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Sherwani ZA, Tariq SS, Mushtaq M, Siddiqui AR, Nur-E-Alam M, Ahmed A, Ul-Haq Z. Predicting FFAR4 agonists using structure-based machine learning approach based on molecular fingerprints. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9398. [PMID: 38658642 PMCID: PMC11043068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 (FFAR4), a G-protein-coupled receptor, is responsible for triggering intracellular signaling pathways that regulate various physiological processes. FFAR4 agonists are associated with enhancing insulin release and mitigating the atherogenic, obesogenic, pro-carcinogenic, and pro-diabetogenic effects, normally associated with the free fatty acids bound to FFAR4. In this research, molecular structure-based machine-learning techniques were employed to evaluate compounds as potential agonists for FFAR4. Molecular structures were encoded into bit arrays, serving as molecular fingerprints, which were subsequently analyzed using the Bayesian network algorithm to identify patterns for screening the data. The shortlisted hits obtained via machine learning protocols were further validated by Molecular Docking and via ADME and Toxicity predictions. The shortlisted compounds were then subjected to MD Simulations of the membrane-bound FFAR4-ligand complexes for 100 ns each. Molecular analyses, encompassing binding interactions, RMSD, RMSF, RoG, PCA, and FEL, were conducted to scrutinize the protein-ligand complexes at the inter-atomic level. The analyses revealed significant interactions of the shortlisted compounds with the crucial residues of FFAR4 previously documented. FFAR4 as part of the complexes demonstrated consistent RMSDs, ranging from 3.57 to 3.64, with minimal residue fluctuations 5.27 to 6.03 nm, suggesting stable complexes. The gyration values fluctuated between 22.8 to 23.5 nm, indicating structural compactness and orderliness across the studied systems. Additionally, distinct conformational motions were observed in each complex, with energy contours shifting to broader energy basins throughout the simulation, suggesting thermodynamically stable protein-ligand complexes. The two compounds CHEMBL2012662 and CHEMBL64616 are presented as potential FFAR4 agonists, based on these insights and in-depth analyses. Collectively, these findings advance our comprehension of FFAR4's functions and mechanisms, highlighting these compounds as potential FFAR4 agonists worthy of further exploration as innovative treatments for metabolic and immune-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Anis Sherwani
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Sumayya Tariq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Mamona Mushtaq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Ali Raza Siddiqui
- H.E.J Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Nur-E-Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aftab Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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Hahn MK, Giacca A, Pereira S. In vivo techniques for assessment of insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. J Endocrinol 2024; 260:e230308. [PMID: 38198372 PMCID: PMC10895285 DOI: 10.1530/joe-23-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic tests are vital to determine in vivo insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in preclinical models, usually rodents. Such tests include glucose tolerance tests, insulin tolerance tests, and glucose clamps. Although these tests are not standardized, there are general guidelines for their completion and analysis that are constantly being refined. In this review, we describe metabolic tests in rodents as well as factors to consider when designing and performing these tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret K Hahn
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adria Giacca
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra Pereira
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Frampton J, Serrano-Contreras JI, Garcia-Perez I, Franco-Becker G, Penhaligan J, Tan ASY, Cepas de Oliveira AC, Milner AJ, Murphy KG, Frost G, Chambers ES. The impact of acute exercise on appetite regulation: unravelling the potential involvement of gut microbial activity. J Physiol 2024; 602:529-530. [PMID: 38226960 DOI: 10.1113/jp286101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James Frampton
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jose Ivan Serrano-Contreras
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Isabel Garcia-Perez
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Georgia Franco-Becker
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jack Penhaligan
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Abbigail S Y Tan
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Claudia Cepas de Oliveira
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Annabelle J Milner
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kevin G Murphy
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gary Frost
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Edward S Chambers
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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4
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Zhang M, Zhu L, Wu G, Zhang H, Wang X, Qi X. The impacts and mechanisms of dietary proteins on glucose homeostasis and food intake: a pivotal role of gut hormones. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37800337 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2256400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose and energy metabolism disorders are the main reasons induced type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. Besides providing energy, dietary nutrients could regulate glucose homeostasis and food intake via intestinal nutrient sensing induced gut hormone secretion. However, reviews regarding intestinal protein sensing are very limited, and no accurate information is available on their underlying mechanisms. Through intestinal protein sensing, dietary proteins regulate glucose homeostasis and food intake by secreting gut hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). After activating the sensory receptors, such as calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), peptide transporter-1 (PepT1), and taste 1 receptors (T1Rs), protein digests induced Ca2+ influx and thus triggered gut hormone release. Additionally, research models used to study intestinal protein sensing have been emphasized, especially several innovative models with excellent physiological relevance, such as co-culture cell models, intestinal organoids, and gut-on-a-chips. Lastly, protein-based dietary strategies that stimulate gut hormone secretion and inhibit gut hormone degradation are proposed for regulating glucose homeostasis and food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Gangcheng Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiguang Qi
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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5
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Karmokar PF, Moniri NH. Oncogenic signaling of the free-fatty acid receptors FFA1 and FFA4 in human breast carcinoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115328. [PMID: 36309079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Globally, breast cancer is the most frequent type of cancer in women, and most breast cancer-associated deaths are due to metastasis and recurrence of the disease. Dietary habits, specifically dietary fat intake is a crucial risk factor involved in breast cancer development and progression. Decades of research has revealed that free-fatty acids (FFA) modulate carcinogenic processes through fatty acid metabolism and lipid peroxidation. The ground-breaking discovery of free-fatty acid receptors, which are members of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, has led to the realization that FFA can also act via these receptors to modulate carcinogenic effects. The long-chain free-fatty acid receptors FFA1 (previously termed GPR40) and FFA4 (previously termed GPR120) are activated by mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids including ω-3, 6, and 9 fatty acids. Initial enthusiasm towards the study of these receptors focused on their insulin secretagogue and sensitization effects, and the downstream associated metabolic regulation. However, recent studies have demonstrated that abnormal expression and/or aberrant FFA1/FFA4 signaling are evident in human breast carcinomas, suggesting that FFA receptors could be a promising target in the treatment of breast cancer. The current review discusses the diverse roles of FFA1 and FFA4 in the regulation of cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and chemotherapy resistance in human breast carcinoma cells and tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka F Karmokar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Nader H Moniri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA.
