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Bento-Lopes L, Cabaço LC, Charneca J, Neto MV, Seabra MC, Barral DC. Melanin's Journey from Melanocytes to Keratinocytes: Uncovering the Molecular Mechanisms of Melanin Transfer and Processing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11289. [PMID: 37511054 PMCID: PMC10379423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin pigmentation ensures efficient photoprotection and relies on the pigment melanin, which is produced by epidermal melanocytes and transferred to surrounding keratinocytes. While the molecular mechanisms of melanin synthesis and transport in melanocytes are now well characterized, much less is known about melanin transfer and processing within keratinocytes. Over the past few decades, distinct models have been proposed to explain how melanin transfer occurs at the cellular and molecular levels. However, this remains a debated topic, as up to four different models have been proposed, with evidence presented supporting each. Here, we review the current knowledge on the regulation of melanin exocytosis, internalization, processing, and polarization. Regarding the different transfer models, we discuss how these might co-exist to regulate skin pigmentation under different conditions, i.e., constitutive and facultative skin pigmentation or physiological and pathological conditions. Moreover, we discuss recent evidence that sheds light on the regulation of melanin exocytosis by melanocytes and internalization by keratinocytes, as well as how melanin is stored within these cells in a compartment that we propose be named the melanokerasome. Finally, we review the state of the art on the molecular mechanisms that lead to melanokerasome positioning above the nuclei of keratinocytes, forming supranuclear caps that shield the nuclear DNA from UV radiation. Thus, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms regulating skin pigmentation, from melanin exocytosis by melanocytes and internalization by keratinocytes to processing and polarization within keratinocytes. A better knowledge of these molecular mechanisms will clarify long-lasting questions in the field that are crucial for the understanding of skin pigmentation and can shed light on fundamental aspects of organelle biology. Ultimately, this knowledge can lead to novel therapeutic strategies to treat hypo- or hyper-pigmentation disorders, which have a high socio-economic burden on patients and healthcare systems worldwide, as well as cosmetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Duarte C. Barral
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (L.B.-L.); (L.C.C.); (J.C.); (M.V.N.); (M.C.S.)
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2
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Kawaguchi K, Watanabe M, Furukawa S, Koga K, Kanamori H, Ikemoto MJ, Takashima S, Maeda M, Oh-Hashi K, Hirata Y, Furuta K, Takemori H. Intermittent inhibition of FYVE finger-containing phosphoinositide kinase induces melanosome degradation in B16F10 melanoma cells. Mol Biol Rep 2023:10.1007/s11033-023-08536-9. [PMID: 37248430 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanosomes are lysosome-related organelles that contain melanogenic factors and synthesize melanin as they mature. FYVE finger-containing phosphoinositide kinase (PIKfyve) regulates late endosome and lysosome morphology, vesicle trafficking, and autophagy. In melanocytes, PIKfyve inhibition has been reported to induce hypopigmentation due to impairments in the metabolism of early-stage melanosomes. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we report a new type of melanosome metabolism: post-PIKfyve inhibition, which was found during the characterization of the endosome/lysosome fluoroprobe GIF-2250. In B16F10 mouse melanoma cells, GIF-2250 highlighted vesicles positive for lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (lysosome marker) and other endosome/lysosome markers (CD63 and Rab7/9). When cells were continuously treated with PIKfyve inhibitors, intracellular vacuoles formed, while GIF-2250 fluorescence signals diminished and were diffusely distributed in the vacuoles. After removal of the PIKfyve inhibitors, the GIF-2250 signal intensity was restored, and some GIF-2250-positive vesicles wrapped the melanosomes, which spun at high speed. In addition, intermittent PIKfyve inhibition caused melanin diffusion in the vacuoles and possible leakage into the cytoplasmic compartments, and melanosome degradation was detected by a transmission electron microscope. Melanosome degradation was accompanied by decreased levels of melanin synthesis enzymes and increased levels of the autophagosome maker LC3BII, which is also associated with early melanosomes. However, the protein levels of p62, which is degraded during autophagy, were increased, suggesting an impairment in autophagy flux during intermittent PIKfyve inhibition. Moreover, the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine does not affect these protein levels, suggesting that the melanosome degradation by the intermittent inhibition of PIKfyve is not mediated by canonical autophagy. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, disturbance of PIKfyve activity induces melanosome degradation in a canonical autophagy-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoka Kawaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Miyu Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Saho Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kenichi Koga
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Kanamori
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Mitsushi J Ikemoto
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, 274-8510, Chiba, Japan
- Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takashima
- Institute for Glycocore Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Miwa Maeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oh-Hashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirata
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kyoji Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemori
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
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Alam MB, Park NH, Song BR, Lee SH. Antioxidant Potential-Rich Betel Leaves ( Piper betle L.) Exert Depigmenting Action by Triggering Autophagy and Downregulating MITF/Tyrosinase In Vitro and In Vivo. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020374. [PMID: 36829933 PMCID: PMC9952209 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Each individual has a unique skin tone based on the types and quantities of melanin pigment, and oxidative stress is a key element in melanogenesis regulation. This research sought to understand the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant and depigmenting properties of betel leaves (Piper betle L.) extract (PBL) and the underlying mechanism. Ethyl acetate fractions of PBL (PBLA) demonstrated excellent phenolic content (342 ± 4.02 mgGAE/g) and strong DPPH, ABTS radicals, and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 41.52 ± 1.02 μg/mL, 45.60 ± 0.56 μg/mL, and 51.42 ± 1.25 μg/mL, respectively. Contrarily, ethanolic extract of PBL (PBLE) showed potent mushroom, mice, and human tyrosinase inhibition activity (IC50 = 7.72 ± 0.98 μg/mL, 20.59 ± 0.83 μg/mL and 24.78 ± 0.56 μg/mL, respectively). According to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, PBL is abundant in caryophyllene, eugenol, O-eugenol, 3-Allyl-6-methoxyphenyl acetate, and chavicol. An in vitro and in vivo investigation showed that PBLE suppressed tyrosinase (Tyr), tyrosinase-related protein-1 and -2 (Trp-1 and Trp-2), and microphthalmia-associated transcription factors (MITF), decreasing the formation of melanin in contrast to the untreated control. PBLE reduced the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response to an element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation by preventing the synthesis of cAMP. Additionally, it activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38), destroying Tyr and MITF and avoiding melanin production. Higher levels of microtubule-associated protein-light chain 3 (LC3-II), autophagy-related protein 5 (Atg5), Beclin 1, and lower levels of p62 demonstrate that PBLE exhibits significant anti-melanogenic effects via an autophagy-induction mechanism, both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, PBLE significantly reduced the amount of lipid peroxidation while increasing the activity of several antioxidant enzymes in vivo, such as catalase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and thioredoxin. PBLE can therefore be employed in topical formulations as a potent skin-whitening agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Badrul Alam
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, Inner Beauty/Antiaging Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Hyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Rim Song
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Han Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, Inner Beauty/Antiaging Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-053-950-7754
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Waku T, Nakada S, Masuda H, Sumi H, Wada A, Hirose S, Aketa I, Kobayashi A. The CNC-family transcription factor Nrf3 coordinates the melanogenesis cascade through macropinocytosis and autophagy regulation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111906. [PMID: 36640303 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is a pigment produced from the amino acid L-tyrosine in melanosomes. The CNC-family transcription factor Nrf3 is expressed in the basal layer of the epidermis, where melanocytes reside, but its melanogenic function is unclear. Here, we show that Nrf3 regulates macropinocytosis and autophagy to coordinate melanogenesis cascade. In response to an exogenous inducer of melanin production, forskolin, Nrf3 upregulates the core melanogenic gene circuit, which includes Mitf, Tyr, Tyrp1, Pmel, and Oca2. Furthermore, Nrf3 induces the gene expression of Cln3, an autophagosome-related factor, for melanin precursor uptake by macropinocytosis. Ulk2 and Gabarapl2 are also identified as Nrf3-target autophagosome-related genes for melanosome formation. In parallel, Nrf3 prompts autolysosomal melanosome degradation for melanocyte survival. An endogenous melanogenic inducer αMSH also activates Nrf3-mediated melanin production, whereas it is suppressed by an HIV-1 protease inhibitor, nelfinavir. These findings indicate the significant role of Nrf3 in the melanogenesis and the anti-melanogenic potential of nelfinavir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Waku
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan.
| | - Sota Nakada
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Haruka Masuda
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Haruna Sumi
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Ayaka Wada
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Shuuhei Hirose
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Iori Aketa
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Akira Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan; Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan.
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Shining Light on Autophagy in Skin Pigmentation and Pigmentary Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192999. [PMID: 36230960 PMCID: PMC9563738 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a vital process for cell survival and it preserves homeostasis by recycling or disassembling unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular constituents. Autophagy ameliorates skin integrity, regulating epidermal differentiation and constitutive pigmentation. It induces melanogenesis and contributes to skin color through melanosome turnover. Autophagy activity is involved in skin phenotypic plasticity and cell function maintenance and, if altered, it concurs to the onset and/or progression of hypopigmentary and hyperpigmentary disorders. Overexpression of autophagy exerts a protective role against the intrinsic metabolic stress occurring in vitiligo skin, while its dysfunction has been linked to the tuberous sclerosis complex hypopigmentation. Again, autophagy impairment reduces melanosome degradation by concurring to pigment accumulation characterizing senile lentigo and melasma. Here we provide an updated review that describes recent findings on the crucial role of autophagy in skin pigmentation, thus revealing the complex interplay among melanocyte biology, skin environment and autophagy. Hence, targeting this process may also represent a promising strategy for treating pigmentary disorders.
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6
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Human milk oligosaccharide 2'-fucosyllactose promotes melanin degradation via the autophagic AMPK-ULK1 signaling axis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13983. [PMID: 35977966 PMCID: PMC9385628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17896-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There is still an unmet need for development of safer antimelanogenic or melanin-degrading agents for skin hyperpigmentation, induced by intrinsic or extrinsic factors including aging or ultraviolet irradiation. Owing to the relatively low cytotoxicity compared with other chemical materials, several studies have explored the role of 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), the most dominant component of human milk oligosaccharides. Here, we showed that 2'-FL reduced melanin levels in both melanocytic cells and a human skin equivalent three-dimensional in vitro model. Regarding the cellular and molecular mechanism, 2'-FL induced LC3I conversion into LC3II, an autophagy activation marker, followed by the formation of LC3II+/PMEL+ autophagosomes. Comparative transcriptome analysis provided a comprehensive understanding for the up- and downstream cellular processes and signaling pathways of the AMPK–ULK1 signaling axis triggered by 2'-FL treatment. Moreover, 2'-FL activated the phosphorylation of AMPK at Thr172 and of ULK1 at Ser555, which were readily reversed in the presence of dorsomorphin, a specific AMPK inhibitor, with consequent reduction of the 2'-FL-mediated hypopigmentation. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that 2'-FL promotes melanin degradation by inducing autophagy through the AMPK–ULK1 axis. Hence, 2'-FL may represent a new natural melanin-degrading agent for hyperpigmentation.
