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Zhang F, Rosental L, Ji B, Brotman Y, Dai M. Metabolite-mediated adaptation of crops to drought and the acquisition of tolerance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:626-644. [PMID: 38241088 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Drought is one of the major and growing threats to agriculture productivity and food security. Metabolites are involved in the regulation of plant responses to various environmental stresses, including drought stress. The complex drought tolerance can be ascribed to several simple metabolic traits. These traits could then be used for detecting the genetic architecture of drought tolerance. Plant metabolomes show dynamic differences when drought occurs during different developmental stages or upon different levels of drought stress. Here, we reviewed the major and most recent findings regarding the metabolite-mediated plant drought response. Recent progress in the development of drought-tolerant agents is also discussed. We provide an updated schematic overview of metabolome-driven solutions for increasing crop drought tolerance and thereby addressing an impending agricultural challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Leah Rosental
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, 8410501, Israel
| | - Boming Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, 8410501, Israel
| | - Mingqiu Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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2
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Castano-Duque L, Winzeler E, Blackstock JM, Liu C, Vergopolan N, Focker M, Barnett K, Owens PR, van der Fels-Klerx HJ, Vaughan MM, Rajasekaran K. Dynamic geospatial modeling of mycotoxin contamination of corn in Illinois: unveiling critical factors and predictive insights with machine learning. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1283127. [PMID: 38029202 PMCID: PMC10646420 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1283127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of corn is a pervasive problem that negatively impacts human and animal health and causes economic losses to the agricultural industry worldwide. Historical aflatoxin (AFL) and fumonisin (FUM) mycotoxin contamination data of corn, daily weather data, satellite data, dynamic geospatial soil properties, and land usage parameters were modeled to identify factors significantly contributing to the outbreaks of mycotoxin contamination of corn grown in Illinois (IL), AFL >20 ppb, and FUM >5 ppm. Two methods were used: a gradient boosting machine (GBM) and a neural network (NN). Both the GBM and NN models were dynamic at a state-county geospatial level because they used GPS coordinates of the counties linked to soil properties. GBM identified temperature and precipitation prior to sowing as significant influential factors contributing to high AFL and FUM contamination. AFL-GBM showed that a higher aflatoxin risk index (ARI) in January, March, July, and November led to higher AFL contamination in the southern regions of IL. Higher values of corn-specific normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in July led to lower AFL contamination in Central and Southern IL, while higher wheat-specific NDVI values in February led to higher AFL. FUM-GBM showed that temperature in July and October, precipitation in February, and NDVI values in March are positively correlated with high contamination throughout IL. Furthermore, the dynamic geospatial models showed that soil characteristics were correlated with AFL and FUM contamination. Greater calcium carbonate content in soil was negatively correlated with AFL contamination, which was noticeable in Southern IL. Greater soil moisture and available water-holding capacity throughout Southern IL were positively correlated with high FUM contamination. The higher clay percentage in the northeastern areas of IL negatively correlated with FUM contamination. NN models showed high class-specific performance for 1-year predictive validation for AFL (73%) and FUM (85%), highlighting their accuracy for annual mycotoxin prediction. Our models revealed that soil, NDVI, year-specific weekly average precipitation, and temperature were the most important factors that correlated with mycotoxin contamination. These findings serve as reliable guidelines for future modeling efforts to identify novel data inputs for the prediction of AFL and FUM outbreaks and potential farm-level management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Castano-Duque
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Regional Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Edwin Winzeler
- Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Booneville, AR, United States
| | - Joshua M. Blackstock
- Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Booneville, AR, United States
| | - Cheng Liu
- Microbiology and Agrochains Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Noemi Vergopolan
- Atmospheric and Ocean Science Program, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Marlous Focker
- Microbiology and Agrochains Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Kristin Barnett
- Agricultural Products Inspection, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield, IL, United States
| | - Phillip Ray Owens
- Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Booneville, AR, United States
| | | | - Martha M. Vaughan
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Kanniah Rajasekaran
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Regional Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, LA, United States
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3
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Tueller G, Kerry R, Young SG. Spatial investigation of the links between aflatoxins legislation, climate, and liver cancer at the global scale. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2023; 46:100592. [PMID: 37500231 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2023.100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are carcinogenic toxins produced by fungi, and many countries legislate limits in food. Previous research suggests elevated liver cancer (LC) mortality in some areas may be due to aflatoxin exposure, but this has not been investigated spatially. We investigate links between aflatoxin legislation, climate, and LC mortality and other covariates globally. Comparison tests of LC mortality showed expected patterns with legislation and climate. They also showed associations between high LC mortality and high Hepatitis, low alcohol consumption, low health expenditure and high family agriculture rates. Spatial analysis showed latitudinal trend with significant clusters of low LC mortality in Europe and high rates in West Africa, Central America, East and South-East Asia. Only health expenditure and Hepatitis were significant in spatial regression, but climate and family agriculture were also significant in multiple linear regression (MLR). Results suggest that aflatoxin education and legislation should be expanded, particularly in hot/wet climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Tueller
- Department of Geography, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Ruth Kerry
- Department of Geography, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States.
| | - Sean G Young
- O'Donnell School of Public Health, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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4
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Huang R, Li H, Gao C, Yu W, Zhang S. Advances in omics research on peanut response to biotic stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1101994. [PMID: 37284721 PMCID: PMC10239885 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1101994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Peanut growth, development, and eventual production are constrained by biotic and abiotic stresses resulting in serious economic losses. To understand the response and tolerance mechanism of peanut to biotic and abiotic stresses, high-throughput Omics approaches have been applied in peanut research. Integrated Omics approaches are essential for elucidating the temporal and spatial changes that occur in peanut facing different stresses. The integration of functional genomics with other Omics highlights the relationships between peanut genomes and phenotypes under specific stress conditions. In this review, we focus on research on peanut biotic stresses. Here we review the primary types of biotic stresses that threaten sustainable peanut production, the multi-Omics technologies for peanut research and breeding, and the recent advances in various peanut Omics under biotic stresses, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, miRNAomics, epigenomics and phenomics, for identification of biotic stress-related genes, proteins, metabolites and their networks as well as the development of potential traits. We also discuss the challenges, opportunities, and future directions for peanut Omics under biotic stresses, aiming sustainable food production. The Omics knowledge is instrumental for improving peanut tolerance to cope with various biotic stresses and for meeting the food demands of the exponentially growing global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongqing Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caiji Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weichang Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Liaoning Peanut Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuxing, China
- China Good Crop Company (Shenzhen) Limited, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shengchun Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Molnár K, Rácz C, Dövényi-Nagy T, Bakó K, Pusztahelyi T, Kovács S, Adácsi C, Pócsi I, Dobos A. The Effect of Environmental Factors on Mould Counts and AFB1 Toxin Production by Aspergillus flavus in Maize. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030227. [PMID: 36977118 PMCID: PMC10055717 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The toxins produced by Aspergillus flavus can significantly inhibit the use of maize. As a result of climate change, toxin production is a problem not only in tropical and subtropical areas but in an increasing number of European countries, including Hungary. The effect of meteorological factors and irrigation on mould colonization and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mycotoxin production by A. flavus were investigated in natural conditions, as well as the inoculation with a toxigenic isolate in a complex field experiment for three years. As a result of irrigation, the occurrence of fungi increased, and toxin production decreased. The mould count of fungi and toxin accumulation showed differences during the examined growing seasons. The highest AFB1 content was found in 2021. The main environmental factors in predicting mould count were temperature (Tavg, Tmax ≥ 30 °C, Tmax ≥ 32 °C, Tmax ≥ 35 °C) and atmospheric drought (RHmin ≤ 40%). Toxin production was determined by extremely high daily maximum temperatures (Tmax ≥ 35 °C). At natural contamination, the effect of Tmax ≥ 35 °C on AFB1 was maximal (r = 0.560–0.569) in the R4 stage. In the case of artificial inoculation, correlations with environmental factors were stronger (r = 0.665–0.834) during the R2–R6 stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Molnár
- Centre for Precision Farming R&D Services, FAFSEM, University of Debrecen, H4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Csaba Rácz
- Centre for Precision Farming R&D Services, FAFSEM, University of Debrecen, H4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Dövényi-Nagy
- Centre for Precision Farming R&D Services, FAFSEM, University of Debrecen, H4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Károly Bakó
- Centre for Precision Farming R&D Services, FAFSEM, University of Debrecen, H4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, FAFSEM, University of Debrecen, H4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Kovács
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, FAFSEM, University of Debrecen, H4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Cintia Adácsi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, FAFSEM, University of Debrecen, H4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Dobos
- Centre for Precision Farming R&D Services, FAFSEM, University of Debrecen, H4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Leslie JF, Morris JB, Gurung JK, Harvey JJW, Ayalew A, Baker R, Zhang G. Mycotoxin communications: Managing messages for different audiences. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.1095256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, and zearalenone, are increasing in visibility as a public health threat through both acute and chronic exposure in food. USAID through its Feed the Future program has sponsored research in Nepal on mycotoxin contamination and the correlated high levels of stunting in children under age five. Communicating about mycotoxins is a complicated matter, as is communicating about any potentially serious economic or health threat that may be difficult to control. Two nominal group workshops in Nepal focused on identifying problems from multiple perspectives and developing potential communication strategies to mitigate the problem and potential concerns about it. Target audiences were identified along with their interests and effective channels to communicate with and within them. The first audience to work with is the government, as it must understand and value the problem and help generate confidence in potential regulatory and mitigation processes. Producers, educators and health professionals are the next audiences to address as they are the most closely involved with the problem. Consumer engagement is last, with a communication goal of sharing information to heighten awareness and minimize unwarranted public concern.