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Impact of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on the expression of glucagon-like peptide 1 in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 224:908-918. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Shute A, Bihan DG, Lewis IA, Nasser Y. Metabolomics: The Key to Unraveling the Role of the Microbiome in Visceral Pain Neurotransmission. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:917197. [PMID: 35812241 PMCID: PMC9260117 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.917197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative colitis, is a relapsing and remitting disease of the gastrointestinal tract, presenting with chronic inflammation, ulceration, gastrointestinal bleeding, and abdominal pain. Up to 80% of patients suffering from IBD experience acute pain, which dissipates when the underlying inflammation and tissue damage resolves. However, despite achieving endoscopic remission with no signs of ongoing intestinal inflammation or damage, 30–50% of IBD patients in remission experience chronic abdominal pain, suggesting altered sensory neuronal processing in this disorder. Furthermore, effective treatment for chronic pain is limited such that 5–25% of IBD outpatients are treated with narcotics, with associated morbidity and mortality. IBD patients commonly present with substantial alterations to the microbial community structure within the gastrointestinal tract, known as dysbiosis. The same is also true in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a chronic disorder characterized by altered bowel habits and abdominal pain, in the absence of inflammation. An emerging body of literature suggests that the gut microbiome plays an important role in visceral hypersensitivity. Specific microbial metabolites have an intimate relationship with host receptors that are highly expressed on host cell and neurons, suggesting that microbial metabolites play a key role in visceral hypersensitivity. In this review, we will discuss the techniques used to analysis the metabolome, current potential metabolite targets for visceral hypersensitivity, and discuss the current literature that evaluates the role of the post-inflammatory microbiota and metabolites in visceral hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shute
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Dominique G. Bihan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ian A. Lewis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yasmin Nasser
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Yasmin Nasser,
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Vasto S, Di Gaudio F, Raso M, Sabatino L, Caldarella R, De Pasquale C, Di Rosa L, Baldassano S. Impact on Glucose Homeostasis: Is Food Biofortified with Molybdenum a Workable Solution? A Two-Arm Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:1351. [PMID: 35405964 PMCID: PMC9002377 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is expected to increase up to 700 million people worldwide with type 2 diabetes being the most frequent. The use of nutritional interventions is one of the most natural approaches for managing the disease. Minerals are of paramount importance in order to preserve and obtain good health and among them molybdenum is an essential component. There are no studies about the consumption of biofortified food with molybdenum on glucose homeostasis but recent studies in humans suggest that molybdenum could exert hypoglycemic effects. The present study aims to assess if consumption of lettuce biofortified with molybdenum influences glucose homeostasis and whether the effects would be due to changes in gastrointestinal hormone levels and specifically Peptide YY (PYY), Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1), Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 (GLP-2), and Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP). A cohort of 24 people was supplemented with biofortified lettuce for 12 days. Blood and urine samples were obtained at baseline (T0) and after 12 days (T2) of supplementation. Blood was analyzed for glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, β-cell function, and insulin sensitivity, PYY, GLP-1, GLP-2 and GIP. Urine samples were tested for molybdenum concentration. The results showed that consumption of lettuce biofortified with molybdenum for 12 days did not affect beta cell function but significantly reduced fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance and increased insulin sensitivity in healthy people. Consumption of biofortified lettuce did not show any modification in urine concentration of molybdenum among the groups. These data suggest that consumption of lettuce biofortified with molybdenum improves glucose homeostasis and PYY and GIP are involved in the action mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Vasto
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
- Euro-Mediterranean Institutes of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Gaudio
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (ProMISE) G. D’Alessandro, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Maria Raso
- Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Section, Quality Control and Chemical Risk (CQRC), Department PROMISE, University Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Leo Sabatino
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali (SAAF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (L.S.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Rosalia Caldarella
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, “P. Giaccone” University Hospital, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Claudio De Pasquale
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali (SAAF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (L.S.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Luigi Di Rosa
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Sara Baldassano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
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Andersen DB, Holst JJ. Peptides in the regulation of glucagon secretion. Peptides 2022; 148:170683. [PMID: 34748791 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is maintained by the glucoregulatory hormones, glucagon, insulin and somatostatin, secreted from the islets of Langerhans. Glucagon is the body's most important anti-hypoglycemic hormone, mobilizing glucose from glycogen stores in the liver in response to fasting, thus maintaining plasma glucose levels within healthy limits. Glucagon secretion is regulated by both circulating nutrients, hormones and neuronal inputs. Hormones that may regulate glucagon secretion include locally produced insulin and somatostatin, but also urocortin-3, amylin and pancreatic polypeptide, and from outside the pancreas glucagon-like peptide-1 and 2, peptide tyrosine tyrosine and oxyntomodulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, neurotensin and ghrelin, as well as the hypothalamic hormones arginine-vasopressin and oxytocin, and calcitonin from the thyroid. Each of these hormones have distinct effects, ranging from regulating blood glucose, to regulating appetite, stomach emptying rate and intestinal motility, which makes them interesting targets for treating metabolic diseases. Awareness regarding the potential effects of the hormones on glucagon secretion is important since secretory abnormalities could manifest as hyperglycemia or even lethal hypoglycemia. Here, we review the effects of each individual hormone on glucagon secretion, their interplay, and how treatments aimed at modulating the plasma levels of these hormones may also influence glucagon secretion and glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Andersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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10
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Meng Q, Culnan DM, Ahmed T, Sun M, Cooney RN. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass alters intestinal glucose transport in the obese Zucker rat. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:901984. [PMID: 36034439 PMCID: PMC9405183 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.901984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The gastrointestinal tract plays a major role in regulating glucose homeostasis and gut endocrine function. The current study examines the effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on intestinal GLP-1, glucose transporter expression and function in the obese Zucker rat (ZR). METHODS Two groups of ZRs were studied: RYGB and sham surgery pair-fed (PF) fed rats. Body weight and food intake were measured daily. On post-operative day (POD) 21, an oral glucose test (OGT) was performed, basal and 30-minute plasma, portal venous glucose and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels were measured. In separate ZRs, the biliopancreatic, Roux limb (Roux) and common channel (CC) intestinal segments were harvested on POD 21. RESULTS Body weight was decreased in the RYGB group. Basal and 30-minute OGT plasma and portal glucose levels were decreased after RYGB. Basal plasma GLP-1 levels were similar, while a 4.5-fold increase in GLP-1 level was observed in 30-minute after RYGB (vs. PF). The increase in basal and 30-minute portal venous GLP-1 levels after RYGB were accompanied by increased mRNA expressions of proglucagon and PC 1/3, GPR119 protein in the Roux and CC segments. mRNA and protein levels of FFAR2/3 were increased in Roux segment. RYGB decreased brush border glucose transport, transporter proteins (SGLT1 and GLUT2) and mRNA levels of Tas1R1/Tas1R3 and α-gustducin in the Roux and CC segments. CONCLUSIONS Reductions in intestinal glucose transport and enhanced post-prandial GLP-1 release were associated with increases in GRP119 and FFAR2/3 after RYGB in the ZR model. Post-RYGB reductions in the regulation of intestinal glucose transport and L cell receptors regulating GLP-1 secretion represent potential mechanisms for improved glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghe Meng
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Derek M. Culnan
- Burn and Reconstructive Centers of America, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Tamer Ahmed
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Mingjie Sun
- Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Robert N. Cooney
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert N. Cooney,
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11
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Watkins JD, Koumanov F, Gonzalez JT. Protein- and Calcium-Mediated GLP-1 Secretion: A Narrative Review. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2540-2552. [PMID: 34192748 PMCID: PMC8634310 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone produced in the intestine that is secreted in response to nutrient exposure. GLP-1 potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cells and promotes satiety. These important actions on glucose metabolism and appetite have led to widespread interest in GLP-1 receptor agonism. Typically, this involves pharmacological GLP-1 mimetics or targeted inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, the enzyme responsible for GLP-1 degradation. However, nutritional strategies provide a widely available, cost-effective alternative to pharmacological strategies for enhancing hormone release. Recent advances in nutritional research have implicated the combined ingestion of protein and calcium with enhanced endogenous GLP-1 release, which is likely due to activation of receptors with high affinity and/or sensitivity for amino acids and calcium. Specifically targeting these receptors could enhance gut hormone secretion, thus providing a new therapeutic option. This narrative review provides an overview of the latest research on protein- and calcium-mediated GLP-1 release with an emphasis on human data, and a perspective on potential mechanisms that link potent GLP-1 release to the co-ingestion of protein and calcium. In light of these recent findings, potential future research directions are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Watkins
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Françoise Koumanov
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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12
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Hira T, Trakooncharoenvit A, Taguchi H, Hara H. Improvement of Glucose Tolerance by Food Factors Having Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Releasing Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6623. [PMID: 34205659 PMCID: PMC8235588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a gastrointestinal hormone released from enteroendocrine L cells in response to meal ingestion. GLP-1 receptor agonists and GLP-1 enhancers have been clinically employed to treat diabetes owing to their glucose-dependent insulin-releasing activity. The release of GLP-1 is primarily stimulated by macronutrients such as glucose and fatty acids, which are nutritionally indispensable; however, excessive intake of sugar and fat is responsible for the development of obesity and diabetes. Therefore, GLP-1 releasing food factors, such as dietary peptides and non-nutrients, are deemed desirable for improving glucose tolerance. Human and animal studies have revealed that dietary proteins/peptides have a potent effect on stimulating GLP-1 secretion. Studies in enteroendocrine cell models have shown that dietary peptides, amino acids, and phytochemicals, such as quercetin, can directly stimulate GLP-1 secretion. In our animal experiments, these food factors improved glucose metabolism and increased GLP-1 secretion. Furthermore, some dietary peptides not only stimulated GLP-1 secretion but also reduced plasma peptidase activity, which is responsible for GLP-1 inactivation. Herein, we review the relationship between GLP-1 and food factors, especially dietary peptides and flavonoids. Accordingly, utilization of food factors with GLP-1-releasing/enhancing activity is a promising strategy for preventing and treating obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Hira
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan;
- School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan;
| | | | - Hayate Taguchi
- School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Hara
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Fuji Women’s University, Ishikari-shi 061-320, Japan;