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7
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Lee KW, Kim M, Lee SH, Kim KD. The Function of Autophagy as a Regulator of Melanin Homeostasis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132085. [PMID: 35805169 PMCID: PMC9265842 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanosomes are melanocyte-specific organelles that protect cells from ultraviolet (UV)-induced deoxyribonucleic acid damage through the production and accumulation of melanin and are transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes. The relatively well-known process by which melanin is synthesized from melanocytes is known as melanogenesis. The relationship between melanogenesis and autophagy is attracting the attention of researchers because proteins associated with autophagy, such as WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, autophagy-related (ATG)7, ATG4, beclin-1, and UV-radiation resistance-associated gene, contribute to the melanogenesis signaling pathway. Additionally, there are reports that some compounds used as whitening cosmetics materials induce skin depigmentation through autophagy. Thus, the possibility that autophagy is involved in the removal of melanin has been suggested. To date, however, there is a lack of data on melanosome autophagy and its underlying mechanism. This review highlights the importance of autophagy in melanin homeostasis by providing an overview of melanogenesis, autophagy, the autophagy machinery involved in melanogenesis, and natural compounds that induce autophagy-mediated depigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Won Lee
- PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Minju Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.K.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Si Hyeon Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.K.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Kwang Dong Kim
- PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.K.); (S.H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1365; Fax: +82-55-772-1359
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Dimethyl Itaconate Reduces α-MSH-Induced Pigmentation via Modulation of AKT and p38 MAPK Signaling Pathways in B16F10 Mouse Melanoma Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134183. [PMID: 35807430 PMCID: PMC9268225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl itaconate (DMI) exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect. Activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is implicated in the inhibition of melanogenesis. Therefore, DMI and itaconic acid (ITA), classified as NRF2 activators, have potential uses in hyperpigmentation reduction. The activity of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB), an important transcription factor for MITF gene promoter, is regulated by glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and protein kinase A (PKA). Here, we investigated the inhibitory effect of ITA and DMI on alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced MITF expression and the modulatory role of protein kinase B (AKT) and GSK3β in melanogenesis in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. These cells were incubated with α-MSH alone or in combination with ITA or DMI. Proteins were visualized and quantified using immunoblotting and densitometry. Compared to ITA, DMI treatment exhibited a better inhibitory effect on the α-MSH-induced expression of melanogenic proteins such as MITF. Our data indicate that DMI exerts its anti-melanogenic effect via modulation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and AKT signaling pathways. In conclusion, DMI may be an effective therapeutic agent for both inflammation and hyperpigmentation.
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Jun SL, Sun J, Huo X, Feng Q, Li Y, Xie X, Geng S. Lipopolysaccharide reduces melanin synthesis in vitiligo melanocytes by regulating autophagy. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1579-1585. [PMID: 35733278 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune-related disease with a complex aetiology that involves innate immunity. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important parts of innate immunity and are related to a variety of autoimmune diseases, including vitiligo, through an unknown mechanism. In this study, we found that the TLR4 gene expression was increased in blood samples of patients with advanced stage vitiligo, and then we evaluated the effect of TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on melanin synthesis in a vitiligo melanocyte cell line PIG3V and along with its mechanism. LPS suppressed melanin synthesis, downregulated the expression of melanin synthesis-related proteins, and activated autophagy in vitiligo melanocytes. Inhibiting autophagy with 3-methyladenine or chloroquine blocked these effects. This suggests that LPS inhibits skin pigmentation by modulating autophagy, thus providing novel insights into the pathogenesis of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Li Jun
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Central Laboratory of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingying Sun
- Central Laboratory of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xueping Huo
- Central Laboratory of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qing Feng
- Central Laboratory of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Li
- Central Laboratory of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Songmei Geng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Yu H, Lin X, Huang Y, Cheng H, Seifert O. The Difference in Expression of Autophagy-Related Proteins in Lesional and Perilesional Skin in Adult Patients with Active and Stable Generalized Vitiligo-A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study. Indian J Dermatol 2021; 66:331-336. [PMID: 34759388 PMCID: PMC8530050 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_774_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Autophagy plays an important role in maintaining intracellular homeostasis and is essential for cell survival and cell death. Dysfunction of autophagy has been described in many autoimmune diseases but data on vitiligo are scarce. Aims: The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the expression of autophagy-related proteins in patients with vitiligo. Methods: Western blotting was used to analyze the expression of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3II/I), autophagy-related gene 5 (Agt5), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p62 in lesional and perilesional vitiligo skin from seven patients with active generalized vitiligo and nine patients with stable generalized vitiligo compared to control skin from six healthy subjects. Results: Our data showed increased expression of the autophagy marker LC3II/I and decreased p62 protein expression in lesional skin of active and stable vitiligo compared to control skin (P < 0.01). No significant difference in the expression of LC3II/I and p62 was found in perilesional skin of active vitiligo patients (P > 0.05) compared to control skin. Expression of LC3II/I in stable vitiligo lesional skin was higher and p62 expression was lower compared to active vitiligo lesional skin (P < 0.01). Decreased p62 expression was shown in perilesional skin of stable vitiligo patients (P < 0.05). Agt5 protein in lesional and perilesional skin of both active and stable vitiligo patients were increased (P < 0.01 and P< 0.05) compared to control skin. The expression of mTOR protein in lesional and perilesional skin of active and stable vitiligo patients was significantly lower than in control skin (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The present study indicates increased autophagy in lesional skin in vitiligo patients. Stable vitiligo lesional skin showed increased autophagy compared to active vitiligo lesional skin. Missing activation of autophagy in active vitiligo perilesional skin suggests disturbed autophagy to be associated with vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, 3 Qinchun Road East, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoxia Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, 3 Qinchun Road East, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaoyao Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, 3 Qinchun Road East, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, 3 Qinchun Road East, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Oliver Seifert
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Ryhov Hospital, Region Jönköping County, Jönköping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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11
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Yu H, Cen J, Lin X, Cheng H, Seifert O. Imiquimod induced vitiligo-like lesions-A consequence of modified melanocyte function. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2021; 10:70-77. [PMID: 34614305 PMCID: PMC8669695 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Imiquimod plays an important role in the management of condyloma and premalignant lesions. Successively, an increase of hypopigmented lesions following imiquimod application has been reported. However, the mechanisms of imiquimod on melanocytes remain unclear. This study was designed to assess the effect of Imiquimod on the functions of melanocytes in vitro. METHODS Primary cultured melanocytes were isolated from normal control skin tissue. After incubation with imiquimod for 48 h in vitro, cell viability was analyzed by cell counting kit-8 assay. Apoptosis was detected using the Annexin V-fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate flow cytometry assay. Melanin content and tyrosinase activity in melanocytes were measured by colorimetric method and the modified dopachrome method. The production of inflammatory cytokine interleukin 8 (IL-8), IL-6, and soluble ICAM-1 (soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1[sICAM-1]) in melanocytes were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) protein, and autophagy-related proteins microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3-II), p62, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and Atg5 were assessed using western blot analysis. RESULTS Imiquimod significantly inhibited the activity of tyrosinase activity and decreased melanin content in melanocytes and significantly increased apoptosis and IL-6, IL-8, and sICAM-1 production in melanocytes. Moreover, the expression of TLR7 and TLR9 proteins were significantly increased, and the expression of mTOR, p62 protein were markedly decreased, but the expression of LC3II/I and Atg5 protein were significantly increased in melanocytes after incubating with imiquimod. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that imiquimod directly inhibits melanogenesis and increases melanocyte apoptosis rates. These effects combined with the upregulation of TLR7 and TLR9 together with increased autophagy activity and inflammatory cytokines production, might be the main reasons leading to hypopigmented lesions after imiquimod application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianping Cen
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoxia Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Oliver Seifert
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Ryhov Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden.,Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Evaluating Whether Radiofrequency Irradiation Attenuated UV-B-Induced Skin Pigmentation by Increasing Melanosomal Autophagy and Decreasing Melanin Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910724. [PMID: 34639063 PMCID: PMC8509725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is involved in the degradation of melanosomes and the determination of skin color. TLR4 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling upregulates NF-kB expression, which is involved in the upregulation of mTOR. The activation of mTOR by UV-B exposure results in decreased autophagy, whereas radiofrequency (RF) irradiation decreases TLR4 and TNF receptor (TNFR) expression. We evaluated whether RF decreased skin pigmentation by restoring autophagy by decreasing the expression of TLR4 or TNFR/NF-κB/mTOR in the UV-B-irradiated animal model. UV-B radiation induced the expressions of TNFR, TLR, and NF-κB in the skin, which were all decreased by RF irradiation. RF irradiation also decreased phosphorylated mTOR expression and upregulated autophagy initiation factors such as FIP200, ULK1, ULK2, ATG13, and ATG101 in the UV-B-irradiated skin. Beclin 1 expression and the expression ratio of LC3-I to LC3-II were increased by UV-B/RF irradiation. Furthermore, melanin-containing autophagosomes increased with RF irradiation. Fontana-Masson staining showed that the amount of melanin deposition in the skin was decreased by RF irradiation. This study showed that RF irradiation decreased skin pigmentation by restoring melanosomal autophagy, and that the possible signal pathways which modulate autophagy could be TLR4, TNFR, NF-κB, and mTOR.
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Chen SJ, Hseu YC, Gowrisankar YV, Chung YT, Zhang YZ, Way TD, Yang HL. The anti-melanogenic effects of 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid via Nrf2-mediated α-MSH inhibition in UVA-irradiated keratinocytes and autophagy induction in melanocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 173:151-169. [PMID: 34314818 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid (EAA) is an ether-derivative of ascorbic acid, known to inhibit tyrosinase activity, and is widely used in skincare formulations. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying the EAA's effects are poorly understood. Here, the anti-melanogenic activity of EAA was demonstrated through Nrf2-mediated α-MSH inhibition in UVA-irradiated keratinocytes (HaCaT) and autophagy induction and inhibition of α-MSH-stimulated melanogenesis in melanocytes (B16F10). EAA pretreatment increased the HaCaT cell viability but suppressed ROS-mediated p53/POMC/α-MSH pathways in UVA-irradiated cells. Further, the conditioned medium from EAA-pretreated and UVA-irradiated HaCaT cells suppressed the MITF-CREB-tyrosinase pathways leading to the inhibition of melanin synthesis in B16F10 cells. EAA treatment increased nuclear Nrf2 translocation via the p38, PKC, and ROS pathways leading to HO-1, γ-GCLC, and NQO-1 antioxidant expression in HaCaT cells. However, Nrf2 silencing reduced the EAA-mediated anti-melanogenic activity, evidenced by impaired antioxidant gene expression and uncontrolled ROS (H202) generation following UVA irradiation. In B16F10 cells, EAA-induced autophagy was shown by enhanced LC3-II levels, AVO formation, Beclin-1 upregulation, and activation of p62/SQSTM1. Further, EAA-induced anti-melanogenic activity was substantially decreased in autophagy inhibitor (3-MA) pretreated or LC3 knockdown B16F10 cells. Notably, transmission electron microscopy data showed increased melanosome-engulfing autophagosomes in EAA-treated B16F10 cells. Moreover, EAA also down-regulated MC1R, TRP-1/-2, tyrosinase expressions, and melanin synthesis by suppressing the cAMP-CREB-mediated MITF expression in B16F10 cells stimulated with α-MSH. In vivo studies on the zebrafish model further confirmed that EAA inhibited tyrosinase expression/activity and endogenous pigmentation. In conclusion, 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid is an effective skin-whitening agent and could be used as a topical agent for cosmetic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siang-Jyun Chen
- Institute of Nutrition, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan
| | - You-Cheng Hseu
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 413005, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan; Research Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan.
| | | | - Yi-Ting Chung
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Der Way
- Department of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ling Yang
- Institute of Nutrition, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan.
