1
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Beaudry-Sylvestre M, Benoît HP, Hutchings JA. Coherent long-term body-size responses across all Northwest Atlantic herring populations to warming and environmental change despite contrasting harvest and ecological factors. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17187. [PMID: 38456203 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Body size is a key component of individual fitness and an important factor in the structure and functioning of populations and ecosystems. Disentangling the effects of environmental change, harvest and intra- and inter-specific trophic effects on body size remains challenging for populations in the wild. Herring in the Northwest Atlantic provide a strong basis for evaluating hypotheses related to these drivers given that they have experienced significant warming and harvest over the past century, while also having been exposed to a wide range of other selective constraints across their range. Using data on mean length-at-age 4 for the sixteen principal populations over a period of 53 cohorts (1962-2014), we fitted a series of empirical models for temporal and between-population variation in the response to changes in sea surface temperature. We find evidence for a unified cross-population response in the form of a parabolic function according to which populations in naturally warmer environments have responded more negatively to increasing temperature compared with those in colder locations. Temporal variation in residuals from this function was highly coherent among populations, further suggesting a common response to a large-scale environmental driver. The synchrony observed in this study system, despite strong differences in harvest and ecological histories among populations and over time, clearly indicates a dominant role of environmental change on size-at-age in wild populations, in contrast to commonly reported effects of fishing. This finding has important implications for the management of fisheries as it indicates that a key trait associated with population productivity may be under considerably less short-term management control than currently assumed. Our study, overall, illustrates the need for a comparative approach within species for inferences concerning the many possible effects on body size of natural and anthropogenic drivers in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuelle Beaudry-Sylvestre
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont Joli, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hugues P Benoît
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont Joli, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Hutchings
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen Marine Research Station, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Coastal Research, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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2
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Cusson P, Pelletier F. Individual behaviour, growth, survival and vulnerability to hunting in a large mammal. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11003. [PMID: 38352198 PMCID: PMC10862178 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans have exploited wild animals for thousands of years. Recent studies indicate that harvest-induced selection on life-history and morphological traits may lead to ecological and evolutionary changes. Less attention has been given to harvest-induced selection on behavioural traits, especially in terrestrial systems. We assessed in a wild population of large terrestrial mammals whether decades of hunting led to harvest-induced selection on trappability, a proxy of risk-taking behaviour. We investigated links between trappability, horn growth and survival across individuals in early life and quantified the correlations between early-life trappability and horn growth with availability to hunters and probability of being shot. We found positive among-individual correlations between early-life trappability and horn growth, early-life trappability and survival and early-life horn growth and survival. Faster growing individuals were more likely to be available to hunters and shot at a young age. We found no correlations between early-life trappability and availability to hunters or probability of being shot. Our results show that correlations between behaviour and growth can occur in wild terrestrial population but may be context dependent. This result highlights the difficulty in formulating general predictions about harvest-induced selection on behaviour, which can be affected by species ecology, harvesting regulations and harvesting methods used. Future studies should investigate mechanisms linking physiological, behavioural and morphological traits and how this effects harvest vulnerability to evaluate the potential for harvest to drive selection on behaviour in wild animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fanie Pelletier
- Département de BiologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQuébecCanada
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3
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Cruz-Castán R, Saber S, Meiners-Mandujano C, Gómez Vives MJ, Curiel-Ramirez S, Galindo-Cortes G, Macías D. Oocyte dynamics for Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in the southern Gulf of Mexico: A comparative assessment of Mediterranean spawners using two stereological methods. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 103:1054-1072. [PMID: 37466346 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Although most research focused on the northern Gulf of Mexico for western Atlantic bluefin tuna, the histological records of reproductive activity of this species in the southern Gulf of Mexico (Mexican waters) have been presented for the first time. This work is the first to study oocyte dynamics in Atlantic bluefin tuna caught in the southern Gulf of Mexico by assessing and comparing them with Mediterranean stock (BFT-E) through stereology using two different methods. Regardless of Atlantic bluefin tuna females returning to their respective spawning grounds at different months in the southern Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean, both stocks arrived reproductively inactive and remained in these zones during periods of similar length; they were reproductively active until March for the southern Gulf of Mexico and May for the Mediterranean females. The comparison of the size structure between the two stocks examined using kernel density estimators demonstrated a quite remarkable difference in mean fork lengths between stocks. The ovarian oocyte density, that is, the number of oocytes per gram of ovary, for each gonad stage predicted using the Weibel and Gomez and oocyte packing density (OPD) methods did not significantly differ between stocks and showed that advanced vitellogenic oocytes from spawning-capable females are an appropriate indicator to estimate potential fecundity, presenting values of c. 1273 and ~1355 eggs per gram for the southern Gulf of Mexico and Mediterranean females, respectively. Females caught in Mexican waters (southern Gulf of Mexico) were larger than those caught in the Mediterranean; however, it was demonstrated that the length and weight of females did not affect ovarian oocyte density production. In addition, densities estimated for each gonad stage using W&G and OPD methods did not differ between stocks and presented equal patterns in their oocyte dynamics. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the reproductive biology of Atlantic bluefin tuna, especially in the southern Gulf of Mexico, due to the lack of information regarding this zone, and may allow to support strategies for proper assessment, management, and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cruz-Castán
- Posgrado en Ecología y Pesquerías, Universidad Veracruzana, Boca del Rio, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Sámar Saber
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Singular Scientific and Technical Infrastructure for the Bluefin Tuna Aquaculture (ICTS-ICAR), Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - María José Gómez Vives
- Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Fuengirola, Spain
| | - Sergio Curiel-Ramirez
- Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Mexico
| | | | - David Macías
- Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Fuengirola, Spain
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4
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Ohlberger J, Cline TJ, Schindler DE, Lewis B. Declines in body size of sockeye salmon associated with increased competition in the ocean. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222248. [PMID: 36750195 PMCID: PMC9904942 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Declining body sizes have been documented for several species of Pacific salmon; however, whether size declines are caused mainly by ocean warming or other ecological factors, and whether they result primarily from trends in age at maturation or changing growth rates remain poorly understood. We quantified changes in mean body size and contributions from shifting size-at-age and age structure of mature sockeye salmon returning to Bristol Bay, Alaska, over the past 60 years. Mean length declined by 3%, corresponding to a 10% decline in mean body mass, since the early 1960s, though much of this decline occurred since the early 2000s. Changes in size-at-age were the dominant cause of body size declines and were more consistent than trends in age structure among the major rivers that flow into Bristol Bay. Annual variation in size-at-age was largely explained by competition among Bristol Bay sockeye salmon and interspecific competition with other salmon in the North Pacific Ocean. Warm winters were associated with better growth of sockeye salmon, whereas warm summers were associated with reduced growth. Our findings point to competition at sea as the main driver of sockeye salmon size declines, and emphasize the trade-off between fish abundance and body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ohlberger
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Timothy J. Cline
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Daniel E. Schindler
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bert Lewis
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Commercial Fisheries Division, Anchorage, AK 99518, USA
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5
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Chittaro P, Grandin C, Pacunski R, Zabel R. Five decades of change in somatic growth of Pacific hake from Puget Sound and Strait of Georgia. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13577. [PMID: 35855905 PMCID: PMC9288167 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Declines in fish body size have been reported in many populations and these changes likely have important ramifications for the sustainability of harvested species and ecosystem function. Pacific hake, Merluccius productus, have shown declines in size over the last several decades for populations located in Puget Sound (PS), Washington, USA, and Strait of Georgia (SoG), British Columbia, Canada. To examine this decrease in size, we used archived otoliths from both populations to assess when the decrease in somatic growth occurred and explored what factors and processes might explain the decline, including otolith microchemistry to infer the environment experienced by fish at different ages. Results indicated that substantial changes in juvenile somatic growth have occurred across decades. The divergence in body size occurred in the second summer, whereby SoG fish grew, on average, 18% more than PS fish. Within the PS population, somatic growth differed significantly among fish that hatched in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2010s, such that the more recently hatched fish grew 26% more in their first summer and 71% less in their second summer relative to those that hatched in the 1980s. In comparison, growth of SoG fish did not differ between those that hatched in 1970s and 1990s. For both populations growth in the first and third summer was positively and negatively related, respectively, to the abundance of harbor seals, while growth in the first and second summer was negatively related to salinity. Overall, this study highlights the complicated nature of Pacific hake population recovery under dynamic, and typically uncontrollable, variation in biotic and abiotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Chittaro
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Chris Grandin
- Marine Ecosystem and Aquaculture Division, Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert Pacunski
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA, United States of America
| | - Rich Zabel
- Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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6