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Metzler-Zebeli BU, Klinsoda J, Vötterl J, Sharma S, Koger S, Sener-Aydemir A. Short-, medium-, and long-chain fatty acid profiles and signaling is responsive to dietary phytase and lactic acid treatment of cereals along the gastrointestinal tract of growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6231813. [PMID: 33864091 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary and microbially derived fatty acids (FA) play important roles in gut mucosal inflammatory signaling, barrier function, and oxidative stress response. Nevertheless, little information is available about gastrointestinal FA profiles and receptor distribution in pigs, especially for long-chain FA (LCFA). Therefore, the present pilot study aimed to (1) investigate the gastrointestinal FA profiles; (2) link the luminal FA profiles to the mucosal expression of genes related to FA sensing and signaling; and (3) assess potential dietary effects on gut and systemic lipid metabolism in pigs. Gut, liver, and serum samples were obtained from barrows (13.1 ± 2.3 kg) fed diets containing either phytase (500 phytase units/kg diet) or cereals treated with 2.5% lactic acid (LA; n = 8/diet) for 18 d. Results showed gut regional and diet-related differences in luminal FA profiles and mucosal receptor expression, whereas diet little affected hepatic expression levels and serum lipids. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) increased from stomach, jejunum, and ileum to the cecum (P < 0.05), whereas LCFA were higher in stomach, cecum, and colon than in jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05). LA-treated cereals enhanced cecal acetate and butyrate, whereas phytase and LA treated cereals decreased the LCFA by 35.9% and 14.4%, respectively (P < 0.05). Gut regional differences suggested stronger signaling via FFAR1 expression in the ileum, and via FFAR2, FFAR4, and HCAR1 expression in cecum and colon (P < 0.05). Expression of AMPK, FASN, PPARG, SREBP1, and SREBP2 was higher in the cecum and colon compared with the small intestine (P < 0.05), with stronger sensing via FASN and SREBP2. Phytase decreased expression of FFAR2 and FFAR4, whereas it increased that of FFAR3 and MCT1 in the cecum (P < 0.05). LA-treated cereals raised cecal expression of FFAR3 and HCAR1 (P < 0.05). Pearson's correlations (|r| > 0.35; P < 0.05) supported that FA receptor- and nuclear transcription factor-dependent pathways were involved in the mucosal regulation of gut incretin expression but differed across gut regions. In conclusion, results support regional differences in SCFA, lactate and LCFA sensing and absorption capacities in the small and large intestines of pigs. Effects of phytase and the LA-treated cereals on intestinal FA levels and signaling can be explained by differences in nutrient flows (e.g., phosphorus and carbohydrate fractions). This overview provides a solid basis for future intestinal FA sensing in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- Unit Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jutamat Klinsoda
- Unit Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Food Research and Product Development, University of Kasetsart, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Julia Vötterl
- Unit Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Suchitra Sharma
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Koger
- Institute of Food Research and Product Development, University of Kasetsart, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arife Sener-Aydemir
- Institute of Food Research and Product Development, University of Kasetsart, Bangkok, Thailand
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West JA, Tsakmaki A, Ghosh SS, Parkes DG, Grønlund RV, Pedersen PJ, Maggs D, Rajagopalan H, Bewick GA. Chronic peptide-based GIP receptor inhibition exhibits modest glucose metabolic changes in mice when administered either alone or combined with GLP-1 agonism. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249239. [PMID: 33788878 PMCID: PMC8011784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial gut hormone therapy is one of the more promising strategies for identifying improved treatments for metabolic disease. Many approaches combine the established benefits of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonism with one or more additional molecules with the aim of improving metabolic outcomes. Recent attention has been drawn to the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) system due to compelling pre-clinical evidence describing the metabolic benefits of antagonising the GIP receptor (GIPR). We rationalised that benefit might be accrued from combining GIPR antagonism with GLP-1 agonism. Two GIPR peptide antagonists, GIPA-1 (mouse GIP(3–30)NH2) and GIPA-2 (NαAc-K10[γEγE-C16]-Arg18-hGIP(5–42)), were pharmacologically characterised and both exhibited potent antagonist properties. Acute in vivo administration of GIPA-1 during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) had negligible effects on glucose tolerance and insulin in lean mice. In contrast, GIPA-2 impaired glucose tolerance and attenuated circulating insulin levels. A mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) was used to investigate the potential metabolic benefits of chronic dosing of each antagonist, alone or in combination with liraglutide. Chronic administration studies showed expected effects of liraglutide, lowering food intake, body weight, fasting blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations while improving glucose sensitivity, whereas delivery of either GIPR antagonist alone had negligible effects on these parameters. Interestingly, chronic dual therapy augmented insulin sensitizing effects and lowered plasma triglycerides and free-fatty acids, with more notable effects observed with GIPA-1 compared to GIPA-2. Thus, the co-administration of both a GIPR antagonist with a GLP1 agonist uncovers interesting beneficial effects on measures of insulin sensitivity, circulating lipids and certain adipose stores that seem influenced by the degree or nature of GIP receptor antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. West
- Fractyl Laboratories Inc, Lexington, MA, United States of America
| | - Anastasia Tsakmaki
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - David Maggs
- Fractyl Laboratories Inc, Lexington, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Gavin A. Bewick
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, England, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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15
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Arcones AC, Vila-Bedmar R, Mirasierra M, Cruces-Sande M, Vallejo M, Jones B, Tomas A, Mayor F, Murga C. GRK2 regulates GLP-1R-mediated early phase insulin secretion in vivo. BMC Biol 2021; 19:40. [PMID: 33658023 PMCID: PMC7931601 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00966-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cell is finely modulated by different signals to allow an adequate control of glucose homeostasis. Incretin hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) act as key physiological potentiators of insulin release through binding to the G protein-coupled receptor GLP-1R. Another key regulator of insulin signaling is the Ser/Thr kinase G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2). However, whether GRK2 affects insulin secretion or if GRK2 can control incretin actions in vivo remains to be analyzed. RESULTS Using GRK2 hemizygous mice, isolated pancreatic islets, and model β-cell lines, we have uncovered a relevant physiological role for GRK2 as a regulator of incretin-mediated insulin secretion in vivo. Feeding, oral glucose gavage, or administration of GLP-1R agonists in animals with reduced GRK2 levels (GRK2+/- mice) resulted in enhanced early phase insulin release without affecting late phase secretion. In contrast, intraperitoneal glucose-induced insulin release was not affected. This effect was recapitulated in isolated islets and correlated with the increased size or priming efficacy of the readily releasable pool (RRP) of insulin granules that was observed in GRK2+/- mice. Using nanoBRET in β-cell lines, we found that stimulation of GLP-1R promoted GRK2 association to this receptor and that GRK2 protein and kinase activity were required for subsequent β-arrestin recruitment. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data suggest that GRK2 is an important negative modulator of GLP-1R-mediated insulin secretion and that GRK2-interfering strategies may favor β-cell insulin secretion specifically during the early phase, an effect that may carry interesting therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba C Arcones
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO) UAM-CSIC; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Princesa; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Vila-Bedmar
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Mirasierra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Ciberdem), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cruces-Sande
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO) UAM-CSIC; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Princesa; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Vallejo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Ciberdem), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO) UAM-CSIC; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Princesa; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Murga
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO) UAM-CSIC; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Princesa; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Boer GA, Holst JJ. Incretin Hormones and Type 2 Diabetes-Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Approaches. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120473. [PMID: 33339298 PMCID: PMC7766765 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary When we ingest a meal, our intestine secretes hormones that are released into the bloodstream. Amongst these hormones are the incretins hormones which stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas which is essential for the regulation of in particular postprandial glucose concentrations. In patients with type 2 diabetes, the effect of the incretins is diminished. This is thought to contribute importantly to the pathophysiology of the disease. However, in pharmacological amounts, the incretins may still influence insulin secretion and metabolism. Much research has therefore been devoted to the development of incretin-based therapies for type 2 diabetes. These therapies include compounds that strongly resemble the incretins, hereby stimulating their effects as well as inhibitors of the enzymatic degradation of the hormones, thereby increasing the concentration of incretins in the blood. Both therapeutic approaches have been implemented successfully, but research is still ongoing aimed at the development of further optimized therapies. Abstract Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are secreted from the gut upon nutrient stimulation and regulate postprandial metabolism. These hormones are known as classical incretin hormones and are responsible for a major part of postprandial insulin release. The incretin effect is severely reduced in patients with type 2 diabetes, but it was discovered that administration of GLP-1 agonists was capable of normalizing glucose control in these patients. Over the last decades, much research has been focused on the development of incretin-based therapies for type 2 diabetes. These therapies include incretin receptor agonists and inhibitors of the incretin-degrading enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4. Especially the development of diverse GLP-1 receptor agonists has shown immense success, whereas studies of GIP monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes have consistently been disappointing. Interestingly, both GIP-GLP-1 co-agonists and GIP receptor antagonists administered in combination with GLP-1R agonists appear to be efficient with respect to both weight loss and control of diabetes, although the molecular mechanisms behind these effects remain unknown. This review describes our current knowledge of the two incretin hormones and the development of incretin-based therapies for treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geke Aline Boer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark;
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark;
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-2875-7518
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17
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Acute effects of delayed-release hydrolyzed pine nut oil on glucose tolerance, incretins, ghrelin and appetite in healthy humans. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:2169-2179. [PMID: 33059911 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACGROUND & AIM Pinolenic acid, a major component (~20%) of pine nut oil, is a dual agonist of the free fatty acid receptors, FFA1 and FFA4, which may regulate release of incretins and ghrelin from the gut. Here, we investigated the acute effects of hydrolyzed pine nut oil (PNO-FFA), delivered to the small intestine by delayed-release capsules, on glucose tolerance, insulin, incretin and ghrelin secretion, and appetite. METHODS In two cross-over studies, we evaluated 3 g unhydrolyzed pine nut oil (PNO-TG) or 3 g PNO-FFA versus no oil in eight healthy, non-obese subjects (study 1), and 3 g PNO-FFA or 6 g PNO-FFA versus no oil in ten healthy, overweight/obese subjects (study 2) in both studies given in delayed-release capsules 30 min prior to a 4-h-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Outcomes were circulating levels of glucose, insulin, GLP-1, GIP, ghrelin, appetite and gastrointestinal tolerability during OGTT. RESULTS Both 3 g PNO-FFA in study 1 and 6 g PNO-FFA in study 2 markedly increased GLP-1 levels (p < 0.001) and attenuated ghrelin levels (p < 0.001) during the last 2 h of the OGTT compared with no oil. In study 2, these effects of PNO-FFA were accompanied by an increased satiety and fullness (p < 0.03), and decreased prospective food consumption (p < 0.05). PNO-FFA caused only small reductions in glucose and insulin levels during the first 2 h of the OGTT. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that PNO-FFA delivered to the small intestine by delayed-release capsules may reduce appetite by augmenting GLP-1 release and attenuating ghrelin secretion in the late postprandial state. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBERS NCT03062592 and NCT03305367.