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Figon F, Hurbain I, Heiligenstein X, Trépout S, Lanoue A, Medjoubi K, Somogyi A, Delevoye C, Raposo G, Casas J. Catabolism of lysosome-related organelles in color-changing spiders supports intracellular turnover of pigments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2103020118. [PMID: 34433668 PMCID: PMC8536372 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment organelles of vertebrates belong to the lysosome-related organelle (LRO) family, of which melanin-producing melanosomes are the prototypes. While their anabolism has been extensively unraveled through the study of melanosomes in skin melanocytes, their catabolism remains poorly known. Here, we tap into the unique ability of crab spiders to reversibly change body coloration to examine the catabolism of their pigment organelles. By combining ultrastructural and metal analyses on high-pressure frozen integuments, we first assess whether pigment organelles of crab spiders belong to the LRO family and second, how their catabolism is intracellularly processed. Using scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron tomography, and nanoscale Synchrotron-based scanning X-ray fluorescence, we show that pigment organelles possess ultrastructural and chemical hallmarks of LROs, including intraluminal vesicles and metal deposits, similar to melanosomes. Monitoring ultrastructural changes during bleaching suggests that the catabolism of pigment organelles involves the degradation and removal of their intraluminal content, possibly through lysosomal mechanisms. In contrast to skin melanosomes, anabolism and catabolism of pigments proceed within the same cell without requiring either cell death or secretion/phagocytosis. Our work hence provides support for the hypothesis that the endolysosomal system is fully functionalized for within-cell turnover of pigments, leading to functional maintenance under adverse conditions and phenotypic plasticity. First formulated for eye melanosomes in the context of human vision, the hypothesis of intracellular turnover of pigments gets unprecedented strong support from pigment organelles of spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Figon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France;
| | - Ilse Hurbain
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Infrastructures en Biologie, Santé et Agronomie [PICT-IBiSA]), PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvain Trépout
- Institut Curie, INSERM U1196, CNRS UMR 9187, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Arnaud Lanoue
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Équipe d'Accueil 2106, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | | | | | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Infrastructures en Biologie, Santé et Agronomie [PICT-IBiSA]), PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Infrastructures en Biologie, Santé et Agronomie [PICT-IBiSA]), PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Casas
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France;
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15
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Cathepsin L, a Target of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1-α, Is Involved in Melanosome Degradation in Melanocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168596. [PMID: 34445307 PMCID: PMC8395286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic conditions induce the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) to restore the supply of oxygen to tissues and cells. Activated HIF-1α translocates into the nucleus and binds to hypoxia response elements to promote the transcription of target genes. Cathepsin L (CTSL) is a lysosomal protease that degrades cellular proteins via the endolysosomal pathway. In this study, we attempted to determine if CTSL is a hypoxia responsive target gene of HIF-1α, and decipher its role in melanocytes in association with the autophagic pathway. The results of our luciferase reporter assay showed that the expression of CTSL is transcriptionally activated through the binding of HIF1-α at its promoter. Under autophagy-inducing starvation conditions, HIF-1α and CTSL expression is highly upregulated in melan-a cells. The mature form of CTSL is closely involved in melanosome degradation through lysosomal activity upon autophagosome–lysosome fusion. The inhibition of conversion of pro-CTSL to mature CTSL leads to the accumulation of gp100 and tyrosinase in addition to microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) II, due to decreased lysosomal activity in the autophagic pathway. In conclusion, we have identified that CTSL, a novel target of HIF-1α, participates in melanosome degradation in melanocytes through lysosomal activity during autophagosome–lysosome fusion.
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16
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Allouche J, Rachmin I, Adhikari K, Pardo LM, Lee JH, McConnell AM, Kato S, Fan S, Kawakami A, Suita Y, Wakamatsu K, Igras V, Zhang J, Navarro PP, Lugo CM, Noonan HR, Christie KA, Itin K, Mujahid N, Lo JA, Won CH, Evans CL, Weng QY, Wang H, Osseiran S, Lovas A, Németh I, Cozzio A, Navarini AA, Hsiao JJ, Nguyen N, Kemény LV, Iliopoulos O, Berking C, Ruzicka T, Gonzalez-José R, Bortolini MC, Canizales-Quinteros S, Acuna-Alonso V, Gallo C, Poletti G, Bedoya G, Rothhammer F, Ito S, Schiaffino MV, Chao LH, Kleinstiver BP, Tishkoff S, Zon LI, Nijsten T, Ruiz-Linares A, Fisher DE, Roider E. NNT mediates redox-dependent pigmentation via a UVB- and MITF-independent mechanism. Cell 2021; 184:4268-4283.e20. [PMID: 34233163 PMCID: PMC8349839 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light and incompletely understood genetic and epigenetic variations determine skin color. Here we describe an UV- and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF)-independent mechanism of skin pigmentation. Targeting the mitochondrial redox-regulating enzyme nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) resulted in cellular redox changes that affect tyrosinase degradation. These changes regulate melanosome maturation and, consequently, eumelanin levels and pigmentation. Topical application of small-molecule inhibitors yielded skin darkening in human skin, and mice with decreased NNT function displayed increased pigmentation. Additionally, genetic modification of NNT in zebrafish alters melanocytic pigmentation. Analysis of four diverse human cohorts revealed significant associations of skin color, tanning, and sun protection use with various single-nucleotide polymorphisms within NNT. NNT levels were independent of UVB irradiation and redox modulation. Individuals with postinflammatory hyperpigmentation or lentigines displayed decreased skin NNT levels, suggesting an NNT-driven, redox-dependent pigmentation mechanism that can be targeted with NNT-modifying topical drugs for medical and cosmetic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Allouche
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Inbal Rachmin
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kaustubh Adhikari
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Luba M Pardo
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 03722 Seoul, Korea
| | - Alicia M McConnell
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shinichiro Kato
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Immunology, Center for 5D Cell Dynamics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shaohua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Akinori Kawakami
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Yusuke Suita
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Vivien Igras
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jianming Zhang
- National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Paula P Navarro
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Camila Makhlouta Lugo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Haley R Noonan
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kathleen A Christie
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kaspar Itin
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nisma Mujahid
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; University of Utah, Department of Dermatology, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Jennifer A Lo
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Chong Hyun Won
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, 05505 Seoul, Korea
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Qing Yu Weng
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Hequn Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sam Osseiran
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Alyssa Lovas
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - István Németh
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Antonio Cozzio
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alexander A Navarini
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer J Hsiao
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nhu Nguyen
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Lajos V Kemény
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Othon Iliopoulos
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Carola Berking
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ruzicka
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Rolando Gonzalez-José
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas-Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn U912OACD, Argentina
| | - Maria-Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Carla Gallo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Giovanni Poletti
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Gabriel Bedoya
- Genética Molecular (GENMOL), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 5001000, Colombia
| | - Francisco Rothhammer
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000009, Chile; Programa de Genetica Humana, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 1027, Chile
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Maria Vittoria Schiaffino
- Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Luke H Chao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin P Kleinstiver
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah Tishkoff
- Departments of Genetics and Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tamar Nijsten
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrés Ruiz-Linares
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; UMR 7268, CNRS-EFS-ADES, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13005, France
| | - David E Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Elisabeth Roider
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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Codonopsis pilosula Extract Protects Melanocytes against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress by Activating Autophagy. COSMETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics8030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, as the anti-aging role of melanin in the skin and the inhibition of melanin production has been identified, the development of materials capable of maintaining skin homeostasis has been attracting attention. In this study, we further investigated the anti-melanogenic effect of Codonopsis pilosula extract (CPE) and, under oxidative stress, the cytoprotective effect in Melan-a melanocytes exposed to H2O2. First, CPE treatment significantly reduced melanin production by inhibiting melanogenesis-associated proteins, including microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP 2), as a result of the phosphorylation of MAPK/JNK in Melan-a cells. Next, to investigate the protective effects of the CPE on oxidative-stress-induced skin injury and its molecular mechanism, we determined the effect of CPE after inducing oxidative stress by exposing melanocytes to H2O2. CPE protected cells from H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by reducing the expression of the gene encoding the Bax pro-apoptotic protein, whereas it induced the genes encoding the B-cell lymphoma 3 (Bcl2) family and MITF, which is a transcriptional regulator that promotes melanocyte differentiation. Furthermore, our results show that CPE enhanced the production of autophagy-related proteins such as Beclin-1 and light chain 3 (LC3) II; this was substantially reversed by 3-methyladenin (MA, an autophagy inhibitor) pretreatment. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that CPE treatment exhibits not only an anti-melanogenic effect in normal melanocytes, but also a cytoprotective effect in melanocytes subjected to oxidative stress by inducing autophagy and MITF expression. Therefore, we believe that CPE is a potent candidate for cell maintenance in melanocytes.
