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Kuuskmäe C, Philips MA, Kilk K, Haring L, Kangro R, Seppo I, Zilmer M, Vasar E. Kynurenine pathway dynamics in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders across the disease trajectory. Psychiatry Res 2023; 328:115423. [PMID: 37639988 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate how schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) and applied long-term (5.1 years) antipsychotic (AP) treatment affect the serum levels of tryptophan (Trp) metabolites. A total of 112 adults (54 first-episode psychosis [FEP] patients and 58 control subjects [CSs]) participated in the study. The investigated changes in the metabolite levels appeared against a background of persistent increase in BMI and waist circumference among the patients. Regarding the kynurenine (KYN) pathway, the strongest changes were seen in AP-naïve FEP patients. Trp, KYN, kynurenic acid (KYNA), and anthranilic acid (ANT) levels were significantly reduced in blood samples from patients in the early stage of the disease. Furthermore, 3-OH-kynurenine (3-HK) and quinolinic acid (QUIN) levels were somewhat lower in these patients. Most of these changes in the KYN pathway became weaker with AP treatment. The levels of serotonin and its metabolite 5-HIAA tended to be higher at 5.1 years in patients showing the relation of elevated serotonin turnover to increased BMI and waist circumference. The similar trend was evident for the ratio between xanthurenic acid (XA) and KYNA with strong link to the elevated BMI. Altogether, the present study supports the role of Trp-metabolites in the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome in SSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Kuuskmäe
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Mari-Anne Philips
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kalle Kilk
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Haring
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia; Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Estonia
| | - Raul Kangro
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Indrek Seppo
- School of Economics and Business Administration, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Zilmer
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
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2
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Bi X, Liu W, Ding X, Liang S, Zheng Y, Zhu X, Quan S, Yi X, Xiang N, Du J, Lyu H, Yu D, Zhang C, Xu L, Ge W, Zhan X, He J, Xiong Z, Zhang S, Li Y, Xu P, Zhu G, Wang D, Zhu H, Chen S, Li J, Zhao H, Zhu Y, Liu H, Xu J, Shen B, Guo T. Proteomic and metabolomic profiling of urine uncovers immune responses in patients with COVID-19. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110271. [PMID: 35026155 PMCID: PMC8712267 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The utility of the urinary proteome in infectious diseases remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the proteome and metabolome of urine and serum samples from patients with COVID-19 and healthy controls. Our data show that urinary proteins effectively classify COVID-19 by severity. We detect 197 cytokines and their receptors in urine, but only 124 in serum using TMT-based proteomics. The decrease in urinary ESCRT complex proteins correlates with active SARS-CoV-2 replication. The downregulation of urinary CXCL14 in severe COVID-19 cases positively correlates with blood lymphocyte counts. Integrative multiomics analysis suggests that innate immune activation and inflammation triggered renal injuries in patients with COVID-19. COVID-19-associated modulation of the urinary proteome offers unique insights into the pathogenesis of this disease. This study demonstrates the added value of including the urinary proteome in a suite of multiomics analytes in evaluating the immune pathobiology and clinical course of COVID-19 and, potentially, other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Bi
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Westlake Omics (Hangzhou) Biotechnology, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Xuan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yufen Zheng
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng Quan
- Calibra Lab at DIAN Diagnostics, 329 Jinpeng Street, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao Yi
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Westlake Omics (Hangzhou) Biotechnology, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Nan Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Westlake Omics (Hangzhou) Biotechnology, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Juping Du
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiyan Lyu
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Die Yu
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Calibra Lab at DIAN Diagnostics, 329 Jinpeng Street, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Luang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weigang Ge
- Westlake Omics (Hangzhou) Biotechnology, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Xinke Zhan
- Westlake Omics (Hangzhou) Biotechnology, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jiale He
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zi Xiong
- Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanchang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Guangjun Zhu
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Donglian Wang
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongguo Zhu
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiyong Chen
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Li
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haihong Zhao
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Huafen Liu
- Calibra Lab at DIAN Diagnostics, 329 Jinpeng Street, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Jiaqin Xu
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Bo Shen