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Mundinger C, Fleischer T, Scheuerlein A, Kerth G. Global warming leads to larger bats with a faster life history pace in the long-lived Bechstein's bat (Myotis bechsteinii). Commun Biol 2022; 5:682. [PMID: 35810175 PMCID: PMC9271042 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether species can cope with environmental change depends considerably on their life history. Bats have long lifespans and low reproductive rates which make them vulnerable to environmental changes. Global warming causes Bechstein’s bats (Myotis bechsteinii) to produce larger females that face a higher mortality risk. Here, we test whether these larger females are able to offset their elevated mortality risk by adopting a faster life history. We analysed an individual-based 25-year dataset from 331 RFID-tagged wild bats and combine genetic pedigrees with data on survival, reproduction and body size. We find that size-dependent fecundity and age at first reproduction drive the observed increase in mortality. Because larger females have an earlier onset of reproduction and shorter generation times, lifetime reproductive success remains remarkably stable across individuals with different body sizes. Our study demonstrates a rapid shift to a faster pace of life in a mammal with a slow life history. Warming summers across a 25-year study are linked to larger body sizes in female bats, leading to a switch from a slow-reproducing, long-lived species to a faster pace of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Mundinger
- Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Straße 26, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Toni Fleischer
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheuerlein
- Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Straße 26, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gerald Kerth
- Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Straße 26, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
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7
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Ohlberger J, Langangen Ø, Stige LC. Age structure affects population productivity in an exploited fish species. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2614. [PMID: 35365955 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Long-term changes in the age and size structure of animal populations are well documented, yet their impacts on population productivity are poorly understood. Fishery exploitation can be a major driver of changes in population age-size structure because fisheries significantly increase mortality and often selectively remove larger and older fish. Climate change is another potential driver of shifts in the demographic structure of fish populations. Northeast Arctic (NEA) cod is the largest population of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and one of the world's most important commercial fish stocks. This population has experienced considerable changes in population age-size structure over the past century, largely in response to fishing. In this study, we investigate whether changes in spawner age structure have affected population productivity in NEA cod, measured as recruits per spawning stock biomass, over the past 75 years. We find evidence that shifts in age structure toward younger spawners negatively affect population productivity, implying higher recruitment success when the spawning stock is composed of older individuals. The positive effect of an older spawning stock is likely linked to maternal effects and higher reproductive output of larger females. Our results indicate a threefold difference in productivity between the youngest and oldest spawning stock that has been observed since the 1950s. Further, our results suggest a positive effect of environmental temperature and a negative effect of intraspecific cannibalism by older juveniles on population productivity, which partly masked the effect of spawner age structure unless accounted for in the model. Collectively, these findings emphasize the importance of population age structure for the productivity of fish populations and suggest that harvest-induced demographic changes can have negative feedbacks for fisheries that lead to a younger spawning stock. Incorporating demographic data into harvest strategies could thus facilitate sustainable fishery management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ohlberger
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Leif Chr Stige
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
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8
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Samejima S, Tachihara K. Age, growth and reproductive biology of a widespread coral reef fish, yellowfin goatfish Mulloidichthys vanicolensis (Valenciennes, 1831). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 100:1233-1244. [PMID: 35243646 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Yellowfin goatfish Mulloidichthys vanicolensis (Valenciennes, 1831) is a widely distributed commercial fish in the Indo-Pacific. The authors examined the age, growth, sexual maturity and spawning season of M. vanicolensis around Okinawa Island, southwestern Japan, based on sectioned otolith and gonadal histology. Monthly changes in the appearance of an opaque edge indicate the annual formation of otolith bands. This fish shows sexual size dimorphism due to the faster growth and larger size of females compared to males. The von Bertalanffy growth functions were Lt = 31.0{1 - exp(-0.39(t + 1.62))} for females and Lt = 28.3{1 - exp(-0.42(t + 1.45))} for males. This species has a short life span, with a maximum age of 7.75 years, and reaches maturity in its first year of life. Observed fork lengths at 50% maturity were 19.4 cm for female and 16.2 cm for male. The main spawning season occurs from May to October. The authors compared their findings with those of previous studies on the life-history characteristics of M. vanicolensis. Spawning season, growth and maturity size differed from those found in previous studies in areas with genetic continuity. Differences in life-history traits between genetically continuous populations suggest a high degree of environmental adaptability for this species, which may be one of the reasons for its widespread distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Samejima
- Ishigaki Branch, Okinawa Prefectural Fisheries Research and Extension Center, Ishigaki, Japan
- Laboratory of Fisheries Biology and Coral Reef Studies, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
| | - Katsunori Tachihara
- Laboratory of Fisheries Biology and Coral Reef Studies, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
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9
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Turner Tomaszewicz CN, Avens L, LaCasella EL, Eguchi T, Dutton PH, LeRoux RA, Seminoff JA. Mixed‐stock aging analysis reveals variable sea turtle maturity rates in a recovering population. J Wildl Manage 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Calandra N. Turner Tomaszewicz
- National Research Council NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Larisa Avens
- NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center Beaufort NC 28516 USA
| | | | - Tomoharu Eguchi
- NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Peter H. Dutton
- NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Robin A. LeRoux
- NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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10
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Sandoval-Castillo J, Beheregaray LB, Wellenreuther M. Genomic prediction of growth in a commercially, recreationally, and culturally important marine resource, the Australian snapper (Chrysophrys auratus). G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:jkac015. [PMID: 35100370 PMCID: PMC8896003 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Growth is one of the most important traits of an organism. For exploited species, this trait has ecological and evolutionary consequences as well as economical and conservation significance. Rapid changes in growth rate associated with anthropogenic stressors have been reported for several marine fishes, but little is known about the genetic basis of growth traits in teleosts. We used reduced genome representation data and genome-wide association approaches to identify growth-related genetic variation in the commercially, recreationally, and culturally important Australian snapper (Chrysophrys auratus, Sparidae). Based on 17,490 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms and 363 individuals representing extreme growth phenotypes from 15,000 fish of the same age and reared under identical conditions in a sea pen, we identified 100 unique candidates that were annotated to 51 proteins. We documented a complex polygenic nature of growth in the species that included several loci with small effects and a few loci with larger effects. Overall heritability was high (75.7%), reflected in the high accuracy of the genomic prediction for the phenotype (small vs large). Although the single-nucleotide polymorphisms were distributed across the genome, most candidates (60%) clustered on chromosome 16, which also explains the largest proportion of heritability (16.4%). This study demonstrates that reduced genome representation single-nucleotide polymorphisms and the right bioinformatic tools provide a cost-efficient approach to identify growth-related loci and to describe genomic architectures of complex quantitative traits. Our results help to inform captive aquaculture breeding programs and are of relevance to monitor growth-related evolutionary shifts in wild populations in response to anthropogenic pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sandoval-Castillo
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Luciano B Beheregaray
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Maren Wellenreuther
- School of Biological Sciences, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
- Seafood Production Group, The School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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11
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Orio A, Heimbrand Y, Limburg K. Deoxygenation impacts on Baltic Sea cod: Dramatic declines in ecosystem services of an iconic keystone predator. AMBIO 2022; 51:626-637. [PMID: 34075555 PMCID: PMC8800964 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01572-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The intensified expansion of the Baltic Sea's hypoxic zone has been proposed as one reason for the current poor status of cod (Gadus morhua) in the Baltic Sea, with repercussions throughout the food web and on ecosystem services. We examined the links between increased hypoxic areas and the decline in maximum length of Baltic cod, a demographic proxy for services generation. We analysed the effect of different predictors on maximum length of Baltic cod during 1978-2014 using a generalized additive model. The extent of minimally suitable areas for cod (oxygen concentration ≥ 1 ml l-1) is the most important predictor of decreased cod maximum length. We also show, with simulations, the potential for Baltic cod to increase its maximum length if hypoxic areal extent is reduced to levels comparable to the beginning of the 1990s. We discuss our findings in relation to ecosystem services affected by the decrease of cod maximum length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Orio
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Turistgatan 5, 453 30 Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Yvette Heimbrand
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Coastal Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skolgatan 6, 742 42 Öregrund, Sweden
| | - Karin Limburg
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Turistgatan 5, 453 30 Lysekil, Sweden
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY USA
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12
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Genomic basis of fishing-associated selection varies with population density. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2020833118. [PMID: 34903645 PMCID: PMC8713780 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020833118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fisheries-associated selection is recognized as one of the strongest potential human drivers of contemporary evolution in natural populations. The results of this study show that while simulated commercial fishing techniques consistently remove fish with traits associated with growth, metabolism, and social behavior, the specific genes under fishing selection differ depending on the density of the targeted population. This finding suggests that different fish populations of varying sizes will respond differently to fishing selection at the genetic level. Furthermore, as a population is fished over time, the genes under selection may change as the population diminishes. This could have repercussions on population resilience. This study highlights the importance of selection but also environmental and density effects on harvested fish populations. Fisheries induce one of the strongest anthropogenic selective pressures on natural populations, but the genetic effects of fishing remain unclear. Crucially, we lack knowledge of how capture-associated selection and its interaction with reductions in population density caused by fishing can potentially shift which genes are under selection. Using experimental fish reared at two densities and repeatedly harvested by simulated trawling, we show consistent phenotypic selection on growth, metabolism, and social behavior regardless of density. However, the specific genes under selection—mainly related to brain function and neurogenesis—varied with the population density. This interaction between direct fishing selection and density could fundamentally alter the genomic responses to harvest. The evolutionary consequences of fishing are therefore likely context dependent, possibly varying as exploited populations decline. These results highlight the need to consider environmental factors when predicting effects of human-induced selection and evolution.