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7
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Role of Tocochromanols in Tolerance of Cereals to Biotic Stresses: Specific Focus on Pathogenic and Toxigenic Fungal Species. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169303. [PMID: 36012567 PMCID: PMC9408828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens capable of producing mycotoxins are one of the main threats to the cultivation of cereals and the safety of the harvested kernels. Improving the resistance of crops to fungal disease and accumulation of mycotoxins is therefore a crucial issue. Achieving this goal requires a deep understanding of plant defense mechanisms, most of them involving specialized metabolites. However, while numerous studies have addressed the contribution of phenylpropanoids and carotenoids to plant chemical defense, very few have dealt with tocochromanols. Tocochromanols, which encompass tocopherols and tocotrienols and constitute the vitamin E family, are widely distributed in cereal kernels; their biosynthetic pathway has been extensively studied with the aim to enrich plant oils and combat vitamin E deficiency in humans. Here we provide strong assumptions arguing in favor of an involvement of tocochromanols in plant–fungal pathogen interactions. These assumptions are based on both direct effects resulting from their capacity to scavenge reactive oxygen species, including lipid peroxyl radicals, on their potential to inhibit fungal growth and mycotoxin yield, and on more indirect effects mainly based on their role in plant protection against abiotic stresses.
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8
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Tengey TK, Kankam F, Ndela DN, Frempong D, Appaw WO. Growth and Toxigenicity of A. flavus on Resistant and Susceptible Peanut Genotypes. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080536. [PMID: 36006198 PMCID: PMC9414427 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination poses serious health concerns to consumers of peanut and peanut products. This study aimed at investigating the response of peanuts to Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin accumulation. Isolates of A. flavus were characterised either as aflatoxigenic or non-aflatoxigenic using multiple cultural techniques. The selected isolates were used in an in vitro seed colonisation (IVSC) experiment on two A. flavus-resistant and susceptible peanut genotypes. Disease incidence, severity, and aflatoxin accumulation were measured. Genotypes differed significantly (p < 0.001) in terms of the incidence and severity of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus infection with the non-aflatoxigenic isolate having significantly higher incidence and severity values. There was no accumulation of aflatoxins in peanut genotypes inoculated with non-aflatoxigenic isolate, indicating its potential as a biocontrol agent. Inoculations with the aflatoxigenic isolate resulted in the accumulation of aflatoxin B1 and G1 in all the peanut genotypes. Aflatoxin B2 was not detected in ICGV−03401 (resistant genotype), while it was present and higher in Manipinta (susceptible genotype) than L027B (resistant genotype). ICGV−03401 can resist fungal infection and aflatoxin accumulation than L027B and Manipinta. Non-aflatoxigenic isolate detected in this study could further be investigated as a biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theophilus Kwabla Tengey
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR-SARI), Nyankpala NL-1032-0471, Ghana
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +233-249-437-879
| | - Frederick Kankam
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Sciences, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala NL-1029-6240, Ghana
| | - Dominic Ngagmayan Ndela
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Sciences, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala NL-1029-6240, Ghana
| | - Daniel Frempong
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Sciences, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala NL-1029-6240, Ghana
| | - William Ofori Appaw
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi AK-448-1125, Ghana
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9
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Cui M, Han S, Wang D, Haider MS, Guo J, Zhao Q, Du P, Sun Z, Qi F, Zheng Z, Huang B, Dong W, Li P, Zhang X. Gene Co-expression Network Analysis of the Comparative Transcriptome Identifies Hub Genes Associated With Resistance to Aspergillus flavus L. in Cultivated Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:899177. [PMID: 35812950 PMCID: PMC9264616 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.899177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a cosmopolitan oil crop, is susceptible to a variety of pathogens, especially Aspergillus flavus L., which not only vastly reduce the quality of peanut products but also seriously threaten food safety for the contamination of aflatoxin. However, the key genes related to resistance to Aspergillus flavus L. in peanuts remain unclear. This study identifies hub genes positively associated with resistance to A. flavus in two genotypes by comparative transcriptome and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) method. Compared with susceptible genotype (Zhonghua 12, S), the rapid response to A. flavus and quick preparation for the translation of resistance-related genes in the resistant genotype (J-11, R) may be the drivers of its high resistance. WGCNA analysis revealed that 18 genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins (PR10), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO1), MAPK kinase, serine/threonine kinase (STK), pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), cytochrome P450, SNARE protein SYP121, pectinesterase, phosphatidylinositol transfer protein, and pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein play major and active roles in peanut resistance to A. flavus. Collectively, this study provides new insight into resistance to A. flavus by employing WGCNA, and the identification of hub resistance-responsive genes may contribute to the development of resistant cultivars by molecular-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Cui
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Henan Academy of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
- National Centre for Plant Breeding, Xinxiang, China
| | - Suoyi Han
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Henan Academy of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
- National Centre for Plant Breeding, Xinxiang, China
| | - Du Wang
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Junjia Guo
- The Shennong Laboratory, Henan Academy of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
- National Centre for Plant Breeding, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- The Shennong Laboratory, Henan Academy of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pei Du
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Henan Academy of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
- National Centre for Plant Breeding, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ziqi Sun
- The Shennong Laboratory, Henan Academy of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
- National Centre for Plant Breeding, Xinxiang, China
| | - Feiyan Qi
- The Shennong Laboratory, Henan Academy of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
- National Centre for Plant Breeding, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- The Shennong Laboratory, Henan Academy of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
- National Centre for Plant Breeding, Xinxiang, China
| | - Bingyan Huang
- The Shennong Laboratory, Henan Academy of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
- National Centre for Plant Breeding, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wenzhao Dong
- The Shennong Laboratory, Henan Academy of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
- National Centre for Plant Breeding, Xinxiang, China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyou Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Henan Academy of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Plains, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crop Improvement, Zhengzhou, China
- National Centre for Plant Breeding, Xinxiang, China
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10
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Li D, Wang Q, Chen S, Liu H, Pan K, Li J, Luo C, Wang H. De novo assembly and analysis of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua and identification of genes involved in polysaccharide and saponin biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:195. [PMID: 35272619 PMCID: PMC8915509 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The investigation of molecular mechanisms involved in polysaccharides and saponin metabolism is critical for genetic engineering of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua to raise major active ingredient content. Up to now, the transcript sequences are available for different tissues of P. cyrtonema, a wide range scanning about temporal transcript at different ages’ rhizomes was still absent in P. cyrtonema. Results Transcriptome sequencing for rhizomes at different ages was performed. Sixty-two thousand six hundred thirty-five unigenes were generated by assembling transcripts from all samples. A total of 89 unigenes encoding key enzymes involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis and 56 unigenes encoding key enzymes involved in saponin biosynthesis. The content of total polysaccharide and total saponin was positively correlated with the expression patterns of mannose-6-phosphate isomerase (MPI), GDP-L-fucose synthase (TSTA3), UDP-apiose/xylose synthase (AXS), UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (UGDH), Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA synthase (HMGS), Mevalonate kinase (MVK), 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (ispF), (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate synthase (ispG), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase (ispH), Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS). Finally, a number of key genes were selected and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to validate the transcriptome analysis results. Conclusions These results create the link between polysaccharides and saponin biosynthesis and gene expression, provide insight for underlying key active substances, and reveal novel candidate genes including TFs that are worth further exploration for their functions and values. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08421-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- Construction Service Center of Wudang District Agricultural Science and Technology Zone, Wudang, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550018, P. R. China
| | - Songshu Chen
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Hongchang Liu
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Keqin Pan
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Jinling Li
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Chunli Luo
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China. .,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China.
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11
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Mwakosya AW, Limbu SM, Majaliwa N, Zou X, Shi J, Kibazohi O. Aflatoxin B 1 variations in animal feeds along the supply chain in Tanzania and its possible reduction by heat treatment. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2022.2045908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anjelina W. Mwakosya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Samwel Mchele Limbu
- Department of Aquaculture Technology, School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Nuria Majaliwa
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Xiaobo Zou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiyong Shi
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Oscar Kibazohi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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12
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Determining future aflatoxin contamination risk scenarios for corn in Southern Georgia, USA using spatio-temporal modelling and future climate simulations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13522. [PMID: 34188073 PMCID: PMC8241871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are produced by fungi in crops and can cause liver cancer. Permitted levels are legislated and batches of grain are rejected based on average concentrations. Corn grown in Southern Georgia (GA), USA, which experiences drought during the mid-silk growth period in June, is particularly susceptible to infection by Aspergillus section Flavi species which produce AFs. Previous studies showed strong association between AFs and June weather. Risk factors were developed: June maximum temperatures > 33 °C and June rainfall < 50 mm, the 30-year normals for the region. Future climate data were estimated for each year (2000–2100) and county in southern GA using the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 emissions scenarios. The number of counties with June maximum temperatures > 33 °C and rainfall < 50 mm increased and then plateaued for both emissions scenarios. The percentage of years thresholds were exceeded was greater for RCP 8.5 than RCP 4.5. The spatial distribution of high-risk counties changed over time. Results suggest corn growth distribution should be changed or adaptation strategies employed like planting resistant varieties, irrigating and planting earlier. There were significantly more counties exceeding thresholds in 2010–2040 compared to 2000–2030 suggesting that adaptation strategies should be employed as soon as possible.