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Tiannan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Tillmann S, Awwad HM, MacPherson CW, Happ DF, Treccani G, Geisel J, Tompkins TA, Ueland PM, Wegener G, Obeid R. The Kynurenine Pathway Is Upregulated by Methyl-deficient Diet and Changes Are Averted by Probiotics. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100078. [PMID: 33686786 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Probiotics exert immunomodulatory effects and may influence tryptophan metabolism in the host. Deficiency of nutrients related to C1 metabolism might stimulate inflammation by enhancing the kynurenine pathway. This study used Sprague Dawley rats to investigate whether a methyl-deficient diet (MDD) may influence tryptophan/kynurenine pathways and cytokines and whether probiotics can mitigate these effects. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats are fed a control or MDD diet. Animals on the MDD diet received vehicle, probiotics (L. helveticus R0052 and B. longum R0175), choline, or probiotics + choline for 10 weeks (n = 10 per group). Concentrations of plasma kynurenine metabolites and the methylation and inflammatory markers in plasma and liver are measured. RESULTS MDD animals (vs controls) show upregulation of plasma kynurenine, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, 3-hydroxyxanthranilic acid, quinolinic acid, nicotinic acid, and nicotinamide (all p < 0.05). In the MDD rats, the probiotics (vs vehicle) cause lower anthranilic acid and a trend towards lower kynurenic acid and picolinic acid. Compared to probiotics alone, probiotics + choline is associated with a reduced enrichment of the bacterial strains in cecum. The interventions have no effect on inflammatory markers. CONCLUSIONS Probiotics counterbalance the effect of MDD diet and downregulate downstream metabolites of the kynurenine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tillmann
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Hussain M Awwad
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, Building 57, Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany
| | - Chad W MacPherson
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denise F Happ
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Giulia Treccani
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Juergen Geisel
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, Building 57, Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany
| | - Thomas A Tompkins
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Per Magne Ueland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, New Lab Building, 9th floor, Bergen, Hordaland, 5021, Norway
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Rima Obeid
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, Building 57, Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
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4
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Inoue H, Matsushige T, Ichiyama T, Okuno A, Takikawa O, Tomonaga S, Anlar B, Yüksel D, Otsuka Y, Kohno F, Hoshide M, Ohga S, Hasegawa S. Elevated quinolinic acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 339:577088. [PMID: 31733567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by a persistent infection with aberrant measles virus. Indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) initiates the increased production of kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites quinolinic acid (QUIN), which has an excitotoxic effect for neurons. We measured serum IDO activity and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of QUIN. The CSF QUIN levels were significantly higher in SSPE patients than in controls, and increased according as neurological disability in a patient studied. Elevation of CSF QUIN and progression of SSPE indicate a pathological role of KP metabolism in the inflammatory neurodestruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Inoue
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsushige
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ichiyama
- Division of Pediatrics, Tsudumigaura medical center for children with disabilities, Yamaguchi 745-0801, Japan
| | - Alato Okuno
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tsukuba International University, Ibaraki 300-0051, Japan; Division of Medical Informatics and Bioinformatics, Kobe University Hospital, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Osamu Takikawa
- Department of Research Promotion, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Shozo Tomonaga
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Banu Anlar
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Yüksel
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Dr. Sami Ulus Children's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasushi Otsuka
- Department of Neurology, Toki General Hospital, Gifu 509-5193, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Kohno
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan; Division of Pediatrics, Tsudumigaura medical center for children with disabilities, Yamaguchi 745-0801, Japan
| | - Madoka Hoshide
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shouichi Ohga
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shunji Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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5