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13
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Sanderson S, Beausoleil MO, O'Dea RE, Wood ZT, Correa C, Frankel V, Gorné LD, Haines GE, Kinnison MT, Oke KB, Pelletier F, Pérez-Jvostov F, Reyes-Corral WD, Ritchot Y, Sorbara F, Gotanda KM, Hendry AP. The pace of modern life, revisited. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:1028-1043. [PMID: 34902193 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Wild populations must continuously respond to environmental changes or they risk extinction. Those responses can be measured as phenotypic rates of change, which can allow us to predict contemporary adaptive responses, some of which are evolutionary. About two decades ago, a database of phenotypic rates of change in wild populations was compiled. Since then, researchers have used (and expanded) this database to examine phenotypic responses to specific types of human disturbance. Here, we update the database by adding 5675 new estimates of phenotypic change. Using this newer version of the data base, now containing 7338 estimates of phenotypic change, we revisit the conclusions of four published articles. We then synthesize the expanded database to compare rates of change across different types of human disturbance. Analyses of this expanded database suggest that: (i) a small absolute difference in rates of change exists between human disturbed and natural populations, (ii) harvesting by humans results in higher rates of change than other types of disturbance, (iii) introduced populations have increased rates of change, and (iv) body size does not increase through time. Thus, findings from earlier analyses have largely held-up in analyses of our new database that encompass a much larger breadth of species, traits, and human disturbances. Lastly, we use new analyses to explore how various types of human disturbances affect rates of phenotypic change, and we call for this database to serve as a steppingstone for further analyses to understand patterns of contemporary phenotypic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sanderson
- Department of Biology and Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Rose E O'Dea
- Department of Biology and Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zachary T Wood
- School of Biology and Ecology and Maine Center for Genetics in the Environment, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Cristian Correa
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Conservación Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro de Humedales Río Cruces, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Victor Frankel
- Department of Biology and Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lucas D Gorné
- Department of Biology and Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, IMBiV, Córdoba, Argentina.,Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.,Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Grant E Haines
- Department of Biology and Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael T Kinnison
- School of Biology and Ecology and Maine Center for Genetics in the Environment, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Krista B Oke
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, Alaska, USA
| | - Fanie Pelletier
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, Alaska, USA
| | - Felipe Pérez-Jvostov
- Department of Biology and Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Winer D Reyes-Corral
- Department of Biology and Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yanny Ritchot
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, Alaska, USA
| | - Freedom Sorbara
- Department of Biology and Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kiyoko M Gotanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.,Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew P Hendry
- Department of Biology and Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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14
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Crespel A, Miller T, Rácz A, Parsons K, Lindström J, Killen S. Density influences the heritability and genetic correlations of fish behaviour under trawling-associated selection. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2527-2540. [PMID: 34745341 PMCID: PMC8549612 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fishing-associated selection is one of the most important human-induced evolutionary pressures for natural populations. However, it is unclear whether fishing leads to heritable phenotypic changes in the targeted populations, as the heritability and genetic correlations of traits potentially under selection have received little attention. In addition, phenotypic changes could arise from fishing-associated environmental effects, such as reductions in population density. Using fish reared at baseline and reduced group density and repeatedly harvested by simulated trawling, we show that trawling can induce direct selection on fish social behaviour. As sociability has significant heritability and is also genetically correlated with activity and exploration, trawling has the potential to induce both direct selection and indirect selection on a variety of fish behaviours, potentially leading to evolution over time. However, while trawling selection was consistent between density conditions, the heritability and genetic correlations of behaviours changed according to the population density. Fishing-associated environmental effects can thus modify the evolutionary potential of fish behaviour, revealing the need to use a more integrative approach to address the evolutionary consequences of fishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Crespel
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
- Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Toby Miller
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Anita Rácz
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
- Department of Genetics Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - Kevin Parsons
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Jan Lindström
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Shaun Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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15
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Fernando D, Stewart JD. High bycatch rates of manta and devil rays in the "small-scale" artisanal fisheries of Sri Lanka. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11994. [PMID: 34589295 PMCID: PMC8434810 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Expanding fisheries in developing nations like Sri Lanka have a significant impact on threatened marine species such as elasmobranchs. Manta and devil (mobulid) rays have some of the most conservative life history strategies of any elasmobranch, and even low to moderate levels of bycatch from gillnet fisheries may lead to significant population declines. A lack of information on life history, demographics, population trends, and fisheries impacts hinders effective management measures for these species. Method We report on mobulid fishery landings over nine years between 2011 and 2020 across 38 landing sites in Sri Lanka. We collected data on catch numbers, body sizes, sex, and maturity status for five mobulid species. We used a Bayesian state-space model to estimate monthly country-wide catch rates and total annual landings of mobulid rays. We used catch curve analyses to estimate total mortality for Mobula mobular, and evaluated trends in recorded body sizes across the study period for M. mobular, M. birostris, M. tarapacana and M. thurstoni. Results We find that catch rates have declined an order of magnitude for all species across the study period, and that total annual captures of mobulid rays by the Sri Lankan artisanal fishing fleet exceed the estimated annual captures of mobulids in all global, industrial purse seine fisheries combined. Catch curve analyses suggest that M. mobular is being fished at rates far above the species' intrinsic population growth rate, and the average sizes of all mobulids in the fishery except for M. birostris are declining. Collectively, these findings suggest overfishing of mobulid ray populations in the northern Indian Ocean by Sri Lankan artisanal fisheries. We recommend strengthening the management of these species through improved implementation of CITES, CMS, and regional fisheries management actions. In addition, we report on the demographic characteristics of mobulids landed in Sri Lanka and provide the first record of M. eregoodoo in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernando
- Blue Resources Trust, Colombo, Sri Lanka.,The Manta Trust, Dorchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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16
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Hočevar S, Kuparinen A. Marine food web perspective to fisheries-induced evolution. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2378-2391. [PMID: 34745332 PMCID: PMC8549614 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fisheries exploitation can cause genetic changes in heritable traits of targeted stocks. The direction of selective pressure forced by harvest acts typically in reverse to natural selection and selects for explicit life histories, usually for younger and smaller spawners with deprived spawning potential. While the consequences that such selection might have on the population dynamics of a single species are well emphasized, we are just beginning to perceive the variety and severity of its propagating effects within the entire marine food webs and ecosystems. Here, we highlight the potential pathways in which fisheries-induced evolution, driven by size-selective fishing, might resonate through globally connected systems. We look at: (i) how a size truncation may induce shifts in ecological niches of harvested species, (ii) how a changed maturation schedule might affect the spawning potential and biomass flow, (iii) how changes in life histories can initiate trophic cascades, (iv) how the role of apex predators may be shifting and (v) whether fisheries-induced evolution could codrive species to depletion and biodiversity loss. Globally increasing effective fishing effort and the uncertain reversibility of eco-evolutionary change induced by fisheries necessitate further research, discussion and precautionary action considering the impacts of fisheries-induced evolution within marine food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hočevar
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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17
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Costa E Silva GH, Freitas MO, Abilhoa V. Reproductive biology of the fat snook Centropomus parallelus Poey, 1860 (Teleostei, Centropomidae) and implications for its management in the southern Atlantic Ocean. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:669-672. [PMID: 33656755 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive biology of Centropomus parallelus was described from 589 individuals captured in estuarine and coastal waters in Southern Brazil. Length-frequency distribution showed the dominance of males in smaller length-classes (132-290 mm LT ), whereas females were dominant in larger length-classes (>290 mm LT ). Total length at maturity (L50 ) was 180 mm LT and corresponded to 29% of the maximum length recorded. Histological sections revealed one hermaphrodite (205 mm LT ) and few immature females. Life history traits provided herein can contribute to sustainable fisheries management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisleine Hoffmann Costa E Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Matheus Oliveira Freitas
- Instituto Meros do Brasil, Curitiba, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Ictiofauna, Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Abilhoa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Ictiofauna, Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia, Curitiba, Brazil
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18
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The evolution of developmental thresholds and reaction norms for age and size at maturity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017185118. [PMID: 33558235 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017185118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing organisms typically mature earlier and at larger sizes in favorable growth conditions, while in rarer cases, maturity is delayed. The rarer reaction norm is easily accommodated by general life history models, whereas the common pattern is not. Theory suggests that a solution to this paradox lies in the existence of critical size thresholds at which maturation or metamorphosis can commence, and in the evolution of these threshold sizes in response to environmental variation. For example, ephemeral environments might favor the evolution of smaller thresholds, enabling earlier maturation. The threshold model makes two unique and untested predictions. First, reaction norms for age and size should steepen, and even change sign, with decreases in threshold size; second, food reductions at sizes below the threshold should delay maturation, while those occurring after the threshold should accelerate maturation. We test these predictions through food manipulations in five damselfly species that theory suggests should differ in threshold size. The results provide strong support for the threshold model's predictions. In all species, early food reductions delayed maturation, while late reductions accelerated maturation. Reaction norms were steeper, and the effect of food reductions changed from decelerating to accelerating at a much smaller size in species from ephemeral habitats. These results support the view that developmental thresholds can account for the widespread observation of negative correlations between age and size at maturity. Moreover, evolution of the threshold appears to be both predictable and central to the observed diversity of reaction norms for age and size at maturity.
