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The development of behavioral sensitization induced by a single morphine exposure in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 113:110456. [PMID: 34662694 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggest that behavioral sensitization is involved in the process of drug addiction. Zebrafish are sensitive to a variety of addictive drugs and are thus suitable for the study of behavioral sensitization. However, in contrast to mature rodent models of behavioral sensitization, how this phenomenon manifests in aquatic organisms, especially zebrafish, is largely unknown. In this study, we developed a morphine-induced behavioral sensitization adult zebrafish model and performed a preliminary investigation of the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Behavioral sensitization was established in zebrafish by observing their behavior after treatment and challenge with morphine. The effect of morphine was evaluated by a behavioral locomotor test. Different doses of morphine and withdrawal times were used to evaluate the establishment of the behavioral sensitization model. RESULTS Hyperlocomotion was induced after administration of morphine in adult zebrafish. After withdrawing the drug for a period, challenge with low-dose morphine evoked behavioral sensitization in zebrafish acutely pre-treated with morphine. Low-dose morphine failed to induce behavioral sensitization in zebrafish if the withdrawal time was less than 5 days or more than 7 days. Morphine induced behavioral sensitization in zebrafish may involve dopaminergic, glutamatergic and opioid systems. CONCLUSION A single low-dose of morphine could induce behavioral sensitization in zebrafish acutely pre-treated with morphine, and this phenomenon was highly correlated with drug dose and withdrawal time. These findings suggest that zebrafish is a suitable model for the study of behavioral sensitization.
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Avalos MP, Guzman AS, Rigoni D, Gorostiza EA, Sanchez MA, Mongi-Bragato B, Garcia-Keller C, Perassi EM, Virgolini MB, Peralta Ramos JM, Iribarren P, Calfa GD, Bollati FA, Cancela LM. Minocycline prevents chronic restraint stress-induced vulnerability to developing cocaine self-administration and associated glutamatergic mechanisms: a potential role of microglia. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 101:359-376. [PMID: 35065197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressful experience-induced cocaine-related behaviors are associated with a significant impairment of glutamatergic mechanisms in the Nucleus Accumbens core (NAcore). The hallmarks of disrupted glutamate homeostasis following restraint stress are the enduring imbalance of glutamate efflux after a cocaine stimulus and increased basal concentrations of extracellular glutamate attributed to GLT-1 downregulation in the NAcore. Glutamate transmission is tightly linked to microglia functioning. However, the role of microglia in the biological basis of stress-induced addictive behaviors is still unknown. By using minocycline, a potent inhibitor of microglia activation with anti-inflammatory properties, we determined whether microglia could aid chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced glutamate homeostasis disruption in the NAcore, underpinning stress-induced cocaine self-administration. In this study, adult male rats were restrained for 2 h/day for seven days (day 1-7). From day 16 until completing the experimental protocol, animals received a vehicle or minocycline treatment (30 mg/Kg/12h i.p.). On day 21, animals were assigned to microscopic, biochemical, neurochemical or behavioral studies. We confirm that the CRS-induced facilitation of cocaine self-administration is associated with enduring GLT-1 downregulation, an increase of basal extracellular glutamate and postsynaptic structural plasticity in the NAcore. These alterations were strongly related to the CRS-induced reactive microglia and increased TNF-α mRNA and protein expression, since by administering minocycline, the impaired glutamate homeostasis and the facilitation of cocaine self-administration were prevented. Our findings are the first to demonstrate that minocycline suppresses the CRS-induced facilitation of cocaine self-administration and glutamate homeostasis disruption in the NAcore. A role of microglia is proposed for the development of glutamatergic mechanisms underpinning stress-induced vulnerability to cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Paula Avalos
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea Susana Guzman
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daiana Rigoni
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Axel Gorostiza
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marianela Adela Sanchez
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Bethania Mongi-Bragato
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Constanza Garcia-Keller
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Marcelo Perassi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Teórica y Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Miriam Beatriz Virgolini
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Javier María Peralta Ramos
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Iribarren
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gastón Diego Calfa
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Flavia Andrea Bollati
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Liliana Marina Cancela
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Charmchi E, Faramarzi G, Rashvand M, Zendehdel M, Haghparast A. Restraint Stress Potentiated Morphine Sensitization: Involvement of Dopamine Receptors within the Nucleus Accumbens. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:648-659. [PMID: 33389471 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sensitization to psychostimulant drugs, as well as morphine, subjected to cross-sensitization with stress. The development of morphine sensitization is associated with enhancements in dopamine overflow in the Nucleus accumbens (NAc). This study aimed to examine the role of accumbal D1/D2-like dopamine receptors in restraint stress (RS) induced sensitization to morphine antinociceptive effects. Adult male Wistar rats weighing 220-250 g underwent stereotaxic surgery. Two stainless steel guide cannulae were bilaterally implanted, 1 mm above the NAc injection site. Different solutions of SCH-23390, as a D1-like receptor antagonist or sulpiride, as a D2-like receptor antagonist, were microinjected into the NAc five min before exposure to RS. Restraint stress lasted for 3 h, 10 min after RS termination; animals received a subcutaneous injection of morphine (1 mg/kg) for 3 consecutive days. The procedure was followed by a 5-day drug and/or stress-free period. After that, on the 9th day, the nociceptive response was evaluated by the tail-flick test. The results revealed that intra-NAc administration of D1/D2-like dopamine receptor antagonists, SCH-23390 or sulpiride, respectively, blocked morphine sensitization-induced by RS and morphine co-administration in rats for three consecutive days. This work provides new insight into the determinant role of accumbal dopamine receptors in morphine sensitization produced by RS-morphine co-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Charmchi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golnaz Faramarzi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Rashvand
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Zendehdel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Sharma N, Shin EJ, Kim NH, Cho EH, Nguyen BT, Jeong JH, Jang CG, Nah SY, Kim HC. Far-infrared Ray-mediated Antioxidant Potentials are Important for Attenuating Psychotoxic Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 17:990-1002. [PMID: 30819085 PMCID: PMC7052827 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666190228114318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Far-infrared ray (FIR) is an electromagnetic wave that produces various health benefits against pathophysiological conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, renocardiovascular disorders, stress, and depression etc. However, the therapeutic ap-plication on the FIR-mediated protective potentials remains to be further extended. To achieve better understanding on FIR-mediated therapeutic potentials, we summarized additional findings in the present study that exposure to FIR ameliorates stressful condition, memory impairments, drug dependence, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the central nervous system. In this review, we underlined that FIR requires modulations of janus kinase 2 / signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), muscarinic M1 acetylcholine receptor (M1 mAChR), dopamine D1 receptor, protein kinase C δ gene, and glutathione peroxidase-1 gene for exerting the protective potentials in response to neuropsychotoxic conditions
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, BK21 PLUS Project, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, BK21 PLUS Project, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea
| | - Nam Hun Kim
- College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea
| | - Bao Trong Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, BK21 PLUS Project, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Choon Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, BK21 PLUS Project, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea
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Lijffijt M, Green CE, Balderston N, Iqbal T, Atkinson M, Vo-Le B, Vo-Le B, O’Brien B, Grillon C, Swann AC, Mathew SJ. A Proof-of-Mechanism Study to Test Effects of the NMDA Receptor Antagonist Lanicemine on Behavioral Sensitization in Individuals With Symptoms of PTSD. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:846. [PMID: 31920733 PMCID: PMC6923195 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have a heightened sensitivity to subsequent stressors, addictive drugs, and symptom recurrence, a form of behavioral sensitization. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are involved in the establishment and activation of sensitized behavior. Objective: We describe a protocol of a randomized placebo-controlled Phase 1b proof-of-mechanism trial to examine target engagement, safety, tolerability, and possible efficacy of the NMDAR antagonist lanicemine in individuals with symptoms of PTSD (Clinician Administered PTSD Scale [CAPS-5] score ≥ 25) and evidence of behavioral sensitization measured as enhanced anxiety-potentiated startle (APS; T-score ≥ 2.8). Methods: Subjects (n = 24; age range 21-65) receive three 60-min intravenous infusions of placebo or 100 mg lanicemine over 5 non-consecutive days. Primary endpoint is change in APS from pre-treatment baseline to after the third infusion. NMDAR engagement is probed with resting state EEG gamma band power, 40 Hz auditory steady state response, the mismatch negativity amplitude, and P50 sensory gating. Change in CAPS-5 scores is an exploratory clinical endpoint. Bayesian statistical methods will evaluate endpoints to determine suitability of this agent for further study. Conclusion: In contrast to traditional early-phase trials that use symptom severity to track treatment efficacy, this study tracks engagement of the study drug on expression of behavioral sensitization, a functional mechanism likely to cut across disorders. This experimental therapeutics design is consistent with recent NIMH-industry collaborative studies, and could serve as a template for testing novel pharmacological agents in psychiatry. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03166501.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Lijffijt
- Research Service Line, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Charles E. Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Pediatrics - Center for Evidence Based Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nicholas Balderston