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Jiang S, Liao ZK, Jia HY, Liu XM, Wan J, Lei TC. The regional distribution of melanosomes in the epidermis affords a localized intensive photoprotection for basal keratinocyte stem cells. J Dermatol Sci 2021; 103:130-134. [PMID: 34238637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human skin is a highly efficient self-renewing barrier that is critical to withstanding environmental insults. Undifferentiated keratinocyte stem cells reside in the basal layer of the epidermis and in hair follicles that continuously give rise to progenies ensuring epidermal turnover and renewal. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a proven cause of skin keratinocyte cancers, which preferentially occur at sun-exposed areas of the skin. Fortunately, melanocytes produce melanin that is packaged in specific organelles (termed melanosomes) that are then delivered to nearby keratinocytes, endowing the recipient cells with photoprotection. It has long been thought that melanosome transfer takes place stochastically from melanocytes to keratinocytes via an as-yet-unrecognized manner. However, recent studies have indicated that melanosomes are distributed regionally in the basal layer of the skin, affording localized intensive photoprotection for progenitor keratinocytes and stem cells that reside in the microenvironment of the basal epidermis. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about molecular and cellular mechanisms that are responsible for the selective transfer and exclusive degradation of melanosomes in the epidermis, emphasizing implications for skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Kai Liao
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Yan Jia
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wan
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tie-Chi Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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19
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Hseu YC, Vudhya Gowrisankar Y, Wang LW, Zhang YZ, Chen XZ, Huang PJ, Yen HR, Yang HL. The in vitro and in vivo depigmenting activity of pterostilbene through induction of autophagy in melanocytes and inhibition of UVA-irradiated α-MSH in keratinocytes via Nrf2-mediated antioxidant pathways. Redox Biol 2021; 44:102007. [PMID: 34049220 PMCID: PMC8167190 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pterostilbene (Pt) is a natural polyphenol found in blueberries and several grape varieties. Pt's pharmacological importance was well documented. Nevertheless, the depigmenting effects are not demonstrated. We evaluated the Pt's depigmenting effects through autophagy induction in B16F10 cells and inhibition of UVA (3 J/cm2)-irradiated α-MSH in keratinocyte HaCaT cells via Nrf2-mediated antioxidant pathways. Pt (2.5–5μM) attenuated ROS production and downregulated the POMC/α-MSH pathway in HaCaT cells. The conditioned medium-derived from UVA-irradiated HaCaT pretreated with Pt suppressed melanogenesis in B16F10 through MITF-CREB-tyrosinase pathway downregulation. Interestingly, Pt-induced HaCaT autophagy was revealed by enhanced LC3-II accumulation, p62/SQSTM1 activation, and AVO formation. Pt significantly decreased melanosome gp100 but increased LC3-II levels in HaCaT cells exposed to B16F10-derived melanin. Pt activated and facilitated the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway in HaCaT cells leading to increased HO-1, γ-GCLC, and NQO-1 antioxidant protein expression. ERK, AMPK, and ROS pathways mediate the Nrf2 activation. However, Nrf2 knockdown suppressed Pt's antioxidant ability leading to uncontrolled ROS and α-MSH levels after UVA-irradiation suggested the essentiality of the Nrf2 pathway. Moreover, in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells, Pt (10–30 μM) downregulated the MC1R, MITF, tyrosinase, TRP-1/-2, and melanin expression. Further, Pt showed potent anti-melanogenic effects through autophagy induction mechanism in B16F10 cells, verified by increased LC3-II/p62 levels, AVO formation, and Beclin-1/Bcl-2 ratio, decreased ATG4B levels and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Transmission electron microscopy provided direct evidence by showing autophagosomes engulfing melanosomes following Pt treatment in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells. Moreover, Pt-induced anti-melanogenic activity through the downregulation of CREB-MITF pathway-mediated TRP-1/-2, tyrosinase expressions, melanosome formation, and melanin synthesis was substantially reversed due to 3-MA (autophagy inhibitor) pretreatment or LC3 silencing in B16F10 cells. In vivo results also confirmed that Pt-inhibited tyrosinase expression/activity and endogenous pigmentation in the zebrafish model. Therefore, pterostilbene is a potent skin-whitening and antioxidant agent and could be used in skin-whitening formulations as a topical applicant. Pt inhibits ROS-mediated POMC/α-MSH pathway in UVA-irradiated HaCaT cells. Pt activates Nrf2-mediated HO-1, γ-GCLC, and NQO-1 expression in HaCaT cells. Pt-induces autophagy in B16F10 cells leading to melanogenesis inhibition. Pt-mediates anti-melanogenic mechanisms in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells. Pt-inhibits tyrosinase expression and endogenous pigmentation in zebrafish model.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Cheng Hseu
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Research Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | | | - Li-Wei Wang
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Yan-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Xuan-Zao Chen
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Jane Huang
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Rong Yen
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Research Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Ling Yang
- Institute of Nutrition, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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20
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Fang R, Wang X, Xia Q, Zhao M, Zhang H, Wang X, Ye S, Cheng K, Liang Y, Cheng Y, Gu Y, Rao Q. Nuclear translocation of ASPL-TFE3 fusion protein creates favorable metabolism by mediating autophagy in translocation renal cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2021; 40:3303-3317. [PMID: 33846569 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The ASPL-TFE3 fusion gene, resulting from t(X;17)(p11.2;q25.3), is one of the most commonly identified fusion genes in Xp11 translocation renal cell carcinoma (tRCC). However, its roles and underlying mechanism in RCC development are not yet clear. Here, we identified ASPL-TFE3 fusion as the most common tRCC subtype in a Chinese population (29/126, 23.03%). This fusion protein translocated into the nucleus and promoted RCC cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the fusion protein transcriptionally activated the lysosome-autophagy pathway by binding to the promoters of lysosome-related genes. Autophagy, activated by ASPL-TFE3, enabled RCC cells to escape energy stress by promoting the utilization of proteins and lipids. Moreover, we found that the ASPL-TFE3 fusion escaped regulation by the classic mTOR-TFE3 signal and instead activated phospho-mTOR and its downstream targets. Finally, targeting both autophagy and the mTOR axis resulted in a greater antiproliferative effect than single pathway inhibition. In summary, these results confirmed the ASPL-TFE3 fusion as a master regulator of metabolic adaptation mediated by autophagy in tRCC. The simultaneous manipulation of autophagy and the mTOR axis may represent a novel treatment strategy for ASPL-TFE3 fusion RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Fang
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiuyuan Xia
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengbing Ye
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Health Management Center, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yayun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qiu Rao
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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21
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Marliolide Derivative Induces Melanosome Degradation via Nrf2/p62-Mediated Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083995. [PMID: 33924406 PMCID: PMC8070456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which is linked to autophagy regulation and melanogenesis regulation, is activated by marliolide. In this study, we investigated the effect of a marliolide derivative on melanosome degradation through the autophagy pathway. The effect of the marliolide derivative on melanosome degradation was investigated in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-treated melanocytes, melanosome-incorporated keratinocyte, and ultraviolet (UV)B-exposed HRM-2 mice (melanin-possessing hairless mice). The marliolide derivative, 5-methyl-3-tetradecylidene-dihydro-furan-2-one (DMF02), decreased melanin pigmentation by melanosome degradation in α-MSH-treated melanocytes and melanosome-incorporated keratinocytes, evidenced by premelanosome protein (PMEL) expression, but did not affect melanogenesis-associated proteins. The UVB-induced hyperpigmentation in HRM-2 mice was also reduced by a topical application of DMF02. DMF02 activated Nrf2 and induced autophagy in vivo, evidenced by decreased PMEL in microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3)-II-expressed areas. DMF02 also induced melanosome degradation via autophagy in vitro, and DMF02-induced melanosome degradation was recovered by chloroquine (CQ), which is a lysosomal inhibitor. In addition, Nrf2 silencing by siRNA attenuated the DMF02-induced melanosome degradation via the suppression of p62. DMF02 induced melanosome degradation in melanocytes and keratinocytes by regulating autophagy via Nrf2-p62 activation. Therefore, Nrf2 activator could be a promising therapeutic agent for reducing hyperpigmentation.
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22
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Jeong D, Qomaladewi NP, Lee J, Park SH, Cho JY. The Role of Autophagy in Skin Fibroblasts, Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, and Epidermal Stem Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 140:1691-1697. [PMID: 32800183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human skin acts as a barrier to protect our bodies from UV rays and external pathogens and to prevent water loss. Phenotypes of aging, or natural aging due to chronic damage, include wrinkles and the reduction of skin thickness that occur because of a loss of skin cell function. The dysregulation of autophagy, a lysosome-related degradation pathway, can lead to cell senescence, cancer, and various human diseases due to abnormal cellular homeostasis. Here, we discuss the roles and molecular mechanisms of autophagy involved in the anti-aging effects of autophagy and the relationship between autophagy and aging in skin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok Jeong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | | | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea; Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sang Hee Park
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea; Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
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23
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Abstract
A type of evolutionarily conserved, noncoding, small, endogenous, single-stranded RNA, miRNAs are widely distributed in eukaryotes, where they participate in various biological processes as critical regulatory molecules. miR-1299 has mainly been investigated in cancers. miR-1299 is a tumor suppressor that regulates the expression of its target genes, activating or inhibiting the transcription of genes regulating biological activities including cell proliferation, migration, survival and programmed cell death. miR-1299 has become a hotspot in research of disease mechanisms and biomarkers; elucidation of the regulatory roles of miR-1299 in tumorigenesis, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration and angiogenesis may provide a new perspective for understanding its biological functions as a tumor suppressor. As key regulatory molecules, microRNAs participate in various biological processes and have become a widespread research focus. This article discusses how the microRNA miR-1299 plays a role as a tumor suppressor and participates in the regulation of tumor pathogenesis. We provide an overview of the role of miR-1299 in tumor diseases and discuss the pathogenesis and regulation mechanisms of miR-1299 in different specific cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Kaiyuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150086, China
| | - Huang Lijuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150086, China
| | - Sun Xueyuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150086, China
| | - Zang Yunhui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150086, China
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24
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Goenka S, Simon SR. Depigmenting effect of Xanthohumol from hop extract in MNT-1 human melanoma cells and normal human melanocytes. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:100955. [PMID: 33681480 PMCID: PMC7910408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XH) is the most abundant prenylated flavonoid found in the hop plant (Humulus lupulus L.) and has previously been shown to have depigmenting effects in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells; however, studies of its depigmenting efficacy in human melanocytes are still lacking. In this work, we explored the effects of XH on melanogenesis in MNT-1 human melanoma cells and normal human melanocytes from darkly-pigmented skin (HEM-DP). XH was screened for cytotoxicity over 48 h, and subsequently tested on melanogenesis in MNT-1 cells. XH was further tested in HEM-DP cells for melanin synthesis and melanosome export; dendricity was quantitated to assess effects on melanosome export. Melanosome degradation was studied in human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Our results showed that XH inhibited melanin synthesis in MNT-1 cells at 30 μM but increased intracellular tyrosinase activity without affecting ROS levels. In HEM-DP cells, XH robustly suppressed cellular tyrosinase activity at nontoxic concentrations (2.5–5 μM) without any effect on melanin synthesis. However, XH inhibited melanosome export by reducing dendrite number and total dendrite length. Further testing in HaCaT cells demonstrated that XH induced melanosome degradation at low micromolar concentrations without any cytotoxicity. In summary, our results demonstrate that XH at low micromolar concentrations might hold promise as a potent inhibitor of human pigmentation by primarily targeting melanin export and melanin degradation. Further studies to elucidate the signaling mechanisms of action of melanosome export inhibition by XH and in vivo efficacy are warranted. Xanthohumol (XH) inhibited melanin synthesis in MNT-1 human melanoma cells. XH did not inhibit melanin synthesis in primary human melanocytes but significantly suppressed both dendrite number and total dendrite length at low micromolar concentrations. Reduction of melanosome export by reduction in dendricity was correlated with the inhibition of intracellular tyrosinase activity. XH induced melanosome degradation in human keratinocytes. XH is a candidate for skin-lightning which inhibits human melanogenesis by targeting later steps in melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Goenka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Sanford R Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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25
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Kim AJ, Park JE, Cho YH, Lim DS, Lee JS. Effect of 7-Methylsulfinylheptyl Isothiocyanate on the Inhibition of Melanogenesis in B16-F1 Cells. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020162. [PMID: 33672463 PMCID: PMC7923422 DOI: 10.3390/life11020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin aging, characterized by hyperpigmentation, inflammation, wrinkles, and skin cancer, is influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors with synergistic effects. Autophagy maintains the homeostatic balance between the degradation, synthesis, and recycling of cellular proteins and organelles, and plays important roles in several cellular and biological processes, including aging. The compound 7-methylsulfinylheptyl isothiocyanate (7-MSI) is a sulfur-containing phytochemical produced by various plants, particularly cruciferous vegetables, with reported anti-inflammatory properties and a role in pathogen defense; however, its effects on skin whitening have not been studied in detail. The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of 7-MSI on skin whitening and autophagy in cultured murine melanoma (B16-F1) cells. Western blotting was used to evaluate the impact of 7-MSI on melanogenesis-, tyrosinase-, and autophagy-associated proteins. The levels of the melanogenesis-associated protein’s microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1 were decreased by treatment with 7-MSI under melanogenesis induction. Melanin synthesis also decreased by approximately 63% after treatment with 7-MSI for 73 h, compared with that non-treated controls. In addition, autophagosome formation and the expression levels of the autophagy-related proteins mTOR, p-mTOR, Beclin-1, Atg12, and LC3 were higher in 7-MSI-treated B16-F1 cells than in non-treated cells. These results indicate that 7-MSI can inhibit melanin synthesis in B16-F1 cells by suppressing melanogenesis and autophagy activation and thus can potentially be used as a novel multifunctional cosmetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Ju Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (A.-J.K.); (J.E.P.); (Y.H.C.); (D.S.L.)
| | - Jung Eun Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (A.-J.K.); (J.E.P.); (Y.H.C.); (D.S.L.)
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences & BK21 FOUR Educational Research Group for Age-associated Disorder Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Yeong Hee Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (A.-J.K.); (J.E.P.); (Y.H.C.); (D.S.L.)