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18
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Higuchi S, Ahmad TR, Argueta DA, Perez PA, Zhao C, Schwartz GJ, DiPatrizio NV, Haeusler RA. Bile acid composition regulates GPR119-dependent intestinal lipid sensing and food intake regulation in mice. Gut 2020; 69:1620-1628. [PMID: 32111630 PMCID: PMC7423635 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lipid mediators in the GI tract regulate satiation and satiety. Bile acids (BAs) regulate the absorption and metabolism of dietary lipid in the intestine, but their effects on lipid-regulated satiation and satiety are completely unknown. Investigating this is challenging because introducing excessive BAs or eliminating BAs strongly impacts GI functions. We used a mouse model (Cyp8b1-/- mice) with normal total BA levels, but alterations in the composition of the BA pool that impact multiple aspects of intestinal lipid metabolism. We tested two hypotheses: BAs affect food intake by (1) regulating production of the bioactive lipid oleoylethanolamide (OEA), which enhances satiety; or (2) regulating the quantity and localisation of hydrolysed fat in small intestine, which controls gastric emptying and satiation. DESIGN We evaluated OEA levels, gastric emptying and food intake in wild-type and Cyp8b1-/- mice. We assessed the role of the fat receptor GPR119 in these effects using Gpr119-/- mice. RESULTS Cyp8b1-/- mice on a chow diet showed mild hypophagia. Jejunal OEA production was blunted in Cyp8b1-/- mice, thus these data do not support a role for this pathway in the hypophagia of Cyp8b1-/- mice. On the other hand, Cyp8b1 deficiency decreased gastric emptying, and this was dependent on dietary fat. GPR119 deficiency normalised the gastric emptying, gut hormone levels, food intake and body weight of Cyp8b1-/- mice. CONCLUSION BAs regulate gastric emptying and satiation by determining fat-dependent GPR119 activity in distal intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei Higuchi
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tiara R Ahmad
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Donovan A Argueta
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Pedro A Perez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Chen Zhao
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gary J Schwartz
- Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience, Yeshiva University Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas V DiPatrizio
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Rebecca A Haeusler
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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19
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Lv X, Dong Y, Hu L, Lu F, Zhou C, Qin S. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) for the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A systematic review. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2020; 3:e00163. [PMID: 32704576 PMCID: PMC7375121 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no licensed drugs for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and there is a lack of consensus on the best outcome measures for controlled trials. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of GLP-1 RAs in the management of NAFLD, the degree of heterogeneity in trial design and the robustness of conclusions drawn from these clinical trials. We searched publication databases and clinical trial registries through 2 November 2019 for clinical trials with NAFLD. We evaluated improvements in histological findings, noninvasive markers of hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, insulin resistance and anthropometric measures. Our final analysis included 24 clinical trials, comprising 6313 participants with a mean duration of 37 weeks. Four clinical trials, including RCT (n = 1), single-arm studies (n = 2) and case series studies (n = 1), used biopsy-confirmed liver histological change as their end-points. The remaining studies (n = 20) used surrogate end-points. GLP-1 RAs were effective for the improvement in hepatic inflammation, hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. More importantly, GLP-1 RAs showed promise in improving the histological features of NASH. In addition, 8 ongoing trials were identified. In this systematic review of published and ongoing clinical trials of the efficacy of GLP-1RAs for NAFLD, we found that GLP-1 RAs are effective for hepatic steatosis and inflammation, with the potential to reverse fibrosis. Further prospective studies of sufficient duration using histological end-points are needed to fully assess the efficacy of GLP-1 RAs in the management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Lv
- Department of EndocrinologyChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yongqiang Dong
- Department of Thyroid SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Lingling Hu
- Department of EndocrinologyNingbo Medical Center Lihuili Eastern HospitalZhejiangChina
| | - Feiyu Lu
- Department of PaediatricsThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Changyu Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Shaoyou Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
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20
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Xie SZ, Yang G, Jiang XM, Qin DY, Li QM, Zha XQ, Pan LH, Jin CS, Luo JP. Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua Polysaccharide Promotes GLP-1 Secretion from Enteroendocrine L-Cells through Sweet Taste Receptor-Mediated cAMP Signaling. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6864-6872. [PMID: 32456438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secreted from enteroendocrine L-cells is a pleiotropic hormone with beneficial potential related to islet function, diet control, glucose homeostasis, inflammation relief, and cardiovascular protection. The present study aimed at investigating the effect of Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharide (PCP) after structural identification on GLP-1 secretion and the possible mechanism involved in the PCP-stimulated secretion of GLP-1. It was found that GLP-1 secretion was effectively promoted (p < 0.01) by PCP both in rats with oral administration for 5 weeks (13.9 ± 0.3-35.8 ± 0.3 pmol/L) and ileal administration within 2 h (13.6 ± 0.4-34.1 ± 1.1 pmol/L) and in enteroendocrine NCI-H716 cells with direct stimulation within 24 h (2.05 ± 0.3-20.7 ± 0.2 pmol/L). The sweet taste receptor T1R2/T1R3 was identified to be essential for NCI-H716 cells to directly recognize PCP. The intervention experiments showed that PCP-stimulated GLP-1 secretion was significantly depressed (p < 0.01) not only by antibodies, siRNA, and the inhibitor of T1R2/T1R3 but also by an adenylate cyclase inhibitor. These results suggest that PCP stimulates GLP-1 secretion from enteroendocrine cells possibly through activation of the T1R2/T1R3-mediated cAMP signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Zi Xie
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xian-Min Jiang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Dan-Yang Qin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Qiang-Ming Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xue-Qiang Zha
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Li-Hua Pan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Chuan-Shan Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Jian-Ping Luo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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21
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The nuclear receptor FXR inhibits Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 secretion in response to microbiota-derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Sci Rep 2020; 10:174. [PMID: 31932631 PMCID: PMC6957696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota participates in the control of energy homeostasis partly through fermentation of dietary fibers hence producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which in turn promote the secretion of the incretin Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) by binding to the SCFA receptors FFAR2 and FFAR3 on enteroendocrine L-cells. We have previously shown that activation of the nuclear Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) decreases the L-cell response to glucose. Here, we investigated whether FXR also regulates the SCFA-induced GLP-1 secretion. GLP-1 secretion in response to SCFAs was evaluated ex vivo in murine colonic biopsies and in colonoids of wild-type (WT) and FXR knock-out (KO) mice, in vitro in GLUTag and NCI-H716 L-cells activated with the synthetic FXR agonist GW4064 and in vivo in WT and FXR KO mice after prebiotic supplementation. SCFA-induced GLP-1 secretion was blunted in colonic biopsies from GW4064-treated mice and enhanced in FXR KO colonoids. In vitro FXR activation inhibited GLP-1 secretion in response to SCFAs and FFAR2 synthetic ligands, mainly by decreasing FFAR2 expression and downstream Gαq-signaling. FXR KO mice displayed elevated colonic FFAR2 mRNA levels and increased plasma GLP-1 levels upon local supply of SCFAs with prebiotic supplementation. Our results demonstrate that FXR activation decreases L-cell GLP-1 secretion in response to inulin-derived SCFA by reducing FFAR2 expression and signaling. Inactivation of intestinal FXR using bile acid sequestrants or synthetic antagonists in combination with prebiotic supplementation may be a promising therapeutic approach to boost the incretin axis in type 2 diabetes.