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19
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20
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Scheuffele H, Jutfelt F, Clark TD. Investigating the gill-oxygen limitation hypothesis in fishes: intraspecific scaling relationships of metabolic rate and gill surface area. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab040. [PMID: 35692494 PMCID: PMC8193116 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Many ectotherms have shown a reduction in maximum body size in the past decades in parallel with climate warming. Indeed, some models forecast a maximum body size decline of 14%-24% by 2050 for numerous fish species. The gill-oxygen limitation (GOL) hypothesis is perhaps the most prominent concept regarding the physiological mechanisms underlying the observed trends, implicating oxygen uptake limitations in driving the decline in fish body size with warming. Current scientific debates, however, demonstrate a clear need for a synthesis of existing empirical evidence to test the fundamental assumptions of the GOL hypothesis. Here, we perform a systematic literature review of the intraspecific allometry of gill surface area (GSA) and metabolic rate. Additionally, we introduce a new parameter, the ratio S, which provides a measure of GSA in relation to the metabolic requirements for maintenance (S SMR) and maximum activity (S AMR). Support for the GOL hypothesis would be evidenced by a universal decline in S with increasing body mass within each species, such that gills become less equipped to supply metabolic requirements as fish grow. In contrast to the predictions of the GOL hypothesis, we show that the scaling exponents for S SMR and S AMR are consistently close to zero, with only a few exceptions where S either increased or decreased. These findings suggest that the GSA of each species is sufficient to meet its oxygen requirements throughout life, and that growth is not universally restricted by oxygen uptake limitations across the gills. We identify the need to investigate hypotheses other than the GOL hypothesis to help explain the observed declines in maximum fish body sizes concurrent with climate warming, in order to facilitate accurate predictions of fish community structure and manage fisheries in the face of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Scheuffele
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 3216 Geelong, Australia
| | - Fredrik Jutfelt
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Timothy D Clark
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 3216 Geelong, Australia
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21
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Araujo JM, Correa SB, Penha J, Anderson J, Traveset A. Implications of overfishing of frugivorous fishes for cryptic function loss in a Neotropical floodplain. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joisiane Mendes Araujo
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Cuiabá Brazil
| | - Sandra Bibiana Correa
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Starkville MS USA
| | - Jerry Penha
- Centro de Biodiversidade Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Cuiabá Brazil
| | - Jill Anderson
- Department of Genetics, and Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | - Anna Traveset
- Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies (CSIC‐UIB)Terrestrial Ecology Group Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain
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22
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Genomic stability through time despite decades of exploitation in cod on both sides of the Atlantic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2025453118. [PMID: 33827928 PMCID: PMC8054022 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025453118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mode and extent of rapid evolution and genomic change in response to human harvesting are key conservation issues. Although experiments and models have shown a high potential for both genetic and phenotypic change in response to fishing, empirical examples of genetic responses in wild populations are rare. Here, we compare whole-genome sequence data of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) that were collected before (early 20th century) and after (early 21st century) periods of intensive exploitation and rapid decline in the age of maturation from two geographically distinct populations in Newfoundland, Canada, and the northeast Arctic, Norway. Our temporal, genome-wide analyses of 346,290 loci show no substantial loss of genetic diversity and high effective population sizes. Moreover, we do not find distinct signals of strong selective sweeps anywhere in the genome, although we cannot rule out the possibility of highly polygenic evolution. Our observations suggest that phenotypic change in these populations is not constrained by irreversible loss of genomic variation and thus imply that former traits could be reestablished with demographic recovery.
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23
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The battle between harvest and natural selection creates small and shy fish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2009451118. [PMID: 33619086 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009451118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Harvest of fish and wildlife, both commercial and recreational, is a selective force that can induce evolutionary changes to life history and behavior. Naturally selective forces may create countering selection pressures. Assessing natural fitness represents a considerable challenge in broadcast spawners. Thus, our understanding about the relative strength of natural and fisheries selection is slim. In the field, we compared the strength and shape of harvest selection to natural selection on body size over four years and behavior over one year in a natural population of a freshwater top predator, the northern pike (Esox lucius). Natural selection was approximated by relative reproductive success via parent-offspring genetic assignments over four years. Harvest selection was measured by comparing individuals susceptible to recreational angling with individuals never captured by this gear type. Individual behavior was measured by high-resolution acoustic telemetry. Harvest and natural size selection operated with equal strength but opposing directions, and harvest size selection was consistently negative in all study years. Harvest selection also had a substantial behavioral component independent of body length, while natural behavioral selection was not documented, suggesting the potential for directional harvest selection favoring inactive, timid fish. Simulations of the outcomes of different fishing regulations showed that traditional minimum size-based harvest limits are unlikely to counteract harvest selection without being completely restrictive. Our study suggests harvest selection may be inevitable and recreational fisheries may thus favor small, inactive, shy, and difficult-to-capture fish. Increasing fractions of shy fish in angling-exploited stocks would have consequences for stock assessment and all fisheries operating with hook and line.
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24
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Prokkola JM, Alioravainen N, Mehtätalo L, Hyvärinen P, Lemopoulos A, Metso S, Vainikka A. Does parental angling selection affect the behavior or metabolism of brown trout parr? Ecol Evol 2021; 11:2630-2644. [PMID: 33767825 PMCID: PMC7981205 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavior of organisms can be subject to human-induced selection such as that arising from fishing. Angling is expected to induce mortality on fish with bold and explorative behavior, which are behaviors commonly linked to a high standard metabolic rate. We studied the transgenerational response of brown trout (Salmo trutta) to angling-induced selection by examining the behavior and metabolism of 1-year-old parr between parents that were or were not captured by experimental fly fishing. We performed the angling selection experiment on both a wild and a captive population, and compared the offspring for standard metabolic rate and behavior under predation risk in common garden conditions. Angling had population-specific effects on risk taking and exploration tendency, but no effects on standard metabolic rate. Our study adds to the evidence that angling can induce transgenerational responses on fish personality. However, understanding the mechanisms of divergent responses between the populations requires further study on the selectivity of angling in various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni M. Prokkola
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
- Present address:
Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Nico Alioravainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Lauri Mehtätalo
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Pekka Hyvärinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)Kainuu Fisheries Research StationPaltamoFinland
| | - Alexandre Lemopoulos
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Sara Metso
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Anssi Vainikka
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
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25
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Salvioli M, Dubbeldam J, Staňková K, Brown JS. Fisheries management as a Stackelberg Evolutionary Game: Finding an evolutionarily enlightened strategy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245255. [PMID: 33471815 PMCID: PMC7817040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish populations subject to heavy exploitation are expected to evolve over time smaller average body sizes. We introduce Stackelberg evolutionary game theory to show how fisheries management should be adjusted to mitigate the potential negative effects of such evolutionary changes. We present the game of a fisheries manager versus a fish population, where the former adjusts the harvesting rate and the net size to maximize profit, while the latter responds by evolving the size at maturation to maximize the fitness. We analyze three strategies: i) ecologically enlightened (leading to a Nash equilibrium in game-theoretic terms); ii) evolutionarily enlightened (leading to a Stackelberg equilibrium) and iii) domestication (leading to team optimum) and the corresponding outcomes for both the fisheries manager and the fish. Domestication results in the largest size for the fish and the highest profit for the manager. With the Nash approach the manager tends to adopt a high harvesting rate and a small net size that eventually leads to smaller fish. With the Stackelberg approach the manager selects a bigger net size and scales back the harvesting rate, which lead to a bigger fish size and a higher profit. Overall, our results encourage managers to take the fish evolutionary dynamics into account. Moreover, we advocate for the use of Stackelberg evolutionary game theory as a tool for providing insights into the eco-evolutionary consequences of exploiting evolving resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Salvioli
- Department of Mathematics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Mathematics, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Johan Dubbeldam
- Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Kateřina Staňková
- Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Joel S. Brown
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States of America
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26
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Gabagambi NP, Skorping A, Chacha M, Jonathan Kihedu K, Mennerat A. Life history shifts in an exploited African fish following invasion by a castrating parasite. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13225-13235. [PMID: 33304532 PMCID: PMC7713912 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary theory predicts that infection by a parasite that reduces future host survival or fecundity should select for increased investment in current reproduction. In this study, we use the cestode Ligula intestinalis and its intermediate fish host Engraulicypris sardella in Wissman Bay, Lake Nyasa (Tanzania), as a model system. Using data about infection of E. sardella fish hosts by L. intestinalis collected for a period of 10 years, we explored whether parasite infection affects the fecundity of the fish host E. sardella, and whether host reproductive investment has increased at the expense of somatic growth. We found that L. intestinalis had a strong negative effect on the fecundity of its intermediate fish host. For the noninfected fish, we observed an increase in relative gonadal weight at maturity over the study period, while size at maturity decreased. These findings suggest that the life history of E. sardella has been shifting toward earlier reproduction. Further studies are warranted to assess whether these changes reflect plastic or evolutionary responses. We also discuss the interaction between parasite and fishery-mediated selection as a possible explanation for the decline of E. sardella stock in the lake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arne Skorping
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Mwita Chacha
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries TechnologyCollege of Agricultural Sciences and Fisheries TechnologyUniversity of Dar es SalaamDar es SalaamTanzania
| | | | - Adele Mennerat
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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27
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Niu Y, Stevens M, Sun H. Commercial Harvesting Has Driven the Evolution of Camouflage in an Alpine Plant. Curr Biol 2020; 31:446-449.e4. [PMID: 33220721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Color in nature mediates numerous among and within species interactions,1 and anthropogenic impacts have long had major influences on the color evolution of wild animals.2 An under-explored area is commercial harvesting, which in animals can exert a strong selection pressure on various traits, sometimes greater even than natural selection or other human activities.3,4 Natural populations of plants that are used by humans have likely also suffered strong pressure from harvesting, yet the potential for evolutionary change induced by humans has received surprisingly little attention.5 Here, we show that the leaf coloration of a herb used in traditional Chinese medicine (Fritillaria delavayi) varies among populations, with leaves matching their local backgrounds most closely. The degree of background matching correlates with estimates of harvest pressure, with plants being more cryptic in heavily collected populations. In a human search experiment, the time it took participants to find plants was greatly influenced by target concealment. These results point to humans as driving the evolution of camouflage in populations of this species through commercial harvesting, changing the phenotype of wild plants in an unexpected and dramatic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Niu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, 650201, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Martin Stevens
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK.