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences & BK21 FOUR Educational Research Group for Age-associated Disorder Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Do Sung Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (A.-J.K.); (J.E.P.); (Y.H.C.); (D.S.L.)
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences & BK21 FOUR Educational Research Group for Age-associated Disorder Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Jung Sup Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (A.-J.K.); (J.E.P.); (Y.H.C.); (D.S.L.)
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences & BK21 FOUR Educational Research Group for Age-associated Disorder Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-62-230-6665
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26
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Yang HL, Lin CP, Vudhya Gowrisankar Y, Huang PJ, Chang WL, Shrestha S, Hseu YC. The anti-melanogenic effects of ellagic acid through induction of autophagy in melanocytes and suppression of UVA-activated α-MSH pathways via Nrf2 activation in keratinocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114454. [PMID: 33545118 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ellagic acid (EA) is a natural phenol antioxidant in different fruits, vegetables, and nuts. As a copper iron chelator from the tyrosinase enzyme's active site, EA was reported to inhibit melanogenesis in melanocytes. Here, we demonstrated the anti-melanogenic mechanisms of EA through autophagy induction in melanoma B16F10 cells and the role of Nrf2 and UVA (3 J/cm2)-activated α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) pathways in keratinocyte HaCaT cells. In vitro data showed that EA suppressed the tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis by suppressing cAMP-mediated CREB and MITF signaling mechanisms in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells. ERK, JNK, and AKT pathways were involved in this EA-regulated MITF downregulation. Notably, EA induced autophagy in B16F10 cells was evidenced from increased LC3-II accumulation, p62/SQSTM1 activation, ATG4B downregulation, acidic vesicular organelle (AVO) formation, PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibition, and Beclin-1/Bcl-2 dysregulation. Interestingly, 3-MA (an autophagy inhibitor) pretreatment or LC3 silencing (siRNA transfection) of B16F10 cells significantly reduced EA-induced anti-melanogenic activity. Besides this, in UVA-irradiated keratinocyte HaCaT cells, EA suppressed ROS production and α-MSH generation. Moreover, EA mediated the activation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2, leading to antioxidant γ-GCLC, HO-1, and NQO-1 protein expression in HaCaT cells. However, Nrf2 knockdown has significantly impaired this effect, and there was an uncontrolled ROS generation following UVA irradiation. JNK, PKC, and ROS pathways were involved in the activation of Nrf2 in HaCaT cells. In vivo experiments using the zebrafish model confirmed that EA inhibited tyrosinase activity and endogenous pigmentation. In conclusion, ellagic acid is an effective skin-whitening agent and might be used as a topical applicant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ling Yang
- Institute of Nutrition, College of Healthcare, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Pei Lin
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | | | - Pei-Jane Huang
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Lin Chang
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Sirjana Shrestha
- Institute of Nutrition, College of Healthcare, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - You-Cheng Hseu
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Research Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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27
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Martic I, Wedel S, Jansen-Dürr P, Cavinato M. A new model to investigate UVB-induced cellular senescence and pigmentation in melanocytes. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 190:111322. [PMID: 32735894 PMCID: PMC7116475 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light is known to potentially damage human skin and accelerate the skin aging process. Upon UVB exposure, melanocytes execute skin protection by increasing melanin production. Senescent cells, including senescent melanocytes, are known to accumulate in aged skin and contribute to the age-associated decline of tissue function. However, melanocyte senescence is still insufficiently explored. Here we describe a new model to investigate mechanisms of UVB-induced senescence in melanocytes and its role in photoaging. Exposure to mild and repeated doses of UVB directly influenced melanocyte proliferation, morphology and ploidy. We confirmed UVB-induced senescence with increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase positivity and changed expression of several senescence markers, including p21, p53 and Lamin B1. UVB irradiation impaired proteasome and increased autophagic activity in melanocytes, while expanding intracellular melanin content. In addition, using a co-culture system, we could confirm that senescence-associated secretory phenotype components secreted by senescent fibroblasts modulated melanogenesis. In conclusion, our new model serves as an important tool to explore UVB-induced melanocyte senescence and its involvement in photoaging and skin pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Martic
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Universität Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sophia Wedel
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Universität Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pidder Jansen-Dürr
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Universität Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maria Cavinato
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Universität Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Innsbruck, Austria.
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28
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Beclin 1 controls pigmentation by changing the nuclear localization of melanogenic factor MITF. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 528:719-725. [PMID: 32513537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The primary contributor for the determination of skin color is melanin, a pigment that is produced in specialized cells called melanocytes. At cellular level, melanin synthesis occurs through several enzymes like tyrosinase (TYR) and tyrosinase related proteins and the expression of these proteins are regulated transcriptionally by microphthalmia associated transcription factor (MITF). Melanin pigmentation is a complex process finely regulated by different transcription factors, structural proteins and enzymes. In recent times, several autophagic genes have been implicated in the regulation of pigmentation. Though previous report observed a visible loss of coat-color in heterozygous Beclin 1 mice, the role of this protein in pigmentation is yet to study in details. In this present work we intend to study the role of Beclin 1, a central autophagic factor, in pigmentation. Using human melanoma cells and primary melanocytes, we showed that Beclin 1 downregulation significantly decreased the melanin content, tyrosinase activity and the expression of TYR and tyrosinase related protein 1 (TYRP1). These effects were recapitulated in a Beclin 1 knockdown in vivo model of zebrafish. Most importantly, re-expression of Beclin 1 rescued the pigmentation-associated defects both in cellular and in organismal level indicating the specificity. Surprisingly, Beclin 1 knockdown cells did not show significant changes in MITF expression but the nuclear localization of MITF was altered. Together, these data suggest that indeed Beclin 1 is associated with melanogenesis and this effect is more likely exerted through the subcellular distribution rather than the change in expression of MITF.
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29
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Qiao Z, Xu Z, Xiao Q, Yang Y, Ying J, Xiang L, Zhang C. Dysfunction of ATG7-dependent autophagy dysregulates the antioxidant response and contributes to oxidative stress-induced biological impairments in human epidermal melanocytes. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:31. [PMID: 32377394 PMCID: PMC7195468 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process involving the self-digestion of components that participates in anti-oxidative stress responses and protects cells against oxidative damage. However, the role of autophagy in the anti-oxidative stress responses of melanocytes remains unclear. To investigate the role of autophagy in human epidermal melanocytes, we knocked down and overexpressed ATG7, the critical gene of autophagy, in normal human epidermal melanocytes. We demonstrated that ATG7-dependent autophagy could affect melanin content of melanocytes by regulating melanogenesis. Moreover, suppression of ATG7-dependent autophagy inhibits proliferation and promotes oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of melanocytes, whereas enhancement of ATG7-dependent autophagy protects melanocytes from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Meanwhile, deficiency of ATG7-dependent autophagy results in premature senescence of melanocytes under oxidative stress. Notably, we verified that ATG7-dependent autophagy could alter oxidative stress homeostasis by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant pathway, and the activity of several antioxidant enzymes in melanocytes. In conclusion, our study suggested that ATG7-dependent autophagy is indispensable for redox homeostasis and the biological functions of melanocytes, such as melanogenesis, proliferation, apoptosis, and senescence, especially under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuhui Qiao
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongyi Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Ying
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Leihong Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengfeng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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30
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Chen XK, Kwan JSK, Chang RCC, Ma ACH. 1-phenyl 2-thiourea (PTU) activates autophagy in zebrafish embryos. Autophagy 2020; 17:1222-1231. [PMID: 32286915 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1755119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
1-phenyl 2-thiourea (PTU) is a Tyr (tyrosinase) inhibitor that is extensively used to block pigmentation and improve optical transparency in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo. Here, we reported a previously undescribed effect of PTU on macroautophagy/autophagy in zebrafish embryos. Upon 0.003% PTU treatment, aberrant autophagosome and autolysosome formation, accumulation of lysosomes, and elevated autophagic flux were observed in various tissues and organs of zebrafish embryos, such as skin, brain, and muscle. Similar to PTU treatment, autophagic activation and lysosomal accumulation were also observed in the somatic tyr mutant zebrafish embryos, which suggest that Tyr inhibition may contribute to PTU-induced autophagic activation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that autophagy contributes to pigmentation inhibition, but is not essential to the PTU-induced pigmentation inhibition. With the involvement of autophagy in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes and the routine use of PTU in zebrafish research of autophagy-related processes, these observations raise a novel concern in autophagy-related studies using PTU-treated zebrafish embryos.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; Atg: autophagy-related; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CHT: caudal hematopoietic tissue; CQ: chloroquine; GFP: green fluorescent protein; hpf: hour-post-fertilization; Map1lc3/Lc3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; NGS: normal goat serum; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PTU: 1-phenyl 2-thiourea; RFP: red fluorescent protein; Sqstm1: sequestosome 1; tyr: tyrosinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ke Chen
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alvin Chun-Hang Ma
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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31
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Gaudel C, Soysouvanh F, Leclerc J, Bille K, Husser C, Montcriol F, Bertolotto C, Ballotti R. Regulation of Melanogenesis by the Amino Acid Transporter SLC7A5. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:2253-2259.e4. [PMID: 32240722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.03.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Integration of chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing and microarray data enabled us to identify previously unreported MITF-target genes, among which the amino acid transporter SLC7A5 is also included. We reported that small interfering RNA-mediated SLC7A5 knockdown decreased pigmentation in B16F10 cells but neither affected morphology nor dendricity. Treatment with the SLC7A5 inhibitors 2-amino-2-norbornanecarboxylic acid (BCH) or JPH203 also decreased melanin synthesis in B16F10 cells. Our findings indicated that BCH was as potent as reference depigmenting agent, kojic acid, but acted through a different pathway not affecting tyrosinase activity. BCH also decreased pigmentation in human MNT1 melanoma cells or normal human melanocytes. Finally, we tested BCH on a more physiological model, using reconstructed human epidermis and confirmed a strong inhibition of pigmentation, revealing the clinical potential of SLC7A5 inhibition and positioning BCH as a depigmenting agent suitable for cosmetic or dermatological intervention in hyperpigmentation diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Gaudel
- Nunii Laboratoire, Grasse Biotech, Grasse, France; Université Nice Côte d'Azur, C3M, INSERM, U1065, Biology and pathologies of melanocytes, Nice, France
| | - Frédéric Soysouvanh
- Université Nice Côte d'Azur, C3M, INSERM, U1065, Biology and pathologies of melanocytes, Nice, France
| | - Justine Leclerc
- Université Nice Côte d'Azur, C3M, INSERM, U1065, Biology and pathologies of melanocytes, Nice, France
| | - Karine Bille
- Université Nice Côte d'Azur, C3M, INSERM, U1065, Biology and pathologies of melanocytes, Nice, France
| | - Chrystel Husser
- Université Nice Côte d'Azur, C3M, INSERM, U1065, Biology and pathologies of melanocytes, Nice, France
| | | | - Corine Bertolotto
- Université Nice Côte d'Azur, C3M, INSERM, U1065, Biology and pathologies of melanocytes, Nice, France
| | - Robert Ballotti
- Université Nice Côte d'Azur, C3M, INSERM, U1065, Biology and pathologies of melanocytes, Nice, France.