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22
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Müller TD, Finan B, Bloom SR, D'Alessio D, Drucker DJ, Flatt PR, Fritsche A, Gribble F, Grill HJ, Habener JF, Holst JJ, Langhans W, Meier JJ, Nauck MA, Perez-Tilve D, Pocai A, Reimann F, Sandoval DA, Schwartz TW, Seeley RJ, Stemmer K, Tang-Christensen M, Woods SC, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Mol Metab 2019; 30:72-130. [PMID: 31767182 PMCID: PMC6812410 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 825] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a multifaceted hormone with broad pharmacological potential. Among the numerous metabolic effects of GLP-1 are the glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion, decrease of gastric emptying, inhibition of food intake, increase of natriuresis and diuresis, and modulation of rodent β-cell proliferation. GLP-1 also has cardio- and neuroprotective effects, decreases inflammation and apoptosis, and has implications for learning and memory, reward behavior, and palatability. Biochemically modified for enhanced potency and sustained action, GLP-1 receptor agonists are successfully in clinical use for the treatment of type-2 diabetes, and several GLP-1-based pharmacotherapies are in clinical evaluation for the treatment of obesity. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we provide a detailed overview on the multifaceted nature of GLP-1 and its pharmacology and discuss its therapeutic implications on various diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Since its discovery, GLP-1 has emerged as a pleiotropic hormone with a myriad of metabolic functions that go well beyond its classical identification as an incretin hormone. The numerous beneficial effects of GLP-1 render this hormone an interesting candidate for the development of pharmacotherapies to treat obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - B Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S R Bloom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D D'Alessio
- Division of Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D J Drucker
- The Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X5, Canada
| | - P R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - A Fritsche
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - F Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - H J Grill
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J F Habener
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - W Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - J J Meier
- Diabetes Division, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M A Nauck
- Diabetes Center Bochum-Hattingen, St Josef Hospital (Ruhr-Universität Bochum), Bochum, Germany
| | - D Perez-Tilve
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati-College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A Pocai
- Cardiovascular & ImmunoMetabolism, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - F Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - D A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DL-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - M Tang-Christensen
- Obesity Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - S C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R D DiMarchi
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - M H Tschöp
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
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23
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Handgraaf S, Philippe J. The Role of Sexual Hormones on the Enteroinsular Axis. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1152-1162. [PMID: 31074764 DOI: 10.1210/er.2019-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroid estrogens, androgens, and progesterone, produced by the gonads, which have long been considered as endocrine glands, are implicated in sexual differentiation, puberty, and reproduction. However, the impact of sex hormones goes beyond these effects through their role on energy metabolism. Indeed, sex hormones are important physiological regulators of glucose homeostasis and, in particular, of the enteroinsular axis. In this review, we describe the roles of estrogens, androgens, and progesterone on glucose homeostasis through their effects on pancreatic α- and β-cells, as well as on enteroendocrine L-cells, and their implications in hormonal biosynthesis and secretion. The analysis of their mechanisms of action with the dissection of the receptors implicated in the several protective effects could provide some new aspects of the fine-tuning of hormonal secretion under the influence of the sex. This knowledge paves the way to the understanding of transgender physiology and new potential therapeutics in the field of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Handgraaf
- Laboratory of Molecular Diabetes, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, University Hospital/Diabetes Center/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Philippe
- Laboratory of Molecular Diabetes, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, University Hospital/Diabetes Center/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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24
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O'Brien R, Buckley MM, Kelliher A, O'Malley D. PI 3-kinase- and ERK-MAPK-dependent mechanisms underlie Glucagon-Like Peptide-1-mediated activation of Sprague Dawley colonic myenteric neurons. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13631. [PMID: 31121089 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) can modify colonic function, with beneficial effects reported in the functional bowel disorder, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). IBS pathophysiology is characterized by hyper-activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis and altered microbial profiles. This study aims to characterize the neuronal and functional effects of GLP-1 in healthy rat colons to aid understanding of its beneficial effects in moderating bowel dysfunction. METHODS Immunofluorescent and calcium imaging of myenteric neurons prepared from Sprague Dawley rat colons was carried out to elucidate the neuromodulatory actions of the GLP-1 receptor agonist, exendin-4 (Ex-4). Colonic contractile activity was assessed using organ bath physiological recordings. KEY RESULTS Ex-4 induced an elevation of intracellular calcium arising from store release and influx via voltage-gated calcium channels. Ex-4 activated both ERK-MAPK and PI 3-kinase signaling cascades. Neuronal activation was found to underlie suppression of contractile activity in colonic circular muscle. Although the stress hormone, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) potentiated the neuronal response to Ex-4, and the functional effects of Ex-4 on colonic circular muscle activity were not altered. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Ex-4 evoked neurally regulated suppression of rat colonic circular muscle activity. In myenteric neurons, the neurostimulatory effects of Ex-4 were dependent upon activation of PI 3-kinase and ERK-MAPK signaling cascades. No further change in circular muscle function was noted in the presence of CRF suggesting that stress does not impact on colonic function in health. Further studies in a model of IBS are needed to determine whether mechanisms are modified in the context of bowel dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca O'Brien
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Maria M Buckley
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Amy Kelliher
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dervla O'Malley
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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25
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Argueta DA, Perez PA, Makriyannis A, DiPatrizio NV. Cannabinoid CB 1 Receptors Inhibit Gut-Brain Satiation Signaling in Diet-Induced Obesity. Front Physiol 2019; 10:704. [PMID: 31281260 PMCID: PMC6597959 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut-brain signaling controls feeding behavior and energy homeostasis; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms and impact of diet-induced obesity (DIO) on these pathways are poorly defined. We tested the hypothesis that elevated endocannabinoid activity at cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1Rs) in the gut of mice rendered DIO by chronic access to a high fat and sucrose diet for 60 days inhibits nutrient-induced release of satiation peptides and promotes overeating. Immunoreactivity for CB1Rs was present in enteroendocrine cells in the mouse’s upper small-intestinal epithelium that produce and secrete the satiation peptide, cholecystokinin (CCK), and expression of mRNA for CB1Rs was greater in these cells when compared to non-CCK producing cells. Oral gavage of corn oil increased levels of bioactive CCK (CCK-8) in plasma from mice fed a low fat no-sucrose diet. Pretreatment with the cannabinoid receptor agonist, WIN55,212-2, blocked this response, which was reversed by co-administration with the peripherally-restricted CB1R neutral antagonist, AM6545. Furthermore, monoacylglycerol metabolic enzyme function was dysregulated in the upper small-intestinal epithelium from DIO mice, which was met with increased levels of a variety of monoacylglycerols including the endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol. Corn oil failed to affect levels of CCK in DIO mouse plasma; however, pretreatment with AM6545 restored the ability for corn oil to stimulate increases in levels of CCK, which suggests that elevated endocannabinoid signaling at small intestinal CB1Rs in DIO mice inhibits nutrient-induced CCK release. Moreover, the hypophagic effect of AM6545 in DIO mice was reversed by co-administration with the CCKA receptor antagonist, devazepide. Collectively, these results provide evidence that hyperphagia associated with DIO is driven by a mechanism that includes CB1R-mediated inhibition of gut-brain satiation signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan A Argueta
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Pedro A Perez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | | | - Nicholas V DiPatrizio
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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26
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Toll-like receptor 4 is necessary for glucose-dependent glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in male mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 510:104-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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27