| | - Hang Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, 650201, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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28
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McKinney GJ, Nichols KM, Ford MJ. A mobile sex-determining region, male-specific haplotypes and rearing environment influence age at maturity in Chinook salmon. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:131-147. [PMID: 33111366 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Variation in age at maturity is an important contributor to life history and demographic variation within and among species. The optimal age at maturity can vary by sex, and the ability of each sex to evolve towards its fitness optimum depends on the genetic architecture of maturation. Using GWAS of RAD sequencing data, we show that age at maturity in Chinook salmon exhibits sex-specific genetic architecture, with age at maturity in males influenced by large (up to 20 Mb) male-specific haplotypes. These regions showed no such effect in females. We also provide evidence for translocation of the sex-determining gene between two different chromosomes. This has important implications for sexually antagonistic selection, particularly that sex linkage of adaptive genes may differ within and among populations based on chromosomal location of the sex-determining gene. Our findings will facilitate research into the genetic causes of shifting demography in Chinook salmon as well as a better understanding of sex determination in this species and Pacific salmon in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett J McKinney
- NRC Research Associateship Program, Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Krista M Nichols
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael J Ford
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
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29
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Oke KB, Cunningham CJ, Westley PAH, Baskett ML, Carlson SM, Clark J, Hendry AP, Karatayev VA, Kendall NW, Kibele J, Kindsvater HK, Kobayashi KM, Lewis B, Munch S, Reynolds JD, Vick GK, Palkovacs EP. Recent declines in salmon body size impact ecosystems and fisheries. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4155. [PMID: 32814776 PMCID: PMC7438488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Declines in animal body sizes are widely reported and likely impact ecological interactions and ecosystem services. For harvested species subject to multiple stressors, limited understanding of the causes and consequences of size declines impedes prediction, prevention, and mitigation. We highlight widespread declines in Pacific salmon size based on 60 years of measurements from 12.5 million fish across Alaska, the last largely pristine North American salmon-producing region. Declines in salmon size, primarily resulting from shifting age structure, are associated with climate and competition at sea. Compared to salmon maturing before 1990, the reduced size of adult salmon after 2010 has potentially resulted in substantial losses to ecosystems and people; for Chinook salmon we estimated average per-fish reductions in egg production (-16%), nutrient transport (-28%), fisheries value (-21%), and meals for rural people (-26%). Downsizing of organisms is a global concern, and current trends may pose substantial risks for nature and people.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Oke
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, AK, 99801, USA.
| | - C J Cunningham
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, AK, 99801, USA
- Fisheries, Aquatic Science & Technology Laboratory, Alaska Pacific University, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - P A H Westley
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA.
| | - M L Baskett
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - S M Carlson
- Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - J Clark
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - A P Hendry
- Department of Biology and Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - V A Karatayev
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - N W Kendall
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA, 98501, USA
| | - J Kibele
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - H K Kindsvater
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - K M Kobayashi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - B Lewis
- Division of Commercial Fisheries, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, AK, 99518, USA
| | - S Munch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - J D Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - G K Vick
- GKV & Sons, Contracting to Tanana Chiefs Conference, Fairbanks, AK, 99709, USA
| | - E P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
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30
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Uusi-Heikkilä S. Implications of size-selective fisheries on sexual selection. Evol Appl 2020; 13:1487-1500. [PMID: 32684971 PMCID: PMC7359828 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fisheries often combine high mortality with intensive size selectivity and can, thus, be expected to reduce body size and size variability in exploited populations. In many fish species, body size is a sexually selected trait and plays an important role in mate choice and mate competition. Large individuals are often preferred as mates due to the high fecundity and resources they can provide to developing offspring. Large fish are also successful in competition for mates. Fisheries‐induced reductions in size and size variability can potentially disrupt mating systems and lower average reproductive success by decreasing opportunities for sexual selection. By reducing population sizes, fisheries can also lead to an increased level of inbreeding. Some fish species avoid reproducing with kin, and a high level of relatedness in a population can further disrupt mating systems. Reduced body size and size variability can force fish to change their mate preferences or reduce their choosiness. If mate preference is genetically determined, the adaptive response to fisheries‐induced changes in size and size variability might not occur rapidly. However, much evidence exists for plastic adjustments of mate choice, suggesting that fish might respond flexibly to changes in their social environment. Here, I first discuss how reduced average body size and size variability in exploited populations might affect mate choice and mate competition. I then consider the effects of sex‐biased fisheries on mating systems. Finally, I contemplate the possible effects of inbreeding on mate choice and reproductive success and discuss how mate choice might evolve in exploited populations. Currently, little is known about the mating systems of nonmodel species and about the interplay between size‐selective fisheries and sexual selection. Future studies should focus on how reduced size and size variability and increased inbreeding affect fish mating systems, how persistent these effects are, and how this might in turn affect population demography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silva Uusi-Heikkilä
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
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31
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Legault G, Kingsolver JG. A Stochastic Model for Predicting Age and Mass at Maturity of Insects. Am Nat 2020; 196:227-240. [PMID: 32673092 DOI: 10.1086/709503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Variation in age and mass at maturity is commonly observed in populations, even among individuals with the same genetic and environmental backgrounds. Accounting for such individual variation with a stochastic model is important for estimating optimal evolutionary strategies and for understanding potential trade-offs among life-history traits. However, most studies employ stochastic models that are either phenomenological or account for variation in only one life-history trait. We propose a model based on the developmental biology of the moth Manduca sexta that accounts for stochasticity in two key life-history traits, age and mass at maturity. The model is mechanistic, describing feeding behavior and common insect developmental processes, including the degradation of juvenile hormone prior to molting. We derive a joint probability density function for the model and explore how the distribution of age and mass at maturity is affected by different parameter values. We find that the joint distribution is generally nonnormal and highly sensitive to parameter values. In addition, our model predicts previously observed effects of temperature change and nutritional quality on the expected values of insect age and mass. Our results highlight the importance of integrating multiple sources of stochasticity into life-history models.