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tabish Iqbal
- Research Service Line, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Megan Atkinson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brittany Vo-Le
- Research Service Line, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bylinda Vo-Le
- Research Service Line, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brittany O’Brien
- Research Service Line, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Christian Grillon
- Department of Pediatrics - Center for Evidence Based Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alan C. Swann
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Mental Health Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sanjay J. Mathew
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Mental Health Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Tovar-Díaz J, Pomrenze MB, Kan R, Pahlavan B, Morikawa H. Cooperative CRF and α1 Adrenergic Signaling in the VTA Promotes NMDA Plasticity and Drives Social Stress Enhancement of Cocaine Conditioning. Cell Rep 2019. [PMID: 29514102 PMCID: PMC5877815 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressful events rapidly trigger activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, driving the formation of aversive memories. However, it remains unclear how stressful experience affects plasticity mechanisms to regulate appetitive learning, such as intake of addictive drugs. Using rats, we show that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and α1 adrenergic receptor (α1AR) signaling enhance the plasticity of NMDA-receptor-mediated glutamatergic transmission in ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons through distinct effects on inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)-dependent Ca2+ signaling. We find that CRF amplifies IP3-Ca2+ signaling induced by stimulation of α1ARs, revealing a cooperative mechanism that promotes glutamatergic plasticity. In line with this, acute social defeat stress engages similar cooperative CRF and α1AR signaling in the VTA to enhance learning of cocaine-paired cues. These data provide evidence that CRF and α1ARs act in concert to regulate IP3-Ca2+ signaling in the VTA and promote learning of drug-associated cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Tovar-Díaz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Matthew B Pomrenze
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Russell Kan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Bahram Pahlavan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hitoshi Morikawa
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Sharma N, Shin EJ, Kim NH, Cho EH, Jeong JH, Jang CG, Nah SY, Nabeshima T, Yoneda Y, Cadet JL, Kim HC. Protective potentials of far-infrared ray against neuropsychotoxic conditions. Neurochem Int 2019; 122:144-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Torres-Berrio A, Cuesta S, Lopez-Guzman S, Nava-Mesa MO. Interaction Between Stress and Addiction: Contributions From Latin-American Neuroscience. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2639. [PMID: 30622500 PMCID: PMC6308142 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder that escalates from an initial exposure to drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, cannabis, or heroin, to compulsive drug-seeking and intake, reduced ability to inhibit craving-induced behaviors, and repeated cycles of abstinence and relapse. It is well-known that chronic changes in the brain’s reward system play an important role in the neurobiology of addiction. Notably, environmental factors such as acute or chronic stress affect this system, and increase the risk for drug consumption and relapse. Indeed, the HPA axis, the autonomic nervous system, and the extended amygdala, among other brain stress systems, interact with the brain’s reward circuit involved in addictive behaviors. There has been a growing interest in studying the molecular, cellular, and behavioral mechanisms of stress and addiction in Latin-America over the last decade. Nonetheless, these contributions may not be as strongly acknowledged by the broad scientific audience as studies coming from developed countries. In this review, we compile for the first time a series of studies conducted by Latin American-based neuroscientists, who have devoted their careers to studying the interaction between stress and addiction, from a neurobiological and clinical perspective. Specific contributions about this interaction include the study of CRF receptors in the lateral septum, investigations on the neural mechanisms of cross-sensitization for psychostimulants and ethanol, the identification of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as a critical neural substrate for stress and addiction, and the emergence of the cannabinoid system as a promising therapeutic target. We highlight animal and human studies, including for instance, reports coming from Latin American laboratories on single nucleotide polymorphisms in stress-related genes and potential biomarkers of vulnerability to addiction, that aim to bridge the knowledge from basic science to clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Torres-Berrio
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Santiago Cuesta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Silvia Lopez-Guzman
- Neuroscience Research Group, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mauricio O Nava-Mesa
- Neuroscience Research Group, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Goncalves TM, Southey BR, Rodriguez-Zas SL. Interplay Between Amphetamine and Activity Level in Gene Networks of the Mouse Striatum. Bioinform Biol Insights 2018; 12:1177932218815152. [PMID: 30559594 PMCID: PMC6291885 DOI: 10.1177/1177932218815152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The psychostimulant amphetamine can be prescribed to ameliorate the symptoms of narcolepsy, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and to facilitate weight loss. This stimulant can also have negative effects including toxicity and addiction risk. The impact of amphetamine on gene networks is partially understood and this study addresses this gap in consideration of the physical activity. The striata of mice exposed to either amphetamine or saline treatment were compared in a mouse line selected for home cage physical overactivity, a phenotype that can be mitigated with amphetamine, and in a contemporary control line using RNA-seq. Genes presenting opposite expression patterns between treatments across lines included a pseudogene of coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 2 gene (Chchd2), ribonuclease P RNA component H1 (Rpph1), short stature homeobox 2 (Shox2), transient receptor potential melastatin 6 (Trpm6), and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 9 (Tnfrsf9). Genes presenting consistent treatment patterns across lines, albeit at different levels of significance included cholecystokinin (Cck), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (Vip), arginine vasopressin (Avp), oxytocin/neurophysin (Oxt), thyrotropin releasing hormone (Trh), neurotensin (Nts), angiotensinogen (Agt), galanin (Gal), prolactin receptor (Prlr), and calcitonin receptor (Calcr). Potassium inwardly rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 6 (Kcnj6), and retinoic acid-related (RAR)-related orphan receptor alpha (Rora) were similarly differentially expressed between treatments across lines. Functional categories enriched among the genes presenting line-dependent amphetamine effect included genes coding for neuropeptides and associated with memory and neuroplasticity and synaptic signaling, energy, and redox processes. A line-dependent association between amphetamine exposure and the synaptic signaling genes neurogranin (Nrgn) and synaptic membrane exocytosis 1(Rims1) was highlighted in the gene networks. Our findings advance the understanding of molecular players and networks affected by amphetamine in support of the development of activity-targeted therapies that may capitalize on the benefits of this psychostimulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassia M Goncalves
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bruce R Southey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sandra L Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Taslimi Z, Komaki A, Haghparast A, Sarihi A. Effects of Acute and Chronic Restraint Stress on Reinstatement of Extinguished Methamphetamine-induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats. Basic Clin Neurosci 2018; 9:157-166. [PMID: 30034646 PMCID: PMC6037431 DOI: 10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.3.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Methamphetamine (METH) is a neurotoxic psychostimulant with highly addictive potential that leads to compulsive drug use and vulnerability to relapse. Environmental cues, such as drug exposure, peer influence, and social stress, are the powerful triggers of drug relapse. In this study, we tried to find out the effect of acute and chronic restraint stress on reinstatement of extinguished METH-induced Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) in rats. Methods: Subcutaneous (SC) administration of METH (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg) could induce CPP and it was found that METH with the dose of 0.5 mg/kg was more potent than other doses. In extinction phase, rats were put in the CPP box for 30 min per day for 8 consecutive days. After extinction, animals were exposed to restraint stress (3-h period, as an acute stress) 60 min before subcutaneous administration of ineffective dose of METH (0.125 mg/kg) in order to reinstate the extinguished METH-induced CPP. For induction of the chronic stress during extinction phase, the animals were exposed to the restraint stress for one hour per day. Results: The results showed that the effective dose of METH to induce CPP was 0.5 mg/kg. Based on the results, physical stress (restraint stress) whether acute and chronic, can significantly induce reinstatement of METH-induced CPP (P˂0.001) in extinguished animals. Conclusion: Additionally, the chronic restraint stress could reduce duration of extinction (maintenance) of METH-induced CPP. It seems that exposure to the stress induces the relapse in abstinent amphetamine, but acute and chronic situation have a different reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Taslimi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolrahman Sarihi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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11
