about the effects of violent media on children's aggressive behavior. A sample of 262 parents of children aged 6-11 years completed a Media Quotient questionnaire about children's media habits, media effects, and children's aggressive behavior. Parents reported that their children spend an average of 4.83 h (SD = 2.12) watching TV, 3.20 h (SD = 2.29) playing video games, 1.07 h (SD = 0.88) listening to music, and only 0.52 min (SD = 0.67) reading for pleasure per day. Parents have a moderate level of knowledge about the media effect (M = 15.49, SD = 3.439). Children of parents who have adequate knowledge about the media effect, spend less time watching TV (r = -.355, p < .001), playing video games (r = -.265, p < .001), and listening to music (r = -.347, p < .001). Ninety-two percent (n = 241) of parents were concerned about the amount of sexual and of violent content their children see in movies or on TV. Children who spend more time playing video games (r = -.201, p = .004) show aggressive relational behavior. This study suggests that increasing parents' knowledge of media of evidence-based programs may have a protective effect on children's behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Mansour Al-Ali
- a Jordan University of Science and Technology, Community and Mental Health Department , Faculty of Nursing , Irbid , Jordan
| | | | - Khulood K Shattnawi
- c Jordan University of Science and Technology , Maternal and Child Health Department, Faculty of Nursing , Irbid , Jordan
| | - Noha M Al-Shdayfat
- d Al al-Bayt University, Princess Salma Faculty of Nursing , Mafraq , Jordan
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30-year changes in Australian children's standing broad jump: 1985-2015. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:1057-1061. [PMID: 29807720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Muscular strength is an important component of fitness that enables the execution of a range of daily activities across the lifespan including sport participation. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in children's standing broad jump, an indicator of muscular strength, between 1985 and 2015. DESIGN Two representative cross-sectional population surveys of Australian children age 9-15 years (n=7051). METHODS In 1985 and 2015 children's standing broad jump (SBJ; cm) and anthropometry were measured by trained field teams. General linear regression examined the temporal change in SBJ by sex and age adjusting for height, weight, socioeconomic status, and linguistic background. RESULTS Over a 30-year period, the height, weight, and BMI of children significantly increased and muscular strength decreased. Among boys, the adjusted SBJ distance declined -4.5cms (95%CI -8.8, -0.10) in 9-11 year olds and 7.6cms (95%CI -12.5, -2.7) in 12-15 year olds. Among girls, the adjusted SBJ distance declined 8.5cms (95%CI -12.9, -4.2) in 9-11 year olds and 9.3cms (95%CI -14.1, -4.6) in 12-15 year olds. Larger declines in the distance jumped were observed among children and adolescents from non-English speaking backgrounds, than English speaking peers and children from low socioeconomic neighbourhoods than the declines among children from high SES neighbourhoods. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the distance children and adolescents jumped in 2015 was lower than the distance their peers jumped in 1985. The declines differed by sex and sociodemographic characteristics, which suggests targeted sub-population interventions to improve children's muscular strength should be considered.
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Faigenbaum AD, Kang J, Ratamess NA, Farrell A, Golda S, Stranieri A, Coe J, Bush JA. Acute Cardiometabolic Responses to a Novel Training Rope Protocol in Children. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1197-1206. [PMID: 29683913 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Faigenbaum, AD, Kang, J, Ratamess, NA, Farrell, A, Golda, S, Stranieri, A, Coe, J, and Bush, JA. Acute cardiometabolic responses to a novel training rope protocol in children. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1197-1206, 2018-The purpose of this study was to quantify the acute cardiometabolic responses to a novel training rope (TR) protocol in children. Fifteen boys (10.6 ± 1.4 years) were tested for peak oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2) on a treadmill and subsequently (2-7 days later) performed a progressive 10-minute protocol of 5 TR exercises (EX): EX1: standing side-to-side waves, EX2: seated alternating waves, EX3: standing alternating waves, EX4: jumping jacks, and EX5: double-arm slams. Participants performed 2 sets of each TR exercise for 30 seconds per set with a 30-second rest interval between sets and exercises. A 12.8-m TR (4.1 kg) was used for all trials, and a metronome was used to standardize cadence. Peak values for V[Combining Dot Above]O2 and HR during the treadmill test were 47.4 ± 8.8 ml·kg·min and 195.1 ± 6.6 b·min, respectively. During the TR protocol, mean V[Combining Dot Above]O2 and HR significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) from set 1 of EX1 (10.3 ± 2.6 ml·kg·min and 103.2 ± 11.6 b·min, respectively) to set 2 of EX5 (30.0 ± 3.9 ml·kg·min and 168.6 ± 11.8 b·min, respectively). Percentage of peak V[Combining Dot Above]O2 and peak HR values attained during the TR protocol ranged from 21.5 to 64.8% and from 52.9 to 86.4%, respectively. These descriptive data indicate that TR exercise can pose a moderate to vigorous cardiometabolic stimulus in children and with proper supervision and instruction may serve as a worthwhile complement to youth fitness programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery D Faigenbaum
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey