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Gos T, Myint AM, Schiltz K, Meyer-Lotz G, Dobrowolny H, Busse S, Müller UJ, Mawrin C, Bernstein HG, Bogerts B, Steiner J. Reduced microglial immunoreactivity for endogenous NMDA receptor agonist quinolinic acid in the hippocampus of schizophrenia patients. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 41:59-64. [PMID: 24886967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmortem and positron emission tomography studies have indicated the pathophysiological involvement of microglial cells in schizophrenia. We hypothesized that the microglial production of quinolinic acid (QUIN), an endogenous N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) agonist, may be linked to the previously described glutamatergic deficits in the hippocampus of schizophrenia patients. We performed a semi-quantitative assessment of QUIN-immunoreactive microglial cells in schizophrenia patients and matched controls in the CA1, CA2/3, and dentate gyrus (DG) area of the posterior hippocampal formation. Complementary immunostaining of the commonly used microglial surface marker HLA-DR was performed in adjacent histological sections. Fewer QUIN-immunoreactive microglial cells were observed in the CA1 hippocampal subregion of schizophrenia patients compared to controls (left p=0.028, right p=0.018). No significant diagnosis-dependent changes were observed in the CA2/3 and DG regions. These results were controlled for potential confounds by age, duration of disease, autolysis time, psychotropic medication, and hippocampal volume. No diagnosis-related differences were observed for the overall density of microglial cells (HLA-DR expression). Our findings suggest that reduced microglial QUIN content in the hippocampal CA1 region is associated with schizophrenia. We hypothesize that this association may contribute to impaired glutamatergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus of schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Gos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aye-Mu Myint
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Germany; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kolja Schiltz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Stefan Busse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ulf J Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
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6
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Pierozan P, Ferreira F, Ortiz de Lima B, Gonçalves Fernandes C, Totarelli Monteforte P, de Castro Medaglia N, Bincoletto C, Soubhi Smaili S, Pessoa-Pureur R. The phosphorylation status and cytoskeletal remodeling of striatal astrocytes treated with quinolinic acid. Exp Cell Res 2014; 322:313-23. [PMID: 24583400 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Quinolinic acid (QUIN) is a glutamate agonist which markedly enhances the vulnerability of neural cells to excitotoxicity. QUIN is produced from the amino acid tryptophan through the kynurenine pathway (KP). Dysregulation of this pathway is associated with neurodegenerative conditions. In this study we treated striatal astrocytes in culture with QUIN and assayed the endogenous phosphorylating system associated with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin as well as cytoskeletal remodeling. After 24h incubation with 100 µM QUIN, cells were exposed to (32)P-orthophosphate and/or protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase dependent of Ca(2+)/calmodulin II (PKCaMII) or protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, H89 (20 μM), KN93 (10 μM) and staurosporin (10nM), respectively. Results showed that hyperphosphorylation was abrogated by PKA and PKC inhibitors but not by the PKCaMII inhibitor. The specific antagonists to ionotropic NMDA and non-NMDA (50 µM DL-AP5 and CNQX, respectively) glutamate receptors as well as to metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGLUR; 50 µM MCPG), mGLUR1 (100 µM MPEP) and mGLUR5 (10 µM 4C3HPG) prevented the hyperphosphorylation provoked by QUIN. Also, intra and extracellular Ca(2+) quelators (1mM EGTA; 10 µM BAPTA-AM, respectively) prevented QUIN-mediated effect, while Ca(2+) influx through voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channel type L (L-VDCC) (blocker: 10 µM verapamil) is not implicated in this effect. Morphological analysis showed dramatically altered actin cytoskeleton with concomitant change of morphology to fusiform and/or flattened cells with retracted cytoplasm and disruption of the GFAP meshwork, supporting misregulation of actin cytoskeleton. Both hyperphosphorylation and cytoskeletal remodeling were reversed 24h after QUIN removal. Astrocytes are highly plastic cells and the vulnerability of astrocyte cytoskeleton may have important implications for understanding the neurotoxicity of QUIN in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Pierozan
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Ortiz de Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Carolina Gonçalves Fernandes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | | | | | - Claudia Bincoletto
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Soraya Soubhi Smaili
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Regina Pessoa-Pureur
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil.
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7
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Quinolinic acid: an endogenous neurotoxin with multiple targets. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:104024. [PMID: 24089628 PMCID: PMC3780648 DOI: 10.1155/2013/104024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quinolinic acid (QUIN), a neuroactive metabolite of the kynurenine pathway, is normally presented in nanomolar concentrations in human brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and is often implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of human neurological diseases. QUIN is an agonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and it has a high in vivo potency as an excitotoxin. In fact, although QUIN has an uptake system, its neuronal degradation enzyme is rapidly saturated, and the rest of extracellular QUIN can continue stimulating the NMDA receptor. However, its toxicity cannot be fully explained by its activation of NMDA receptors it is likely that additional mechanisms may also be involved. In this review we describe some of the most relevant targets of QUIN neurotoxicity which involves presynaptic receptors, energetic dysfunction, oxidative stress, transcription factors, cytoskeletal disruption, behavior alterations, and cell death.