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Exposure to Far Infrared Ray Protects Methamphetamine-Induced Behavioral Sensitization in Glutathione Peroxidase-1 Knockout Mice via Attenuating Mitochondrial Burdens and Dopamine D1 Receptor Activation. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1118-1135. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2528-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Fletcher PJ, Li Z, Coen KM, Lê AD. Acquisition of nicotine self-administration in amphetamine and phencyclidine models of schizophrenia: A role for stress? Schizophr Res 2018; 194:98-106. [PMID: 28318841 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine use and dependence is very high in patients with schizophrenia. One possible reason is that altered dopamine or glutamate activity in schizophrenia enhances the reinforcing effectiveness of nicotine. We used animal models to test the hypothesis that a hyperdopaminergic state (induced by repeated intermittent injections of amphetamine) or altered glutamate function (subchronic injection of phencyclidine, PCP) facilitates spontaneous acquisition of nicotine self-administration in rats. In Experiment 1 animals in an amphetamine-induced sensitized state (AISS) did not differ from saline-injected controls in their acquisition and maintenance of nicotine self-administration. This effect was replicated in experiment 2, but it was also found that AISS rats and saline-injected controls showed higher rates of nicotine self-administration compared to uninjected controls. This difference was maintained across several fixed ratio and progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement. In Experiment 3 PCP treated rats and their saline-injected controls did not differ in nicotine self-administration. However, both groups showed consistently increased responding for nicotine on FR and PR schedules compared to an uninjected control group. Injection-stress appeared to influence the outcomes of these experiments in two ways. Firstly, injection stress potentially masked the impact of the AISS and PCP treatment on nicotine self-administration. Secondly, injection stress itself may have been sufficient to induce plastic changes in dopamine and glutamate systems, and these changes enhanced the acquisition and maintenance of nicotine self-administration. Further investigation is needed into the role of stress in the development of nicotine use and dependence, in the aetiology of schizophrenia and in their co-morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Fletcher
- Preclinical Research and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Dept. Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dept. Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Zhaoxia Li
- Preclinical Research and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Kathleen M Coen
- Preclinical Research and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Anh D Lê
- Preclinical Research and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Dept. Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dept. Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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13
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Mai HN, Sharma N, Shin EJ, Nguyen BT, Nguyen PT, Jeong JH, Jang CG, Cho EH, Nah SY, Kim NH, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. Exposure to far-infrared rays attenuates methamphetamine-induced recognition memory impairment via modulation of the muscarinic M1 receptor, Nrf2, and PKC. Neurochem Int 2018; 116:63-76. [PMID: 29572053 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated that activation of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) and inactivation of the glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1)-dependent systems are critical for methamphetamine (MA)-induced recognition memory impairment. We also demonstrated that exposure to far-infrared rays (FIR) causes induction of the glutathione (GSH)-dependent system, including induction of the GPx-1 gene. Here, we investigated whether exposure to FIR rays affects MA-induced recognition memory impairment and whether it modulates PKC, cholinergic receptors, and the GSH-dependent system. Because the PKC activator bryostatin-1 mainly induces PKCα, PKCε, and PKCδ, we assessed expression of these proteins after MA treatment. MA treatment selectively increased PKCδ expression and its phosphorylation. Exposure to FIR rays significantly attenuated MA-induced increases in PKCδ phosphorylation. Importantly, bryostatin-1 potentiated MA-induced phosphorylation of PKCδ. MA treatment significantly decreased M1, M3, and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) and β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression. Of these, the decrease was most pronounced in M1 mAChR. Exposure to FIR significantly attenuated MA-induced decreases in the M1 mAChR and phospho-ERK1/2, while it facilitated Nrf2-dependent GSH induction. Dicyclomine, an M1 mAChR antagonist, and l-buthionine-(S, R)-sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, counteracted against the protective potentials mediated by FIR. More importantly, the memory-enhancing potential of FIR rays was significantly counteracted by bryostatin-1, dicyclomine, and BSO. Our results suggest that exposure to FIR rays attenuates MA-induced impairment in recognition memory via up-regulation of M1 mAChR, Nrf2-dependent GSH induction, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation by inhibiting PKCδ phosphorylation by bryostatin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Nhu Mai
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Bao Trong Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong Tram Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, KonKuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hun Kim
- College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi 470-1192, Japan; Aino University, Ibaragi, 567-0012, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Demontis F, Serra F, Serra G. Antidepressant-induced Dopamine Receptor Dysregulation: A Valid Animal Model of Manic-Depressive Illness. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:417-423. [PMID: 28503114 PMCID: PMC5405612 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160715165648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mania seems to be associated with an increased dopamine (DA) transmission. Antidepressant treatments can induce mania in humans and potentiated DA transmission in animals, by sensitizing DA D2 receptors in the mesolimbic system. We have suggested that the sensitization of D2 receptors may be responsible of antidepressant-induced mania. This review aims to report the experimental evidence that led to the hypothesis that antidepressant-induced DA receptors dysregulation can be considered an animal model of bipolar disorder. Methods: We reviewed papers reporting preclinical and clinical studies on the role of DA in the mechanism of action of antidepressant treatments and in the patho-physiology of mood disorders. Results: A number of preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that mania could be associated with an increased DA activity, while a reduced function of this neurotransmission might underlie depression. Chronic treatment with imipramine induces a sensitization of DA D2 receptors in the mesolimbic system, followed, after drug discontinuation, by a reduced sensitivity associated with an increased immobility time in forced swimming test of depression (FST). Blockade of glutamate NMDA receptors by memantine administration prevents the imipramine effect on DA receptors sensitivity and on the FST. Conclusion: We suggest that chronic treatment with antidepressants induces a behavioural syndrome that mimics mania (the sensitization of DA receptors), followed by depression (desensitization of DA receptors and increased immobility time in the FST), i.e. an animal model of bipolar disorder. Moreover the observation that memantine prevents the “bipolar-like” behavior, suggests that the drug may have an antimanic and mood stabilizing effect. Preliminary clinical observations support this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Demontis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesca Serra
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Gino Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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15
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Mai HN, Sharma N, Shin EJ, Nguyen BT, Nguyen PT, Jeong JH, Cho EH, Lee YJ, Kim NH, Jang CG, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. Exposure to far-infrared ray attenuates methamphetamine-induced impairment in recognition memory through inhibition of protein kinase C δ in male mice: Comparison with the antipsychotic clozapine. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1294-1310. [PMID: 29476655 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that repeated treatment with methamphetamine (MA) results in a recognition memory impairment via upregulation of protein kinase C (PKC) δ and downregulation of the glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1)-dependent antioxidant system. We also demonstrated that far-infrared ray (FIR) attenuates acute restraint stress via induction of the GPx-1 gene. Herein, we investigated whether exposure to FIR modulates MA-induced recognition memory impairment in male mice, and whether cognitive potentials mediated by FIR require modulation of the PKCδ gene, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and glutathione-dependent system. Repeated treatment with MA significantly increased PKCδ expression and its phosphorylation out of PKC isoenzymes (i.e., PKCα, PKCβI, PKCβII, PKCζ, and PKCδ expression) in the prefrontal cortex of mice. Exposure to FIR significantly attenuated MA-induced increase in phospho-PKCδ and decrease in phospho-ERK 1/2. In addition, FIR further facilitated the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent glutathione synthetic system. Moreover, L-buthionine-(S, R)-sulfoximine, an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, counteracted the FIR-mediated phospho-ERK 1/2 induction and memory-enhancing activity against MA insult. More important, positive effects of FIR are comparable to those of genetic depletion of PKCδ or the antipsychotic clozapine. Our results indicate that FIR protects against MA-induced memory impairment via activations of the Nrf2-dependent glutathione synthetic system, and ERK 1/2 signaling by inhibition of the PKCδ gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Nhu Mai
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bao Trong Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong Tram Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jeung Lee
- Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hun Kim
- College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon, Korea
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,Aino University, Ibaragi, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
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16
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Uridine attenuates morphine-induced conditioned place preference and regulates glutamate/GABA levels in mPFC of mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 163:74-82. [PMID: 29024680 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that uridine, as a neuromodulator, plays an important role in drug addiction. We previously found that uridine circumvents morphine-induced behavioral sensitization by decreasing the extracellular dopamine levels in the dorsal striatum. In the present study, the effects of uridine on morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and the possible roles of glutamate and GABA in the stress-induced reinstatement of CPP were investigated. First, the effects of uridine (1, 10 and 100mg/kg, i.p.) on the four defined phases - acquisition, expression, extinction and reinstatement (drug priming and restraint stress) - of morphine-induced CPP were studied. The results showed that pretreatment with uridine significantly blocked the acquisition and expression phases of CPP. Additionally, uridine also facilitated CPP extinction and inhibited stress-induced CPP reinstatement, although it failed to affect drug-induced CPP reinstatement. Since glutamatergic and GABAergic systems are both involved in CPP reinstatement, the extracellular levels of glutamate and GABA in the mPFC during the stress-induced CPP reinstatement were determined using in vivo microdialysis. The results showed that uridine attenuated the stress-induced glutamate increase in the mPFC without influencing the basal glutamate levels, and increased the levels of extracellular GABA in the mPFC both under normal physiological conditions and after the stress stimulus. Thus, our results indicate that uridine depresses the stress-induced reinstatement of CPP, simultaneously regulating glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission in the mPFC. The present work provides further understanding of the role of uridine in morphine-induced neurobehavioral changes.