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O'Malley D. Endocrine regulation of gut function - a role for glucagon-like peptide-1 in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Exp Physiol 2018; 104:3-10. [PMID: 30444291 DOI: 10.1113/ep087443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? Pathophysiological changes linked to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) include stress and immune activation, changes in gastrointestinal microbial and bile acid profiles and sensitization of extrinsic and intrinsic gut neurons. This review explores the potential role for L-cells in these pathophysiological changes. What advances does it highlight? L-cells, which secrete glucagon-like peptide-1 in response to nutrients, microbial factors, bile acids and short-chain fatty acids, may sense IBS-related changes in the luminal environment. Glucagon-like peptide-1 can act as a hormone, a paracrine factor or a neuromodulatory factor and, through its actions on central or peripheral neurons, may play a role in gastrointestinal dysfunction. ABSTRACT The prevalent and debilitating functional bowel disorder, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), is characterized by symptoms that include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhoea and/or constipation. The heterogeneity of IBS underscores a complex multifactorial pathophysiology, which is not completely understood but involves dysfunction of the bi-directional signalling axis between the brain and the gut. This axis incorporates efferent and afferent branches of the autonomic nervous system, circulating endocrine hormones and immune factors, local paracrine and neurocrine factors and microbial metabolites. L-cells, which are electrically excitable biosensors embedded in the gastrointestinal epithelium, secrete glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in response to nutrients in the small intestine. However, they appear to function in a different manner more distally in the gastrointestinal tract, where they are activated by luminal factors including short-chain fatty acids, bile acids and microbial metabolic products, all of which are altered in IBS patients. Glucagon-like peptide-1 can also interact with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis and the immune system, both of which are activated in IBS. Given that a GLP-1 mimetic has been found to alleviate acute pain symptoms in IBS patients, GLP-1 might be important in the manifestation of IBS symptoms. This review assesses the current knowledge about the role of GLP-1 in IBS pathophysiology and its potential role as a signal transducer in the microbiome-gut-brain signalling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dervla O'Malley
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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28
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Lee EY, Zhang X, Miyamoto J, Kimura I, Taknaka T, Furusawa K, Jomori T, Fujimoto K, Uematsu S, Miki T. Gut carbohydrate inhibits GIP secretion via a microbiota/SCFA/FFAR3 pathway. J Endocrinol 2018; 239:267-276. [PMID: 30400014 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of carbohydrate-induced secretion of the two incretins namely glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are considered to be mostly similar. However, we found that mice exhibit opposite secretory responses in response to co-administration of maltose plus an α-glucosidase inhibitor miglitol (maltose/miglitol), stimulatory for GLP-1, as reported previously, but inhibitory for GIP. Gut microbiota was shown to be involved in maltose/miglitol-induced GIP suppression, as the suppression was attenuated in antibiotics (Abs)-treated mice and abolished in germ-free mice. In addition, maltose/miglitol administration increased plasma levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), carbohydrate-derived metabolites, in the portal vein. GIP suppression by maltose/miglitol was not observed in mice lacking a SCFA receptor Ffar3, but it was normally seen in Ffar2-deficient mice. Similar to maltose/miglitol administration, co-administration of glucose plus a sodium glucose transporter inhibitor phloridzin (glucose/phloridzin) induced GIP suppression, which was again cancelled by Abs treatment. In conclusion, oral administration of carbohydrates with α-glucosidase inhibitors suppresses GIP secretion through a microbiota/SCFA/FFAR3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Lee
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Xilin Zhang
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Junki Miyamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Taknaka
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenichi Furusawa
- Drug Fostering and Evolution Coordinating Center, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahito Jomori
- Drug Fostering and Evolution Coordinating Center, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kosuke Fujimoto
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uematsu
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Takashi Miki
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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29
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Irish Cheddar cheese increases glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in vitro but bioactivity is lost during gut transit. Food Chem 2018; 265:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Even the simplest animals possess sophisticated systems for sensing and securing nutrients. After all, ensuring adequate nutrition is essential for sustaining life. Once multicellular animals grew too large to be nourished by simple diffusion of nutrients from their environment, they required a digestive system for the absorption and digestion of food. The majority of cells in the digestive tract are enterocytes that are designed to absorb nutrients. However, the digestive tracts of animals ranging from worms to humans contain specialized cells that discriminate between nutrients and nondigestible ingestants. These cells "sense" both the environment within the gut lumen and nutrients as they cross the gut epithelium. This dual sensing is then translated into local signals that regulate the gut epithelium or distant signals through hormones or nerves. This review will discuss how sensors of the gut interact with cells of the epithelium and neurons to regulate epithelial integrity and initiate neural transmission from the gut lumen. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1019-1030, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger A Liddle
- Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Healthcare System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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31
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Arifin SA, Paternoster S, Carlessi R, Casari I, Ekberg JH, Maffucci T, Newsholme P, Rosenkilde MM, Falasca M. Oleoyl-lysophosphatidylinositol enhances glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from enteroendocrine L-cells through GPR119. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1132-1141. [PMID: 29883799 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is increasingly viewed as critical in controlling glucose metabolism, because of its role in secreting multiple glucoregulatory hormones, such as glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Here we investigate the molecular pathways behind the GLP-1- and insulin-secreting capabilities of a novel GPR119 agonist, Oleoyl-lysophosphatidylinositol (Oleoyl-LPI). Oleoyl-LPI is the only LPI species able to potently stimulate the release of GLP-1 in vitro, from murine and human L-cells, and ex-vivo from murine colonic primary cell preparations. Here we show that Oleoyl-LPI mediates GLP-1 secretion through GPR119 as this activity is ablated in cells lacking GPR119 and in colonic primary cell preparation from GPR119-/- mice. Similarly, Oleoyl-LPI-mediated insulin secretion is impaired in islets isolated from GPR119-/- mice. On the other hand, GLP-1 secretion is not impaired in cells lacking GPR55 in vitro or in colonic primary cell preparation from GPR55-/- mice. We therefore conclude that GPR119 is the Oleoyl-LPI receptor, upstream of ERK1/2 and cAMP/PKA/CREB pathways, where primarily ERK1/2 is required for GLP-1 secretion, while CREB activation appears dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syamsul A Arifin
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 2AT London, United Kingdom; Department of Basic Medical Science for Nursing, Kulliyyah of Nursing, IIUM, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Silvano Paternoster
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Carlessi
- Cell and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Ilaria Casari
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Jeppe Hvidtfeldt Ekberg
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department for Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tania Maffucci
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 2AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Newsholme
- Cell and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department for Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marco Falasca
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 2AT London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
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32
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Natochin YV, Kutina AV, Marina AS, Shakhmatova EI. Stimulus for Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Secretion in Rats. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2018; 479:57-59. [PMID: 29790028 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496618020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Blood concentration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) increased 5 min after per os administration of water, sodium chloride solution, or glucose solution. Changes in blood osmolality or blood glucose level did not stimulate GLP-1 release. A method of short-term increase in the gastric capacity in rats using an inflating balloon attached to the Foley catheter was developed in order to test the hypothesis that excitation of the upper gastrointestinal tract receptors is a primary signal for the GLP-1 secretion during oral intake of the substances. Mechanical gastric distension in rats caused elevation of the blood GLP-1 concentration which was comparable to the effects of oral administration of water, sodium chloride, and glucose solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu V Natochin
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - A V Kutina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A S Marina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E I Shakhmatova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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33
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Tough IR, Forbes S, Herzog H, Jones RM, Schwartz TW, Cox HM. Bidirectional GPR119 Agonism Requires Peptide YY and Glucose for Activity in Mouse and Human Colon Mucosa. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1704-1717. [PMID: 29471473 PMCID: PMC5972582 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The lipid sensor G protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) is highly expressed by enteroendocrine L-cells and pancreatic β-cells that release the hormones, peptide YY (PYY) and glucagonlike peptide 1, and insulin, respectively. Endogenous oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and the dietary metabolite, 2-monoacylglycerol (2-OG), can each activate GPR119. Here, we compared mucosal responses with selective, synthetic GPR119 agonists (AR440006 and AR231453) and the lipids, OEA, 2-OG, and N-oleoyldopamine (OLDA), monitoring epithelial ion transport as a readout for L-cell activity in native mouse and human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosae. We also assessed GPR119 modulation of colonic motility in wild-type (WT), GPR119-deficient (GPR119-/-), and PYY-deficient (PYY-/-) mice. The water-soluble GPR119 agonist, AR440006 (that cannot traverse epithelial tight junctions), elicited responses, when added apically or basolaterally in mouse and human colonic mucosae. In both species, GPR119 responses were PYY, Y1 receptor mediated, and glucose dependent. AR440006 efficacy matched the GI distribution of L-cells in WT tissues but was absent from GPR119-/- tissue. OEA and 2-OG responses were significantly reduced in the GPR119-/- colon, but OLDA responses were unchanged. Alternative L-cell activation via free fatty acid receptors 1, 3, and 4 and the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 or by the melanocortin 4 receptor, was unchanged in GPR119-/- tissues. The GPR119 agonist slowed transit in WT but not the PYY-/- colon in vitro. AR440006 (intraperitoneally) slowed WT colonic and upper-GI transit significantly in vivo. These data indicate that luminal or blood-borne GPR119 agonism can stimulate L-cell PYY release with paracrine consequences and slower motility. We suggest that this glucose-dependent L-cell response to a gut-restricted GPR119 stimulus has potential therapeutic advantage in modulating insulinotropic signaling with reduced risk of hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R Tough
