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Ning W, Lv S, Wang Q, Xu Y. The pivotal role of microglia in injury and the prognosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1829-1848. [PMID: 38993136 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage leads to a series of pathological changes, including vascular spasm, cellular apoptosis, blood-brain barrier damage, cerebral edema, and white matter injury. Microglia, which are the key immune cells in the central nervous system, maintain homeostasis in the neural environment, support neurons, mediate apoptosis, participate in immune regulation, and have neuroprotective effects. Increasing evidence has shown that microglia play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of subarachnoid hemorrhage and affect the process of injury and the prognosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Moreover, microglia play certain neuroprotective roles in the recovery phase of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Several approaches aimed at modulating microglia function are believed to attenuate subarachnoid hemorrhage injury. This provides new targets and ideas for the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, an in-depth and comprehensive summary of the role of microglia after subarachnoid hemorrhage is still lacking. This review describes the activation of microglia after subarachnoid hemorrhage and their roles in the pathological processes of vasospasm, neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, blood-brain barrier disruption, cerebral edema, and cerebral white matter lesions. It also discusses the neuroprotective roles of microglia during recovery from subarachnoid hemorrhage and therapeutic advances aimed at modulating microglial function after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Currently, microglia in subarachnoid hemorrhage are targeted with TLR inhibitors, nuclear factor-κB and STAT3 pathway inhibitors, glycine/tyrosine kinases, NLRP3 signaling pathway inhibitors, Gasdermin D inhibitors, vincristine receptor α receptor agonists, ferroptosis inhibitors, genetic modification techniques, stem cell therapies, and traditional Chinese medicine. However, most of these are still being evaluated at the laboratory stage. More clinical studies and data on subarachnoid hemorrhage are required to improve the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ning
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shi Lv
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuzhen Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
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2
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Li X, Xu X, Zhang J, Wang X, Zhao C, Liu Q, Fan K. Review of the therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicine in sepsis-associated encephalopathy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 334:118588. [PMID: 39029543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a common and serious complication during the acute phase of and after recovery from sepsis that seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been widely used in modern medicine for neurological anomalies and has become a therapeutic tool for the treatment of SAE due to its multitargeting effects and low toxicity and side effects. AIMS OF THE STUDY This review provides insights into the pathogenesis and treatments of SAE, focusing on the clinical and experimental impacts of TCM formulations and their single components. METHODS Several known databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and others were extensively explored with keywords and phrases such as "sepsis-associated encephalopathy", "traditional Chinese medicine", "herbs", "SAE", "sepsis", "cerebral" or other relevant terms to obtain literature between 2018 and 2024. RESULTS Extensive evidence indicated that TCM could decrease mortality and normalize neurological function in patients with sepsis; these effects might be associated with factors such as reduced oxidative stress and downregulated expression of inflammatory factors. CONCLUSIONS TCM shows notable efficacy in treating SAE, warranting deeper mechanistic studies to optimize its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wu Han, 430014, China.
| | - Xuerui Wang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China.
| | - Chunming Zhao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Qingquan Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China.
| | - Kai Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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3
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Zhu L, Ma L, Du X, Jiang Y, Gao J, Fan Z, Zheng H, Zhu J, Zhang G. M2 Microglia-Derived Exosomes Protect Against Glutamate-Induced HT22 Cell Injury via Exosomal miR-124-3p. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:7845-7861. [PMID: 38433165 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
As one of the most serious complications of sepsis, sepsis-associated encephalopathy has not been effectively treated or prevented. Exosomes, as a new therapeutic method, play a protective role in neurodegenerative diseases, stroke and traumatic brain injury in recent years. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of exosomes in glutamate (Glu)-induced neuronal injury, and to explore its mechanism, providing new ideas for the treatment of sepsis-associated encephalopathy. The neuron damage model induced by Glu was established, and its metabolomics was analyzed and identified. BV2 cells were induced to differentiate into M1 and M2 subtypes. After the exosomes from both M1-BV2 cells and M2-BV2 cells were collected, exosome morphological identification was performed by transmission electron microscopy and exosome-specific markers were also detected. These exosomes were then cocultured with HT22 cells. CCK-8 method and LDH kit were used to detect cell viability and toxicity. Cell apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS content were respectively detected by flow cytometry, JC-1 assay and DCFH-DA assay. MiR-124-3p expression level was detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay predicted and verified the relationship between miR-124-3p and ROCK1 or ROCK2. Through metabolomics, 81 different metabolites were found, including fructose, GABA, 2, 4-diaminobutyric acid, etc. The enrichment analysis of differential metabolites showed that they were mainly enriched in glutathione metabolism, glycine and serine metabolism, and urea cycle. M2 microglia-derived exosomes could reduce the apoptosis, decrease the accumulation of ROS, restore the mitochondrial membrane potential and the anti-oxidative stress ability in HT22 cells induced by Glu. It was also found that the protective effect of miR-124-3p mimic on neurons was comparable to that of M2-EXOs. Additionally, M2-EXOs might carry miR-124-3p to target ROCK1 and ROCK2 in neurons, affecting ROCK/PTEN/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, and then reducing Glu-induced neuronal apoptosis. M2 microglia-derived exosomes may protect HT22 cells against Glu-induced injury by transferring miR-124-3p into HT22 cells, with ROCK being a target gene for miR-124-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, People's Republic of China
| | - Limei Ma
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Jiang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiake Gao
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihao Fan
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengheng Zheng