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32
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Milot E, Béchet A, Maris V. The dimensions of evolutionary potential in biological conservation. Evol Appl 2020; 13:1363-1379. [PMID: 32684964 PMCID: PMC7359841 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well admitted by ecologists that the conservation of biodiversity should imply preserving the evolutionary processes that will permit its adaptation to ongoing and future environmental changes. This is attested by the ever-growing reference to the conservation of evolutionary potential in the scientific literature. The impression that one may have when reading papers is that conserving evolutionary potential can only be a good thing, whatever biological system is under scrutiny. However, different objectives, such as maintaining species richness versus ecosystem services, may express different, when not conflicting, underlying values attributed to biodiversity. For instance, biodiversity can be intrinsically valued, as worth it to be conserved per se, or it can be conserved as a means for human flourishing. Consequently, both the concept of evolutionary potential and the prescriptions derived from the commitment to conserve it remain problematic, due to a lack of explicit mention of the norms underlying different conservation visions. Here, we contend that those who advocate for the conservation of evolutionary potential should position their conception along four dimensions: what vehicles instantiate the evolutionary potential relevant to their normative commitment; what temporality is involved; how measurable evolutionary potential is, and what degree of human influence is tolerated. We need to address these dimensions if we are to determine why and when the maintenance of evolutionary potential is an appropriate target for the conservation of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Milot
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières Trois-Rivières Québec Canada
| | - Arnaud Béchet
- Tour du Valat Research Institute for the Conservation of Mediterranean Wetlands Arles France
| | - Virginie Maris
- Centre d'écologie fonctionnelle et évolutive, CNRS, EPHE, IRD Univ Montpellier Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
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33
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Evangelista C, Diaz Pauli B, Vøllestad LA, Edeline E. Stoichiometric consequences of size-selective mortality: An experimental test using the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 724:138193. [PMID: 32247139 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The determinants of intraspecific stoichiometric variation remain difficult to elucidate due to their multiple origins (e.g. genetic vs. environmental) and potential interactive effects. We evaluated whether two size-selected lines of medaka (Oryzias latipes) with contrasted life-history strategies (small- and large-breeder lines with slow growth and early maturity vs. fast growth and late maturity) differed in their organismal stoichiometry (percentage and ratios of carbon [C], nitrogen [N] and phosphorus [P]) in a mesocosm experiment. We also tested how size-selection interacted with environmental conditions (i.e. two levels of fish density and light intensity), body condition and sex. Results showed that large-breeder fish were significantly N-enriched compared to small-breeders, while the two size-selected lines did not differ in body P composition. Size-selection interacted with density - high density only affected small-breeders leading to decreasing %C and C: N - and with sex - large-breeder females had higher %C and C:N values than large-breeder males. Finally, C:P and N:P ratios increased with body condition due to decreasing %P. Overall, our results show that the ecological consequences of size-selective mortality extend to organismal stoichiometry and may, from there, change nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Evangelista
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Beatriz Diaz Pauli
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric Edeline
- Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, UPEC, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), F-75252 Paris, France.; ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, INRAE, Agrocampus-Ouest, Rennes, France
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34
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Bowles E, Marin K, Mogensen S, MacLeod P, Fraser DJ. Size reductions and genomic changes within two generations in wild walleye populations: associated with harvest? Evol Appl 2020; 13:1128-1144. [PMID: 32684951 PMCID: PMC7359826 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The extent and rate of harvest‐induced genetic changes in natural populations may impact population productivity, recovery, and persistence. While there is substantial evidence for phenotypic changes in harvested fishes, knowledge of genetic change in the wild remains limited, as phenotypic and genetic data are seldom considered in tandem, and the number of generations needed for genetic changes to occur is not well understood. We quantified changes in size‐at‐age, sex‐specific changes in body size, and genomic metrics in three harvested walleye (Sander vitreus) populations and a fourth reference population with low harvest levels over a 15‐year period in Mistassini Lake, Quebec. We also collected Indigenous knowledge (IK) surrounding concerns about these populations over time. Using ~9,000 SNPs, genomic metrics included changes in population structure, neutral genomic diversity, effective population size, and signatures of selection. Indigenous knowledge revealed overall reductions in body size and number of fish caught. Smaller body size, a small reduction in size‐at‐age, nascent changes to population structure (population differentiation within one river and homogenization between two others), and signatures of selection between historical and contemporary samples reflected coupled phenotypic and genomic change in the three harvested populations in both sexes, while no change occurred in the reference population. Sex‐specific analyses revealed differences in both body size and genomic metrics but were inconclusive about whether one sex was disproportionately affected. Although alternative explanations cannot be ruled out, our collective results are consistent with the hypothesis that genetic changes associated with harvesting may arise within 1–2.5 generations in long‐lived wild fishes. This study thus demonstrates the need to investigate concerns about harvest‐induced evolution quickly once they have been raised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kia Marin
- Concordia University Montreal QC Canada.,Golder Associates Montréal QC Canada
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35
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van Treeck R, Van Wichelen J, Wolter C. Fish species sensitivity classification for environmental impact assessment, conservation and restoration planning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:135173. [PMID: 31796278 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Species conservation, river rehabilitation, stock enhancement, environmental impact assessment and related planning tools require indicators to identify significant impacts but also mitigation success. Since river systems are shaped by disturbances from floods and droughts, typical riverine fish species should have evolved life history traits providing resilience against such disturbances. This study compiled and analyzed resilience traits of European lampreys and fish species to derive a novel sensitivity classification of species to mortality. We assembled life history traits like maximum length, migration type, mortality, fecundity, age at maturity, and generation time of 168 species and created a novel method to weigh and integrate all traits to generate a final sensitivity score from one (low sensitivity) to three (high sensitivity) for each species. Large-bodied, diadromous, rheophilic and lithophilic species such as sturgeons, sea trout, and Atlantic salmon usually appeared to have high sensitivity to additional adult fish mortality, whereas small-bodied, limnophilic and phytophilic species with fast generation cycles were of low sensitivity. The final scoring and classification of 168 European lampreys and fish species according to their sensitivity can be easily regionalized by selecting the most sensitive candidates according to the local species pool. This sensitivity classification has major implications for advancing impact assessment, allowing better targeting of species for conservation measures, benchmarking progress during rehabilitation and enhancing the objective evaluation of the success of restoration projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben van Treeck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jeroen Van Wichelen
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Herman Teirlinckgebouw, Havenlaan 88 bus 73, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Christian Wolter
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany.
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36
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Bianchi SJ, González-Castro M. Reproductive biology of Parona signata (Actinopterygii: Carangidae), a valuable economic resource, in the coastal area of Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2019-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The reproductive biology and life cycle of Parona leatherjacket, Parona signata, present in Mar del Plata (38º 00’S 57º 33’W) coast, was studied. Samples were obtained monthly since January 2018 to February 2019 from the artisanal fishermen and the commercial fleet of Mar del Plata. A histological analysis was carried out and the main biologic-reproductive parameters were estimated: fecundity, oocyte frequency distribution and gonadosomatic index (GSI). Both the macroscopic and microscopic analyses showed reproductive activity in March and November. Mature females were recorded, which showed hydrated oocytes, as was evidenced by the histological procedures. Both, the histological and the oocyte diameter distribution analyses showed the presence of all oocyte maturation stages in ovaries in active-spawning subphase, indicating that P. signata is a multiple spawner with indeterminate annual fecundity. Batch fecundity ranged between 36,426 and 126,035 hydrated oocytes/ female. Relative fecundity ranged between 42 and 150 oocytes/ g female ovary free.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariano González-Castro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
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37
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Natusch DJD, Lyons JA, Mumpuni, Riyanto A, Shine R. Harvest Effects on Blood Pythons in North Sumatra. J Wildl Manage 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. D. Natusch
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth Ryde NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Jessica A. Lyons
- Resource Evaluation and Development Limited Frogs Hollow NSW 2550 Australia
| | - Mumpuni
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for BiologyIndonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Gd. Widyasatwaloka, Jl. Raya Jakarta‐Bogor km 46 Cibinong Bogor West Java Indonesia
| | - Awal Riyanto
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for BiologyIndonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Gd. Widyasatwaloka, Jl. Raya Jakarta‐Bogor km 46 Cibinong Bogor West Java Indonesia
| | - Richard Shine
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie University North Ryde NSW 2109 Australia
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38
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Geladi I, De León LF, Torchin ME, Hendry AP, González R, Sharpe DM. 100-year time series reveal little morphological change following impoundment and predator invasion in two Neotropical characids. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1385-1401. [PMID: 31417622 PMCID: PMC6691216 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human activities are dramatically altering ecosystems worldwide, often resulting in shifts in selection regimes. In response, natural populations sometimes undergo rapid phenotypic changes, which, if adaptive, can increase their probability of persistence. However, in many instances, populations fail to undergo any phenotypic change, which might indicate a variety of possibilities, including maladaptation. In freshwater ecosystems, the impoundment of rivers and the introduction of exotic species are among the leading threats to native fishes. We examined how the construction of the Panama Canal, which formed Lake Gatun, and the subsequent invasion of the predatory Cichla monoculus influenced the morphology of two native fishes: Astyanax ruberrimus and Roeboides spp. Using a 100-year time series, we studied variation in overall body shape over time (before vs. after impoundment and invasion) as well as across space (between an invaded and an uninvaded reservoir). In addition, we examined variation in linear morphological traits associated with swim performance and predator detection/avoidance. Notwithstanding a few significant changes in particular traits in particular comparisons, we found only limited evidence for morphological change associated with these two stressors. Most observed changes were subtle, and tended to be site- and species-specific. The lack of a strong morphological response to these stressors, coupled with dramatic population declines in both species, suggests they may be maladapted to the anthropogenically perturbed environment of Lake Gatun, but direct measures of fitness would be needed to test this. In general, our results suggest that morphological responses to anthropogenic disturbances can be very limited and, when they do occur, are often complex and context-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilke Geladi