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13
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Soni P, Pandey AK, Nayak SN, Pandey MK, Tolani P, Pandey S, Sudini HK, Bajaj P, Fountain JC, Singam P, Guo B, Varshney RK. Global Transcriptome Profiling Identified Transcription Factors, Biological Process, and Associated Pathways for Pre-Harvest Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:413. [PMID: 34073230 PMCID: PMC8227191 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination (PAC) in groundnut is a serious quality concern globally, and drought stress before harvest further exacerbate its intensity, leading to the deterioration of produce quality. Understanding the host-pathogen interaction and identifying the candidate genes responsible for resistance to PAC will provide insights into the defense mechanism of the groundnut. In this context, about 971.63 million reads have been generated from 16 RNA samples under controlled and Aspergillus flavus infected conditions, from one susceptible and seven resistant genotypes. The RNA-seq analysis identified 45,336 genome-wide transcripts under control and infected conditions. This study identified 57 transcription factor (TF) families with major contributions from 6570 genes coding for bHLH (719), MYB-related (479), NAC (437), FAR1 family protein (320), and a few other families. In the host (groundnut), defense-related genes such as senescence-associated proteins, resveratrol synthase, seed linoleate, pathogenesis-related proteins, peroxidases, glutathione-S-transferases, chalcone synthase, ABA-responsive gene, and chitinases were found to be differentially expressed among resistant genotypes as compared to susceptible genotypes. This study also indicated the vital role of ABA-responsive ABR17, which co-regulates the genes of ABA responsive elements during drought stress, while providing resistance against A. flavus infection. It belongs to the PR-10 class and is also present in several plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Soni
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology (CEGSB), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India; (P.S.); (M.K.P.); (P.T.); (S.P.); (P.B.)
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India;
| | - Arun K. Pandey
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University (CJLU), Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Spurthi N. Nayak
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad 580005, India;
| | - Manish K. Pandey
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology (CEGSB), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India; (P.S.); (M.K.P.); (P.T.); (S.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Priya Tolani
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology (CEGSB), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India; (P.S.); (M.K.P.); (P.T.); (S.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Sarita Pandey
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology (CEGSB), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India; (P.S.); (M.K.P.); (P.T.); (S.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Hari K. Sudini
- Theme-Integrated Crop Improvement, Research Program-Asia, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India;
| | - Prasad Bajaj
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology (CEGSB), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India; (P.S.); (M.K.P.); (P.T.); (S.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Jake C. Fountain
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA;
| | - Prashant Singam
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India;
| | - Baozhu Guo
- Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA 31793, USA;
| | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology (CEGSB), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India; (P.S.); (M.K.P.); (P.T.); (S.P.); (P.B.)
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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14
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Li D, Wang Q, Xu X, Yu J, Chen Z, Wei B, Wu W. Temporal transcriptome profiling of developing seeds reveals candidate genes involved in oil accumulation in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:181. [PMID: 33858333 PMCID: PMC8051040 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The investigation of molecular mechanisms involved in lipid metabolism plays a critical role for the genetic engineering of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to increase the oil accumulation level or to change the oil composition. Although transcript sequences are currently available for the leaves and flowers of safflower, a wide range scan of temporal transcripts at different stages of seed development has not been conducted for safflower. RESULTS In this study, temporal transcriptome sequencing was executed at 10, 14, 18, and 22 days after flowering (DAF) to uncover the molecular networks concerned in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs). The results revealed that the biosynthesis of fatty acids is a dominant cellular process from 10 to 14 DAF, while degradation mainly happens after 18 DAF. Significant expression changes of two genes, stearoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] 9-desaturase gene (SAD) from 10 to 14 DAF and oleate desaturase (FAD2-1) from 14 to 18 DAF, were detected at the transcriptomic levels, and the temporal expression patterns revealed by the transcriptomic analysis were confirmed using quantitative real-time PCR experiments. In addition, 13 candidate transcription factors (TFs) involved in regulating the expression level of the FAD2-1 gene were identified. CONCLUSIONS These results create a link between fatty acid biosynthesis and gene expression at different developmental stages of the seeds, provide insight into the underlying lipid metabolism, and meanwhile lay an important foundation for the genetic engineering of safflower varieties. We have identified novel candidate genes, including TFs, that are worthy of further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, 550025 Guiyang, Guizhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Xu
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingsheng Yu
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Chen
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Wei
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
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15
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Increase in aflatoxin exposure in two populations residing in East and West Texas, United States. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 231:113662. [PMID: 33197706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although aflatoxin (AF) exposure has not been recognized as a major problem in the United States and other developed nations, recent global climate change may have a profound impact on distribution of toxigenic fungi growth and production of AFs in grain and groundnuts. Alterations in the contamination pattern can increase human dietary exposure, and further invoke public health concerns and associated disease risks. In this study, two populations from East and West Texas, known for their high risk of liver cancer, were examined for their AF exposure at three different time periods from 2004 to 2014. Serum samples (n = 1124) were collected from participants recruited for various studies from Bexar County and Lubbock County, TX, over the span of 2004 through 2014. The exposure biomarker, serum AFB1-lysine adduct, was analyzed by HPLC-FLD and confirmed by LC-MS. Both populations showed a significant increase in detection rate, as well as median levels of serum AFB1-lysine adduct over time, from 2.35 to 4.34 pg/mg albumin in East Texas (2007-2014), and 0.63-3.98 pg/mg albumin in West Texas (2004-2010). This observed shift in exposure likely represents a shift in the AF contamination pattern in the State of Texas, and may warrant further studies on risk assessment for the potential etiological effects of such increased exposures.
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16
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Valencia-Quintana R, Milić M, Jakšić D, Šegvić Klarić M, Tenorio-Arvide MG, Pérez-Flores GA, Bonassi S, Sánchez-Alarcón J. Environment Changes, Aflatoxins, and Health Issues, a Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E7850. [PMID: 33120863 PMCID: PMC7672603 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Crops contaminated by aflatoxins (AFs), the toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins produced namely by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, have severe impacts on human health. Changes in temperature and water availability related to actual climate changes (increased temperature, heavy rainfalls, and droughts) are modulating factors of mould growth and production of mycotoxins. To protect human and animal health from the harmful effects caused by AFs, the development of a safe and effective multifaceted approach in combating food and feed contamination with AFs is necessary. This review aims to collect and analyze the available information regarding AF presence in food and feed to reinforce AF management and to prevent health issues related to the AF exposure in the light of actual climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Valencia-Quintana
- Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala 90120, Mexico; (R.V.-Q.); (G.A.P.-F.)
| | - Mirta Milić
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Daniela Jakšić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.J.); (M.Š.K.)
| | - Maja Šegvić Klarić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.J.); (M.Š.K.)
| | | | | | - Stefano Bonassi
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, 00166 Rome, Italy;
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Juana Sánchez-Alarcón
- Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala 90120, Mexico; (R.V.-Q.); (G.A.P.-F.)
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17
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Effect of a Commercial Bentonite Clay (Smectite Clay) on Dairy Cows Fed Aflatoxin-Contaminated Feed. DAIRY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy1020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the impact of dietary supplementation with a commercially available smectite clay (TOXO® MX, Trouw Nutrition, Amersfoort, The Netherlands), that binds to aflatoxins (AFs), on the performance and health status of multiparous lactating Holstein dairy cows that received dietary AFB1 (the main AF). The carry-over of AFB1 was determined by measuring AFM1 (the main metabolite) in dairy milk. Performance values, blood markers, and liver inflammatory markers were also measured. Nine multiparous mid-lactation Holstein cows (parity: 2.67 ± 0.86; days in milk: 91 ± 15 days; milk yield: 40.4 ± 2.7 kg/cow/day) were assigned to one of three treatments in a 3 periods × 3 treatments Latin square design (n = 3). In particular, three cows each received the CTR-0 diet (total mixed ration (TMR) with normal corn meals), the CTR-AFLA diet (CTR-0 diet with 17.53 ± 6.55 µg/kg DM AFBI), or the TRT diet (CTR-AFLA diet with 100 ± 1 g/cow/day of smectite clay). The AFB1 level was 0.63 ± 0.50 µg/kg DM in the CTR-0 diet, 2.28 ± 1.42 µg/kg DM in the CTR-AFLA diet, and 2.13 ± 1.11 µg/kg DM in the TRT diet. The experiment consisted of an adaptation period (21 days) and three 17-day experimental periods, each consisting of a 10-day intoxication period and 7-day clearance period. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC, USA) with or without repeated measurements. Overall, the addition of AFB1 reduced the DM intake, but the groups had no significant differences in milk yields. The highest feed efficiency was in the TRT group. Measurement of AFM1 in milk indicated a “plateau” period, from day 4 to day 10 of the intoxication period, when the AFM1 level exceeded the guidelines of the European Union. The commercial smectite clay reduced milk AFM1 concentration by 64.8% and reduced the carry-over by 47.0%. The CTR-0 and TRT groups had similar carry-over levels of AFM1, although the absolute concentrations differed. The groups had no significant differences in plasma biomarkers. These results indicate that the commercially available smectite clay tested here was effective in adsorbing AFs in the gastro-intestinal tracts of cows, thus reducing the excretion of AFM1 into dairy milk.
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18
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Analysis of small RNA populations generated in peanut leaves after exogenous application of dsRNA and dsDNA targeting aflatoxin synthesis genes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13820. [PMID: 32796886 PMCID: PMC7427784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that RNA interference (RNAi) can prevent aflatoxin accumulation in transformed peanuts. To explore aflatoxin control by exogenous delivery of double-strand RNA (dsRNA) it is necessary to understand the generation of small RNA (sRNA) populations. We sequenced 12 duplicate sRNA libraries of in-vitro-grown peanut plants, 24 and 48 h after exogenous application of five gene fragments (RNAi-5x) related to aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus. RNAi-5x was applied either as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or RNAi plasmid DNA (dsDNA). Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) derived from RNAi-5x were significantly more abundant at 48 h than at 24 h, and the majority mapped to the fragment of aflatoxin efflux-pump gene. RNAi-5x-specific siRNAs were significantly, three to fivefold, more abundant in dsDNA than dsRNA treatments. Further examination of known micro RNAs related to disease-resistance, showed significant down-regulation of miR399 and up-regulation of miR482 in leaves treated with dsDNA compared to the control. These results show that sRNA sequencing is useful to compare exogenous RNAi delivery methods on peanut plants, and to analyze the efficacy of molecular constructs to generate siRNAs against specific gene targets. This work lays the foundation for non-transgenic delivery of RNAi in controlling aflatoxins in peanut.