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Zhu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gaofeng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.6 Huanghe Road, Changshu, Jiangsu, 215500, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Pramanik S, Devi M H, Chakrabarty S, Paylar B, Pradhan A, Thaker M, Ayyadhury S, Manavalan A, Olsson PE, Pramanik G, Heese K. Microglia signaling in health and disease - Implications in sex-specific brain development and plasticity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 165:105834. [PMID: 39084583 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Microglia, the intrinsic neuroimmune cells residing in the central nervous system (CNS), exert a pivotal influence on brain development, homeostasis, and functionality, encompassing critical roles during both aging and pathological states. Recent advancements in comprehending brain plasticity and functions have spotlighted conspicuous variances between male and female brains, notably in neurogenesis, neuronal myelination, axon fasciculation, and synaptogenesis. Nevertheless, the precise impact of microglia on sex-specific brain cell plasticity, sculpting diverse neural network architectures and circuits, remains largely unexplored. This article seeks to unravel the present understanding of microglial involvement in brain development, plasticity, and function, with a specific emphasis on microglial signaling in brain sex polymorphism. Commencing with an overview of microglia in the CNS and their associated signaling cascades, we subsequently probe recent revelations regarding molecular signaling by microglia in sex-dependent brain developmental plasticity, functions, and diseases. Notably, C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1), triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), calcium (Ca2+), and apolipoprotein E (APOE) emerge as molecular candidates significantly contributing to sex-dependent brain development and plasticity. In conclusion, we address burgeoning inquiries surrounding microglia's pivotal role in the functional diversity of developing and aging brains, contemplating their potential implications for gender-tailored therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Pramanik
- Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Harini Devi M
- Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Saswata Chakrabarty
- Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Berkay Paylar
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden
| | - Ajay Pradhan
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden
| | - Manisha Thaker
- Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories, Inc., 2425 New Holland Pike, Lancaster, PA 17601, USA
| | - Shamini Ayyadhury
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Arulmani Manavalan
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077, India
| | - Per-Erik Olsson
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden
| | - Gopal Pramanik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India.
| | - Klaus Heese
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133791, the Republic of Korea.
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5
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Balena T, Staley K. Neuronal Death: Now You See It, Now You Don't. Neuroscientist 2024:10738584241282632. [PMID: 39316584 DOI: 10.1177/10738584241282632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Fatally injured neurons may necrose and rupture immediately, or they may initiate a programmed cell death pathway and then wait for microglial phagocytosis. Biochemical and histopathologic assays of neuronal death assess the numbers of neurons awaiting phagocytosis at a particular time point after injury. This number varies with the fraction of neurons that have necrosed vs initiated programmed cell death, the time elapsed since injury, the rate of phagocytosis, and the assay's ability to detect neurons at different stages of programmed cell death. Many of these variables can be altered by putatively neurotoxic and neuroprotective interventions independent of the effects on neuronal death. This complicates analyses of neurotoxicity and neuroprotection and has likely contributed to difficulties with clinical translation of neuroprotective strategies after brain injury. Time-resolved assays of neuronal health, such as ongoing expression of transgenic fluorescent proteins, are a useful means of avoiding these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Balena
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Staley
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Rodríguez-Zapata M, López-Rodríguez R, Ramos-Álvarez MDP, Herradón G, Pérez-García C, Gramage E. Pleiotrophin modulates acute and long-term LPS-induced neuroinflammatory responses and hippocampal neurogenesis. Toxicology 2024; 509:153947. [PMID: 39255863 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
The hippocampus is one of the most vulnerable regions affected in disorders characterized by overt neuroinflammation such as neurodegenerative diseases. Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a neurotrophic factor that modulates acute neuroinflammation in different contexts. PTN is found highly upregulated in the brain in different chronic disorders characterized by neuroinflammation, suggesting an important role in the modulation of sustained neuroinflammation. To test this hypothesis, we studied the acute and long-term effects of a single lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 5 mg/kg) administration in Ptn+/+ and Ptn-/- mice, and in mice with Ptn-overexpression (Ptn-Tg). Endogenous PTN levels proportionally modulate LPS-induced increase in TNF-α plasma levels one hour after treatment. In the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, a lower percentage of DCX+ cells were detected in saline-treated Ptn-/- mice compared to Ptn+/+ mice, suggesting a crucial role of PTN in the maintenance of hippocampal neuronal progenitors. The data show that PTN overexpression tends to potentiate acute microglial responses in the DG 16 hours after LPS treatment. Remarkably, a significant increase in the number of neuronal progenitors together with astrogliosis was detected 10 months after a single injection of LPS treatment in wild type mice. However, these LPS-induced long-term effects were prevented in Ptn-/- and Ptn-Tg mice, suggesting that PTN modulates LPS-induced long-term neurogenesis changes and astrocytic response in the hippocampus. The data presented here suggest that endogenous PTN levels are crucial in the regulation of acute LPS-induced systemic and hippocampal microglial responses in young mice. Furthermore, our findings provide evidence of the key role of PTN in the regulation of long-term LPS effects on astrocytic response and neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rodríguez-Zapata
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid 28660, Spain
| | - Rosario López-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid 28660, Spain
| | - María Del Pilar Ramos-Álvarez
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid 28660, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Herradón
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid 28660, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Estudios de las Adicciones, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid 28660, Spain
| | - Carmen Pérez-García
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid 28660, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Estudios de las Adicciones, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid 28660, Spain
| | - Esther Gramage
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid 28660, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Estudios de las Adicciones, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid 28660, Spain.