- Redpath Museum and Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Luis Fernando De León
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMassachusetts
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de DrogasInstituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT‐AIP)PanamaRepublic of Panama
| | - Mark E. Torchin
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboa, Ancon, PanamaRepublic of Panama
| | - Andrew P. Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Rigoberto González
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboa, Ancon, PanamaRepublic of Panama
| | - Diana M.T. Sharpe
- Redpath Museum and Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboa, Ancon, PanamaRepublic of Panama
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39
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Sbragaglia V, Gliese C, Bierbach D, Honsey AE, Uusi-Heikkilä S, Arlinghaus R. Size-selective harvesting fosters adaptations in mating behaviour and reproductive allocation, affecting sexual selection in fish. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1343-1354. [PMID: 31131886 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of sexual selection in the context of harvest-induced evolution is poorly understood. However, elevated and trait-selective harvesting of wild populations may change sexually selected traits, which in turn can affect mate choice and reproduction. We experimentally evaluated the potential for fisheries-induced evolution of mating behaviour and reproductive allocation in fish. We used an experimental system of zebrafish (Danio rerio) lines exposed to large, small or random (i.e. control) size-selective mortality. The large-harvested line represented a treatment simulating the typical case in fisheries where the largest individuals are preferentially harvested. We used a full factorial design of spawning trials with size-matched individuals to control for the systematic impact of body size during reproduction, thereby singling out possible changes in mating behaviour and reproductive allocation. Both small size-selective mortality and large size-selective mortality left a legacy on male mating behaviour by elevating intersexual aggression. However, there was no evidence for line-assortative reproductive allocation. Females of all lines preferentially allocated eggs to the generally less aggressive males of the random-harvested control line. Females of the large-harvested line showed enhanced reproductive performance, and males of the large-harvested line had the highest egg fertilization rate among all males. These findings can be explained as an evolutionary adaptation by which individuals of the large-harvested line display an enhanced reproductive performance early in life to offset the increased probability of adult mortality due to harvest. Our results suggest that the large-harvested line evolved behaviourally mediated reproductive adaptations that could increase the rate of recovery when populations adapted to high fishing pressure come into secondary contact with other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Sbragaglia
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Livorno, Italy
| | - Catalina Gliese
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Bierbach
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew E Honsey
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Silva Uusi-Heikkilä
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Robert Arlinghaus
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Integrative Fisheries Management, Department of Crop and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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40
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Gíslason D, Heino M, Robinson BW, McLaughlin RB, Dunlop ES. Reaction norm analysis reveals rapid shifts toward delayed maturation in harvested Lake Erie yellow perch ( Perca flavescens). Evol Appl 2019; 12:888-901. [PMID: 31080503 PMCID: PMC6503831 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Harvested marine fish stocks often show a rapid and substantial decline in the age and size at maturation. Such changes can arise from multiple processes including fisheries-induced evolution, phenotypic plasticity, and responses to environmental factors other than harvest. The relative importance of these processes could differ systematically between marine and freshwater systems. We tested for temporal shifts in the mean and within-cohort variability of age- and size-based maturation probabilities of female yellow perch (Perca flavescens Mitchill) from four management units (MUs) in Lake Erie. Lake Erie yellow perch have been commercially harvested for more than a century, and age and size at maturation have varied since sampling began in the 1980s. Our analysis compared probabilistic maturation reaction norms (PMRNs) for cohorts when abundance was lower and harvest higher (1993-1998) to cohorts when abundance was higher and harvest lower (2005-2010). PMRNs have been used in previous studies to detect signs of evolutionary change in response to harvest. Maturation size threshold increased between the early and late cohorts, and the increases were statistically significant for the youngest age in the western MU1 and for older ages in the eastern MU3. Maturation envelope widths, a measure of the variability in maturation among individuals in a cohort, also increased between early and late cohorts in the western MUs where harvest was highest. The highest rates of change in size at maturation for a given age were as large or larger than rates reported for harvested marine fishes where declines in age and size at maturation have been observed. Contrary to the general observation of earlier maturation evolving in harvested stocks, female yellow perch in Lake Erie may be rapidly evolving delayed maturation since harvest was relaxed in the late 1990s, providing a rare example of possible evolutionary recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davíð Gíslason
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
- Matís OhfReykjavíkIceland
| | - Mikko Heino
- Department of BiologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Institute of Marine ResearchBergenNorway
- Evolution and Ecology ProgramInternational Institute for Applied Systems AnalysisLaxenburgAustria
- Institute of OceanographyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Beren W. Robinson
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | | | - Erin S. Dunlop
- Aquatic Research and Monitoring SectionOntario Ministry of Natural Resources and ForestryPeterboroughOntarioCanada
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41
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Cline TJ, Ohlberger J, Schindler DE. Effects of warming climate and competition in the ocean for life-histories of Pacific salmon. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:935-942. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Schilling HT, Smith JA, Stewart J, Everett JD, Hughes JM, Suthers IM. Reduced exploitation is associated with an altered sex ratio and larger length at maturity in southwest Pacific (east Australian) Pomatomus saltatrix. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 147:72-79. [PMID: 31000357 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pomatomus saltatrix is an important recreational fishing species with seven major populations worldwide. The reproductive biology of the southwest Pacific Ocean (east Australian) population is uncertain, with both an extended spawning and multiple spawning periods previously hypothesised. Here we demonstrate an altered sex ratio biased towards females and a larger length at 50% maturity (L50) compared to those recorded for the population 40 years ago, before comprehensive management strategies were implemented. We also report a second, previously undescribed, late-summer spawning event which was identified by analysing patterns in a gonadosomatic index across the whole population and an historical larval fish database. P. saltatrix are capable of spawning multiple times per season with estimates of batch fecundity ranging from 99,488 to 1,424,425 eggs per fish. When combined with the length frequency distribution of the population, the majority of eggs (64%) were shown to be produced by fish ≤40 cm fork length (FL). L50 was estimated at 30.2 and 31.5 cm FL for male and female P. saltatrix respectively, 4 cm larger than 40 years ago. The sex ratio of the population was found to have significantly shifted over the last 40 years from an equal sex ratio to a female dominated population (1.58 females:1 male). These dramatic alterations to the sex ratio and L50 highlights the value of monitoring the reproductive biology of exploited fish populations to ensure that management plans remain appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden T Schilling
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building 19, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia.
| | - James A Smith
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building 19, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
| | - John Stewart
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
| | - Jason D Everett
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building 19, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
| | - Julian M Hughes
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
| | - Iain M Suthers
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building 19, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
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43
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Burns NM, Bailey DM, Wright PJ. A method to improve fishing selectivity through age targeted fishing using life stage distribution modelling. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214459. [PMID: 30939152 PMCID: PMC6445474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding spatial distributions of fish species is important to those seeking to manage fisheries and advise on marine developments. Distribution patterns, habitat use, and aggregative behaviour often vary throughout the life cycle and can increase the vulnerability of certain life stages to anthropogenic impacts. Here we investigate distribution changes during the life cycle of whiting (Merlangius merlangus) to the west of the UK. Density distributions for age-0, age-1 and mature fish were modelled as functions of environmental variables using generalised additive mixed effects models. The greatest densities of age-0 whiting occurred over finer sediments where temperatures were between 12 to 13°C. Age-0 whiting densities decreased with increasing depth. Higher densities of age-1 whiting were also associated with fine sediments and peaked at 60 m, but this influence was also dependent on proximity to shore. Mature fish, while showing no association with any particular sediment type, were strongly associated with depths >60 m. Geostatistical aggregation curves were used to classify space use and showed persistent aggregations of age-0 whiting occupying inshore waters while age-1 and mature fish were more dispersed and differed among years. The differences in distributions among life stages suggested a general coastal to offshore shift as cohorts developed with mature whiting mainly occupying deep offshore waters. The spatial dynamics and areas of persistent life stage aggregation identified here could enable informed targeting and avoidance of specific age-class whiting to aid bycatch reduction. Given that landing obligation legislation is counterproductive unless it encourages greater fishing selectivity, the ability to avoid this species and undersized individuals would aid conservation measures and fishermen alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M. Burns
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Bailey
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Wright