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Savić Z, Dudaš T, Loc M, Grahovac M, Budakov D, Jajić I, Krstović S, Barošević T, Krska R, Sulyok M, Stojšin V, Petreš M, Stankov A, Vukotić J, Bagi F. Biological Control of Aflatoxin in Maize Grown in Serbia. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030162. [PMID: 32150883 PMCID: PMC7150810 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is the main producer of aflatoxin B1, one of the most toxic contaminants of food and feed. With global warming, climate conditions have become favourable for aflatoxin contamination of agricultural products in several European countries, including Serbia. The infection of maize with A. flavus, and aflatoxin synthesis can be controlled and reduced by application of a biocontrol product based on non-toxigenic strains of A. flavus. Biological control relies on competition between atoxigenic and toxigenic strains. This is the most commonly used biological control mechanism of aflatoxin contamination in maize in countries where aflatoxins pose a significant threat. Mytoolbox Af01, a native atoxigenic A. flavus strain, was obtained from maize grown in Serbia and used to produce a biocontrol product that was applied in irrigated and non-irrigated Serbian fields during 2016 and 2017. The application of this biocontrol product reduced aflatoxin levels in maize kernels (51–83%). The biocontrol treatment had a highly significant effect of reducing total aflatoxin contamination by 73%. This study showed that aflatoxin contamination control in Serbian maize can be achieved through biological control methods using atoxigenic A. flavus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zagorka Savić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (Z.S.); (M.L.); (M.G.); (D.B.); (I.J.); (S.K.); (T.B.); (V.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (J.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Tatjana Dudaš
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (Z.S.); (M.L.); (M.G.); (D.B.); (I.J.); (S.K.); (T.B.); (V.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (J.V.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marta Loc
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (Z.S.); (M.L.); (M.G.); (D.B.); (I.J.); (S.K.); (T.B.); (V.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (J.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Mila Grahovac
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (Z.S.); (M.L.); (M.G.); (D.B.); (I.J.); (S.K.); (T.B.); (V.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (J.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Dragana Budakov
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (Z.S.); (M.L.); (M.G.); (D.B.); (I.J.); (S.K.); (T.B.); (V.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (J.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Igor Jajić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (Z.S.); (M.L.); (M.G.); (D.B.); (I.J.); (S.K.); (T.B.); (V.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (J.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Saša Krstović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (Z.S.); (M.L.); (M.G.); (D.B.); (I.J.); (S.K.); (T.B.); (V.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (J.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Tijana Barošević
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (Z.S.); (M.L.); (M.G.); (D.B.); (I.J.); (S.K.); (T.B.); (V.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (J.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department IFA-Tulin, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), A-3430 Tulln, Austria; (R.K.); (M.S.)
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department IFA-Tulin, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), A-3430 Tulln, Austria; (R.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Vera Stojšin
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (Z.S.); (M.L.); (M.G.); (D.B.); (I.J.); (S.K.); (T.B.); (V.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (J.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Mladen Petreš
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (Z.S.); (M.L.); (M.G.); (D.B.); (I.J.); (S.K.); (T.B.); (V.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (J.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Aleksandra Stankov
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (Z.S.); (M.L.); (M.G.); (D.B.); (I.J.); (S.K.); (T.B.); (V.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (J.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Jelena Vukotić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (Z.S.); (M.L.); (M.G.); (D.B.); (I.J.); (S.K.); (T.B.); (V.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (J.V.); (F.B.)
| | - Ferenc Bagi
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (Z.S.); (M.L.); (M.G.); (D.B.); (I.J.); (S.K.); (T.B.); (V.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (J.V.); (F.B.)
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20
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Yu B, Huai D, Huang L, Kang Y, Ren X, Chen Y, Zhou X, Luo H, Liu N, Chen W, Lei Y, Pandey MK, Sudini H, Varshney RK, Liao B, Jiang H. Identification of genomic regions and diagnostic markers for resistance to aflatoxin contamination in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). BMC Genet 2019; 20:32. [PMID: 30866805 PMCID: PMC6417274 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-019-0734-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aflatoxin contamination caused by Aspergillus flavus is a major constraint to peanut industry worldwide due to its toxicological effects to human and animals. Developing peanut varieties with resistance to seed infection and/or aflatoxin accumulation is the most effective and economic strategy for reducing aflatoxin risk in food chain. Breeding for resistance to aflatoxin in peanut is a challenging task for breeders because the genetic basis is still poorly understood. To identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to aflatoxin contamination in peanut, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was developed from crossing Zhonghua 10 (susceptible) with ICG 12625 (resistant). The percent seed infection index (PSII), the contents of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) of RILs were evaluated by a laboratory kernel inoculation assay. Results Two QTLs were identified for PSII including one major QTL with 11.32–13.00% phenotypic variance explained (PVE). A total of 12 QTLs for aflatoxin accumulation were detected by unconditional analysis, and four of them (qAFB1A07 and qAFB1B06.1 for AFB1, qAFB2A07 and qAFB2B06 for AFB2) exhibited major and stable effects across multiple environments with 9.32–21.02% PVE. Furthermore, not only qAFB1A07 and qAFB2A07 were co-localized in the same genetic interval on LG A07, but qAFB1B06.1 was also co-localized with qAFB2B06 on LG B06. Conditional QTL mapping also confirmed that there was a strong interaction between resistance to AFB1 and AFB2 accumulation. Genotyping of RILs revealed that qAFB1A07 and qAFB1B06.1 interacted additively to improve the resistance to both AFB1 and AFB2 accumulation. Additionally, validation of the two markers was performed in diversified germplasm collection and four accessions with resistance to aflatoxin accumulation were identified. Conclusions Single major QTL for resistance to PSII and two important co-localized intervals associated with major QTLs for resistance to AFB1 and AFB2. Combination of these intervals could improve the resistance to aflatoxin accumulation in peanut. SSR markers linked to these intervals were identified and validated. The identified QTLs and associated markers exhibit potential to be applied in improvement of resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12863-019-0734-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongxin Huai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Kang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huaiyong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Nian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Weigang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Manish K Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute of the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Hari Sudini
- International Crops Research Institute of the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- International Crops Research Institute of the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Boshou Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huifang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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21
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Ferrero F, Prencipe S, Spadaro D, Gullino ML, Cavallarin L, Piano S, Tabacco E, Borreani G. Increase in aflatoxins due to Aspergillus section Flavi multiplication during the aerobic deterioration of corn silage treated with different bacteria inocula. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:1176-1193. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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22
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Metabolites Identified during Varied Doses of Aspergillus Species in Zea mays Grains, and Their Correlation with Aflatoxin Levels. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10050187. [PMID: 29735944 PMCID: PMC5983243 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10050187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination is associated with the development of aflatoxigenic fungi such as Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus on food grains. This study was aimed at investigating metabolites produced during fungal development on maize and their correlation with aflatoxin levels. Maize cobs were harvested at R3 (milk), R4 (dough), and R5 (dent) stages of maturity. Individual kernels were inoculated in petri dishes with four doses of fungal spores. Fungal colonisation, metabolite profile, and aflatoxin levels were examined. Grain colonisation decreased with kernel maturity: milk-, dough-, and dent-stage kernels by approximately 100%, 60%, and 30% respectively. Aflatoxin levels increased with dose at dough and dent stages. Polar metabolites including alanine, proline, serine, valine, inositol, iso-leucine, sucrose, fructose, trehalose, turanose, mannitol, glycerol, arabitol, inositol, myo-inositol, and some intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA—also known as citric acid or Krebs cycle) were important for dose classification. Important non-polar metabolites included arachidic, palmitic, stearic, 3,4-xylylic, and margaric acids. Aflatoxin levels correlated with levels of several polar metabolites. The strongest positive and negative correlations were with arabitol (R = 0.48) and turanose and (R = −0.53), respectively. Several metabolites were interconnected with the TCA; interconnections of the metabolites with the TCA cycle varied depending upon the grain maturity.