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7
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Zhang J, Gu Y, Sun W, Yu L, Li T. Tetrahydrocurcumin Protects Against GSK3β/PTEN/PI3K/Akt-Mediated Neuroinflammatory Responses and Microglial Polarization Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:7026-7036. [PMID: 38368289 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) and microglial polarization play crucial roles in neuroprotection during traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, whether THC regulates microglial polarization in TBI is unknown. Thus, we intended to analyze the functions and mechanism of THC in nerve injury after TBI via the regulation of microglial polarization. A TBI rat model was established, and modified neurological function score (mNSS), brain water content, Nissl staining, and Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) staining were used to evaluate neurological function. The expression of the M1-linked markers CD16 and CD86, as well as the M2-associated markers CD206 and YM-1, was analyzed via qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. The levels of inflammatory cytokines were assessed via ELISA. Primary microglia were isolated from the brain and treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce injury. TUNEL staining was used to measure primary microglial apoptosis. The expression of GSK3β, PTEN, and PI3K/Akt pathway proteins was detected via western blotting. TBI induced nerve injury, while THC improved neurological function recovery after TBI. Further analysis indicated that THC enhanced M2 microglial polarization and attenuated the inflammatory reaction mediated by microglia both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we found that THC promoted the M2 microglial phenotype through upregulating GSK3β expression. Additionally, we proved that GSK3β activated the PI3K/Akt pathway by phosphorylating PTEN. In conclusion, we demonstrated that THC protected against nerve injury after TBI via microglial polarization via the GSK3B/PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling axis, suggesting the potential of THC for TBI treatment by promoting microglial M2 polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou, 215500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Gu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxue Sun
- Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisha Yu
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou, 215500, People's Republic of China
| | - Tushuai Li
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, 214013, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Liu Y, Jia N, Tang C, Long H, Wang J. Microglia in Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: A Hub in Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:7109-7126. [PMID: 38366306 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04022-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
There is growing concern about the role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neurological illnesses, and it makes sense to consider microglia as a critical component of this axis in the context of epilepsy. Microglia, which reside in the central nervous system, are dynamic guardians that monitor brain homeostasis. Microglia receive information from the gut microbiota and function as hubs that may be involved in triggering epileptic seizures. Vagus nerve bridges the communication in the axis. Essential axis signaling molecules, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid, 5-hydroxytryptamin, and short-chain fatty acids, are currently under investigation for their participation in drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). In this review, we explain how vagus nerve connects the gut microbiota to microglia in the brain and discuss the emerging concepts derived from this interaction. Understanding microbiota-gut-brain axis in epilepsy brings hope for DRE therapies. Future treatments can focus on the modulatory effect of the axis and target microglia in solving DRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- The First Clinical Medicine College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Neural Networks Surgery Team, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ningkang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Neural Networks Surgery Team, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medicine College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuqi Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- The First Clinical Medicine College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Neural Networks Surgery Team, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- The First Clinical Medicine College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- The First Clinical Medicine College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Neural Networks Surgery Team, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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9
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Farrar Z, Afshar A, Zare A, Mussin NM, Kaliyev AA, Zhilisbayeva KR, Mahdipour M, Tamadon A. Tissue clearing and three-dimensional imaging of intact tissues: a review on FACT protocol. J Histotechnol 2024; 47:126-142. [PMID: 38752929 DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2024.2352695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/31/2024]
Abstract
FACT is a developed technique for clearing tissues that does not use acrylamide. Since the removal of lipids is crucial for transparency and efficient antibody staining throughout the tissue, especially for microscopy and imaging, it is a harmful process that can cause the loss of important biological molecules such as proteins. The FACT technique overcomes this by chemically bonding the membrane and intracellular proteins with the extracellular matrix, creating a massive 3D hydrogel matrix and providing structural support to fortify the tissue during processing. Compared to other acrylamide-based techniques, the FACT technique requires less labor and harmful chemicals and is therefore considered a more suitable option. In this study, we describe the complete FACT protocol for antibody staining and imaging of whole-cleared tissues while preserving structure and improving image quality. The protocol includes tissue perfusion, fixation, clearing, antibody staining, refractive index matching (RIM) (), microscopy, and imaging. The timing for each step varies depending on the size, weight, and type of tissue, as well as the type of immunostaining. We provide an example of the FACT protocol using mouse brain tissue, which demonstrates its suitability for molecular interrogation analysis of large tissues. The FACT technique has been successfully performed on different types of tissues, making it a favorable choice for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Farrar
- Student Research Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Alireza Afshar
- Student Research Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Afshin Zare
- Department of Research and Development, PerciaVista R&D Co., Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nadiar M Mussin