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Kennedy SG, Smith JJ, Morgan PJ, Peralta LR, Hilland TA, Eather N, Lonsdale C, Okely AD, Plotnikoff RC, Salmon JO, Dewar DL, Estabrooks PA, Pollock E, Finn TL, Lubans DR. Implementing Resistance Training in Secondary Schools: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:62-72. [PMID: 29251687 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Guidelines recommend that young people engage in muscle-strengthening activities on at least 3 d·wk. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a school-based intervention focused on resistance training (RT) for adolescents. METHODS The "Resistance Training for Teens" intervention was evaluated using a cluster-randomized, controlled trial with 607 adolescents (50.1% girls; 14.1 ± 0.5 yr) from 16 secondary schools. Teachers were trained to deliver the intervention, which included the following: (i) an interactive student seminar; (ii) a structured physical activity program, focused on RT; (iii) lunchtime fitness sessions; and (iv) Web-based smartphone apps. The primary outcome was muscular fitness (MF) and secondary outcomes included body mass index, RT skill competency, flexibility, physical activity, self-efficacy, and motivation. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 6 months (postprogram; primary end point), and 12 months (follow-up). Outcomes were assessed using linear mixed models, with three potential moderators tested using interaction terms (and subgroup analyses where appropriate). RESULTS For the primary outcome (MF), a group-time effect was observed at 6 months for the upper body (2.0 repetitions; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.8-3.2), but not the lower body (-1.4 cm; 95% CI, -4.7-1.9). At 6 months, there were intervention effects for RT skill competency and self-efficacy, but no other secondary outcomes. Effects for upper body MF and RT skill competency were sustained at 12 months. Despite overall no effect for body mass index, there was a group-time effect at 12 months among students who were overweight/obese at baseline (-0.55 kg·m; 95% CI, -1.01 to -0.08). CONCLUSIONS The school-based RT intervention resulted in immediate and sustained improvements in upper body MF and RT skill competency, demonstrating an effective and scalable approach to delivering RT within secondary schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Kennedy
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
| | - Jordan J Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
| | - Philip J Morgan
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
| | - Louisa R Peralta
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
| | - Toni A Hilland
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
| | - Narelle Eather
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
| | - Chris Lonsdale
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
| | - Ronald C Plotnikoff
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
| | - J O Salmon
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
| | - Deborah L Dewar
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
| | - Paul A Estabrooks
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
| | - Emma Pollock
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
| | - Tara L Finn
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
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49
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Abstract
The good news is that a growing body of evidence recognizes resistance training as foundational to long-term physical development. Original research and reviews published in 2017 conclude that early exposure to developmentally appropriate resistance training can improve markers of health, increase muscular fitness, enhance physical literacy, and reduce the risk of injury in young athletes. Although the papers discussed in the commentary add to our understanding of the pleiotropic benefits of youth resistance training, they also raise concerns. As measures of muscular strength and power have been found to track from childhood to adulthood, the bad news is that youth with low levels of muscular fitness tend to become weak adults who are at increased risk for functional limitations and adverse health outcomes. Furthermore, global participation in youth resistance training is falling far short of public health recommendations, and these ugly trends will likely impact the health and well-being of future generations. A change in current attitudes and common practices is urgently needed to educate parents, practitioners, and clinicians about the potential benefits of resistance training for all children and adolescents, not only young athletes.
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50
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Ha AS, Lonsdale C, Lubans DR, Ng JYY. Increasing students' physical activity during school physical education: rationale and protocol for the SELF-FIT cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2017; 18:11. [PMID: 28697797 PMCID: PMC5505035 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Self-determined Exercise and Learning For FITness (SELF-FIT) is a multi-component school-based intervention based on tenets of self-determination theory. SELF-FIT aims to increase students’ moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during physical education lessons, and enhance their autonomous motivation towards fitness activities. Using a cluster randomized controlled trial, we aim to examine the effects of the intervention on students’ MVPA during school physical education. Methods Secondary 2 students (approximately aged 14 years) from 26 classes in 26 different schools will be recruited. After baseline assessments, students will be randomized into either the experimental group or wait-list control group using a matched-pair randomization. Teachers allocated to the experimental group will attend two half-day workshops and deliver the SELF-FIT intervention for 8 weeks. The main intervention components include training teachers to teach in more need supportive ways, and conducting fitness exercises using a fitness dice with interchangeable faces. Other motivational components, such as playing music during classes, are also included. The primary outcome of the trial is students’ MVPA during PE lessons. Secondary outcomes include students’ leisure-time MVPA, perceived need support from teachers, need satisfaction, autonomous motivation towards physical education, intention to engage in physical activity, psychological well-being, and health-related fitness (cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness). Quantitative data will be analyzed using multilevel modeling approaches. Focus group interviews will also be conducted to assess students’ perceptions of the intervention. Discussion The SELF-FIT intervention has been designed to improve students’ health and well-being by using high-intensity activities in classes delivered by teachers who have been trained to be autonomy needs supportive. If successful, scalable interventions based on SELF-FIT could be applied in physical education at large. Trial registration The trial is registered at the Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (Trial ID: ACTRN12615000633583; date of registration: 18 June 2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Ha
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
| | - Chris Lonsdale
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Edward Clancy Building 167-169 Albert St, Strathfield, NSW, 2135, Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Johan Y Y Ng
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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