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32
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Bellei B, Picardo M. Premature cell senescence in human skin: Dual face in chronic acquired pigmentary disorders. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 57:100981. [PMID: 31733332 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although senescence was originally described as an in vitro acquired cellular characteristic, it was recently recognized that senescence is physiologically and pathologically involved in aging and age-related diseases in vivo. The definition of cellular senescence has expanded to include the growth arrest caused by various cellular stresses, including DNA damage, inadequate mitochondria function, activated oncogene or tumor suppressor genes and oxidative stress. While senescence in normal aging involves various tissues over time and contributes to a decline in tissue function even with healthy aging, disease-induced premature senescence may be restricted to one or a few organs triggering a prolonged and more intense rate of accumulation of senescent cells than in normal aging. Organ-specific high senescence rate could lead to chronic diseases, especially in post-mitotic rich tissue. Recently, two opposite acquired pathological conditions related to skin pigmentation were described to be associated with premature senescence: vitiligo and melasma. In both cases, it was demonstrated that pathological dysfunctions are not restricted to melanocytes, the cell type responsible for melanin production and transport to surrounding keratinocytes. Similar to physiological melanogenesis, dermal and epidermal cells contribute directly and indirectly to deregulate skin pigmentation as a result of complex intercellular communication. Thus, despite senescence usually being reported as a uniform phenotype sharing the expression of characteristic markers, skin senescence involving mainly the dermal compartment and its paracrine function could be associated with the disappearance of melanocytes in vitiligo lesions and with the exacerbated activity of melanocytes in the hyperpigmentation spots of melasma. This suggests that the difference may arise in melanocyte intrinsic differences and/or in highly defined microenvironment peculiarities poorly explored at the current state of the art. A similar dualistic phenotype has been attributed to intratumoral stromal cells as cancer-associated fibroblasts presenting a senescent-like phenotype which influence the behavior of neoplastic cells in either a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting manner. Here, we present a framework dissecting senescent-related molecular alterations shared by vitiligo and melasma patients and we also discuss disease-specific differences representing new challenges for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center for Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center for Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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33
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Kim JY, Kim J, Ahn Y, Lee EJ, Hwang S, Almurayshid A, Park K, Chung HJ, Kim HJ, Lee SH, Lee MS, Oh SH. Autophagy induction can regulate skin pigmentation by causing melanosome degradation in keratinocytes and melanocytes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 33:403-415. [PMID: 31659857 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy regulates cellular turnover by disassembling unnecessary or dysfunctional constituents. Recent studies demonstrated that autophagy and its regulators play a wide variety of roles in melanocyte biology. Activation of autophagy is known to induce melanogenesis and regulate melanosome biogenesis in melanocytes. Also, autophagy induction was reported to regulate physiologic skin color via melanosome degradation, although the downstream effectors are not yet clarified. To determine the role of autophagy as a melanosome degradation machinery, we administered several autophagy inducers in human keratinocytes and melanocytes. Our results showed that the synthetic autophagy inducer PTPD-12 stimulated autophagic flux in human melanocytes and in keratinocytes containing transferred melanosomes. Increased autophagic flux led to melanosome degradation without affecting the expression of MITF. Furthermore, the color of cell pellets of both melanocytes and keratinocytes was visibly lightened. Inhibition of autophagic flux by chloroquine resulted in marked attenuation of PTPD-12-induced melanosome degradation, whereas the expression of melanogenesis pathway genes and proteins remained unaffected. Taken together, our results suggest that the modulation of autophagy can contribute to the regulation of melanocyte biology and skin pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihee Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yuri Ahn
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shinwon Hwang
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Abdurrahman Almurayshid
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Keedon Park
- R&D Center, Incospharm Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | | | - Si-Hyung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Ho Oh
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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34
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Qomaladewi NP, Kim MY, Cho JY. Rottlerin Reduces cAMP/CREB-Mediated Melanogenesis via Regulation of Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2081. [PMID: 31035588 PMCID: PMC6540014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanogenesis is the sequential process of melanin production by melanocytes in order to protect the skin from harmful stimuli. Melanogenesis is disrupted by radiation exposure, which results in the differentiation of melanocytes into melanoma. Recently, some methods have been developed to maintain the instability of melanogenesis in melanoma by activating cellular autophagy. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about how autophagy is involved in the regulation of melanogenesis in melanoma cells. Here, we used rottlerin as an autophagy inducer to investigate the role of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/cAMP response element binding (CREB) signaling pathway in melanogenesis. We found that rottlerin can inhibit melanin production by targeting cAMP, which is initially activated by alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Our findings suggest that rottlerin has a pivotal role as an autophagy inducer in the regulation of melanogenesis by targeting the cAMP/CREB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
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35
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Gong Y, Hu M, Xu S, Wang B, Wang C, Mu X, Xu P, Jiang Y. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals expression signatures of albino Russian sturgeon, Acipenseriformes gueldenstaedtii. Mar Genomics 2019; 46:1-7. [PMID: 30852186 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Albinism is a genetically inherited condition that is caused by a series of genetic abnormalities leading to a reduction in melanin production. Russian sturgeon is one of the most valuable freshwater fish species worldwide, and albino individuals have been found in fish farms. Due to its complicated genome and scarce genome-wide genetic resources, the underlying molecular basis of albinism in Russian sturgeon is unknown. In the present study, we first generated transcriptome profile of Acipenser gueldenstaedtii using pooled tissues, which provided reliable reference sequences for future molecular genetic studies. A total of 369,441 contigs were assembled, corresponding to 32,965 unique genes. A comparative analysis of the transcripts from the skin of albino and wildtype individuals was conducted afterwards. A total of 785 unique genes were differentially expressed, including the upregulation of 385 genes and the downregulation of 400 genes in albino individuals. The expression pattern of 16 selected differentially expressed genes was validated using qRT-PCR. Additional annotation, GO enrichment analysis and gene pathway analysis indicated that the melanogenesis pathway may be interrupted in albinism. Eight potential causative genes that were highly likely to be responsible for sturgeon albinism were identified, including Dct, Tyrp1b, Slc45a2, Ctns, Pmela, Pmelb, Cd63, and Bloc1s3, which were found to be significantly down-regulated in albino Russian sturgeon. Moreover, a sliding window analysis of the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitution rates (Ka/Ks) ratios indicated that seven out of the eight genes underwent positive selection during evolution. Our results provide a valuable basis for understanding the molecular mechanism of albinism in fish species and will facilitate future genetic selection and breeding of sturgeon with market-favored traits in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Gong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, CAFS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mou Hu
- Hangzhou Qiandaohu Xunlong Sci-Tech Development Company Limited, Quzhou, China
| | - Shijian Xu
- Hangzhou Qiandaohu Xunlong Sci-Tech Development Company Limited, Quzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Hangzhou Qiandaohu Xunlong Sci-Tech Development Company Limited, Quzhou, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Xidong Mu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanliang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, CAFS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China; Hangzhou Qiandaohu Xunlong Sci-Tech Development Company Limited, Quzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China.
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36
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Figon F, Casas J. Ommochromes in invertebrates: biochemistry and cell biology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:156-183. [PMID: 29989284 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ommochromes are widely occurring coloured molecules of invertebrates, arising from tryptophan catabolism through the so-called Tryptophan → Ommochrome pathway. They are mainly known to mediate compound eye vision, as well as reversible and irreversible colour patterning. Ommochromes might also be involved in cell homeostasis by detoxifying free tryptophan and buffering oxidative stress. These biological functions are directly linked to their unique chromophore, the phenoxazine/phenothiazine system. The most recent reviews on ommochrome biochemistry were published more than 30 years ago, since when new results on the enzymes of the ommochrome pathway, on ommochrome photochemistry as well as on their antiradical capacities have been obtained. Ommochromasomes are the organelles where ommochromes are synthesised and stored. Hence, they play an important role in mediating ommochrome functions. Ommochromasomes are part of the lysosome-related organelles (LROs) family, which includes other pigmented organelles such as vertebrate melanosomes. Ommochromasomes are unique because they are the only LRO for which a recycling process during reversible colour change has been described. Herein, we provide an update on ommochrome biochemistry, photoreactivity and antiradical capacities to explain their diversity and behaviour both in vivo and in vitro. We also highlight new biochemical techniques, such as quantum chemistry, metabolomics and crystallography, which could lead to major advances in their chemical and functional characterisation. We then focus on ommochromasome structure and formation by drawing parallels with the well-characterised melanosomes of vertebrates. The biochemical, genetic, cellular and microscopic tools that have been applied to melanosomes should provide important information on the ommochromasome life cycle. We propose LRO-based models for ommochromasome biogenesis and recycling that could be tested in the future. Using the context of insect compound eyes, we finally emphasise the importance of an integrated approach in understanding the biological functions of ommochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Figon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Jérôme Casas
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
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37
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Ko GA, Shrestha S, Kim Cho S. Sageretia thea fruit extracts rich in methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate downregulate melanogenesis via the Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway. Nutr Res Pract 2018; 12:3-12. [PMID: 29399291 PMCID: PMC5792254 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2018.12.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Sageretia thea is traditionally used as a medicinal herb to treat various diseases, including skin disorders, in China and Korea. This study evaluated the inhibitory effect of Sageretia thea fruit on melanogenesis and its underlying mechanisms in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. The active chemical compounds in anti-melanogenesis were determined in
Sageretia thea. MATERIALS/METHODS Solvent fractions from the crude extract were investigated for anti-melanogenic activities. These activities and the mechanism of anti-melanogenesis in B16F10 cells were examined by determining melanin content and tyrosinase activity, and by performing western blotting. RESULTS The n-hexane fraction of Sageretia thea fruit (HFSF) exhibited significant anti-melanogenic activity among the various solvent fractions without reducing viability of B16F10 cells. The HFSF suppressed the expression of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP1). The reduction of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression by the HFSF was mediated by the Akt/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) signaling pathway, which promotes the reduction of β-catenin. Treatment with the GSK3β inhibitor 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO) restored HFSF-induced inhibition of MITF expression. The HFSF bioactive constituents responsible for anti-melanogenic activity were identified by bioassay-guided fractionation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis as methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that HFSF and its constituents, methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate, could be used as whitening agents in cosmetics and have potential for treating hyperpigmentation disorders in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong-A Ko
- Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, 102, Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Sabina Shrestha
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Somi Kim Cho
- Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, 102, Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju 63243, Korea.,Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.,Subtropical Tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
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38