- Department of General Surgery, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Asset A Kaliyev
- Department of General Surgery, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Kulyash R Zhilisbayeva
- Department of Scientific Work, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Mahdi Mahdipour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Tamadon
- Department of Research and Development, PerciaVista R&D Co., Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Natural Sciences, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
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10
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Li S, Zhao L, Xiao J, Guo Y, Fu R, Zhang Y, Xu S. The gut microbiome: an important role in neurodegenerative diseases and their therapeutic advances. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:2217-2243. [PMID: 37787835 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
There are complex interactions between the gut and the brain. With increasing research on the relationship between gut microbiota and brain function, accumulated clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that gut microbiota is intimately involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Increasingly studies are beginning to focus on the association between gut microbiota and central nervous system (CNS) degenerative pathologies to find potential therapies for these refractory diseases. In this review, we summarize the changes in the gut microbiota in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and contribute to our understanding of the function of the gut microbiota in NDs and its possible involvement in the pathogenesis. We subsequently discuss therapeutic approaches targeting gut microbial abnormalities in these diseases, including antibiotics, diet, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Furthermore, we summarize some completed and ongoing clinical trials of interventions with gut microbes for NDs, which may provide new ideas for studying NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Li
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Linna Zhao
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuying Guo
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Fu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunsha Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shixin Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China.
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11
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Rasouli A, Roshangar L, Hosseini M, Pourmohammadfazel A, Nikzad S. Beyond boundaries: The therapeutic potential of exosomes in neural microenvironments in neurological disorders. Neuroscience 2024; 553:98-109. [PMID: 38964450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are a diverse group of conditions that can significantly impact individuals' quality of life. The maintenance of neural microenvironment homeostasis is essential for optimal physiological cellular processes. Perturbations in this delicate balance underlie various pathological manifestations observed across various neurological disorders. Current treatments for neurological disorders face substantial challenges, primarily due to the formidable blood-brain barrier and the intricate nature of neural tissue structures. These obstacles have resulted in a paucity of effective therapies and inefficiencies in patient care. Exosomes, nanoscale vesicles that contain a complex repertoire of biomolecules, are identifiable in various bodily fluids. They hold substantial promise in numerous therapeutic interventions due to their unique attributes, including targeted drug delivery mechanisms and the ability to cross the BBB, thereby enhancing their therapeutic potential. In this review, we investigate the therapeutic potential of exosomes across a range of neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative disorders, traumatic brain injury, peripheral nerve injury, brain tumors, and stroke. Through both in vitro and in vivo studies, our findings underscore the beneficial influence of exosomes in enhancing the neural microenvironment following neurological diseases, offering promise for improved neural recovery and management in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arefe Rasouli
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammadbagher Hosseini
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Pourmohammadfazel
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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12
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Margetts AV, Vilca SJ, Bourgain-Guglielmetti F, Tuesta LM. Epigenetic heterogeneity shapes the transcriptional landscape of regional microglia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.08.607229. [PMID: 39149259 PMCID: PMC11326298 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.08.607229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Microglia, the innate immune cells in the central nervous system, exhibit distinct transcriptional profiles across brain regions that are important for facilitating their specialized function. There has been recent interest in identifying the epigenetic modifications associated with these distinct transcriptional profiles, as these may improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing the functional specialization of microglia. One obstacle to achieving this goal is the large number of microglia required to obtain a genome-wide profile for a single histone modification. Given the cellular and regional heterogeneity of the brain, this would require pooling many samples which would impede biological applications that are limited by numbers of available animals. To overcome this obstacle, we have adapted a method of chromatin profiling known as Cleavage Under Targets and Tagmentation (CUT&Tag-Direct) to profile histone modifications associated with regional differences in gene expression throughout the brain reward system. Consistent with previous studies, we find that transcriptional profiles of microglia vary by brain region. However, here we report that these regional differences also exhibit transcriptional network signatures specific to each region. Additionally, we find that these region-dependent network signatures are associated with differential deposition of H3K27ac and H3K7me3, and while the H3K27me3 landscape is remarkably stable across brain regions, the H3K27ac landscape is most consistent with the anatomical location of microglia which explain their distinct transcriptional profiles. Altogether, these findings underscore the established role of H3K27me3 in cell fate determination and support the active role of H3K27ac in the dynamic regulation of microglial gene expression. In this study, we report a molecular and computational framework that can be applied to improve our understanding of the role of epigenetic regulation in microglia in both health and disease, using as few as 2,500 cells per histone mark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Margetts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Samara J. Vilca
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Florence Bourgain-Guglielmetti