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17
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Howes OD, McCutcheon R, Owen MJ, Murray RM. The Role of Genes, Stress, and Dopamine in the Development of Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:9-20. [PMID: 27720198 PMCID: PMC5675052 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine hypothesis is the longest standing pathoetiologic theory of schizophrenia. Because it was initially based on indirect evidence and findings in patients with established schizophrenia, it was unclear what role dopamine played in the onset of the disorder. However, recent studies in people at risk of schizophrenia have found elevated striatal dopamine synthesis capacity and increased dopamine release to stress. Furthermore, striatal dopamine changes have been linked to altered cortical function during cognitive tasks, in line with preclinical evidence that a circuit involving cortical projections to the striatum and midbrain may underlie the striatal dopamine changes. Other studies have shown that a number of environmental risk factors for schizophrenia, such as social isolation and childhood trauma, also affect presynaptic dopaminergic function. Advances in preclinical work and genetics have begun to unravel the molecular architecture linking dopamine, psychosis, and psychosocial stress. Included among the many genes associated with risk of schizophrenia are the gene encoding the dopamine D2 receptor and those involved in the upstream regulation of dopaminergic synthesis, through glutamatergic and gamma-aminobutyric acidergic pathways. A number of these pathways are also linked to the stress response. We review these new lines of evidence and present a model of how genes and environmental factors may sensitize the dopamine system so that it is vulnerable to acute stress, leading to progressive dysregulation and the onset of psychosis. Finally, we consider the implications for rational drug development, in particular regionally selective dopaminergic modulation, and the potential of genetic factors to stratify patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver D Howes
- Psychosis Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Robert McCutcheon
- Psychosis Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Robin M Murray
- Psychosis Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Pathak G, Ibrahim BA, McCarthy SA, Baker K, Kelly MP. Amphetamine sensitization in mice is sufficient to produce both manic- and depressive-related behaviors as well as changes in the functional connectivity of corticolimbic structures. Neuropharmacology 2015; 95:434-47. [PMID: 25959066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that amphetamine abuse and withdrawal mimics the diverse nature of bipolar disorder symptomatology in humans. Here, we determined if a single paradigm of amphetamine sensitization would be sufficient to produce both manic- and depressive-related behaviors in mice. CD-1 mice were subcutaneously dosed for 5 days with 1.8 mg/kg d-amphetamine or vehicle. On days 6-31 of withdrawal, amphetamine-sensitized (AS) mice were compared to vehicle-treated (VT) mice on a range of behavioral and biochemical endpoints. AS mice demonstrated reliable mania- and depression-related behaviors from day 7 to day 28 of withdrawal. Relative to VT mice, AS mice exhibited long-lasting mania-like hyperactivity following either an acute 30-min restraint stress or a low-dose 1 mg/kg d-amphetamine challenge, which was attenuated by the mood-stabilizers lithium and quetiapine. In absence of any challenge, AS mice showed anhedonia-like decreases in sucrose preference and depression-like impairments in the off-line consolidation of motor memory, as reflected by the lack of spontaneous improvement across days of training on the rotarod. AS mice also demonstrated a functional impairment in nest building, an ethologically-relevant activity of daily living. Western blot analyses revealed a significant increase in methylation of histone 3 at lysine 9 (H3K9), but not lysine 4 (H3K4), in hippocampus of AS mice relative to VT mice. In situ hybridization for the immediate-early gene activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) further revealed heightened activation of corticolimbic structures, decreased functional connectivity between frontal cortex and striatum, and increased functional connectivity between the amygdala and hippocampus of AS mice. The effects of amphetamine sensitization were blunted in C57BL/6J mice relative to CD-1 mice. These results show that a single amphetamine sensitization protocol is sufficient to produce behavioral, functional, and biochemical phenotypes in mice that are relevant to bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pathak
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - B A Ibrahim
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | | | - K Baker
- Pfizer, Neuroscience, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - M P Kelly
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA.
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Stress, sex, and addiction: potential roles of corticotropin-releasing factor, oxytocin, and arginine-vasopressin. Behav Pharmacol 2015; 25:445-57. [PMID: 24949572 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stress sensitivity and sex are predictive factors for the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Life stresses are not only risk factors for the development of addiction but also are triggers for relapse to drug use. Therefore, it is imperative to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions between stress and drug abuse, as an understanding of this may help in the development of novel and more effective therapeutic approaches to block the clinical manifestations of drug addiction. The development and clinical course of addiction-related disorders do appear to involve neuroadaptations within neurocircuitries that modulate stress responses and are influenced by several neuropeptides. These include corticotropin-releasing factor, the prototypic member of this class, as well as oxytocin and arginine-vasopressin that play important roles in affiliative behaviors. Interestingly, these peptides function to balance emotional behavior, with sexual dimorphism in the oxytocin/arginine-vasopressin systems, a fact that might play an important role in the differential responses of women and men to stressful stimuli and the specific sex-based prevalence of certain addictive disorders. Thus, this review aims to summarize (i) the contribution of sex differences to the function of dopamine systems, and (ii) the behavioral, neurochemical, and anatomical changes in brain stress systems.
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20
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Demontis F, Falconi M, Canu D, Serra G. Memantine prevents "bipolar-like" behavior induced by chronic treatment with imipramine in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 752:49-54. [PMID: 25661848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A great deal of evidence suggests that virtually all antidepressant treatments induce a dopaminergic behavioral supersensitivity. We have suggested that this effect may play a key role not only in the antidepressant effect of these treatments, but also in their ability to induce a switch from depression to mania. In 2003-4 we found that the sensitization of dopamine receptors induced by imipramine is followed, after imipramine withdrawal, by a desensitization of these receptors associated with a depressive-like behavior assessed in the forced swimming test. The dopamine receptor sensitization can be prevented by MK-801, an NMDA receptor antagonist, but not by currently used mood stabilizers (lithium, carbamazepine, valproate). These observations led us to suggest - and later confirm - with preliminary clinical observations that memantine may have an acute antimanic and a long-lasting mood-stabilizing effect in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder patients. Here we present data showing that memantine prevents not only the dopamine receptor sensitization induced by imipramine, as observed with MK-801, but also the ensuing desensitization and the associated depressive-like behaviorq observed after antidepressant withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcella Falconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Italy
| | - Desirèe Canu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Italy
| | - Gino Serra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Italy.
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21
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Boyson CO, Holly EN, Shimamoto A, Albrechet-Souza L, Weiner LA, DeBold JF, Miczek KA. Social stress and CRF-dopamine interactions in the VTA: role in long-term escalation of cocaine self-administration. J Neurosci 2014; 34:6659-67. [PMID: 24806691 PMCID: PMC4012317 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3942-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature of neuroadaptations in the genesis of escalated cocaine taking remains a topic of considerable interest. Intermittent social defeat stress induces both locomotor and dopaminergic cross-sensitization to cocaine, as well as escalated cocaine self-administration. The current study examines the role of corticotropin releasing factor receptor subtypes 1 and 2 (CRFR1, CRFR2) within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) during social defeat stress. This study investigated whether injecting either a CRFR1 or CRFR2 antagonist directly into the VTA before each social defeat would prevent the development of later (1) locomotor sensitization, (2) dopaminergic sensitization, and (3) escalated cocaine self-administration in rats. CRFR1 antagonist CP376395 (50 or 500 ng/side), CRFR2 antagonist Astressin2-B (100 or 1000 ng/side), or vehicle (aCSF) was microinjected into the VTA 20 min before social defeat stress (or handling) on days 1, 4, 7, and 10. Ten days later, rats were injected with cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and assessed for either locomotor sensitization, measured by walking activity, or dopaminergic sensitization, measured by extracellular dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) through in vivo microdialysis. Locomotor sensitization testing was followed by intravenous cocaine self-administration. Intra-VTA antagonism of CRFR1, but not CRFR2, inhibited the induction of locomotor cross-sensitization to cocaine, whereas both prevented dopaminergic cross-sensitization and escalated cocaine self-administration during a 24 h "binge." This may suggest dissociation between locomotor sensitization and cocaine taking. These data also suggest that interactions between CRF and VTA DA neurons projecting to the NAcSh are essential for the development of dopaminergic cross-sensitization to cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth N. Holly
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, and
| | - Akiko Shimamoto
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, and
| | | | - Lindsay A. Weiner
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, and
| | - Joseph F. DeBold
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, and
| | - Klaus A. Miczek
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, and
- Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02110
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22
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Enrico P, Sirca D, Mereu M, Peana AT, Mercante B, Diana M. Acute restraint stress prevents nicotine-induced mesolimbic dopaminergic activation via a corticosterone-mediated mechanism: a microdialysis study in the rat. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 127:8-14. [PMID: 22809896 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress affects the responsiveness to nicotine (NIC), by increasing drug use, facilitating relapse and reinstating NIC self administration even after prolonged abstinence. In turn, high corticosterone (CORT) blood levels induced by stress may alter the neurobiological properties of NIC by acting on the dopamine (DA) mesolimbic system. METHODS In this study, we evaluated the effect of exposure to acute restraint stress on NIC-induced stimulation of the mesolimbic DA system of the rat, by studying extracellular DA levels in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAccs) with microdialysis. RESULTS NIC intravenous administration (130 μg/kg) increased DA levels in the NAccs in control rats but not in subjects exposed to stress; this latter phenomenon was prevented by blockade of CORT effects with the inhibitor of corticosterone synthesis metirapone (100 mg/kg) or the glucorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone (150 μmol/kg). CONCLUSIONS These observations show that exposure to acute stress inhibits the stimulatory response of the mesolimbic DA system to NIC and suggest that this effect is mediated by circulating CORT acting on its receptors. These results may bear relevance in explaining the role played by stressful stimuli in NIC-seeking and taking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Enrico
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Sani G, Serra G, Kotzalidis GD, Romano S, Tamorri SM, Manfredi G, Caloro M, Telesforo CL, Caltagirone SS, Panaccione I, Simonetti A, Demontis F, Serra G, Girardi P. The role of memantine in the treatment of psychiatric disorders other than the dementias: a review of current preclinical and clinical evidence. CNS Drugs 2012; 26:663-90. [PMID: 22784018 DOI: 10.2165/11634390-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Memantine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist approved for Alzheimer's disease with a good safety profile, is increasingly being studied in a variety of non-dementia psychiatric disorders. We aimed to critically review relevant literature on the use of the drug in such disorders. We performed a PubMed search of the effects of memantine in animal models of psychiatric disorders and its effects in human studies of specific psychiatric disorders. The bulk of the data relates to the effects of memantine in major depressive disorder and schizophrenia, although more recent studies have provided data on the use of the drug in bipolar disorder as an add-on. Despite interesting preclinical data, results in major depression are not encouraging. Animal studies investigating the possible usefulness of memantine in schizophrenia are controversial; however, interesting findings were obtained in open studies of schizophrenia, but negative placebo-controlled, double-blind studies cast doubt on their validity. The effects of memantine in anxiety disorders have been poorly investigated, but data indicate that the use of the drug in obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder holds promise, while findings relating to generalized anxiety disorder are rather disappointing. Results in eating disorders, catatonia, impulse control disorders (pathological gambling), substance and alcohol abuse/dependence, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder are inconclusive. In most psychiatric non-Alzheimer's disease conditions, the clinical data fail to support the usefulness of memantine as monotherapy or add-on treatment However, recent preclinical and clinical findings suggest that add-on memantine may show antimanic and mood-stabilizing effects in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sani
- NeSMOS Department (Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, UOC Psychiatry, SantAndrea Hospital, Rome, Italy.