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23
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Jeyaramraja P, Meenakshi SN, Woldesenbet F. Relationship between drought and preharvest aflatoxin contamination in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Groundnut is a commercial oilseed crop that is prone to infection by Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus parasiticus. Drought impairs the defence mechanism of the plant and favours the production of aflatoxin by the fungus. Aflatoxin is a carcinogen and its presence in food and feed causes significant economic loss. The answer to the question, ‘how drought tolerance and aflatoxin resistance are related?’ is not clear. In this review paper, the relationship of drought and preharvest aflatoxin contamination (AC), the relationship of drought tolerance traits and AC, and the approaches to enhance resistance to AC are discussed using up-to-date literature. Factors leading to AC are drought, high geocarposphere temperature, kernel/pod damage, and reduced phytoalexin synthesis by the plant. If the fungus colonises a kernel with reduced water activity, the plant cannot synthesise phytoalexin and then, the fungus synthesises aflatoxin. Breeding for resistance to AC is complicated because aflatoxin concentration is costly to measure, highly variable, and influenced by the environment. Since drought tolerant cultivars have resistance to AC, traits of drought tolerance have been used as indirect selection tools for reduced AC. The genetics of aflatoxin resistance mechanisms have not been made clear as the environment influences the host-pathogen relationship. Host-pathogen interactions under the influence of environment should be studied at molecular level to identify plant resistant factors using the tools of genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in order to develop cultivars with durable resistance. Many candidate genes involved in host-pathogen interactions have been identified due to improvements in fungal expressed sequence tags, microarrays, and genome sequencing techniques. Moreover, research projects are underway on identifying genes coding for antifungal compounds, resistance associated proteins and quantitative trait loci associated with aflatoxin resistance. This review is expected to help those who wish to work on reducing AC in groundnuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.R. Jeyaramraja
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Arba Minch University, P.O. Box 21, Arba Minch, Gamo Gofa Zone, Ethiopia
| | - S. Nithya Meenakshi
- Department of Botany, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Peelamedu, Coimbatore 641 004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - F. Woldesenbet
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Arba Minch University, P.O. Box 21, Arba Minch, Gamo Gofa Zone, Ethiopia
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24
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Garrido-Bazan V, Mahuku G, Bibbins-Martinez M, Arroyo-Bacerra A, Villalobos-López MÁ. Dissection of mechanisms of resistance to Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin using tropical maize germplasm. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus induced ear rots and subsequent contamination of maize (Zea mays L.) by aflatoxin is a serious food safety issue, especially in developing countries where the crop is mostly cultivated by smallholder famers for own consumption and income generation. A better understanding of the mechanisms of resistance could help breeders to develop resistant maize varieties. In this study, a set of six tropical maize inbred lines previously identified as resistant or susceptible under natural field conditions were evaluated for response to A. flavus colonisation and aflatoxin contamination. Fungal biomass was significantly higher (P<0.05) in susceptible than resistant maize inbred lines, and this was highly correlated (P=0.001) to aflatoxin levels. Maize inbred lines MRI, MR2 and MR3 had low fungal biomass and low aflatoxin levels, suggesting that resistance in these lines was mediated through restricted fungal colonisation and establishment. Among the three putatively resistant inbred lines mentioned above, MR2 had a relatively high colonisation compared to the other two lines, revealing that A. flavus could establish and colonise kernels that were injured during inoculation, but did not contain high levels of aflatoxin. This could signify the presence of host genes that interfere with the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Garrido-Bazan
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, Tlaxcala C.P. 90700, México
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600 México D.F., México
| | - G. Mahuku
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600 México D.F., México
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - M. Bibbins-Martinez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, Tlaxcala C.P. 90700, México
| | - A. Arroyo-Bacerra
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, Tlaxcala C.P. 90700, México
| | - M. Ángel Villalobos-López
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, Tlaxcala C.P. 90700, México
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25
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Fountain JC, Koh J, Yang L, Pandey MK, Nayak SN, Bajaj P, Zhuang WJ, Chen ZY, Kemerait RC, Lee RD, Chen S, Varshney RK, Guo B. Proteome analysis of Aspergillus flavus isolate-specific responses to oxidative stress in relationship to aflatoxin production capability. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3430. [PMID: 29467403 PMCID: PMC5821837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic pathogen of plants such as maize and peanut under conducive conditions such as drought stress resulting in significant aflatoxin production. Drought-associated oxidative stress also exacerbates aflatoxin production by A. flavus. The objectives of this study were to use proteomics to provide insights into the pathogen responses to H2O2-derived oxidative stress, and to identify potential biomarkers and targets for host resistance breeding. Three isolates, AF13, NRRL3357, and K54A with high, moderate, and no aflatoxin production, were cultured in medium supplemented with varying levels of H2O2, and examined using an iTRAQ (Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification) approach. Overall, 1,173 proteins were identified and 220 were differentially expressed (DEPs). Observed DEPs encompassed metabolic pathways including antioxidants, carbohydrates, pathogenicity, and secondary metabolism. Increased lytic enzyme, secondary metabolite, and developmental pathway expression in AF13 was correlated with oxidative stress tolerance, likely assisting in plant infection and microbial competition. Elevated expression of energy and cellular component production in NRRL3357 and K54A implies a focus on oxidative damage remediation. These trends explain isolate-to-isolate variation in oxidative stress tolerance and provide insights into mechanisms relevant to host plant interactions under drought stress allowing for more targeted efforts in host resistance research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake C Fountain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA.,USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA.,Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Jin Koh
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA.,USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA.,College of Biology and Environmental Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Manish K Pandey
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Spurthi N Nayak
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Prasad Bajaj
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Wei-Jian Zhuang
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Robert C Kemerait
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - R Dewey Lee
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Baozhu Guo
- USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA.
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26
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Yang L, Fountain JC, Ji P, Ni X, Chen S, Lee RD, Kemerait RC, Guo B. Deciphering drought-induced metabolic responses and regulation in developing maize kernels. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1616-1628. [PMID: 29431900 PMCID: PMC6097124 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress conditions decrease maize growth and yield, and aggravate preharvest aflatoxin contamination. While several studies have been performed on mature kernels responding to drought stress, the metabolic profiles of developing kernels are not as well characterized, particularly in germplasm with contrasting resistance to both drought and mycotoxin contamination. Here, following screening for drought tolerance, a drought-sensitive line, B73, and a drought-tolerant line, Lo964, were selected and stressed beginning at 14 days after pollination. Developing kernels were sampled 7 and 14 days after drought induction (DAI) from both stressed and irrigated plants. Comparative biochemical and metabolomic analyses profiled 409 differentially accumulated metabolites. Multivariate statistics and pathway analyses showed that drought stress induced an accumulation of simple sugars and polyunsaturated fatty acids and a decrease in amines, polyamines and dipeptides in B73. Conversely, sphingolipid, sterol, phenylpropanoid and dipeptide metabolites accumulated in Lo964 under drought stress. Drought stress also resulted in the greater accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and aflatoxin in kernels of B73 in comparison with Lo964 implying a correlation in their production. Overall, field drought treatments disordered a cascade of normal metabolic programming during development of maize kernels and subsequently caused oxidative stress. The glutathione and urea cycles along with the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids for osmoprotection, membrane maintenance and antioxidant protection were central among the drought stress responses observed in developing kernels. These results also provide novel targets to enhance host drought tolerance and disease resistance through the use of biotechnologies such as transgenics and genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yang
- USDA‐ARS, Crop Protection and Management Research UnitTiftonGAUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of GeorgiaTiftonGAUSA
- College of Biology and the EnvironmentNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Jake C. Fountain
- USDA‐ARS, Crop Protection and Management Research UnitTiftonGAUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of GeorgiaTiftonGAUSA
| | - Pingsheng Ji
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of GeorgiaTiftonGAUSA
| | - Xinzhi Ni
- USDA‐ARS, Crop Genetics and Breeding Research UnitTiftonGAUSA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, and Plant Molecular & Cellular Biology ProgramUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Robert D. Lee
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesUniversity of GeorgiaTiftonGAUSA
| | | | - Baozhu Guo
- USDA‐ARS, Crop Protection and Management Research UnitTiftonGAUSA
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27
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Weatherly M, Pate R, Rottinghaus G, Roberti Filho F, Cardoso F. Physiological responses to a yeast and clay-based adsorbent during an aflatoxin challenge in Holstein cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Smith LE, Mbuya MNN, Prendergast AJ, Turner PC, Ruboko S, Humphrey JH, Nelson RJ, Chigumira A, Kembo G, Stoltzfus RJ. Determinants of recent aflatoxin exposure among pregnant women in rural Zimbabwe. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28544789 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201601049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic secondary metabolites of Aspergillus species that contaminate staple foods such as maize and groundnuts. AF exposure during pregnancy has been associated with adverse birth outcomes in limited-scale surveys in sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of this study was to describe the determinants of AF exposure, using urinary aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) biomarkers and data generated by the Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) trial for rural Zimbabwean women in early pregnancy. Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy is a large, cluster-randomized community-based trial in Zimbabwe designed to investigate the independent and combined effects of nutrition and hygiene interventions on early child growth. METHODS AND RESULTS Urine samples collected from 1580 pregnant women in rural Zimbabwe at median gestational age of 13.9 wk were measured for AFM1. AFM1 was detected in 30% of samples (median of exposed, 162 pg AFM1/mg creatinine; range 30-6046 pg AFM1/mg). In multivariable ordinal logistic models, geographical location (p<0.001), seasonality (p < 0.001) and dietary practices (p = 0.011) were significant predictors of urinary AFM1. CONCLUSION This is the largest AF biomarker survey conducted in Zimbabwe, and demonstrated frequent exposure in pregnant women with clear temporal and spatial variability in AF biomarker levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Smith