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Luis M. Tuesta
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
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13
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Gao R, Song SJ, Tian MY, Wang LB, Zhang Y, Li X. Myelin debris phagocytosis in demyelinating disease. Glia 2024. [PMID: 39073200 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Demyelinating diseases are often caused by a variety of triggers, including immune responses, viral infections, malnutrition, hypoxia, or genetic factors, all of which result in the loss of myelin in the nervous system. The accumulation of myelin debris at the lesion site leads to neuroinflammation and inhibits remyelination; therefore, it is crucial to promptly remove the myelin debris. Initially, Fc and complement receptors on cellular surfaces were the primary clearance receptors responsible for removing myelin debris. However, subsequent studies have unveiled the involvement of additional receptors, including Mac-2, TAM receptors, and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, in facilitating the removal process. In addition to microglia and macrophages, which serve as the primary effector cells in the disease phase, a variety of other cell types such as astrocytes, Schwann cells, and vascular endothelial cells have been demonstrated to engage in the phagocytosis of myelin debris. Furthermore, we have concluded that oligodendrocyte precursor cells, as myelination precursor cells, also exhibit this phagocytic capability. Moreover, our research group has innovatively identified the low-density lipoprotein receptor as a potential phagocytic receptor for myelin debris. In this article, we discuss the functional processes of various phagocytes in demyelinating diseases. We also highlight the alterations in signaling pathways triggered by phagocytosis, and provide a comprehensive overview of the various phagocytic receptors involved. Such insights are invaluable for pinpointing potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of demyelinating diseases by targeting phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sheng-Jiao Song
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Tian
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li-Bin Wang
- Neurosurgery Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital/Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xing Li
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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14
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Zhao C, Sun L, Zhang Y, Shu X, Hu Y, Chen D, Zhang Z, Xia S, Yang H, Bao X, Li J, Xu Y. Thymol improves ischemic brain injury by inhibiting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Brain Res Bull 2024; 215:111029. [PMID: 39009094 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia-mediated inflammation is a critical factor in the progression of ischemic stroke. Consequently, mitigating excessive microglial activation represents a potential therapeutic strategy for ischemic injury. Thymol, a monophenol derived from plant essential oils, exhibits diverse beneficial biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, with demonstrated protective effects in various disease models. However, its specific effects on ischemic stroke and microglial inflammation remain unexplored. METHODS Rodent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model was established to simulate ischemic stroke. TTC staining, modified neurological function score (mNSS), and behavioral tests were used to assess the severity of neurological damage. Then immunofluorescence staining and cytoskeleton analysis were used to determine activation of microglia. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was utilized to induce the inflammatory response of primary microglia in vitro. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to exam the expression of inflammatory cytokines. And western blot was used to investigate the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of thymol. RESULTS In this study, we found that thymol treatment could ameliorate post-stroke neurological impairment and reduce infarct volume by mitigating microglial activation and pro-inflammatory response (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). Mechanically, thymol could inhibit the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), sink serine/threonine kinase (Akt), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), thereby suppressing the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that thymol could reduce the microglial inflammation by targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway, ultimately alleviating ischemic brain injury. These findings suggest that thymol is a promising candidate as a neuroprotective agent against ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xin Shu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yujie Hu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Duo Chen
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shengnan Xia
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xinyu Bao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jingwei Li
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Nanjing Neurology Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
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15
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Zhang Q, Dai J, Lin Y, Li M. Isobavachalcone alleviates ischemic stroke by suppressing HDAC1 expression and improving M2 polarization. Brain Res Bull 2024; 211:110944. [PMID: 38604377 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a serious cerebrovascular condition. Isobavachalcone (ISO) has been documented to exhibit an anti-inflammatory effect across a variety of diseases; however, its protective impact on ischemic stroke remains unexplored. In this study, we evaluated the influence of ISO in both transient middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (tMCAO/R) rat models and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) cell models. We observed that pretreatment with 50 mg/kg ISO diminished the volume of brain infarction, reduced brain edema, and ameliorated neurological deficits in rats. A reduction in Nissl bodies was noted in the tMCAO/R group, which was reversed following treatment with 50 mg/kg ISO. TUNEL/NeuN double staining revealed a decrease in TUNEL-positive cells in tMCAO/R rats treated with ISO. Furthermore, ISO treatment suppressed the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and BAX, while elevating the expression of BCL-2 in tMCAO/R rats. The levels of CD86 and iNOS were elevated in tMCAO/R rats; conversely, ISO treatment enhanced the expression of CD206 and Arg-1. Additionally, the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β was elevated in tMCAO/R rats, whereas ISO treatment counteracted this effect. ISO treatment also increased the expression of TGF-β and IL-10 in the ischemic penumbra of tMCAO/R rats. It was found that ISO treatment hindered microglial M1 polarization and favored M2 polarization. Histone Deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is the downstream target protein of ISO, with ISO treatment resulting in decreased HDAC1 expression in both tMCAO/R rats and OGD/R-induced cells. Overexpression of HDAC1 was shown to promote microglial M1 polarization and inhibit M2 polarization in OGD/R+ISO cells. Overall, ISO treatment mitigated brain damage following ischemic stroke by promoting M2 polarization and attenuated ischemic injury by repressing HDAC1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Junting Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhong Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Casden N, Belzer V, El Khayari A, El Fatimy R, Behar O. Astrocyte-to-microglia communication via Sema4B-Plexin-B2 modulates injury-induced reactivity of microglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400648121. [PMID: 38781210 PMCID: PMC11145257 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400648121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