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8
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Lahdou I, Sadeghi M, Oweira H, Fusch G, Daniel V, Mehrabi A, Jung GE, Elhadedy H, Schmidt J, Sandra-Petrescu F, Iancu M, Opelz G, Terness P, Schefold JC. Increased serum levels of quinolinic acid indicate enhanced severity of hepatic dysfunction in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:60-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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9
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Stone TW, Forrest CM, Stoy N, Darlington LG. Involvement of kynurenines in Huntington's disease and stroke-induced brain damage. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 119:261-74. [PMID: 21695417 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0676-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Several components of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism are now recognised to have actions of profound biological importance. These include the ability to modulate the activation of glutamate and nicotinic receptors, to modify the responsiveness of the immune system to inflammation and infection, and to modify the generation and removal of reactive oxygen species. As each of these factors is being recognised increasingly as contributing to major disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), so the potentially fundamental role of the kynurenine pathway in those disorders is presenting a valuable target both for understanding the progress of those disorders and for developing potential drug treatments. This review will summarise some of the evidence for an important contribution of the kynurenines to Huntington's disease and to stroke damage in the CNS. Together with preliminary evidence from a study of kynurenine metabolites after major surgery, an important conclusion is that kynurenine pathway activation closely reflects cognitive function, and may play a significant role in cognitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Stone
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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10
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Braidy N, Grant R, Adams S, Brew BJ, Guillemin GJ. Mechanism for Quinolinic Acid Cytotoxicity in Human Astrocytes and Neurons. Neurotox Res 2009; 16:77-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Darlington LG, Mackay GM, Forrest CM, Stoy N, George C, Stone TW. Altered kynurenine metabolism correlates with infarct volume in stroke. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:2211-21. [PMID: 17892481 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in brain damage following stroke, and tryptophan oxidation along the kynurenine pathway contributes to the modulation of oxidative stress partly via the glutamate receptor agonist quinolinic acid and antagonist kynurenic acid, and via redox-active compounds such as 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. We have confirmed that following a stroke, patients show early elevations of plasma neopterin, S100B and peroxidation markers, the latter two correlating with infarct volume assessed from computed tomography (CT) scans, and being consistent with a rapid inflammatory response. We now report that the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism was also activated, with an increased kynurenine : tryptophan ratio, but with a highly significant decrease in the ratio of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid : anthranilic acid, which was strongly correlated with infarct volume. Levels of kynurenic acid were significantly raised in patients who died within 21 days compared with those who survived. The results suggest that increased tryptophan catabolism is initiated before or immediately after a stroke, and is related to the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, with a major change in 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid levels. Together with previous evidence that inhibiting the kynurenine pathway reduces brain damage in animal models of stroke and cerebral inflammation, and that increased kynurenine metabolism directly promotes oxidative stress, it is proposed that oxidative tryptophan metabolism may contribute to the oxidative stress and brain damage following stroke. Some form of anti-inflammatory intervention between the rise of S100B and the activation of microglia, including inhibition of the kynurenine pathway, may be valuable in modifying patient morbidity and mortality.
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Maeda K, Kaneda H, Whetsell WO, Tamminga CA. Neurochemical and metabolic consequences of elevated cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid concentrations in rat brain. Neurosci Res 1997; 29:303-9. [PMID: 9527621 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-0102(97)00102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Quinolinic acid (QUIN) is an endogenous excitatory amino acid, which is elevated in brain tissues or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in several acute and chronic inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The functional significance of this elevation is unknown but speculations of excitotoxicity have been raised. We have begun to address the pathologic consequences of elevated CSF QUIN by studying the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.cv) administration of QUIN on regional choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, somatostatin content and glucose metabolism in the rat brain. QUIN (12 and 60 nmol) i.cv administration once a day for 7 days (total dose; 84 and 420 nmol, respectively) had minimal effect on somatostatin content and no effect on ChAT activity. In contrast, following continuous i.cv infusion of QUIN for 14 days using an osmotic minipump (480 nmol), ChAT activity dropped in the hippocampus and the striatum and somatostatin content was reduced in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum and amygdala. Moreover, following the QUIN infusion, glucose utilization decreased in the basal nucleus of Meynert, frontal cortex, and portions of the basal ganglia and the limbic system. These results indicate that subchronic i.cv infusion of QUIN to rats results in selective regional neurochemical and metabolic changes distributed throughout the CNS. These results suggest target brain areas and transmitter systems which may be associated with neurologic syndromes characterized by elevated CSF QUIN levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Maeda
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21228, USA.