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Konstantakou EG, Velentzas AD, Anagnostopoulos AK, Giannopoulou AF, Anastasiadou E, Papassideri IS, Voutsinas GE, Tsangaris GT, Stravopodis DJ. Unraveling the human protein atlas of metastatic melanoma in the course of ultraviolet radiation-derived photo-therapy. J Proteomics 2017; 188:119-138. [PMID: 29180045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To explore the photo-therapeutic capacity of UV radiation in solid tumors, we herein employed an nLC-MS/MS technology to profile the proteomic landscape of irradiated WM-266-4 human metastatic-melanoma cells. Obtained data resulted in proteomic catalogues of 5982 and 7280 proteins for UVB- and UVC-radiation conditions, respectively, and indicated the ability of UVB/C-radiation forms to eliminate metastatic-melanoma cells through induction of synergistically operating programs of apoptosis and necroptosis. However, it seems that one or more WM-266-4 cell sub-populations may escape from UV-radiation's photo-damaging activity, acquiring, besides apoptosis tolerance, an EMT phenotype that likely offers them the advantage of developing resistance to certain chemotherapeutic drugs. Low levels of autophagy may also critically contribute to the selective survival and growth of UV-irradiated melanoma-cell escapers. These are the cells that must be systemically targeted with novel therapeutic schemes, like the one of UV radiation and Irinotecan herein suggested to be holding strong promise for the effective treatment of metastatic-melanoma patients. Given the dual nature of UV radiation to serve as both anti-tumorigenic and tumorigenic agent, all individuals being subjected to risk factors for melanoma development have to be appropriately informed and educated, in order to integrate the innovative PPPM concept in their healthcare-sector management. SIGNIFICANCE This study reports the application of nLC-MS/MS technology to deeply map the proteomic landscape of UV-irradiated human metastatic-melanoma cells. Data bioinformatics processing led to molecular-network reconstructions that unearthed the dual nature of UV radiation to serve as both anti-tumorigenic and tumorigenic factor in metastatic-melanoma cellular environments. Our UV radiation-derived "photo-proteomic" atlas may prove valuable for the identification of new biomarkers and development of novel therapies for the disease. Given that UV radiation represents a major risk factor causing melanoma, a PPPM-based life style and clinical practice must be embraced by all individuals being prone to disease's appearance and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eumorphia G Konstantakou
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanassios D Velentzas
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios K Anagnostopoulos
- Proteomics Core Facility, Systems Biology Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini F Giannopoulou
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ema Anastasiadou
- Basic Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Issidora S Papassideri
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerassimos E Voutsinas
- Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - George Th Tsangaris
- Proteomics Core Facility, Systems Biology Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios J Stravopodis
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Yang F, Yang L, Wataya-Kaneda M, Hasegawa J, Yoshimori T, Tanemura A, Tsuruta D, Katayama I. Dysregulation of autophagy in melanocytes contributes to hypopigmented macules in tuberous sclerosis complex. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 89:155-164. [PMID: 29146131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) gene mutations lead to constitutive activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, resulting in a broad range of symptoms. Hypopigmented macules are the earliest sign. Although we have already confirmed that topical rapamycin treatment (an mTOR inhibitor) protects patients with TSC against macular hypopigmentation, the pathogenesis of such lesions remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE Recently emerging evidence supports a role for autophagy in skin pigmentation. Herein, we investigated the impact of autophagic dysregulation on TSC-associated hypopigmentation. METHODS Skin samples from 10 patients with TSC, each bearing characteristic hypopigmented macules, and 6 healthy donors were subjected to immunohistochemical and electron microscopic analyses. In addition, TSC2-knockdown (KD) was investigated in human epidermal melanocytes by melanin content examination, real-time PCR, western blotting analyses, and intracellular immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Activation of the mTOR signaling pathway decreased melanocytic pigmentation in hypopigmented macules of patients with TSC and in TSC2-KD melanocytes. In addition, LC3 expression (a marker of autophagy) and autophagosome counts increased, whereas, intracellular accumulation of autophagic degradative substrates (p62 and ubiquitinated proteins) was evident in TSC2-KD melanocytes. Furthermore, depigmentation in TSC2-KD melanocytes was accelerated by inhibiting autophagy (ATG7-KD or bafilomycin A1-pretreatment) and was completely reversed by induction of autophagy via mTOR-dependent (rapamycin) or mTOR-independent (SMER28) exposure. Finally, dysregulation of autophagy, marked by increased LC3 expression and accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, was also observed in melanocytes of TSC-related hypopigmented macules. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that melanocytes of patients with TSC display autophagic dysregulation, which thereby reduced pigmentation, serving as the basis for the hypomelanotic macules characteristic of TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lingli Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mari Wataya-Kaneda
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Junya Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanemura
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuruta
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Chen L, Xu Z, Jiang M, Zhang C, Wang X, Xiang L. Light-emitting diode 585nm photomodulation inhibiting melanin synthesis and inducing autophagy in human melanocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 89:11-18. [PMID: 29065997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melasma is a common hyperpigmentation skin disease on face. Light-emitting diode (LED) photomodulation (585nm) is reported to be effective for the treatment of melasma. However, whether and how LED photomodulation would influence melanogenesis of human epidermal melanocytes (HEMs) is unknown. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of LED photomodulation (585nm) on melanogenesis in HEMs. METHODS HEMs were irradiated with fluences of 0, 5, 10 and 20J/cm2 585nm LED light. After 5-day treatment, cell viability was analyzed by CCK-8 assay, and apoptosis was assessed by Annexin V APC assay. Melanin content and tyrosinase activity were measured by spectrophotometer. Melanosome stage and autophagosomes were determined under transmission electron microscope (TEM). The formation of autophagic punctate structures was observed under confocal microscope. RT-PCR and western blotting were used to assess the expression of relative mRNA and protein levels. RESULTS Yellow light LED 585nm had no effects on HEMs cell viability and apoptosis. Treatment with LED 585nm from 5J/cm2 to 20J/cm2 inhibited melanosome maturation, decreased melanin content and tyrosinase activity. Inhibition was accompanied by the decreased expression of tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1) and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) on both mRNA and protein levels. Autophagosomes were observed under TEM. Autophagic punctate structures of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) proteins were induced by LED 585nm light. The configuration change of LC3 from LC3-I to LC3-II, and the degradation of p62 protein were observed after LED 585nm. Furthermore, we also revealed that the anti-melanogenic effect of LED 585nm photomodulation was reversed by 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), which inhibits autophagy by blocking autophagosome formation via the inhibition of type III Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI-3K). CONCLUSIONS Our finding demonstrated that LED photomodulation with 585nm wavelength suppressed melanin content in HEMs, and the effect was caused by its dose-dependent inhibition on melanogenesis and the induction of HEMs autophagy. This may provide new insights into the efficacy of LED photomodulation in the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Zhongyi Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Chengfeng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Leihong Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China.
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Azam MS, Choi J, Lee MS, Kim HR. Hypopigmenting Effects of Brown Algae-Derived Phytochemicals: A Review on Molecular Mechanisms. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E297. [PMID: 28946635 PMCID: PMC5666405 DOI: 10.3390/md15100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a rapid increase in the demand for natural hypopigmenting agents from marine sources for cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical applications. Currently, marine macroalgae are considered as a safe and effective source of diverse bioactive compounds. Many research groups are exploring marine macroalgae to discover and characterize novel compounds for cosmeceutical, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications. Many types of bioactive secondary metabolites from marine algae, including phlorotannins, sulfated polysaccharides, carotenoids, and meroterpenoids, have already been documented for their potential applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Among these metabolites, phlorotannins from brown algae have been widely screened for their pharmaceutical and hypopigmenting effects. Unfortunately, the majority of these articles did not have detailed investigations on molecular targets, which is critical to fulfilling the criteria for their cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical use. Very recently, a few meroterpenoids have been discovered from Sargassum sp., with the examination of their anti-melanogenic properties and mechanisms. Despite the scarcity of in vivo and clinical investigations of molecular mechanistic events of marine algae-derived hypopigmenting agents, identifying the therapeutic targets and their validation in humans has been a major challenge for future studies. In this review, we focused on available data representing molecular mechanisms underlying hypopigmenting properties of potential marine brown alga-derived compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Shariful Azam
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-Ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 48513, Korea.
| | - Jinkyung Choi
- Department of Foodservice Management, Woosong University, Daejeon 34606, Korea.
| | - Min-Sup Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-Ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 48513, Korea.
| | - Hyeung-Rak Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-Ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 48513, Korea.
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Pillaiyar T, Manickam M, Jung SH. Recent development of signaling pathways inhibitors of melanogenesis. Cell Signal 2017; 40:99-115. [PMID: 28911859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human skin, eye and hair color rely on the production of melanin, depending on its quantity, quality, and distribution, Melanin plays a monumental role in protecting the skin against the harmful effect of ultraviolet radiation and oxidative stress from various environmental pollutants. However, an excessive production of melanin causes serious dermatological problems such as freckles, solar lentigo (age spots), melasma, as well as cancer. Hence, the regulation of melanin production is important for controlling the hyper-pigmentation. Melanogenesis, a biosynthetic pathway to produce melanin pigment in melanocyte, involves a series of intricate enzymatic and chemical catalyzed reactions. Several extrinsic factors include ultraviolet radiation and chemical drugs, and intrinsic factors include molecules secreted by surrounding keratinocytes or melanocytes, and fibroblasts, all of which regulate melanogenesis. This article reviews recent advances in the development of melanogenesis inhibitors that directly/indirectly target melanogenesis-related signaling pathways. Efforts have been made to provide a description of the mechanism of action of inhibitors on various melanogenesis signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Manoj Manickam
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National, University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National, University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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Kim NH, Choi SH, Yi N, Lee TR, Lee AY. Arginase-2, a miR-1299 target, enhances pigmentation in melasma by reducing melanosome degradation via senescence-induced autophagy inhibition. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017. [PMID: 28627081 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Expression profiles revealed miR-1299 downregulation concomitant with arginase-2 (ARG2) upregulation in hyperpigmented skin of melasma patients. Opposite regulation of tyrosinase and PMEL17 by miR-1299 and inverse relationship between miR-1299 and ARG2 expression denoted a role of miR-1299 in pigmentation with ARG2 as a miR-1299 target. ARG2 overexpression or knock-down in keratinocytes, the main source of ARG2 in epidermis, positively regulated tyrosinase and PMEL17 protein levels, but not mRNA levels or melanosome transfer. ARG2 overexpression in keratinocytes reduced autophagy equivalent to 3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor which also increased tyrosinase and PMEL17 protein levels, whereas ARG2 knock-down induced opposite results. Autophagy inducer rapamycin reduced ARG2-increased tyrosinase and PMEL17 protein levels. Also, autophagy was reduced in late passage-induced senescent keratinocytes showing ARG2 upregulation. ARG2, but not 3-MA, stimulated keratinocyte senescence. These results suggest that ARG2 reduces autophagy in keratinocytes by stimulating cellular senescence, resulting in skin pigmentation by reducing degradation of transferred melanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Hyung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Nayoung Yi
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Bioscience Research Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Ramkumar A, Murthy D, Raja DA, Singh A, Krishnan A, Khanna S, Vats A, Thukral L, Sharma P, Sivasubbu S, Rani R, Natarajan VT, Gokhale RS. Classical autophagy proteins LC3B and ATG4B facilitate melanosome movement on cytoskeletal tracks. Autophagy 2017; 13:1331-1347. [PMID: 28598240 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1327509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a dynamic and inducible catabolic process that responds to a variety of hormonal and environmental cues. Recent studies highlight the interplay of this central pathway in a variety of pathophysiological diseases. Although defective autophagy is implicated in melanocyte proliferation and pigmentary disorders, the mechanistic relationship between the 2 pathways has not been elucidated. In this study, we show that autophagic proteins LC3B and ATG4B mediate melanosome trafficking on cytoskeletal tracks. While studying melanogenesis, we observed spatial segregation of LC3B-labeled melanosomes with preferential absence at the dendritic ends of melanocytes. This LC3B labeling of melanosomes did not impact the steady-state levels of these organelles but instead facilitated their intracellular positioning. Melanosomes primarily traverse on microtubule and actin cytoskeletal tracks and our studies reveal that LC3B enables the assembly of microtubule translocon complex. At the microtubule-actin crossover junction, ATG4B detaches LC3B from melanosomal membranes by enzymatic delipidation. Further, by live-imaging we show that melanosomes transferred to keratinocytes lack melanocyte-specific LC3B. Our study thus elucidates a new role for autophagy proteins in directing melanosome movement and reveal the unconventional use of these proteins in cellular trafficking pathways. Such crosstalk between the central cellular function and housekeeping pathway may be a crucial mechanism to balance melanocyte bioenergetics and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Ramkumar
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Rafi Marg, New Delhi , India
| | - Divya Murthy
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India
| | - Desingu Ayyappa Raja
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Rafi Marg, New Delhi , India
| | - Archana Singh
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India
| | - Anusha Krishnan
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Rafi Marg, New Delhi , India
| | - Sangeeta Khanna
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India
| | - Archana Vats
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India
| | - Lipi Thukral
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India
| | - Pushkar Sharma
- c National Institute of Immunology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi , India
| | - Sridhar Sivasubbu