After central nervous system injury, a rapid cellular and molecular response is induced. This response can be both beneficial and detrimental to neuronal survival in the first few days and increases the risk for neurodegeneration if persistent. Semaphorin4B (Sema4B), a transmembrane protein primarily expressed by cortical astrocytes, has been shown to play a role in neuronal cell death following injury. Our study shows that after cortical stab wound injury, cytokine expression is attenuated in Sema4B-/- mice, and microglia/macrophage reactivity is altered. In vitro, Sema4B enhances the reactivity of microglia following injury, suggesting astrocytic Sema4B functions as a ligand. Moreover, injury-induced microglia reactivity is attenuated in the presence of Sema4B-/- astrocytes compared to Sema4B+/- astrocytes. In vitro experiments indicate that Plexin-B2 is the Sema4B receptor on microglia. Consistent with this, in microglia/macrophage-specific Plexin-B2-/- mice, similar to Sema4B-/- mice, microglial/macrophage reactivity and neuronal cell death are attenuated after cortical injury. Finally, in Sema4B/Plexin-B2 double heterozygous mice, microglial/macrophage reactivity is also reduced after injury, supporting the idea that both Sema4B and Plexin-B2 are part of the same signaling pathway. Taken together, we propose a model in which following injury, astrocytic Sema4B enhances the response of microglia/macrophages via Plexin-B2, leading to increased reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natania Casden
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem91120, Israel
| | - Vitali Belzer
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem91120, Israel
| | - Abdellatif El Khayari
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ISSB-P), UM6P Faculty of Medical Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben-Guerir43150, Morocco
| | - Rachid El Fatimy
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ISSB-P), UM6P Faculty of Medical Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben-Guerir43150, Morocco
| | - Oded Behar
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem91120, Israel
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17
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Yang Q, Vazquez AL, Cui XT. Revealing in vivo cellular mechanisms of cerebral microbleeds on neurons and microglia across cortical layers. iScience 2024; 27:109371. [PMID: 38510113 PMCID: PMC10951986 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are associated with higher risk for various neurological diseases including stroke, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. However, the understanding of cellular pathology of CMBs, particularly in deep brain regions, remains limited. Utilizing two-photon microscopy and microprism implantation, we longitudinally imaged the impact of CMBs on neuronal and microglial activities across cortical depths in awake mice. A temporary decline in spontaneous neuronal activity occurred throughout cortical layers, followed by recovery within a week. However, significant changes of neuron-neuron activity correlations persisted for weeks. Moreover, microglial contact with neuron soma significantly increased post-microbleeds, indicating an important modulatory role of microglia. Notably, microglial contact, negatively correlated with neuronal firing rate in normal conditions, became uncorrelated after microbleeds, suggesting a decreased neuron-microglia inhibition. These findings reveal chronic alterations in cortical neuronal networks and microglial-neuronal interactions across cortical depths, shedding light on the pathology of CMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alberto L. Vazquez
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - X. Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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18
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Saponjic J, Mejías R, Nikolovski N, Dragic M, Canak A, Papoutsopoulou S, Gürsoy-Özdemir Y, Fladmark KE, Ntavaroukas P, Bayar Muluk N, Zeljkovic Jovanovic M, Fontán-Lozano Á, Comi C, Marino F. Experimental Models to Study Immune Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4330. [PMID: 38673915 PMCID: PMC11050170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, age-related, progressive multisystem disease associated with neuroinflammation and immune dysfunction. This review discusses the methodological approaches used to study the changes in central and peripheral immunity in PD, the advantages and limitations of the techniques, and their applicability to humans. Although a single animal model cannot replicate all pathological features of the human disease, neuroinflammation is present in most animal models of PD and plays a critical role in understanding the involvement of the immune system (IS) in the pathogenesis of PD. The IS and its interactions with different cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD. Even though culture models do not fully reflect the complexity of disease progression, they are limited in their ability to mimic long-term effects and need validation through in vivo studies. They are an indispensable tool for understanding the interplay between the IS and the pathogenesis of this disease. Understanding the immune-mediated mechanisms may lead to potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of PD. We believe that the development of methodological guidelines for experiments with animal models and PD patients is crucial to ensure the validity and consistency of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Saponjic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rebeca Mejías
- Department of Physiology, School of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (R.M.); (Á.F.-L.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Neda Nikolovski
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milorad Dragic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.D.); (M.Z.J.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences–National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Asuman Canak
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize 53100, Turkey;
| | - Stamatia Papoutsopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larisa, Greece; (S.P.); (P.N.)