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Gobin J, Lester NP, Fox MG, Dunlop ES. Ecological change alters the evolutionary response to harvest in a freshwater fish. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:2175-2186. [PMID: 30285303 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Harvesting can induce rapid evolution in animal populations, yet the role of ecological change in buffering or enhancing that response is poorly understood. Here, we developed an eco-genetic model to examine how ecological changes brought about by two notorious invasive species, zebra and quagga mussels, influence harvest-induced evolution and resilience in a freshwater fish. Our study focused on lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in the Laurentian Great Lakes, where the species supports valuable commercial and subsistence fisheries, and where the invasion of dreissenid (zebra and quagga) mussels caused drastic shifts in ecosystem productivity. Using our model system, we predicted faster rates of evolution of maturation reaction norms in lake whitefish under pre-invasion ecosystem conditions when growth and recruitment of young to the population were high. Slower growth rates that occurred under post-invasion conditions delayed when fish became vulnerable to the fishery, thus decreasing selection pressure and lessening the evolutionary response to harvest. Fishing with gill nets and traps nets generally selected for early maturation at small sizes, except when fishing at low levels with small mesh gill nets under pre-invasion conditions; in this latter case, evolution of delayed maturation was predicted. Overall, the invasion of dreissenid mussels lessened the evolutionary response to harvest, while also reducing the productivity and commercial yield potential of the stock. These results demonstrate how ecological conditions shape evolutionary outcomes and how invasive species can have a direct effect on evolutionary responses to harvest and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenilee Gobin
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Nigel P Lester
- Aquatic Research and Monitoring Section, Trent University, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 2140 East Bank Drive, DNA Bldg., Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 8N8, Canada
| | - Michael G Fox
- Trent School of the Environment and Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Erin S Dunlop
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada
- Aquatic Research and Monitoring Section, Trent University, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 2140 East Bank Drive, DNA Bldg., Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 8N8, Canada
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45
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Otto SP. Adaptation, speciation and extinction in the Anthropocene. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20182047. [PMID: 30429309 PMCID: PMC6253383 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have dramatically altered the planet over the course of a century, from the acidity of our oceans to the fragmentation of our landscapes and the temperature of our climate. Species find themselves in novel environments, within communities assembled from never before encountered mixtures of invasives and natives. The speed with which the biotic and abiotic environment of species has changed has already altered the evolutionary trajectory of species, a trend that promises to escalate. In this article, I reflect upon this altered course of evolution. Human activities have reshaped selection pressures, favouring individuals that better survive in our built landscapes, that avoid our hunting and fishing, and that best tolerate the species that we have introduced. Human-altered selection pressures have also modified how organisms live and move through the landscape, and even the nature of reproduction and genome structure. Humans are also shaping selection pressures at the species level, and I discuss how species traits are affecting both extinction and speciation rates in the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P Otto
- Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Claireaux M, Jørgensen C, Enberg K. Evolutionary effects of fishing gear on foraging behavior and life-history traits. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:10711-10721. [PMID: 30519400 PMCID: PMC6262916 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fishing gears are designed to exploit the natural behaviors of fish, and the concern that fishing may cause evolution of behavioral traits has been receiving increasing attention. The first intuitive expectation is that fishing causes evolution toward reduced boldness because it selectively removes actively foraging individuals due to their higher encounter rate and vulnerability to typical gear. However, life-history theory predicts that fishing, through shortened life span, favors accelerated life histories, potentially leading to increased foraging and its frequent correlate, boldness. Additionally, individuals with accelerated life histories mature younger and at a smaller size and therefore spend more of their life at a smaller size where mortality is higher. This life-history evolution may prohibit increases in risk-taking behavior and boldness, thus selecting for reduced risk-taking and boldness. Here, we aim to clarify which of these three selective patterns ends up being dominant. We study how behavior-selective fishing affects the optimal behavioral and life-history traits using a state-dependent dynamic programming model. Different gear types were modeled as being selective for foraging or hiding/resting individuals along a continuous axis, including unselective fishing. Compared with unselective harvesting, gears targeting hiding/resting individuals led toward evolution of increased foraging rates and elevated natural mortality rate, while targeting foraging individuals led to evolution of decreased foraging rates and lower natural mortality rate. Interestingly, changes were predicted for traits difficult to observe in the wild (natural mortality and behavior) whereas the more regularly observed traits (length-at-age, age at maturity, and reproductive investment) showed only little sensitivity to the behavioral selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Claireaux
- Institute of Marine ResearchBergenNorway
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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47
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Rapid sex-specific evolution of age at maturity is shaped by genetic architecture in Atlantic salmon. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1800-1807. [PMID: 30275465 PMCID: PMC6322654 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms by which populations adapt to their
environments is a fundamental aim in biology. However, it remains challenging to
identify the genetic basis of traits, provide evidence of genetic changes and
quantify phenotypic responses. Age at maturity in Atlantic salmon represents an
ideal trait to study contemporary adaptive evolution as it has been associated
with a single locus in the vgll3 region, and has also strongly
changed in recent decades. Here, we provide an empirical example of contemporary
adaptive evolution of a large effect locus driving contrasting sex-specific
evolutionary responses at the phenotypic level. We identified an 18% decrease in
the vgll3 allele associated with late maturity
(L) in a large and diverse salmon population over 36 years,
induced by sex-specific selection during the sea migration. Those genetic
changes resulted in a significant evolutionary response in males only, due to
sex-specific dominance patterns and vgll3 allelic effects. The
vgll3 allelic and dominance effects differed greatly in a
second population and were likely to generate different selection and
evolutionary patterns. Our study highlights the importance of knowledge of
genetic architecture to better understand fitness trait evolution and phenotypic
diversity. It also emphasizes the potential role of adaptive evolution in the
trend toward earlier maturation observed in numerous Atlantic salmon populations
worldwide.
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Ayllón D, Railsback SF, Almodóvar A, Nicola GG, Vincenzi S, Elvira B, Grimm V. Eco-evolutionary responses to recreational fishing under different harvest regulations. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:9600-9613. [PMID: 30386560 PMCID: PMC6202708 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Harvesting alters demography and life histories of exploited populations, and there is mounting evidence that rapid phenotypic changes at the individual level can occur when harvest is intensive. Therefore, recreational fishing is expected to induce both ecological and rapid evolutionary changes in fish populations and consequently requires rigorous management. However, little is known about the coupled demographic and evolutionary consequences of alternative harvest regulations in managed freshwater fisheries. We used a structurally realistic individual-based model and implemented an eco-genetic approach that accounts for microevolution, phenotypic plasticity, adaptive behavior, density-dependent processes, and cryptic mortality sources (illegal harvest and hooking mortality after catch and release). We explored the consequences of a range of harvest regulations, involving different combinations of exploitation intensity and minimum and maximum-length limits, on the eco-evolutionary trajectories of a freshwater fish stock. Our 100-year simulations of size-selective harvest through recreational fishing produced negative demographic and structural changes in the simulated population, but also plastic and evolutionary responses that compensated for such changes and prevented population collapse even under intense fishing pressure and liberal harvest regulations. Fishing-induced demographic and evolutionary changes were driven by the harvest regime, and the strength of responses increased with increasing exploitation intensity and decreasing restriction in length limits. Cryptic mortality strongly amplified the impacts of harvest and might be exerting a selective pressure that opposes that of size-selective harvest. "Slot" limits on harvestable length had overall positive effects but lower than expected ability to buffer harvest impacts. Harvest regulations strongly shape the eco-evolutionary dynamics of exploited fish stocks and thus should be considered in setting management policies. Our findings suggest that plastic and evolutionary responses buffer the demographic impacts of fishing, but intense fishing pressure and liberal harvest regulations may lead to an unstructured, juvenescent population that would put the sustainability of the stock at risk. Our study also indicates that high rates of cryptic mortality may make harvest regulations based on harvest slot limits ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ayllón
- Faculty of BiologyDepartment of Biodiversity, Ecology and EvolutionComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
- Department of Ecological ModellingHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZLeipzigGermany
| | - Steven F. Railsback
- Department of MathematicsHumboldt State UniversityArcataCalifornia
- Lang Railsback & AssociatesArcataCalifornia
| | - Ana Almodóvar
- Faculty of BiologyDepartment of Biodiversity, Ecology and EvolutionComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Graciela G. Nicola
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of Castilla‐La ManchaToledoSpain
| | - Simone Vincenzi
- Institute of Marine SciencesUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCalifornia
| | - Benigno Elvira
- Faculty of BiologyDepartment of Biodiversity, Ecology and EvolutionComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Volker Grimm
- Department of Ecological ModellingHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZLeipzigGermany
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Abstract
Human activities are driving rapid phenotypic change in many species, with harvesting considered to be a particularly potent evolutionary force. We hypothesized that faster evolutionary change in human-disturbed populations could be caused by a strengthening of phenotypic selection, for example, if human disturbances trigger maladaptation and/or increase the opportunity for selection. We tested this hypothesis by synthesizing 1,366 phenotypic selection coefficients from 37 species exposed to various anthropogenic disturbances, including harvest. We used a paired design that only included studies measuring selection on the same traits in both human-disturbed and control (not obviously human-disturbed "natural") populations. Surprisingly, this meta-analysis did not reveal stronger selection in human-disturbed environments; in fact, we even found some evidence that human disturbances might slightly reduce selection strength. The only clear exceptions were two fisheries showing very strong harvest selection. On closer inspection, we discovered that many disturbances weakened selection by increasing absolute fitness and by decreasing the opportunity for selection-thus explaining what initially seemed a counterintuitive result. We discuss how human disturbances can sometimes weaken rather than strengthen selection, and why measuring the total effect of disturbances on selection is exceedingly difficult. Despite these challenges, documenting human influences on selection can reveal disturbances with particularly strong effects (e.g., fishing), and thus better inform the management of populations exposed to these disturbances.
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50
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Kindsvater HK, Dulvy NK, Horswill C, Juan-Jordá MJ, Mangel M, Matthiopoulos J. Overcoming the Data Crisis in Biodiversity Conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:676-688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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