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Stress-induced cross-sensitization to amphetamine is related to changes in the dopaminergic system. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 119:415-24. [PMID: 22006016 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0720-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Repeated stress engenders behavioral sensitization. The mesolimbic dopamine system is critically involved in drug-induced behavioral sensitization. In the present study we examined the differences between adolescent and adult rats in stress-induced behavioral sensitization to amphetamine and changes in dopamine (DA) and its metabolite levels in the mesolimbic system. Adolescent or adult rats were restrained for 2 h, once a day, for 7 days. Three days after the last exposure to stress, the animals were challenged with saline or amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg i.p.) and amphetamine-induced locomotion was recorded for 40 min. Immediately after the behavioral tests, rats were decapitated and the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), ventral tegmental area (VTA) and amygdala (AM) were removed to measure tissue levels of DA and its metabolites by HPLC. Exposure to repeated restraint stress promoted behavioral sensitization to amphetamine in both adult and adolescent rats. In adult rats, amphetamine administration increased DA levels in both the stress and control groups in the NAcc and VTA. In adolescent rats, amphetamine increased DA levels in the NAcc in rats exposed to stress. Furthermore, in the AM of adolescent rats in the control group, amphetamine increased the DA levels; however, amphetamine reduced this neurotransmitter in the rats that were exposed to stress. No alteration was observed in the dopamine metabolite levels. Therefore, stress promoted behavioral sensitization to amphetamine and this may be related to changes in DA levels in the mesolimbic system. These changes appear to be dependent on ontogeny.
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Neuroendocrine and behavioral response to amphetamine challenge after exposure to an organophosphorus pesticide. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2011; 24:283-91. [PMID: 21792578 DOI: 10.2478/s13382-011-0023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exposure to various stressors is known to result in sensitization to psychostimulants, a state related to the psychostimulant dependence and addiction. It has been shown in some studies that the rise in corticosterone (CORT) concentration is indispensable for both the induction and the expression of behavioral sensitization. Therefore, it might be suspected that behavioral hyposensitivity to amphetamine (AMPH) is somehow related to a reduced CORT response to the psychostimulant subsequent to the chlorphenvinphos (CVP) intoxication. MATERIALS AND METHODS The male adult Wistar rats received single i.p. injections of CVP at the doses 0.5, 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg b.w., or pure corn oil. CORT concentration was determined in samples of blood drawn from the tail vein before and then 30, 60, 180 min and 24 h after injection. The other rats were divided into two groups and tested, three weeks after the CVP injection for the effect of AMPH (0.5 mg/kg b.w. i.p.) on the serum CORT concentration. In addition, behavioral sensitivity to AMPH was assessed by measuring locomotor activity of the animals in an open-field. RESULTS 1) The stressor property of CVP was confirmed. The injection resulted in up to tenfold increase in the serum CORT concentration. The magnitude and duration of this response were dose-related. 2) Three weeks after the CVP exposure, the CORT response to AMPH was significantly increased. 3) The behavioral response to the psychostimulant, i.e. augmented locomotion, was significantly reduced compared to the control. CONCLUSIONS The results confirm that CVP exposure causes behavioral hyposensitivity to AMPH. This effect, however, could not be ascribed to a diminished CORT response.
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Belujon P, Grace AA. Hippocampus, amygdala, and stress: interacting systems that affect susceptibility to addiction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1216:114-21. [PMID: 21272015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Stress is one of the major factors in drug abuse, particularly in relapse and drug-seeking behavior. However, the mechanisms underlying the interactions between stress and drug abuse are unclear. For many years, studies have focused on the role of the dopaminergic reward system in drug abuse. Our results, for example, show that increased dopaminergic activity is induced by drug sensitization and different stressors via potentiation of the ventral subiculum-nucleus accumbens (NAc) pathway. Although the role of the norepinephrine (NE) system in stress is well known, its involvement in drug abuse has received less attention. This review explores the different mechanisms by which stressors can modulate the ventral subiculum-accumbens pathway, and how these modulations can induce alterations in the behavioral response to drug administration. In particular, we will focus on two main afferents to the NAc, the basolateral amygdala and the ventral subiculum of the hippocampus, and their interactions with the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Belujon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
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Yang PB, Atkins KD, Dafny N. Behavioral sensitization and cross-sensitization between methylphenidate amphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in female SD rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 661:72-85. [PMID: 21549116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The psychostimulants amphetamine and methylphenidate (MPD/Ritalin) are the drugs most often used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In addition, students of all ages take these drugs to improve academic performance but also abuse them for pleasurable enhancement. In addition, other psychostimulants such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA/ecstasy) are used/abused for similar objectives. One of the experimental markers for the potential of a drug to produce dependence is its ability to induce behavioral sensitization and cross sensitization with other drugs of abuse. The objective of this study is to use identical experimental protocols and behavioral assays to compare in female rats the effects of amphetamine, MPD and MDMA on locomotor activity and to determine if they induce behavioral sensitization and/or cross sensitization with each other. The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) acute amphetamine, MPD and MDMA all elicited increases in locomotor activity; (2) chronic administration of an intermediate dose of amphetamine or MPD elicited behavioral sensitization; (3) chronic administration of MDMA elicited behavioral sensitization in some animals and behavioral tolerance in others; (4) cross sensitization between MPD and amphetamine was observed; and (5) MDMA did not show either cross sensitization or cross tolerance with amphetamine. In conclusion, these results suggest that MDMA acts by different mechanisms compared to MPD and amphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela B Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine-School of Medicine, 92697, United States
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Impact of metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor stimulation on activated dopamine release and locomotion. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 211:443-55. [PMID: 20585759 PMCID: PMC2954604 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1914-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Activation of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) 2/3 receptors may provide a novel strategy for treating schizophrenia. This effect is thought to be mediated through dopamine-independent mechanisms because mGlu2/3-receptor agonists have no considerable affinity for dopamine receptors. These agonists, however, reduce amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion suggesting that they influence dopamine neurotransmission. OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether the inhibitory effect of mGlu2/3-receptor activation on amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion correlates with attenuated dopamine release. We also assessed whether mGlu 2/3 receptor activation has inhibitory effects on activity-dependent vesicular release of dopamine in behaving animals. METHODS Microdialysis was used to measure extracellular levels of dopamine in the dorsal striatum (DStr) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) of freely moving rats. The effect of the mGlu2/3-receptor agonist LY354740 on dopamine release and locomotion elicited by amphetamine, electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area, or L-dopa was assessed. RESULTS We find that the inhibitory effect of mGlu2/3 activation on amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion correlates with an attenuated increase in dopamine release in the NAc and DStr. However, when dopamine levels were increased by electrical stimulation of dopamine neurons or by administration of the dopamine precursor L-dopa, activation of mGlu2/3 receptors had no effect on dopamine release or on behavior. CONCLUSIONS Activation of mGlu2/3 receptors attenuates amphetamine-induced dopamine release through a mechanism that does not affect activity dependent vesicular release, reuptake or synthesis of dopamine.
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Dopamine system dysregulation by the ventral subiculum as the common pathophysiological basis for schizophrenia psychosis, psychostimulant abuse, and stress. Neurotox Res 2010; 18:367-76. [PMID: 20143199 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine system is under multiple forms of regulation, and in turn provides effective modulation of system responses. Dopamine neurons are known to exist in several states of activity. The population activity, or the proportion of dopamine neurons firing spontaneously, is controlled by the ventral subiculum of the hippocampus. In contrast, burst firing, which is proposed to be the behaviorally salient output of the dopamine system, is driven by the brainstem pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPTg). When an animal is exposed to a behaviorally salient stimulus, the PPTg elicits a burst of action potentials in the dopamine neurons. However, this bursting only occurs in the portion of the dopamine neuron population that is firing spontaneously. This proportion is regulated by the ventral subiculum. Therefore, the ventral subiculum provides the gain, or the amplification factor, for the behaviorally salient stimulus. The ventral subiculum itself is proposed to carry information related to the environmental context. Thus, the ventral subiculum will adjust the responsivity of the dopamine system based on the needs of the organism and the characteristics of the environment. However, this finely tuned system can be disrupted in disease states. In schizophrenia, a disruption of interneuronal regulation of the ventral subiculum is proposed to lead to an overdrive of the dopamine system, rendering the system in a constant hypervigilant state. Moreover, amphetamine sensitization and stressors also appear to cause an abnormal dopaminergic drive. Such an interaction could underlie the risk factors of drug abuse and stress in the precipitation of a psychotic event. On the other hand, this could point to the ventral subiculum as an effective site of therapeutic intervention in the treatment or even the prevention of schizophrenia.