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India
| | - Rajni Rani
- c National Institute of Immunology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi , India
| | - Vivek T Natarajan
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Rafi Marg, New Delhi , India
| | - Rajesh S Gokhale
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Rafi Marg, New Delhi , India.,c National Institute of Immunology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi , India.,d Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bangalore , India
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Cho YH, Park JE, Lim DS, Lee JS. Tranexamic acid inhibits melanogenesis by activating the autophagy system in cultured melanoma cells. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 88:96-102. [PMID: 28669590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As interest in skin beauty increases, the development of new skin whitening agents has attracted substantial attention; however, the action mechanism of the agents developed so far remains largely unknown. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is commonly being used to reduce melanin synthesis in patients with melasma and also used as a raw material for functional whitening cosmetics, although its action mechanism is poorly understood. Autophagy has been well known to be essential for tissue homeostasis, adaptation to starvation, and removal of dysfunctional organelles or pathogens. Recent studies have shown that autophagy regulators might have prominent roles in the initial formation stage of the melanosome, a lysosome-related organelle synthesizing melanin pigments. However, there is still no direct evidence showing a relationship between the activation of the autophagy system and the melanogenesis. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether TXA can inhibit melanogenesis through the activation of autophagy in a melanoma cell line. METHODS B16-F1 melanoma cells were treated with TXA and the levels of autophagy- and melanogenesis-related proteins were determined by Western blottings. The direct effect of TXA-mediated autophagy activation on melanin production was further evaluated by transfecting the cells with 60 pmols of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)-targeting the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the autophagy-related protein 5 (Atg5). RESULTS The results of Western blottings showed that TXA enhanced the production of autophagy-related proteins such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, Beclin-1, Atg12, and light chain 3 (LC3) I-II, whereas it decreased the synthesis of the mTOR complex. Confocal microscopy clearly showed that TXA treatment resulted in the formation of autophagosomes in B16-F1 cells, as revealed by immunostaining with an anti-LC3 antibody. The production of melanogenesis-associated proteins, including microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, and tyrosinase-related protein 1 and 2 (TRP1/2), were clearly downregulated by the treatments with TXA. These results suggest that TXA can mediate a decrease in melanin synthesis by alleviating the production of tyrosinase and TRP1/2, along with lowered MITF protein levels. Furthermore, after treatment with TXA, siRNAs- targeting to mTOR and Atg5 increased melanin synthesis by 20% and 40%, respectively, compared to that in non-transfected cells, in a dose-dependent manner. These results further confirmed that TXA can inhibit melanogenesis by activating the autophagy system. CONCLUSION Collectively, the results demonstrate that TXA can reduce melanin synthesis in melanoma B16-F1 cells by activating the ERK signaling pathway and the autophagy system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Hee Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21-plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, National Research Center for Dementia, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21-plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, National Research Center for Dementia, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Sung Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21-plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, National Research Center for Dementia, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Sup Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21-plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, National Research Center for Dementia, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.
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Autophagy Regulates Proteasome Inhibitor-Induced Pigmentation in Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051089. [PMID: 28534814 PMCID: PMC5454998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The impairment of autophagic and proteasomal cleansing together with changes in pigmentation has been documented in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell degeneration. However, the function and co-operation of these mechanisms in melanosome-containing RPE cells is still unclear. We show that inhibition of proteasomal degradation with MG-132 or autophagy with bafilomycin A1 increased the accumulation of premelanosomes and autophagic structures in human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived RPE cells. Consequently, upregulation of the autophagy marker p62 (also known as sequestosome-1, SQSTM1) was confirmed in Western blot and perinuclear staining. Interestingly, cells treated with the adenosine monophosphatedependent protein kinase activator, AICAR (5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide), decreased the proteasome inhibitor-induced accumulation of premelanosomes, increased the amount of autophagosomes and eradicated the protein expression of p62 and LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3). These results revealed that autophagic machinery is functional in hESC-RPE cells and may regulate cellular pigmentation with proteasomes.
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Puig-Butille JA, Gimenez-Xavier P, Visconti A, Nsengimana J, Garcia-García F, Tell-Marti G, Escamez MJ, Newton-Bishop J, Bataille V, del Río M, Dopazo J, Falchi M, Puig S. Genomic expression differences between cutaneous cells from red hair color individuals and black hair color individuals based on bioinformatic analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:11589-11599. [PMID: 28030792 PMCID: PMC5355288 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The MC1R gene plays a crucial role in pigmentation synthesis. Loss-of-function MC1R variants, which impair protein function, are associated with red hair color (RHC) phenotype and increased skin cancer risk. Cultured cutaneous cells bearing loss-of-function MC1R variants show a distinct gene expression profile compared to wild-type MC1R cultured cutaneous cells. We analysed the gene signature associated with RHC co-cultured melanocytes and keratinocytes by Protein-Protein interaction (PPI) network analysis to identify genes related with non-functional MC1R variants. From two detected networks, we selected 23 nodes as hub genes based on topological parameters. Differential expression of hub genes was then evaluated in healthy skin biopsies from RHC and black hair color (BHC) individuals. We also compared gene expression in melanoma tumors from individuals with RHC versus BHC. Gene expression in normal skin from RHC cutaneous cells showed dysregulation in 8 out of 23 hub genes (CLN3, ATG10, WIPI2, SNX2, GABARAPL2, YWHA, PCNA and GBAS). Hub genes did not differ between melanoma tumors in RHC versus BHC individuals. The study suggests that healthy skin cells from RHC individuals present a constitutive genomic deregulation associated with the red hair phenotype and identify novel genes involved in melanocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Anton Puig-Butille
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pol Gimenez-Xavier
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessia Visconti
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jérémie Nsengimana
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Francisco Garcia-García
- Computational Genomics Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
| | - Gemma Tell-Marti
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria José Escamez
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, CIEMAT, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Newton-Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Veronique Bataille
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marcela del Río
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, CIEMAT, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Dopazo
- Computational Genomics Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
- Functional Genomics Node, (INB) at CIPF, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Mario Falchi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Susana Puig
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
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Dysfunction of Autophagy: A Possible Mechanism Involved in the Pathogenesis of Vitiligo by Breaking the Redox Balance of Melanocytes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3401570. [PMID: 28018522 PMCID: PMC5153471 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3401570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a common chronic acquired pigmentation disorder characterized by loss of functional melanocytes from the epidermis and follicular reservoir. Among multiple hypotheses which have been proposed in the pathogenesis of vitiligo, autoimmunity and oxidative stress-mediated toxicity in melanocytes remain most widely accepted. Macroautophagy is a lysosome-dependent degradation pathway which widely exists in eukaryotic cells. Autophagy participates in the oxidative stress response in many cells, which plays a protective role in preventing damage caused by oxidative stress. Recent studies have enrolled autophagy as an important regulator in limiting damage caused by UV light and lipid oxidation, keeping oxidative stress in a steady state in epidermal keratinocytes and maintaining normal proliferation and aging of melanocytes. Impairment of autophagy might disrupt the antioxidant defense system which renders melanocytes to oxidative insults. These findings provide supportive evidence to explore new ideas of the pathogenesis of vitiligo and other pigmentation disorders.
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Lee KW, Ryu HW, Oh SS, Park S, Madhi H, Yoo J, Park KH, Kim KD. Depigmentation of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-treated melanoma cells by β-mangostin is mediated by selective autophagy. Exp Dermatol 2016; 26:585-591. [PMID: 27714857 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanogenesis is a key pathway for the regulation of skin pigmentation and the development of skin-lightening/skin-whitening drugs or cosmetics. In this study, we found that β-mangostin from seedcases of Garcinia mangostana inhibited α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-mediated melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells and a three-dimensional human skin model. β-Mangostin significantly inhibited the protein level of tyrosinase induced by α-MSH in UPS (ubiquitin proteasome system)-independent and lysosome-dependent manner. The inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine treatment or ATG5 knockdown effectively recovered premelanosome protein as well as tyrosinase degraded by the β-mangostin treatment. However, rapamycin, a representative non-selective autophagy inducer, triggered autophagy in α-MSH-stimulated cells, which was characterized by a considerable decrease in p62, but it was unable to inhibit melanogenesis. Melanosome-engulfing autophagosomes were observed using transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, previously formed melanin could be degraded effectively in an autophagy-dependent manner in β-mangostin-treated cells. Taken together, our results suggest that β-mangostin inhibits the melanogenesis induced by α-MSH via an autophagy-dependent mechanism, and thus, the depigmentation effect of β-mangostin may depend on autophagy targeted at the melanosome rather than non-selective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Won Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, KRIBB, Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Sang-Seok Oh
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Soojong Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hamadi Madhi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jiyun Yoo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Ki-Hun Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Kwang Dong Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea.,PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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Ni C, Narzt MS, Nagelreiter IM, Zhang CF, Larue L, Rossiter H, Grillari J, Tschachler E, Gruber F. Autophagy deficient melanocytes display a senescence associated secretory phenotype that includes oxidized lipid mediators. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 81:375-382. [PMID: 27732890 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a recycling program which allows cells to adapt to metabolic needs and to stress. Defects in autophagy can affect metabolism, aging, proteostasis and inflammation. Autophagy pathway genes, including autophagy related 7 (Atg7), have been associated with the regulation of skin pigmentation, and autophagy defects disturb the biogenesis and transport of melanosomes in melanocytes as well as transfer and processing of melanin into keratinocytes. We have previously shown that mice whose melanocytes or keratinocytes lack Atg7 (and thus autophagy) as a result of specific gene knockout still retained functioning melanosome synthesis and transfer, and displayed only moderate reduction of pigmentation. In cell culture the Atg7 deficient melanocytes were prone to premature senescence and dysregulation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) signaling. To elucidate the biochemical basis of this phenotype, we performed a study on global gene expression, protein secretion and phospholipid composition in Atg7 deficient versus Atg7 expressing melanocytes. In cell culture Atg7 deficient melanocytes showed a pro-inflammatory gene expression signature and secreted higher levels of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand -1,-2,-10 and -12 (Cxcl1, Cxcl2, Cxcl10, Cxcl12), which are implicated in the pathogenesis of pigmentary disorders and expressed higher amounts of matrix metalloproteinases -3 and -13 (Mmp3, Mmp13). The analysis of membrane phospholipid composition identified an increase in the arachidonic- to linoleic acid ratio in the autophagy deficient cells, as well as an increase in oxidized phospholipid species that act as danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The secretion of inflammation related factors suggests that autophagy deficient melanocytes display a senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP), and we propose oxidized lipid mediators as novel components of this SASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunya Ni
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Grürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Marie-Sophie Narzt
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Grürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for the Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ionela-Mariana Nagelreiter
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Grürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for the Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cheng Feng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Grürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Developmental Genetics of Melanocytes, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, Orsay, France
| | - Heidemarie Rossiter
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Grürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for the Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-VIBT University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Grürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Grürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for the Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria.
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