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Research Department, Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Mduduzi N N Mbuya
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Research Department, Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Prendergast
- Research Department, Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Paul C Turner
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sandra Ruboko
- Research Department, Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Jean H Humphrey
- Research Department, Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca J Nelson
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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29
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Fountain JC, Bajaj P, Nayak SN, Yang L, Pandey MK, Kumar V, Jayale AS, Chitikineni A, Lee RD, Kemerait RC, Varshney RK, Guo B. Responses of Aspergillus flavus to Oxidative Stress Are Related to Fungal Development Regulator, Antioxidant Enzyme, and Secondary Metabolite Biosynthetic Gene Expression. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2048. [PMID: 28066369 PMCID: PMC5175028 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The infection of maize and peanut with Aspergillus flavus and subsequent contamination with aflatoxin pose a threat to global food safety and human health, and is exacerbated by drought stress. Drought stress-responding compounds such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) are associated with fungal stress responsive signaling and secondary metabolite production, and can stimulate the production of aflatoxin by A. flavus in vitro. These secondary metabolites have been shown to possess diverse functions in soil-borne fungi including antibiosis, competitive inhibition of other microbes, and abiotic stress alleviation. Previously, we observed that isolates of A. flavus showed differences in oxidative stress tolerance which correlated with their aflatoxin production capabilities. In order to better understand these isolate-specific oxidative stress responses, we examined the transcriptional responses of field isolates of A. flavus with varying levels of aflatoxin production (NRRL3357, AF13, and Tox4) to H2O2-induced oxidative stress using an RNA sequencing approach. These isolates were cultured in an aflatoxin-production conducive medium amended with various levels of H2O2. Whole transcriptomes were sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq platform with an average of 40.43 million filtered paired-end reads generated for each sample. The obtained transcriptomes were then used for differential expression, gene ontology, pathway, and co-expression analyses. Isolates which produced higher levels of aflatoxin tended to exhibit fewer differentially expressed genes than isolates with lower levels of production. Genes found to be differentially expressed in response to increasing oxidative stress included antioxidant enzymes, primary metabolism components, antibiosis-related genes, and secondary metabolite biosynthetic components specifically for aflatoxin, aflatrem, and kojic acid. The expression of fungal development-related genes including aminobenzoate degradation genes and conidiation regulators were found to be regulated in response to increasing stress. Aflatoxin biosynthetic genes and antioxidant enzyme genes were also found to be co-expressed and highly correlated with fungal biomass under stress. This suggests that these secondary metabolites may be produced as part of coordinated oxidative stress responses in A. flavus along with antioxidant enzyme gene expression and developmental regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake C Fountain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of GeorgiaTifton, GA, USA; United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Crop Protection and Management Research UnitTifton, GA, USA
| | - Prasad Bajaj
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Hyderabad, India
| | - Spurthi N Nayak
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Hyderabad, India
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of GeorgiaTifton, GA, USA; United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Crop Protection and Management Research UnitTifton, GA, USA
| | - Manish K Pandey
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Hyderabad, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Hyderabad, India
| | - Ashwin S Jayale
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Hyderabad, India
| | - Anu Chitikineni
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Hyderabad, India
| | - Robert D Lee
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Robert C Kemerait
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Hyderabad, India
| | - Baozhu Guo
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Crop Protection and Management Research Unit Tifton, GA, USA
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30
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Fountain JC, Bajaj P, Pandey M, Nayak SN, Yang L, Kumar V, Jayale AS, Chitikineni A, Zhuang W, Scully BT, Lee RD, Kemerait RC, Varshney RK, Guo B. Oxidative stress and carbon metabolism influence Aspergillus flavus transcriptome composition and secondary metabolite production. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38747. [PMID: 27941917 PMCID: PMC5150527 DOI: 10.1038/srep38747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of crops with aflatoxin is a serious global threat to food safety. Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus is exacerbated by drought stress in the field and by oxidative stress in vitro. We examined transcriptomes of three toxigenic and three atoxigenic isolates of A. flavus in aflatoxin conducive and non-conducive media with varying levels of H2O2 to investigate the relationship of secondary metabolite production, carbon source, and oxidative stress. We found that toxigenic and atoxigenic isolates employ distinct mechanisms to remediate oxidative damage, and that carbon source affected the isolates’ expression profiles. Iron metabolism, monooxygenases, and secondary metabolism appeared to participate in isolate oxidative responses. The results suggest that aflatoxin and aflatrem biosynthesis may remediate oxidative stress by consuming excess oxygen and that kojic acid production may limit iron-mediated, non-enzymatic generation of reactive oxygen species. Together, secondary metabolite production may enhance A. flavus stress tolerance, and may be reduced by enhancing host plant tissue antioxidant capacity though genetic improvement by breeding selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake C Fountain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA.,USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Prasad Bajaj
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manish Pandey
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Spurthi N Nayak
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA.,USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Vinay Kumar
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ashwin S Jayale
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Anu Chitikineni
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Weijian Zhuang
- Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Brian T Scully
- USDA-ARS US Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - R Dewey Lee
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Robert C Kemerait
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Baozhu Guo
- USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA
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31
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Musungu BM, Bhatnagar D, Brown RL, Payne GA, OBrian G, Fakhoury AM, Geisler M. A Network Approach of Gene Co-expression in the Zea mays/ Aspergillus flavus Pathosystem to Map Host/Pathogen Interaction Pathways. Front Genet 2016; 7:206. [PMID: 27917194 PMCID: PMC5116468 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A gene co-expression network (GEN) was generated using a dual RNA-seq study with the fungal pathogen Aspergillus flavus and its plant host Zea mays during the initial 3 days of infection. The analysis deciphered novel pathways and mapped genes of interest in both organisms during the infection. This network revealed a high degree of connectivity in many of the previously recognized pathways in Z. mays such as jasmonic acid, ethylene, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). For the pathogen A. flavus, a link between aflatoxin production and vesicular transport was identified within the network. There was significant interspecies correlation of expression between Z. mays and A. flavus for a subset of 104 Z. mays, and 1942 A. flavus genes. This resulted in an interspecies subnetwork enriched in multiple Z. mays genes involved in the production of ROS. In addition to the ROS from Z. mays, there was enrichment in the vesicular transport pathways and the aflatoxin pathway for A. flavus. Included in these genes, a key aflatoxin cluster regulator, AflS, was found to be co-regulated with multiple Z. mays ROS producing genes within the network, suggesting AflS may be monitoring host ROS levels. The entire GEN for both host and pathogen, and the subset of interspecies correlations, is presented as a tool for hypothesis generation and discovery for events in the early stages of fungal infection of Z. mays by A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Musungu
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, CarbondaleIL, USA; Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, New OrleansLA, USA
| | - Deepak Bhatnagar
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans LA, USA
| | - Robert L Brown
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans LA, USA
| | - Gary A Payne
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, USA
| | - Greg OBrian
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, USA
| | - Ahmad M Fakhoury
- Department of Plant Soil and Agriculture Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale IL, USA
| | - Matt Geisler
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale IL, USA
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32
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da Silva Cardoso V, Vermelho AB, Ribeiro de Lima CA, Mendes de Oliveira J, Freire de Lima ME, Pinto da Silva LH, Direito GM, Miranda Danelli MDG. Antigenotoxic Effect of Piperine in Broiler Chickens Intoxicated with Aflatoxin B1. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E316. [PMID: 27809242 PMCID: PMC5127113 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8110316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Piperine is an abundant amide extracted from black pepper seeds which has been shown to have protective effects against cytotoxic and genotoxic carcinogenesis induced by certain chemical carcinogens and aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) in vitro. The aim of this work was to study, in vivo, the antigenotoxic potential of feed-added piperine on broiler chickens experimentally intoxicated with AFB₁, using micronucleus and comet assays. The antigenotoxicity assessment of 9-day-old chicks was performed on a total of 60 chickens divided into four groups of 15 broilers each: (C) control, (P) 60 mg·piperine kg-1 feed, (A) 0.5 mg·AFB₁·kg-1 body weight, (daily by oral route), and (P + A) co-treatment with piperine and AFB₁. The experiment was conducted for 26 days. Chicks intoxicated with AFB₁ showed significant genotoxic effects in the first 24 h post intoxication, and the effects remained in the other periods analyzed (48, 72, and 96 h and 26 days of treatment). The DNA damage in peripheral blood cells, the number of erythrocytes with micronuclei, and polychromatic-to-normochromatic erythrocyte ratio were significantly reduced or absent in the piperine/AFB₁ group. No significant differences were observed between the group piperine/AFB₁ and the control and piperine-alone groups. The addition 60 mg·kg-1 of piperine to the diet of the broiler chicks was safe, promoting beneficial effects in poultry health with respect to the toxic effects 0.5 mg·AFB₁·kg-1 body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verônica da Silva Cardoso
- BIOINOVAR-Biotecnologia, Unidade de Biocatálise, Bioprodutos e Bioenergia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-901, Brazil.
| | - Alane Beatriz Vermelho
- BIOINOVAR-Biotecnologia, Unidade de Biocatálise, Bioprodutos e Bioenergia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-901, Brazil.
| | | | - Jéssica Mendes de Oliveira
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Glória Maria Direito
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil.