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Sesack SR, Grace AA. Cortico-Basal Ganglia reward network: microcircuitry. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:27-47. [PMID: 19675534 PMCID: PMC2879005 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 719] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many of the brain's reward systems converge on the nucleus accumbens, a region richly innervated by excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory afferents representing the circuitry necessary for selecting adaptive motivated behaviors. The ventral subiculum of the hippocampus provides contextual and spatial information, the basolateral amygdala conveys affective influence, and the prefrontal cortex provides an integrative impact on goal-directed behavior. The balance of these afferents is under the modulatory influence of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. This midbrain region receives its own complex mix of excitatory and inhibitory inputs, some of which have only recently been identified. Such afferent regulation positions the dopamine system to bias goal-directed behavior based on internal drives and environmental contingencies. Conditions that result in reward promote phasic dopamine release, which serves to maintain ongoing behavior by selectively potentiating ventral subicular drive to the accumbens. Behaviors that fail to produce an expected reward decrease dopamine transmission, which favors prefrontal cortical-driven switching to new behavioral strategies. As such, the limbic reward system is designed to optimize action plans for maximizing reward outcomes. This system can be commandeered by drugs of abuse or psychiatric disorders, resulting in inappropriate behaviors that sustain failed reward strategies. A fuller appreciation of the circuitry interconnecting the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area should serve to advance discovery of new treatment options for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Sesack
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anthony A Grace
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Briand LA, Blendy JA. Molecular and genetic substrates linking stress and addiction. Brain Res 2009; 1314:219-34. [PMID: 19900417 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is one of the top three health concerns in the United States in terms of economic and health care costs. Despite this, there are very few effective treatment options available. Therefore, understanding the causes and molecular mechanisms underlying the transition from casual drug use to compulsive drug addiction could aid in the development of treatment options. Studies in humans and animal models indicate that stress can lead to both vulnerability to develop addiction, and increased drug taking and relapse in addicted individuals. Exposure to stress or drugs of abuse results in long-term adaptations in the brain that are likely to involve persistent alterations in gene expression or activation of transcription factors, such as the cAMP Response Element Binding (CREB) protein. The signaling pathways controlled by CREB have been strongly implicated in drug addiction and stress. Many potential CREB target genes have been identified based on the presence of a CRE element in promoter DNA sequences. These include, but are not limited to CRF, BDNF, and dynorphin. These genes have been associated with initiation or reinstatement of drug reward and are altered in one direction or the other following stress. While many reviews have examined the interactions between stress and addiction, the goal of this review was to focus on specific molecules that play key roles in both stress and addiction and are therefore posed to mediate the interaction between the two. Focus on these molecules could provide us with new targets for pharmacological treatments for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Briand
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, TRL, 125 South 31(st) Street, USA
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Two modes of intense cocaine bingeing: increased persistence after social defeat stress and increased rate of intake due to extended access conditions in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 206:109-20. [PMID: 19513697 PMCID: PMC4371736 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Escalated, binge-like patterns of cocaine self-administration are engendered by repeated, intermittent exposure to episodes of social defeat stress, as well as by extended drug access. OBJECTIVES The present study investigated if prior exposure to brief episodes of social defeat stress would intensify the escalation of cocaine self-administration associated with extended access conditions. The consequences of both stress sensitization and prolonged access were further assessed with progressive ratio (PR) break points and during a 24-h variable dose "binge". METHODS Male Long-Evans rats were exposed to four episodes of defeat stress (days 1-4-7-10), and their locomotor response to cocaine was assessed 10 days later. Rats were subsequently implanted with intravenous catheters. After acquisition, stressed and control rats were allowed daily short (1 h/day) or extended (6 h/day) sessions of cocaine self-administration for 14 days (0.75 mg/kg/infusion). In sequence, we determined break points for cocaine on PR tests and assessed drug intake patterns during a 24-h variable dose binge. RESULTS Defeat stress induced cross-sensitization to a cocaine challenge, increased break points for cocaine, and produced persistent, escalated cocaine taking during a 24-h binge. Rats with extended access to cocaine-both stressed and controls-similarly escalated their drug intake throughout the 14 days. Extended access conditions accelerated the rate of cocaine self-administration in the first half of the binge, indicated by shorter post-infusion intervals, but failed to amplify the accumulated drug intake in non-stressed controls. CONCLUSIONS Both social defeat stress and drug access conditions may engender escalated cocaine intake via distinct mechanisms that regulate drug self-administration.
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Qi J, Yang JY, Wang F, Zhao YN, Song M, Wu CF. Effects of oxytocin on methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference and the possible role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the medial prefrontal cortex of mice in reinstatement. Neuropharmacology 2009; 56:856-65. [PMID: 19371575 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 01/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown the neuroactive properties of oxytocin (OT), a neurohypophyseal neuropeptide, and its ability to reduce the abuse potential of drugs. The present study investigated the effects of OT on the conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by methamphetamine (MAP, 2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) in mice and the possible role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the reinstatement of CPP. The results showed that OT (0.1, 0.5, 2.5 microg, i.c.v.) significantly inhibited the acquisition and facilitated the extinction of MAP-induced CPP and abolished the reinstatement of CPP induced by restraint stress. This effect of OT could be attenuated by atosiban (Ato, 2.0 microg, i.c.v.), a selective OT-receptor antagonist. OT failed to block the expression and the reinstatement of CPP induced by MAP challenge. Extracellular glutamate (Glu) levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were determined using microdialysis coupled to a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detection system. The results indicated that OT markedly inhibited extracellular Glu levels induced by restraint stress in CPP mice, but not those induced by MAP priming. Ato also attenuated the effects of OT on the changes in Glu levels. Therefore, these findings suggest that OT inhibits drug reward-related behaviors induced by MAP via the OT receptor, and OT blocks the reinstatement of CPP, at least partially, by interfering with the glutamatergic system in the mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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Dawes D, Ho J, Miner J. The neuroendocrine effects of the TASER X26®: A brief report. Forensic Sci Int 2009; 183:14-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dietz DM, Dietz KC, Moore S, Ouimet CC, Kabbaj M. Repeated social defeat stress-induced sensitization to the locomotor activating effects of d-amphetamine: role of individual differences. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 198:51-62. [PMID: 18415082 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE In this study, we sought to examine individual differences in stress-induced behavioral sensitization to d-amphetamine after repeated social defeat stress. In an effort to understand what mechanisms underlie stress-induced sensitization to d-amphetamine, we examined striatal gene expression of the dopamine receptor D(2). Additionally, we investigated if repeated social defeat was associated with changes in dendritic spine density in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens of rats that exhibit stress-induced sensitization. METHODS Male rats were classified into high responders (HR) and low responders (LR) based on their locomotor response to a novel environment. Then, rats were either handled as a control or defeated on four occasions by aggressive rats. Two weeks after the last defeat, animals were challenged with one of three doses of d-amphetamine and their locomotor activity was recorded. RESULTS Non-defeated HR rats exhibited higher locomotor activity in response to d-amphetamine when compared to LR non-defeated rats. Fourteen days from the last repeated social defeat, LR rats and HR rats were behaviorally identical in response to acute injections of amphetamine. Furthermore, HR non-defeated rats had less D(2) mRNA expression in the nucleus accumbens core and dorsal striatum than do LR non-defeated rats. However, after repeated social defeat, HR and LR rats had identical D(2) mRNA expression in both the core and dorsal striatum. Finally, there were no changes in dendritic spine density in any of the brain areas examined in LR rats. CONCLUSION Repeated social defeat abolishes individual differences in behavioral responses to d-amphetamine which may be due to a down-regulation of striatal dopamine D(2) receptors in LR rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Dietz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
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A dopamine mechanism is implied in the acquisition and expression of amphetamine and stress-induced effects observed in the lymphocyte subpopulations. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 584:405-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Anisman H, Merali Z, Stead JDH. Experiential and genetic contributions to depressive- and anxiety-like disorders: clinical and experimental studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 32:1185-206. [PMID: 18423590 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Stressful events have been implicated in the precipitation of depression and anxiety. These disorders may evolve owing to one or more of an array of neuronal changes that occur in several brain regions. It seems likely that these stressor-provoked neurochemical alterations are moderated by genetic determinants, as well as by a constellation of experiential and environmental factors. Indeed, animal studies have shown that vulnerability to depressive-like behaviors involve mechanisms similar to those associated with human depression (e.g., altered serotonin, corticotropin releasing hormone and their receptors, growth factors), and that the effects of stressors are influenced by previous stressor experiences, particularly those encountered early in life. These stressor effects might reflect sensitization of neuronal functioning, phenotypic changes of processes that lead to neurochemical release or receptor sensitivity, or epigenetic processes that modify expression of specific genes associated with stressor reactivity. It is suggested that depression is a life-long disorder, which even after effective treatment, has a high rate of re-occurrence owing to sensitized processes or epigenetic factors that promote persistent alterations of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hymie Anisman