| | | | - Kari E. Fladmark
- Department of Biological Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Panagiotis Ntavaroukas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larisa, Greece; (S.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Nuray Bayar Muluk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale 71450, Turkey;
| | - Milica Zeljkovic Jovanovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.D.); (M.Z.J.)
| | - Ángela Fontán-Lozano
- Department of Physiology, School of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (R.M.); (Á.F.-L.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, S. Andrea Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 13100 Vercelli, Italy;
| | - Franca Marino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
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19
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Li Y, Yin C, Jiang J, Yang H, Zhang F, Xing Y, Wang W, Lu C. Tumor necrosis factor α-induced protein 8-like-2 controls microglia phenotype via metabolic reprogramming in BV2 microglial cells and responses to neuropathic pain. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 169:106541. [PMID: 38309648 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2024.106541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Microglial are major players in neuroinflammation that have recently emerged as potential therapeutic targets for neuropathic pain. Glucose metabolic programming has been linked to differential activation state and function in microglia. Tumor necrosis factor α-induced protein 8-like-2 (TNFAIP8L2) is an important component in regulating the anti-inflammatory response. However, the role of TNFAIP8L2 in microglia differential state during neuropathic pain and its interplay with glucose metabolic reprogramming in microglia has not yet been determined. Thus, we aimed to investigate the role of TNFAIP8L2 in the status of microglia in vitro and in vivo. BV2 microglial cells were treated with lipopolysaccharides plus interferon-gamma (LPS/IFNγ) or interleukin-4 (IL-4) to induce the two different phenotypes of microglia in vitro. In vivo experiments were conducted by chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI). We investigated whether TNFAIP8L2 regulates glucose metabolic programming in BV2 microglial cells. The data in vitro showed that TNFAIP8L2 lowers glycolysis and increases mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in inflammatory microglia. Blockade of glycolytic pathway abolished TNFAIP8L2-mediated differential activation of microglia. TNFAIP8L2 suppresses inflammatory microglial activation and promotes restorative microglial activation in BV2 microglial cells and in spinal cord microglia after neuropathic pain. Furthermore, TNFAIP8L2 controls differential activation of microglia and glucose metabolic reprogramming through the MAPK/mTOR/HIF-1α signaling axis. This study reveals that TNFAIP8L2 plays a critical role in neuropathic pain, providing important insights into glucose metabolic reprogramming and microglial phenotypic transition, which indicates that TNFAIP8L2 may be used as a potential drug target for the prevention of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqi Li
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cui Yin
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinhong Jiang
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huan Yang
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feifei Zhang
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanhong Xing
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wuyang Wang
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chen Lu
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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20
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Rojas-Colón LA, Redell JB, Dash PK, Vegas PE, Vélez-Torres W. 4R-cembranoid suppresses glial cells inflammatory phenotypes and prevents hippocampal neuronal loss in LPS-treated mice. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25336. [PMID: 38656664 PMCID: PMC11073245 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation has been implicated in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis. A key feature of neuroinflammation is neuronal loss and glial activation, including microglia and astrocytes. 4R-cembranoid (4R) is a natural compound that inhibits hippocampal pro-inflammatory cytokines and increases memory function in mice. We used the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection model to study the effect of 4R on neuronal density and microglia and astrocyte activation. C57BL/6J wild-type mice were injected with LPS (5 mg/kg) and 2 h later received either 4R (6 mg/kg) or vehicle. Mice were sacrificed after 72 h for analysis of brain pathology. Confocal images of brain sections immunostained for microglial, astrocyte, and neuronal markers were used to quantify cellular hippocampal phenotypes and neurons. Hippocampal lysates were used to measure the expression levels of neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN), inducible nitrous oxide synthase (iNOS), arginase-1, thrombospondin-1 (THBS1), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and orosomucoid-2 (ORM2) by western blot. iNOS and arginase-1 are widely used protein markers of pro- and anti-inflammatory microglia, respectively. GDNF promotes neuronal survival, and ORM2 and THBS1 are astrocytic proteins that regulate synaptic plasticity and inhibit microglial activation. 4R administration significantly reduced neuronal loss and the number of pro-inflammatory microglia 72 h after LPS injection. It also decreased the expression of the pro-inflammatory protein iNOS while increasing arginase-1 expression, supporting its anti-inflammatory role. The protein expression of THBS1, GDNF, and ORM2 was increased by 4R. Our data show that 4R preserves the integrity of hippocampal neurons against LPS-induced neuroinflammation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Rojas-Colón
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - John B Redell
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pramod K Dash