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33
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Occurrence and factors associated with aflatoxin contamination of raw peanuts from Lusaka district's markets, Zambia. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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34
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Wang H, Lei Y, Wan L, Yan L, Lv J, Dai X, Ren X, Guo W, Jiang H, Liao B. Comparative transcript profiling of resistant and susceptible peanut post-harvest seeds in response to aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:54. [PMID: 26922489 PMCID: PMC4769821 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0738-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxin contamination caused by Aspergillus flavus in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) including in pre- and post-harvest stages seriously affects industry development and human health. Even though resistance to aflatoxin production in post-harvest peanut has been identified, its molecular mechanism has been poorly understood. To understand the mechanism of peanut response to aflatoxin production by A. flavus, RNA-seq was used for global transcriptome profiling of post-harvest seed of resistant (Zhonghua 6) and susceptible (Zhonghua 12) peanut genotypes under the fungus infection and aflatoxin production stress. RESULT A total of 128.72 Gb of high-quality bases were generated and assembled into 128, 725 unigenes (average length 765 bp). About 62, 352 unigenes (48.43%) were annotated in the NCBI non-redundant protein sequences, NCBI non-redundant nucleotide sequences, Swiss-Prot, KEGG Ortholog, Protein family, Gene Ontology, or eukaryotic Ortholog Groups database and more than 93% of the unigenes were expressed in the samples. Among obtained 30, 143 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs), 842 potential defense-related genes, including nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat proteins, polygalacturonase inhibitor proteins, leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases, mitogen-activated protein kinase, transcription factors, ADP-ribosylation factors, pathogenesis-related proteins and crucial factors of other defense-related pathways, might contribute to peanut response to aflatoxin production. Notably, DEGs involved in phenylpropanoid-derived compounds biosynthetic pathway were induced to higher levels in the resistant genotype than in the susceptible one. Flavonoid, stilbenoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways were enriched only in the resistant genotype. CONCLUSIONS This study provided the first comprehensive analysis of transcriptome of post-harvest peanut seeds in response to aflatoxin production, and would contribute to better understanding of molecular interaction between peanut and A. flavus. The data generated in this study would be a valuable resource for genetic and genomic studies on crops resistance to aflatoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houmiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Yong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Liyun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Liying Yan
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Jianwei Lv
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoping Ren
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Wei Guo
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Huifang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Boshou Liao
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
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35
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Ortega‐Beltran A, Grubisha L, Callicott K, Cotty P. The vegetative compatibility group to which the
US
biocontrol agent
Aspergillus flavus
AF
36 belongs is also endemic to Mexico. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:986-98. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - L.C. Grubisha
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences University of Wisconsin‐Green Bay Green Bay WI USA
| | - K.A. Callicott
- USDA‐ARS School of Plant Sciences University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - P.J. Cotty
- USDA‐ARS School of Plant Sciences University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
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36
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Wang H, Lei Y, Yan L, Wan L, Ren X, Chen S, Dai X, Guo W, Jiang H, Liao B. Functional Genomic Analysis of Aspergillus flavus Interacting with Resistant and Susceptible Peanut. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:46. [PMID: 26891328 PMCID: PMC4773799 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus)-peanut pathosystem, development and metabolism of the fungus directly influence aflatoxin contamination. To comprehensively understand the molecular mechanism of A. flavus interaction with peanut, RNA-seq was used for global transcriptome profiling of A. flavus during interaction with resistant and susceptible peanut genotypes. In total, 67.46 Gb of high-quality bases were generated for A. flavus-resistant (af_R) and -susceptible peanut (af_S) at one (T1), three (T2) and seven (T3) days post-inoculation. The uniquely mapped reads to A. flavus reference genome in the libraries of af_R and af_S at T2 and T3 were subjected to further analysis, with more than 72% of all obtained genes expressed in the eight libraries. Comparison of expression levels both af_R vs. af_S and T2 vs. T3 uncovered 1926 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). DEGs associated with mycelial growth, conidial development and aflatoxin biosynthesis were up-regulated in af_S compared with af_R, implying that A. flavus mycelia more easily penetrate and produce much more aflatoxin in susceptible than in resistant peanut. Our results serve as a foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms of aflatoxin production differences between A. flavus-R and -S peanut, and offer new clues to manage aflatoxin contamination in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houmiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Yong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Liying Yan
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Liyun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Xiaoping Ren
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Silong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wei Guo
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Huifang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Boshou Liao
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences-International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Joint Laboratory for Groundnut Aflatoxin Management, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
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37
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Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: A Challenge for the Twenty-First Century. BIOLOGY OF MICROFUNGI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-29137-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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38
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Maki CR, Thomas AD, Elmore SE, Romoser AA, Harvey RB, Ramirez-Ramirez HA, Phillips TD. Effects of calcium montmorillonite clay and aflatoxin exposure on dry matter intake, milk production, and milk composition. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:1039-1046. [PMID: 26709170 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen primiparous crossbred dairy cows that were 114±14d in milk and weighed 533±56kg were used in a replicated 5×5 Latin square to test the efficacy of a calcium montmorillonite clay, NovaSil Plus (NSP; BASF Corp., Ludwigshaven, Germany), for the reduction of aflatoxin (AF) metabolite (AFM1) in milk and the effect of NSP on milk composition. Cows were housed in a freestall barn, fed once a day and milked twice a day. The experiment consisted of five 14-d periods: d 1 through 7 were considered for data collection, and d 8 through 14 were considered a wash-out phase. In each period, cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments: (1) control (CON), consisting of a basal total mixed ration (TMR); (2) high-dose NSP diet (NSP-1%), consisting of TMR plus 230 g of NSP; (3) aflatoxin diet (AFD), consisting of the TMR plus AF challenge; (4) low-dose NSP with AF (NSP-0.5%+AFD), composed of TMR plus 115 g of NSP and AF challenge; and (5) high-dose NSP with AF (NSP-1%+AFD), consisting of TMR plus 230 g of NSP and AF challenge. The AF challenge consisted of top dressing a daily dose of 100 µg/kg estimated dry matter intake (DMI); similarly, NSP was fed at 1.0 or 0.5% of estimated DMI. Milk yield and DMI were similar across treatments averaging 21.1±1.33 kg/d and 19.7±0.56 kg/d, respectively. Concentration of milk fat, protein, and lactose were similar across treatments with averages of 4.91±0.20%, 3.85±0.10%, and 4.70±0.06%, respectively. Concentration of vitamin A averaged 0.28±0.03 µg/mL and riboflavin concentration averaged 1.57±0.13 µg/mL across treatments. The concentration of minerals in milk were similar for all treatments. Cows fed CON and NSP-1% yielded the lowest concentration of AFM1 in milk with 0.03 and 0.01±0.06 µg/L. Addition of NSP reduced milk AFM1 from 1.10±0.06 µg/L with the AF diet to 0.58 and 0.32±0.06 µg/L with the NSP-0.5%+AF and NSP-1%+AF diets, respectively. Excretion of AFM1 was reduced by NSP; mean values were 24.38, 11.86, 7.38, 0.64, and 0.23, ± 1.71 µg/d, for AFD, NSP-0.5%+AFD, NSP-1%+AFD, NSP-1%, and CON, respectively. More specifically, 1.07±0.08% of the daily AF intake was transferred to the milk of cows consuming the AFD, whereas the AF transfer rates in milk from cows that consumed the NSP-0.5%+AFD and NSP-1%+AFD were 0.52 and 0.32±0.08%. Results from this research demonstrate that feeding NSP to lactating cows is an effective method to reduce the transfer and excretion of AFM1 in milk with no negative effects on dry matter intake, milk production, and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Maki
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - A D Thomas
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Technology, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX 76402
| | - S E Elmore
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - A A Romoser
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - R B Harvey
- Food and Feed Safety Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, College Station, TX 77845; Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station 77843
| | - H A Ramirez-Ramirez
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Technology, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX 76402; Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station 77843
| | - T D Phillips
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843; Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station 77843.
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39
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Yang L, Fountain JC, Wang H, Ni X, Ji P, Lee RD, Kemerait RC, Scully BT, Guo B. Stress Sensitivity Is Associated with Differential Accumulation of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Maize Genotypes with Contrasting Levels of Drought Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:24791-819. [PMID: 26492235 PMCID: PMC4632777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161024791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought stress decreases crop growth, yield, and can further exacerbate pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination. Tolerance and adaptation to drought stress is an important trait of agricultural crops like maize. However, maize genotypes with contrasting drought tolerances have been shown to possess both common and genotype-specific adaptations to cope with drought stress. In this research, the physiological and metabolic response patterns in the leaves of maize seedlings subjected to drought stress were investigated using six maize genotypes including: A638, B73, Grace-E5, Lo964, Lo1016, and Va35. During drought treatments, drought-sensitive maize seedlings displayed more severe symptoms such as chlorosis and wilting, exhibited significant decreases in photosynthetic parameters, and accumulated significantly more reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) than tolerant genotypes. Sensitive genotypes also showed rapid increases in enzyme activities involved in ROS and RNS metabolism. However, the measured antioxidant enzyme activities were higher in the tolerant genotypes than in the sensitive genotypes in which increased rapidly following drought stress. The results suggest that drought stress causes differential responses to oxidative and nitrosative stress in maize genotypes with tolerant genotypes with slower reaction and less ROS and RNS production than sensitive ones. These differential patterns may be utilized as potential biological markers for use in marker assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yang
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China.
| | - Jake C Fountain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Xinzhi Ni
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Pingsheng Ji
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Robert D Lee
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Robert C Kemerait
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Brian T Scully
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
| | - Baozhu Guo
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
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Mutiga SK, Hoffmann V, Harvey JW, Milgroom MG, Nelson RJ. Assessment of Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Contamination of Maize in Western Kenya. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:1250-1261. [PMID: 25894319 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-14-0269-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a survey of aflatoxin and fumonisin in maize in western Kenya. In a regional survey of aflatoxin conducted in 2009 across three agroecological zones within three administrative regions, milled maize samples were collected from 985 patrons of 26 hammer mills. Aflatoxin contamination was detected in 49% of samples and was above the regulatory (10 ppb) in 15% of the samples overall; 65% of samples from a drought-prone area were over the limit. In a detailed survey in Bungoma County, we investigated aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in four popular maize varieties at harvest and after 2 and 4 months of storage. We collected whole-grain samples from farmers' storage sheds and milled samples from patrons of local mills. Mean aflatoxin contamination was identical for storage sheds and mills at 2.3 ppb. In all, 41% of the samples from mills had detectable aflatoxin, with 4% over the regulatory limit, whereas 87% had detectable fumonisin, with 50% over the regulatory limit (1 ppm). Mean contamination levels did not change during storage. Maize varieties differed in fumonisin contamination, with the most popular varieties vulnerable to both mycotoxins and weevils, which are potential factors in exacerbating mycotoxin contamination. Mycotoxin surveillance is important not just in areas known previously for aflatoxin contamination and acute poisoning but also is needed in all maize-producing regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Mutiga
- First, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; second author: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street NW, Washington DC 20006; and third author: Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - V Hoffmann