- Institute of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Yap JJ, Miczek KA. Social defeat stress, sensitization, and intravenous cocaine self-administration in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 192:261-73. [PMID: 17297635 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Behavioral sensitization has been proposed as a process that is important in compulsive drug use and in psychotic disorders. OBJECTIVE The present experiments examine the relationship between behavioral sensitization, induced by either social defeat or amphetamine, and intravenous cocaine self-administration in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male CFW mice were exposed either to defeat experiences, amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline (i.p.) every day for 10 days. Ten days after the last defeat or injection, mice were challenged with varying doses of amphetamine (1.0-2.5 mg/kg i.p). Mice were then trained to nose poke for intravenous cocaine (1.0 mg/kg/inf) during daily 3-h sessions. Following this acquisition phase, the animals self-administered varying doses of cocaine (0.3-1.8 mg/kg/inf) or were allowed to self-administer cocaine (0.3 mg/kg/inf) according to a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. RESULTS Repeated social defeat produced a sensitized motor response to a single challenge of 1.5 mg/kg amphetamine and to a cumulative dosing of amphetamine. Amphetamine-pretreated mice exhibited increased cocaine self-administration during acquisition and elevated break points during performance on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement relative to stress-sensitized and control animals. CONCLUSIONS These data extend the evidence from rats to mice for the process of sensitization leading to more cocaine taking. Contrary to what is seen in rats, increased levels of cocaine self-administration were seen only in the amphetamine-pretreated mice and not after repeated defeat stress, suggesting that the sensitized response to defeat stress may not be as robust as it is in rats in this particular strain of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine J Yap
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Der-Avakian A, Rozeske RR, Bland ST, Watkins LR, Maier SF. The effects of a single session of inescapable tailshock on the subsequent locomotor response to brief footshock and cocaine administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 191:899-907. [PMID: 17211648 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE We have previously shown that exposure to a single session of inescapable (IS), but not escapable (ES), tailshock can sensitize the subsequent conditioned place preference and locomotor responses to opioids, but not other drug classes. However, prior work suggests that IS might sensitize nonopioid drug responding if the drug were to be preceded by a mild stressor. OBJECTIVES In the following experiments, we examined the effects of IS and ES on the subsequent locomotor response to brief footshock and/or cocaine administration. METHODS First, we measured the locomotor response to cocaine (0, 1, 5, 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) 48 h after a single session of IS in adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats. Then, this procedure was repeated with 10 mg/kg cocaine, except that half of the rats received two footshocks immediately before drug administration. Finally, we manipulated the escapability of the initial stressor, as rats received either ES or yoked IS 48 h prior to footshock and cocaine administration. RESULTS IS did not affect the subsequent locomotor response to cocaine, but did enhance this response when cocaine administration was immediately preceded by two footshocks. The footshocks alone were without effect. This sensitizing effect was dependent on the escapability of the initial stressor, as ES did not alter the locomotor response to footshock and cocaine administration. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that acute exposure to IS, but not ES, can sensitize the locomotor response to cocaine 48 h later, but only when cocaine administration is immediately preceded by a brief stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Der-Avakian
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, UCB 345, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA.
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Pacchioni AM, Cador M, Bregonzio C, Cancela LM. A glutamate-dopamine interaction in the persistent enhanced response to amphetamine in nucleus accumbens core but not shell following a single restraint stress. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:682-92. [PMID: 16641941 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The administration of psychostimulant drugs or stress can elicit a sensitized response to the stimulating and reinforcing properties of the drug. We previously demonstrated that a single restraint stress session enhanced d-amphetamine (d-AMPH)-induced locomotion the day after the stress session, which lasted up to 8 days. The present experiments were designed to identify the contribution of major dopamine (DA) brain areas in the short- and long-lasting enhancement of d-AMPH-induced locomotion following a single stress, and to test the involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in that phenomena. To achieve our goal, 24 h and 8 days after a 2-h restraint stress session either with or without a NMDA receptor blockade, we measured locomotor activity and DA overflow in nucleus accumbens (NAcc) core and shell and caudate putamen (CPu) following a d-AMPH injection (0.5 mg/kg i.p.). The stimulant effect of d-AMPH on DA overflow was enhanced in all nuclei at 24 h after a single stress, while at 8 days the enhanced responsiveness was maintained only in the NAcc core. When the rats were administered with MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg i.p.) 30 min before restraint stress, the d-AMPH-induced enhancement on locomotor activity and DA neurotransmission was prevented in all studied brain areas at both times. These findings show that a glutamate-dopamine link is underlying the short- and long- term d-AMPH-induced enhancement on DA and locomotor activity following stress. The persistent glutamate-dependent DA enhancement in NAcc core highlights the relevance of this region in the long-term proactive effects of stress on vulnerability to drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra M Pacchioni
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Assis MA, Collino C, Figuerola MDL, Sotomayor C, Cancela LM. Amphetamine triggers an increase in met-enkephalin simultaneously in brain areas and immune cells. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 178:62-75. [PMID: 16904191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed effects of amphetamine on proenkephalin-derived peptides in brain areas and immune cells in rats. Acute, as well as a repeated amphetamine treatment, decreased the concanavalin-A-induced lymphocyte proliferation, concomitantly with an increase of free met-enkephalin in nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, spleen, thymus and splenic macrophages. Proenkephalin protein increased in prefrontal cortex, thymus (32 kDa isoform), nucleus accumbens and spleen (44 kDa isoform), while proenkephalin mRNA levels decreased in brain stem. The influence of met-ENK in key brain areas for sensitization and in immune organs is consistent with the idea that changes on met-ENK could underlie amphetamine's effects on brain and IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Assis
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
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Araujo NP, Camarini R, Souza-Formigoni MLO, Carvalho RC, Abílio VC, Silva RH, Ricardo VP, Ribeiro RDA, Frussa-Filho R. The importance of housing conditions on behavioral sensitization and tolerance to ethanol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 82:40-5. [PMID: 16099492 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2004] [Revised: 05/30/2005] [Accepted: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The differential outcomes of social isolation and crowding environment on the effects of single or repeated administration of ethanol on open-field behavior were examined in female mice. Whereas housing conditions did not alter the increase in locomotor activity induced by ethanol single administration, behavioral sensitization (a progressive increase of a drug effect following repeated drug administration) to the locomotor activating effect of ethanol was significantly greater in crowded mice as compared to isolated and control groups. Single administration of ethanol significantly decreased rearing frequency and increased immobility duration, there being tolerance to these ethanol behavior effects after repeated treatment. Social isolation attenuated the increase in immobility behavior induced by single administration of ethanol and potentiated the tolerance of ethanol-induced rearing decrease, verified after repeated treatment. These results point out that both sensitization and tolerance to the behavioral effects of ethanol can be critically influenced by housing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilza Pereira Araujo
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Prieto-Gómez B, Vázquez-Alvarez AM, Martínez-Peña JL, Reyes-Vázquez C, Yang PB, Dafny N. Methylphenidate and amphetamine modulate differently the NMDA and AMPA glutamatergic transmission of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Life Sci 2005; 77:635-49. [PMID: 15921995 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral and neurochemical studies suggest that the induction of behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants involves transient changes at the synapses of the ventral tegmental area's dopaminergic neurons (VTA-DA). Differences in the behavioral response to amphetamine (Amph) and methylphenidate (MPD) were observed. In an attempt to understand these behavioral differences at the neuronal level, the dose-response characteristics of these two psychostimulants on electrophysiologically identified VTA-DA neurons at the glutamatergic synapse were investigated. Miniature excitatory post-synaptic currents (mEPSCs) and electrically induced EPSCs were recorded from horizontal midbrain slices of rats that had been pretreated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with saline (control), Amph (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 or 20.0 mg/kg), or MPD (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 or 20.0 mg/kg) 24 h before the recording. Perfusion of Amph through the bath (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 or 20.0 microM) increased the frequency (p<0.01) and the amplitude (p<0.05) of mEPSCs in dose-response characteristics, while MPD perfusion through the bath (2.5, 5.0, 10.0, or 20.0 microM) increased only the frequency (p<0.05) of the mEPSC. Both psychostimulants increased the prefrontal cortex's (PFC) glutamatergic EPSC in the VTA-DA neurons. However, only the higher doses of MPD induced significant effects (p<0.05) on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated EPSC but had no effects on the EPSC mediated by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA/kainate) receptors. Contrarily, Amph increased both kinds of mediated EPSC, but mainly the EPSC mediated by AMPA/kainate receptors (p<0.01). These electrophysiological differences could represent the underlying mechanism responsible for the differences of behavioral effects, such as behavioral sensitization, elicited by MPD and Amph.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Prieto-Gómez
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Divivion de Investigacion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apdo, Postal 70250, Mexico 20, D.F