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Coe CL, Reyes TM, Pauza CD, Reinhard JF. Quinolinic acid and lymphocyte subsets in the intrathecal compartment as biomarkers of SIV infection and simian AIDS. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:891-7. [PMID: 9197383 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected from monkeys infected with SIVmac251 (SIV) or HIV-1/SIVmac chimeric viruses (SHIV(HXBc2) and SHIV(89.6P)) to investigate quinolinic acid (QUIN) levels in the intrathecal compartment. CSF levels of QUIN were elevated in the SIV-infected monkeys, especially in animals with end-stage disease, and in those infected with pathogenic SHIV(89.6P), but not after infection with the nonpathogenic construct SHIV(HXBc2). QUIN elevations occurred in association with reduced CD4+ and increased CD8+ lymphocytes, cellular alterations that were more pronounced in CSF than in the blood. These findings support the view that the intrathecal compartment provides a unique window on viral infection, and are in keeping with the a priori prediction that QUIN increases primarily in response to more pathogenic viral strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Coe
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53715, USA
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Ferrario RG, Baratté S, Speciale C, Salvati P. Kynurenine enzymatic pathway in human monocytes-macrophages. Effect of interferon-gamma activation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1996; 398:167-70. [PMID: 8906261 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0381-7_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Ault B, Miller MS, Kelly MD, Hildebrand LM, Earley WG, Luttinger D, Mallamo JP, Ward SJ. WIN 63480, a hydrophilic TCP-site ligand, has reduced agonist-independent NMDA ion channel access compared to MK-801 and phencyclidine. Neuropharmacology 1995; 34:1597-606. [PMID: 8788957 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(95)00125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
NMDA channel blockers are potentially advantageous therapeutic agents for the treatment of ischemia and head trauma, which greatly elevate extracellular glutamate, because they should most effectively inhibit high levels of receptor activation. A novel high affinity TCP site ligand, WIN 63480, does not produce MK-801- or PCP-like behavioral activation at anti-ischemic doses. While WIN 63480, MK-801 and PCP were all observed to be effective blockers of open NMDA channels, WIN 63480 had much less access to closed NMDA channels. This difference may be due to the fact that WIN 63480 is hydrophilic (logD = -4.1) while MK-801 and PCP are lipophilic (logD = +1.8). In vivo, closed channel access may result in a non-competitive profile of antagonism for MK-801 and PCP compared to a more uncompetitive profile for WIN 63480. Release of glutamate, and depolarization, are likely to produce a high level of NMDA receptor activation in ischemic areas compared to normal tissue. Consequently, at anti-ischemic doses, WIN 63480 may produce less inhibition of physiological NMDA-mediated processes in neural systems involved in behavioral regulation than MK-801 or PCP, leading to an improved side effect profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ault
- Department of Neuroscience, Sanofi Winthrop Inc., Collegeville, PA 19426-0900, USA
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Moffett JR, Espey MG, Namboodiri MA. Antibodies to quinolinic acid and the determination of its cellular distribution within the rat immune system. Cell Tissue Res 1994; 278:461-9. [PMID: 7850857 DOI: 10.1007/bf00331364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies to quinolinic acid were produced in rabbits with protein-conjugated and gold particle-adsorbed quinolinic acid. Quinolinic acid immunoreactivity was below detection limits in carbodiimide-fixed rat brain. In contrast, strong quinolinic acid immunoreactivity was observed in spleen cells with variable, complex morphology located predominantly in the periarterial lymphocyte sheaths. In the thymus, quinolinic acid immunoreactivity was observed in cells with variable morphology, located almost exclusively in the medulla. Lymph nodes and gut-associated lymphoid tissue contained many, strongly stained cells of similar complex morphology in perifollicular areas. Immunoreactivity in liver and lung was restricted to widely scattered, perivascular cells and alveolar cells respectively. Additional stained cells with complex morphology were observed in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, in skin, and in the lamina propria of intestinal villi. Follicles in all secondary lymphoid organs were diffusely stained, ranging from mildly to moderately immunoreactive in spleen, to intensely immunoreactive in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. These results suggest that quinolinic acid is an immune system-specific molecule. Two hypothetical schemes are proposed to account for high levels of quinolinic acid in specific cells of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Moffett
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057-1028
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