- First, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; second author: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street NW, Washington DC 20006; and third author: Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - J W Harvey
- First, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; second author: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street NW, Washington DC 20006; and third author: Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - M G Milgroom
- First, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; second author: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street NW, Washington DC 20006; and third author: Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - R J Nelson
- First, fourth, and fifth authors: School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; second author: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street NW, Washington DC 20006; and third author: Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
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Fountain JC, Scully BT, Chen ZY, Gold SE, Glenn AE, Abbas HK, Lee RD, Kemerait RC, Guo B. Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide on Different Toxigenic and Atoxigenic Isolates of Aspergillus flavus. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2985-99. [PMID: 26251922 PMCID: PMC4549735 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7082985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought stress in the field has been shown to exacerbate aflatoxin contamination of maize and peanut. Drought and heat stress also produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant tissues. Given the potential correlation between ROS and exacerbated aflatoxin production under drought and heat stress, the objectives of this study were to examine the effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress on the growth of different toxigenic (+) and atoxigenic (-) isolates of Aspergillus flavus and to test whether aflatoxin production affects the H2O2 concentrations that the isolates could survive. Ten isolates were tested: NRRL3357 (+), A9 (+), AF13 (+), Tox4 (+), A1 (-), K49 (-), K54A (-), AF36 (-), and Aflaguard (-); and one A. parasiticus isolate, NRRL2999 (+). These isolates were cultured under a H2O2 gradient ranging from 0 to 50 mM in two different media, aflatoxin-conducive yeast extract-sucrose (YES) and non-conducive yeast extract-peptone (YEP). Fungal growth was inhibited at a high H2O2 concentration, but specific isolates grew well at different H2O2 concentrations. Generally the toxigenic isolates tolerated higher concentrations than did atoxigenic isolates. Increasing H2O2 concentrations in the media resulted in elevated aflatoxin production in toxigenic isolates. In YEP media, the higher concentration of peptone (15%) partially inactivated the H2O2 in the media. In the 1% peptone media, YEP did not affect the H2O2 concentrations that the isolates could survive in comparison with YES media, without aflatoxin production. It is interesting to note that the commercial biocontrol isolates, AF36 (-), and Aflaguard (-), survived at higher levels of stress than other atoxigenic isolates, suggesting that this testing method could potentially be of use in the selection of biocontrol isolates. Further studies will be needed to investigate the mechanisms behind the variability among isolates with regard to their degree of oxidative stress tolerance and the role of aflatoxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake C Fountain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
- USDA-ARS, Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Brian T Scully
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
| | - Zhi-Yuan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Scott E Gold
- USDA-ARS, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Anthony E Glenn
- USDA-ARS, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Hamed K Abbas
- USDA-ARS, Biological Control of Pests Research Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
| | - R Dewey Lee
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Robert C Kemerait
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Baozhu Guo
- USDA-ARS, Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
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Yan QH, Zhou JX, Li HZ, Zhi QQ, Zhou XP, He ZM. Coexistence of and interaction relationships between an aflatoxin-producing fungus and a bacterium. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:605-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Resistance to Aspergillus flavus in maize and peanut: Molecular biology, breeding, environmental stress, and future perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Bhatnagar-Mathur P, Sunkara S, Bhatnagar-Panwar M, Waliyar F, Sharma KK. Biotechnological advances for combating Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin contamination in crops. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 234:119-132. [PMID: 25804815 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and immunosuppressive byproducts of Aspergillus spp. that contaminate a wide range of crops such as maize, peanut, and cotton. Aflatoxin not only affects crop production but renders the produce unfit for consumption and harmful to human and livestock health, with stringent threshold limits of acceptability. In many crops, breeding for resistance is not a reliable option because of the limited availability of genotypes with durable resistance to Aspergillus. Understanding the fungal/crop/environment interactions involved in aflatoxin contamination is therefore essential in designing measures for its prevention and control. For a sustainable solution to aflatoxin contamination, research must be focused on identifying and improving knowledge of host-plant resistance factors to aflatoxin accumulation. Current advances in genetic transformation, proteomics, RNAi technology, and marker-assisted selection offer great potential in minimizing pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination in cultivated crop species. Moreover, developing effective phenotyping strategies for transgenic as well as precision breeding of resistance genes into commercial varieties is critical. While appropriate storage practices can generally minimize post-harvest aflatoxin contamination in crops, the use of biotechnology to interrupt the probability of pre-harvest infection and contamination has the potential to provide sustainable solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Bhatnagar-Mathur
- Genetic Transformation Laboratory, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502324, Telangana, India.
| | - Sowmini Sunkara
- Genetic Transformation Laboratory, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502324, Telangana, India
| | - Madhurima Bhatnagar-Panwar
- Genetic Transformation Laboratory, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502324, Telangana, India
| | - Farid Waliyar
- Genetic Transformation Laboratory, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502324, Telangana, India
| | - Kiran Kumar Sharma
- Genetic Transformation Laboratory, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502324, Telangana, India
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Mahmoud MA. Detection of Aspergillus flavus in stored peanuts using real-time PCR and the expression of aflatoxin genes in toxigenic and atoxigenic A. flavus isolates. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:289-96. [PMID: 25621617 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is the main species from section Flavi responsible for aflatoxin accumulation in stored peanuts. Rapid methods to detect A. flavus could help to prevent aflatoxins from entering the food chain. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (RTi-PCR) assay was standardized for rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of A. flavus in stored peanuts. A. flavus was detected in 53.6% and 50% of peanut samples by RTi-PCR and A. flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus agar culture, respectively, with 95% agreement between them. Twenty-two A. flavus isolates were screened using high-performance liquid chromatography for their capacity to produce aflatoxin AFB1 (B1). B1 was produced by >72% of the isolates. Sixteen isolates produced B1 at concentrations ranging from 1.64 to 109.18 μg/mL. Four aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway genes (aflD, aflM, aflP, and aflQ) were evaluated using PCR and reverse-transcription PCR in 22 A. flavus isolates from peanut kernels with the aim of rapidly and accurately differentiating toxigenic and atoxigenic isolates. The PCR amplification of genes did not correlate with aflatoxin production capability. The expression of aflD and aflQ was a good marker for differentiating toxigenic from atoxigenic isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Mahmoud
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center , Giza, Egypt
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Mutiga SK, Were V, Hoffmann V, Harvey JW, Milgroom MG, Nelson RJ. Extent and drivers of mycotoxin contamination: inferences from a survey of kenyan maize mills. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 104:1221-1231. [PMID: 24835222 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-14-0006-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of aflatoxin and fumonisin was investigated in maize intended for immediate human consumption in eastern Kenya at a time in 2010 when an aflatoxin outbreak was recognized. Samples were collected from people who brought their maize for processing at local commercial mills. Sites were selected using a geographical information system overlay of agroecological zones and Kenya's administrative districts. Interviews and collection of maize flour samples was conducted from 1,500 people who processed maize at 143 mills in 10 administrative districts. Mycotoxins were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for aflatoxin and fumonisin, leading to detection at levels above the respective maximum tolerable limits in 39 and 37% of the samples, respectively. Samples with aflatoxin contamination above the legal limit ranged between 22 and 60% across the districts. A higher occurrence of aflatoxin was associated with smaller maize farms, lower grain yield, and monocropping systems, while a larger magnitude of the toxin was observed in the subhumid agroecological zone, in samples with more broken kernels, and, curiously, less maize ear damage at harvest. Analysis of paired grain samples (visually sorted and unsorted) showed that sorting reduced fumonisin by 65%, from above to below the legal limit of 1,000 ppb. Sorting did not, however, reduce aflatoxin levels. Although the aflatoxin problem is widely acknowledged, the high prevalence of fumonisin has not previously been reported. There is need for surveillance of the two mycotoxins and establishment of intervention strategies to reach vulnerable small-scale farmers.
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Protein profiles reveal diverse responsive signaling pathways in kernels of two maize inbred lines with contrasting drought sensitivity. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:18892-918. [PMID: 25334062 PMCID: PMC4227252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151018892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought stress is a major factor that contributes to disease susceptibility and yield loss in agricultural crops. To identify drought responsive proteins and explore metabolic pathways involved in maize tolerance to drought stress, two maize lines (B73 and Lo964) with contrasting drought sensitivity were examined. The treatments of drought and well water were applied at 14 days after pollination (DAP), and protein profiles were investigated in developing kernels (35 DAP) using iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation). Proteomic analysis showed that 70 and 36 proteins were significantly altered in their expression under drought treatments in B73 and Lo964, respectively. The numbers and levels of differentially expressed proteins were generally higher in the sensitive genotype, B73, implying an increased sensitivity to drought given the function of the observed differentially expressed proteins, such as redox homeostasis, cell rescue/defense, hormone regulation and protein biosynthesis and degradation. Lo964 possessed a more stable status with fewer differentially expressed proteins. However, B73 seems to rapidly initiate signaling pathways in response to drought through adjusting diverse defense pathways. These changes in protein expression allow for the production of a drought stress-responsive network in maize kernels.
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Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination of maize grain is a huge economic and health problem, causing death and increased disease burden in much of the developing world and income loss in the developed world. Despite the gravity of the problem, deployable solutions are still being sought. In the past 15 years, much progress has been made in creating resistant maize inbred lines; mapping of genetic factors associated with resistance; and identifying possible resistance mechanisms. This review highlights this progress, most of which has occurred since the last time a review was published on this topic. Many of the needs highlighted in the last reviews have been addressed, and several solutions, taken together, can now greatly reduce the aflatoxin problem in maize grain. Continued research will soon lead to further solutions, which promise to further reduce and even eliminate the problem completely.
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Dolezal AL, Shu X, OBrian GR, Nielsen DM, Woloshuk CP, Boston RS, Payne GA. Aspergillus flavus infection induces transcriptional and physical changes in developing maize kernels. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:384. [PMID: 25132833 PMCID: PMC4117183 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize kernels are susceptible to infection by the opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus flavus. Infection results in reduction of grain quality and contamination of kernels with the highly carcinogenic mycotoxin, aflatoxin. To understanding host response to infection by the fungus, transcription of approximately 9000 maize genes were monitored during the host-pathogen interaction with a custom designed Affymetrix GeneChip® DNA array. More than 4000 maize genes were found differentially expressed at a FDR of 0.05. This included the up regulation of defense related genes and signaling pathways. Transcriptional changes also were observed in primary metabolism genes. Starch biosynthetic genes were down regulated during infection, while genes encoding maize hydrolytic enzymes, presumably involved in the degradation of host reserves, were up regulated. These data indicate that infection of the maize kernel by A. flavus induced metabolic changes in the kernel, including the production of a defense response, as well as a disruption in kernel development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaomei Shu
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA
| | - Gregory R. OBrian
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA
| | - Dahlia M. Nielsen
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA
| | - Charles P. Woloshuk
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Boston
- Department of Plant and Microbiological Sciences, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA
| | - Gary A. Payne
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA
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Set E, Erkmen O. Occurrence of Aflatoxins in Ground Red Chili Pepper and Pistachio Nut. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2013.800985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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