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Yap JJ, Covington HE, Gale MC, Datta R, Miczek KA. Behavioral sensitization due to social defeat stress in mice: antagonism at mGluR5 and NMDA receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 179:230-9. [PMID: 15517195 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-2023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2004] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Repeated administration of psychostimulants progressively augments the behavioral response to and increases self-administration behavior of these drugs. Experience of repeated intermittent social defeat stress episodes also leads to a sensitized locomotor response following psychostimulant challenge. Both metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors have been shown to be critical in the induction and expression of stimulant sensitization, but their role in sensitization due to social defeat stress remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the role of mGluR5 and NMDA glutamate receptors in the development of amphetamine-induced and social defeat stress-induced sensitization, using the non-competitive mGluR5 antagonist, MPEP, and the non-competitive NMDA antagonist, dizocilpine (MK-801). METHODS In adult, male CFW mice, sensitization was induced by either ten daily injections of D-amphetamine (1 mg/kg) or ten daily brief episodes of social defeat. Mice were pretreated with MPEP (3 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg) or dizocilpine (0.1 mg/kg) prior to amphetamine injections. Mice subjected to social defeat were pretreated with MPEP (10 mg/kg) or dizocilpine (0.1 mg/kg). Ten days after induction, the expression of locomotor sensitization to amphetamine was determined. RESULTS The induction of sensitization due to social defeat stress was prevented by MPEP, yet MPEP did not inhibit the development of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine. Confirming and extending earlier results, dizocilpine pretreatment blocked both amphetamine-induced and stress-induced sensitization. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that behavioral sensitization to social defeat stress is dependent on mGluR5 receptors, whereas low-dose amphetamine sensitization may not be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine J Yap
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Mass., USA
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Gralewicz S, Lutz P, Kur B. Pretreatment with footshock alters some effects of subsequent organophosphate exposure. Neurotoxicology 2005; 26:159-71. [PMID: 15713337 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pre-exposure to non-chemical stressors may alter a subject's vulnerability to chemical stressors. We found recently that rats given a subtoxic dose of chlorfenvinphos (CVP), an organophosphorus pesticide, develop behavioral hyposensitivity to amphetamine (AMPH). The present experiments were performed in order to find out whether pre-exposure to a non-chemical stressor several days prior to CVP exposure could influence this effect of the pesticide. In experiment 1 adult male Wistar rats were subjected once to either a short, 5 min (SFS) or long, 20 min (LFS) series of unavoidable footshocks (FS). Twenty-four hours or 14 days after the FS, their open field behavior was tested before and after a test dose of AMPH (0.5 mg/kg. i.p). In experiment 2, the rats were subjected to LFS and 14 days later they were injected intraperitoneally with CVP (1.0 mg/kg) or vehicle (corn oil). In both experiments, serum corticosterone (CORT) levels were determined in separate groups of rats in order to assess the magnitude of the stress response induced by the applied stressors. It was found that: (i) the rise in serum CORT concentration after SFS or LFS was similar in magnitude, while that following LFS was more persistent; (ii) exposure to LFS, but not to SFS, resulted in a decreased response to AMPH on day 14 after the experience; (iii) in rats not pretreated with LFS, CVP exposure resulted in a profound increase in serum CORT concentration. In LFS pretreated rats, however, this effect was significantly reduced; (iv) three weeks after the exposure to CVP, the psychomotor response to AMPH was diminished in control rats but was normal in LFS pretreated animals. The results indicate that pretreatment with a non-chemical stressor may protect the rat against at least some of the effects of an organophosphate pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Gralewicz
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy St., 90-950 Lodz, Poland.
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Jordan S, Koprivica V, Dunn R, Tottori K, Kikuchi T, Altar CA. In vivo effects of aripiprazole on cortical and striatal dopaminergic and serotonergic function. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 483:45-53. [PMID: 14709325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In vivo microdialysis was used to monitor the effects of oral aripiprazole and olanzapine on basal extracellular concentrations of dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) in the medial prefrontal cortex and striatum of conscious, freely moving rats. Acute aripiprazole administration did not affect dopamine output, but produced moderate increases in DOPAC and HVA concentrations, in medial prefrontal cortex or striatum of drug-naïve rats. Similarly, aripiprazole did not affect dopamine output but produced moderate elevations in DOPAC and HVA concentrations in the striatum of chronic aripiprazole-pretreated rats. Olanzapine produced comparatively larger elevations in dopamine, DOPAC, and HVA in both regions, which, in the striatum, were diminished after chronic olanzapine exposure. Aripiprazole reduced extracellular 5-HIAA concentrations in the medial prefrontal cortex and striatum of drug-nai;ve rats, but not in chronic aripiprazole-pretreated rats. Together, these data provide in vivo evidence of aripiprazole-induced changes in forebrain dopaminergic and serotonergic function that may reflect its partial agonist activity at presynaptic dopamine D(2) and 5-HT(1A) receptors and antagonist activity at 5-HT(2A) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Jordan
- Neuroscience Department, Maryland Research Laboratories, Otsuka Maryland Research Institute, 9900 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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Lu L, Shepard JD, Hall FS, Shaham Y. Effect of environmental stressors on opiate and psychostimulant reinforcement, reinstatement and discrimination in rats: a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2003; 27:457-91. [PMID: 14505687 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(03)00073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies in humans suggest that exposure to life stressors is correlated with compulsive drug abuse and relapse to drugs during periods of abstinence. The behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms involved in the effect of stress on drug abuse, however, are not known. Here, we review data from studies using preclinical models in rats on the effect of environmental stressors on opiate and psychostimulant reinforcement, as measured by the intravenous drug self-administration and conditioned place preference procedures, on relapse to these drugs, as measured by the reinstatement procedure, and on the subjective effects of these drugs, as measured by the drug discrimination procedure. The results of the studies reviewed here suggest that while stressors are important modulators of the behavioral effects of opiate and psychostimulant drugs, the effect of stress on behavior in these animal models is stressor-specific, and to some degree, procedure- and drug-class-specific. The review of studies on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying stress-drug interactions in these animal models indicate that central noradrenaline and extrahypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor mediate the effect of one form of stress (intermittent footshock) on reinstatement of opiate and psychostimulant seeking after prolonged drug-free periods. At present, however, little is known about the neuronal events that mediate the effect of environmental stressors on opiate and psychostimulant reinforcement or discrimination. The broader implications of the data reviewed here for future research and for the treatment of opiate and psychostimulant addiction are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lu
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH/DHHS, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Umemori H, Ogura H, Tozawa N, Mikoshiba K, Nishizumi H, Yamamoto T. Impairment of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-controlled motor activity in LYN-deficient mice. Neuroscience 2003; 118:709-13. [PMID: 12710978 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, an ionotropic glutamate receptor, is implicated in motor activity that is regulated in the striatum and nucleus accumbens of the brain. A Src family kinase Lyn is highly expressed in striatum, cortex, thalamus, and cerebellum in the brain. Here we show that spontaneous motor activity is suppressed in lyn-/- mice. S.c. injection of methylphenidate, which causes accumulation of dopamine in synapses, reveals that dopaminergic pathway is normal in lyn-/- mice. After blocking the NMDA receptor, motor activity of lyn-/- mice increased to the same level as that of wild type mice. Therefore, the NMDA receptor-mediated signaling is enhanced in lyn-/- mice, indicating that Lyn regulates the NMDA receptor pathway negatively. Intriguingly, the activity of protein kinase C (PKC), an enzyme regulated downstream of NMDA receptors, is increased in lyn-/- mice. The present data suggest that the NMDA receptor signal that is enhanced in the absence of Lyn suppresses the motor activity, probably through inhibition of dopaminergic pathway at striatum. We conclude that Lyn contributes to coordination of motor activity through regulation of the NMDA pathway. It appears that this negative regulation involves suppression of downstream signaling of NMDA receptor such as those mediated by PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Umemori
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Franke H, Kittner H, Grosche J, Illes P. Enhanced P2Y1 receptor expression in the brain after sensitisation with d-amphetamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003; 167:187-94. [PMID: 12652343 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-002-1386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2002] [Accepted: 12/03/2002] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Many pathological and physiological processes are associated with the transcriptional induction of specific receptors. The aim of the present study was to examine whether the development of d-amphetamine (AMPH)-induced sensitisation is related to an altered P2Y(1) receptor expression. METHODS Rats, treated for 5 successive days with AMPH (1.5 mg/kg, i.p.), alone or after pre-treatment with the non-specific P2 receptor antagonist pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2,4-disulphonic acid (PPADS, 0.6 nmol, i.c.v.) and tested in an open field system with respect to locomotor response, were studied immunocytochemically 5 days after the last AMPH injection. RESULTS In the behaviourally sensitised animals, astrogliosis, characterised by hypertrophy, increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity (IR) and astrocytic proliferation in striatal areas and the nucleus accumbens were observed. Quantification of the P2Y(1) receptor stained cells revealed an increase in the receptor expression after AMPH-induced sensitisation in the studied regions. Pre-treatment with PPADS prior to each AMPH administration prevented the development of sensitisation, astrogliosis and P2Y(1) receptor up-regulation. PPADS failed to alter the number of P2Y(1) receptor-labelled cells when given alone. Confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated the localisation of P2Y(1) receptors on GFAP-labelled astrocytes as well as on tubulin (betaIII)-labelled neurones, under control conditions and after AMPH administration. CONCLUSION The present results confirm the existence of P2Y(1) receptors on astrocytes and neurones as possible targets of endogenous ATP and in addition show their up-regulation as a consequence of P2Y(1) receptor-involvement in AMPH-induced sensitisation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Franke
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
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Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Saal et al. find that exposure to any of five addictive drugs or exposure to a brief stressor produces a shared cellular modification of excitatory synapses in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). This common response may represent a starting point for dissecting early changes that underlie addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Kauer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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