- King’s College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Forbes
- King’s College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert M Jones
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helen M Cox
- King’s College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Helen M. Cox, PhD, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom. E-mail:
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Poggiogalle E, Donini LM, Chiesa C, Pacifico L, Lenzi A, Perna S, Faliva M, Naso M, Rondanelli M. Does endogenous GLP-1 affect resting energy expenditure and fuel selection in overweight and obese adults? J Endocrinol Invest 2018; 41:439-445. [PMID: 28975572 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between fasting glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels and resting energy expenditure (REE), and respiratory quotient (RQ) in overweight and obese adults. METHOD Study participants were enrolled at the Dietetic and Metabolic Unit, University of Pavia, Italy. Inclusion criteria were age ≥ 25 and ≤ 45 years, and body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 and ≤ 35 kg/m2. Diabetic subjects were excluded. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. REE was evaluated using indirect calorimetry, and RQ was calculated from respiratory gas exchanges. Fasting GLP-1, glucose, insulin and free fatty acid (FFA) levels, and 24-h norepinephrine urinary excretion were measured. Homeostasis model assessments of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and beta-cell function (HOMA-β) were calculated. RESULTS Thirty-seven participants were included (age 43.4 ± 1.6 years; BMI 30.6 ± 0.5 kg/m2). REE was not associated with fasting GLP-1 levels (p = 0.98) after adjustment for age, sex, fat-free mass (FFM), and fat mass (FM). Similarly, no association was observed between RQ and GLP-1 levels (p = 0.95), after adjustment for age, sex, and body fat. CONCLUSION In adults subjects with increased adiposity fasting, GLP-1 levels do not seem to play a role in the regulation of energy metabolism and in fuel selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Poggiogalle
- Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro n.5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - L M Donini
- Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro n.5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - C Chiesa
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - L Pacifico
- Department of Pediatrics and Childhood Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - A Lenzi
- Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro n.5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - S Perna
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Section of Human Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - M Faliva
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Section of Human Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - M Naso
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20100, Milan, Italy
| | - M Rondanelli
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Section of Human Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Hayakawa M, Hira T, Nakamura M, Iida T, Kishimoto Y, Hara H. Secretion of GLP-1 but not GIP is potently stimulated by luminal d-Allulose (d-Psicose) in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:S0006-291X(18)30143-8. [PMID: 29402406 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), an incretin gastrointestinal hormone, is secreted when stimulated by nutrients including metabolizable sugars such as glucose and fructose. d-Allulose (allulose), also known as d-psicose, is a C-3 isomer of d-fructose and a rare sugar with anti-diabetic or anti-obese effects in animal models. In the present study, we examined whether an oral administration of allulose could stimulate GLP-1 secretion in rats, and investigated the underlying mechanisms. Oral, but not intraperitoneal, administration of allulose (0.5-2.0 g/kg body weight) elevated plasma GLP-1 levels for more than 2 h in a dose-dependent manner. The effects of allulose on GLP-1 secretion were higher than that of dextrin, fructose, or glucose. In addition, oral allulose increased total and active GLP-1, but not glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), levels in the portal vein. In anesthetized rats equipped with a portal catheter, luminal (duodenum and ileum) administration of allulose increased portal GLP-1 levels, indicating the luminal effect of allulose. Allulose-induced GLP-1 secretion was abolished in the presence of xanthohumol (a glucose/fructose transport inhibitor), but not in the presence of inhibitors of the sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 or the sweet taste receptor. These results demonstrate a potent and lasting effect of orally administered allulose on GLP-1 secretion in rats, without affecting GIP secretion. The potent and selective GLP-1-releasing effect of allulose holds promise for the prevention and treatment of glucose intolerance through promoting endogenous GLP-1 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Tohru Hira
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Masako Nakamura
- Research & Devlopment, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 5-3, Kita-Itami, Itami 664-8508, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Iida
- Research & Devlopment, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 5-3, Kita-Itami, Itami 664-8508, Japan
| | - Yuka Kishimoto
- Research & Devlopment, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 5-3, Kita-Itami, Itami 664-8508, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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Pathak NM, Millar PJB, Pathak V, Flatt PR, Gault VA. Beneficial metabolic effects of dietary epigallocatechin gallate alone and in combination with exendin-4 in high fat diabetic mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 460:200-208. [PMID: 28754350 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Significant attempts are being made to generate multifunctional, hybrid or peptide combinations as novel therapeutic strategies for type 2 diabetes, however this presents key challenges including design and pharmaceutical development. In this study, we evaluated metabolic properties of oral nutritional supplement epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in combination with GLP-1 agonist exendin-4 in a mouse model of dietary-induced diabetes and obesity. METHODS EGCG, exendin-4 or combination of both were administered twice-daily over 28 days to high fat (HF) mice on background of low-dose streptozotocin. Energy intake, body weight, fat mass, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, biochemical and hormone markers, and islet histology were examined. RESULTS All treatment groups exhibited significantly reduced body weight, fat mass, circulating glucose and insulin concentrations, and HbA1c levels which were independent of changes in energy intake. Similarly, there was marked improvement in glycaemic control, glucose-stimulated insulin release, insulin sensitivity, total cholesterol and triglycerides, with most prominent effects observed following combination therapy. Circulating corticosterone concentrations and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type1 (11β-HSD1) staining (in pancreas) were beneficially decreased without changes in circulating interleukin 6 (IL-6), alanine transaminase (ALT) and glutathione reductase. Combination therapy resulted in increased islet area and number, beta cell area, and pancreatic insulin content. Generally, metabolic effects were much more pronounced in mice which received combination therapy. CONCLUSIONS EGCG alone and particularly in combination with exendin-4 exerts positive metabolic properties in HF mice. EGCG may be useful dietary adjunct alongside GLP-1 mimetics in treatment of diabetes and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur M Pathak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J B Millar
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Varun Pathak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Peter R Flatt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Victor A Gault
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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Kondrashina A, Papkovsky D, Giblin L. Physiological Gut Oxygenation Alters GLP-1 Secretion from the Enteroendocrine Cell Line STC-1. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kondrashina
- Food for Health Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre; Moorepark Fermoy Co. Cork Ireland
| | - Dmitri Papkovsky
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
| | - Linda Giblin
- Food for Health Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre; Moorepark Fermoy Co. Cork Ireland
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Tough IR, Moodaley R, Cox HM. Mucosal glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) responses are mediated by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the mouse colon and both peptide responses are area-specific. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30. [PMID: 28695626 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 is an incretin hormone and its mimetics are proven antidiabetic and antiobesity drugs. GLP-1 exerts antimotility and mucosal proliferative activities but its epithelial ion transport effects are uncharacterized and these may contribute to the gastrointestinal (GI) disturbance, i.e., diarrhea experienced with some GLP-1 mimetics. Our aim was to establish GLP-1 agonist mechanisms and identify potential mucosal mediator(s) in the colonic tissue from C57BL/6J mice. METHODS A tissue survey of GLP-1 responses (using exendin 4, Ex4) and α-calcitonin gene-related peptide (αCGRP) was undertaken, dividing the mouse colon into eight adjacent mucosal-submucosal preparations. Each preparation was voltage-clamped and changes in short-circuit current (Isc) measured. The involvement of submucosal neurons in GLP-1 agonism was tested using Ex(9-39) and tetrodotoxin (TTX), and CGRP receptors were blocked with BIBN4094. KEY RESULTS Ex4 responses along the length of the colon were inhibited by the GLP-1 antagonist, Ex(9-39) or TTX, indicating neural mediation in all colonic regions. In the ascending colon, Ex4 increased Isc levels that were abolished by 10 nM BIBN4096, while in the descending colon it reduced Isc levels that were again BIBN4096-sensitive, but at 1 μM. The latter αCGRP response was dependent on epithelial Cl- conductance and Na+ /K+ -ATPase, and was partially (~25%) peptide YY-mediated, but was not nitrergic, somatostatin sst2 , or α2 -adrenoceptor-mediated. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES GLP-1 modulates epithelial ion transport indirectly by activating CGRP-containing submucosal enteric neurons in the mouse colon. This GLP-1-CGRP response was area-specific and could potentially contribute to the diarrheal side effect of certain GLP-1R therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Tough
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, IoPPN, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - R Moodaley
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, IoPPN, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - H M Cox
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, IoPPN, Guy's Campus, London, UK
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Abstract
The incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) have attracted considerable scientific and clinical interest due largely to their insulin-releasing and glucose-lowering properties. Indeed, GLP-1-based therapies are now key treatment options for many people with diabetes worldwide. In contrast, GIP-based agents have yet to reach the clinic based primarily on the impaired insulinotropic action of GIP observed in people with diabetes. Nevertheless, GIP is a key physiological regulator of insulin secretion and stable forms of GIP show much promise in rodent models to alleviate diabetes-obesity. Recent studies suggest that GIP may have an important role to play in a combination therapeutic approach or bioengineered with other gut peptides. Moreover, recent experimental studies indicate that incretins also exert pleiotropic effects in regions of the brain associated with learning and memory, thereby supporting preclinical data demonstrating that incretin-based drugs improve cognitive function. This review article, based on the RD Lawrence Lecture presented at Diabetes UK Annual Professional Conference (2017), provides a brief overview of incretins with a major focus on GIP, the development of designer GIP analogues, and how these molecules can improve cognition. Thus, incretins can be considered as 'the intelligent hormones' and may hold the key to successfully treating the alarming rise in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Gault
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
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Cai X, Hayashi S, Fang C, Hao S, Wang X, Nishiguchi S, Tsutsui H, Sheng J. Pu'erh tea extract-mediated protection against hepatosteatosis and insulin resistance in mice with diet-induced obesity is associated with the induction of de novo lipogenesis in visceral adipose tissue. J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:1240-1251. [PMID: 28364190 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-017-1332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White adipose tissue (WAT) is important for the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis, and metabolic syndrome is sometimes associated with WAT dysfunction in humans and animals. WAT reportedly plays a key, beneficial role in the maintenance of glucose and lipid homeostasis during de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Pu'erh tea extract (PTE) can inhibit harmful, ectopic DNL in the liver, thus protecting against hepatosteatosis, in mice with diet-induced obesity. We examined whether PTE could induce DNL in WAT and consequently protect against hepatosteatosis. METHODS C57BL/6 male mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with/without PTE for 16 weeks. Systemic insulin sensitivity was determined using HOMA-IR, insulin- and glucose-tolerance tests, and WAT adipogenesis was evaluated by histological analysis. Adipogenesis-, inflammation-, and DNL-related gene expression in visceral AT (VAT) and subcutaneous AT (SAT) was measured using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Regression analysis was used to investigate the association between DNL in WAT and systemic insulin resistance or hepatosteatosis. RESULTS Pu'erh tea extract significantly reduced the gain of body weight and SAT, but not VAT adiposity, in mice fed the high-fat diet and induced adipogenesis in VAT. The expression of DNL-related genes, including Glut4, encoding an important insulin-regulated glucose transporter (GLUT4), were highly elevated in VAT. Moreover, PTE inhibited VAT inflammation by simultaneously downregulating inflammatory molecules and inducing expression of Gpr120 that encodes an anti-inflammatory and pro-adipogenesis receptor (GPR-120) that recognizes unsaturated long-chain fatty acids, including DNL products. The expression of DNL-related genes in VAT was inversely correlated with hepatosteatosis and systemic insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS Activation of DNL in VAT may explain PTE-mediated alleviation of hepatosteatosis symptoms and systemic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbin Cai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Shuhei Hayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Pu-erh Tea and Medical Science, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Chongye Fang
- Department of Pu-erh Tea and Medical Science, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Pu-erh Tea Science, The Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | | | - Xuanjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pu-erh Tea Science, The Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Kunming, China
| | - Shuhei Nishiguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Tsutsui
- Department of Microbiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Pu-erh Tea and Medical Science, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jun Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Pu-erh Tea Science, The Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Kunming, China.
- Pu'erh Tea Research Institute, Pu'erh, China.
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Yabe D, Seino Y, Seino Y. Incretin concept revised: The origin of the insulinotropic function of glucagon-like peptide-1 - the gut, the islets or both? J Diabetes Investig 2017; 9:21-24. [PMID: 28746743 PMCID: PMC5754537 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Incretins comprise a pair of gut hormones, glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1), which are secreted in response to food ingestion and enhance glucose‐dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic β‐cells. Immediately after secretion, GLP‐1 is degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 more rapidly than GIP, and circulating levels of biologically intact GLP‐1 are substantially lower than those of biologically intact GIP. Therefore, there has been a debate on how the gut‐derived GLP‐1 exerts insulinotropic actions. Recent publications have revealed two novel mechanisms by which GLP‐1 exerts insulinotropic actions: (i) the gut‐derived GLP‐1 activates receptors expressed in nodose ganglions, thereby potentiating glucose‐dependent insulin secretion through the vagus nerves; and (ii) the pancreatic α‐cell‐derived GLP‐1 activates receptors expressed in β‐cells in a paracrine manner. While the relative contributions of the two mechanisms under normal and pathological conditions remain unknown and mechanisms regulating GLP‐1 secretion from α‐cells need to be investigated, the available data strongly indicate that the effects of GLP‐1 on insulin secretion are far more complex than previously believed, and the classical incretin concept regarding GLP‐1 should be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yabe
- Yutaka Seino Distinguished Center for Diabetes Research, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yusuke Seino
- Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Seino
- Yutaka Seino Distinguished Center for Diabetes Research, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe, Japan.,Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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Chia CW, Carlson OD, Liu DD, González-Mariscal I, Santa-Cruz Calvo S, Egan JM. Incretin secretion in humans is under the influence of cannabinoid receptors. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E359-E366. [PMID: 28655715 PMCID: PMC5625085 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00080.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating incretin secretion are not fully known. Human obesity is associated with altered incretin secretion and elevated endocannabinoid levels. Since cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) are expressed on incretin-secreting cells in rodents, we hypothesized that endocannabinoids are involved in the regulation of incretin secretion. We compared plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) responses during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in 20 lean and 20 obese participants from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). Next, we recruited 20 healthy men to evaluate GIP and GLP-1 responses during OGTT after administering placebo or nabilone (CBR agonist) in a randomized, double-blind, crossover fashion. Compared with the BLSA lean group, the BLSA obese group had significantly higher fasting and post-OGTT GIP levels, but similar fasting GLP-1 and significantly lower post-OGTT GLP-1 levels. In the nabilone vs. placebo study, when compared with placebo, nabilone resulted in significantly elevated post-dose fasting GIP levels and post-OGTT GIP levels, but no change in post-dose fasting GLP-1 levels together with significantly lower post-OGTT GLP-1 levels. Glucose levels were not different with both interventions. We conclude that elevated GIP levels in obesity are likely a consequence of increased endocannabinoid levels. CBRs exert tonic control over GIP secretion, which may have a homeostatic effect in suppressing GLP-1 secretion. This raises the possibility that gut hormones are influenced by endocannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee W Chia
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Olga D Carlson
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David D Liu
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Isabel González-Mariscal
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sara Santa-Cruz Calvo
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Knorre DA, Severin FF. Uncouplers of Oxidation and Phosphorylation as Antiaging Compounds. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:1438-1444. [PMID: 28259121 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916120051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Food restriction causes a set of physiological changes that reduce the rate of aging. At the level of an organism, these changes are initiated by a hormonal response, which in turn activates certain intracellular signaling cascades. As a result, cells increase their antioxidant capacities and decrease the risk of cancerous transformation. A number of small molecule compounds activating these signaling cascades have been described. One could expect that direct pharmacological activation of the signaling can produce a stronger antiaging effect than that achieved by the indirect hormonal stimulation. Data from the literature point to the opposite. Possibly, a problem with pharmacological activators is that they cause generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Indeed, hyperpolarized mitochondria are known to induce oxidative stress. Such hyperpolarization could happen because of artificial activation of cellular response to caloric restriction in the absence of energy deficit. At the same time, energy deficit seems likely to be a natural consequence of the shortage of nutrients. Thus, there is a possibility that combining the pharmacological activators with compounds that decrease mitochondrial transmembrane potential, uncouplers, could be a powerful antiaging strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Knorre
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Houthuijzen JM. For Better or Worse: FFAR1 and FFAR4 Signaling in Cancer and Diabetes. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:738-743. [PMID: 27582526 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.105932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased energy intake can lead to obesity, which increases the risk for the development of diabetes and cancer. Free fatty acids regulate numerous cellular processes, like insulin secretion, inflammation, proliferation, and cell migration. Dysregulation of these cellular functions by increased lipid intake plays a significant role in the development of diseases like diabetes and cancer. Free fatty acid receptors 1 and 4 (FFAR1 and FFAR4) are two free fatty acid receptors under increasing investigation for their roles in diabetes and more recently also cancer. Both receptors bind medium- to long-chain, saturated and omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids. Increasing evidence shows that enhanced FFAR1 and FFAR4 signaling reduces diabetes symptoms but enhances tumor growth and migration of various cancer types like melanoma and prostate cancer. This review gives an overview of the role of FFAR1 and FFAR4 in diabetes and cancer and discusses their potential to function as targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Houthuijzen
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Molecular Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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