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pedro E Vegas
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Wanda Vélez-Torres
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
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21
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Li Y, Li P, Tao Q, Abuqeis IJA, Xiyang Y. Role and limitation of cell therapy in treating neurological diseases. IBRAIN 2024; 10:93-105. [PMID: 38682022 PMCID: PMC11045202 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The central role of the brain in governing systemic functions within human physiology underscores its paramount significance as the focal point of physiological regulation. The brain, a highly sophisticated organ, orchestrates a diverse array of physiological processes encompassing motor control, sensory perception, cognition, emotion, and the regulation of vital functions, such as heartbeat, respiration, and hormonal equilibrium. A notable attribute of neurological diseases manifests as the depletion of neurons and the occurrence of tissue necrosis subsequent to injury. The transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) into the brain exhibits the potential for the replacement of lost neurons and the reconstruction of neural circuits. Furthermore, the transplantation of other types of cells in alternative locations can secrete nutritional factors that indirectly contribute to the restoration of nervous system equilibrium and the mitigation of neural inflammation. This review summarized a comprehensive investigation into the role of NSCs, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and support cells like astrocytes and microglia in alleviating neurological deficits after cell infusion. Moreover, a thorough assessment was undertaken to discuss extant constraints in cellular transplantation therapies, concurrently delineating indispensable model-based methodologies, specifically on organoids, which were essential for guiding prospective research initiatives in this specialized field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational MedicineKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingChina
| | - Peng‐Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational MedicineKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingChina
| | - Qian Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational MedicineKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingChina
| | | | - Yan‐Bin Xiyang
- School of Basic MedicineKunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of PharmacologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
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22
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Rahimian R, Guruswamy R, Boutej H, Cordeau P, Weng YC, Kriz J. Targeting SRSF3 restores immune mRNA translation in microglia/macrophages following cerebral ischemia. Mol Ther 2024; 32:783-799. [PMID: 38196192 PMCID: PMC10928149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
We recently described a novel ribosome-based regulatory mechanism/checkpoint that controls innate immune gene translation and microglial activation in non-sterile inflammation orchestrated by RNA binding protein SRSF3. Here we describe a role of SRSF3 in the regulation of microglia/macrophage activation phenotypes after experimental stroke. Using a model-system for analysis of the dynamic translational state of microglial ribosomes we show that 24 h after stroke highly upregulated immune mRNAs are not translated resulting in a marked dissociation of mRNA and protein networks in activated microglia/macrophages. Next, microglial activation after stroke was characterized by a robust increase in pSRSF3/SRSF3 expression levels. Targeted knockdown of SRSF3 using intranasal delivery of siRNA 24 h after stroke caused a marked knockdown of endogenous protein. Further analyses revealed that treatment with SRSF3-siRNA alleviated translational arrest of selected genes and induced a transient but significant increase in innate immune signaling and IBA1+ immunoreactivity peaking 5 days after initial injury. Importantly, delayed SRSF3-mediated increase in immune signaling markedly reduced the size of ischemic lesion measured 7 days after stroke. Together, our findings suggest that targeting SRSF3 and immune mRNA translation may open new avenues for molecular/therapeutic reprogramming of innate immune response after ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- CERVO Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Revathy Guruswamy
- CERVO Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Hejer Boutej
- CERVO Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Pierre Cordeau
- CERVO Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Yuan Cheng Weng
- CERVO Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Jasna Kriz
- CERVO Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada.
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23
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Rezaie N, Rebboah E, Williams BA, Liang HY, Reese F, Balderrama-Gutierrez G, Dionne LA, Reinholdt L, Trout D, Wold BJ, Mortazavi A. Identification of robust cellular programs using reproducible LDA that impact sex-specific disease progression in different genotypes of a mouse model of AD. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.26.582178. [PMID: 38464087 PMCID: PMC10925135 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.26.582178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The gene expression profiles of distinct cell types reflect complex genomic interactions among multiple simultaneous biological processes within each cell that can be altered by disease progression as well as genetic background. The identification of these active cellular programs is an open challenge in the analysis of single-cell RNA-seq data. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is a generative method used to identify recurring patterns in counts data, commonly referred to as topics that can be used to interpret the state of each cell. However, LDA's interpretability is hindered by several key factors including the hyperparameter selection of the number of topics as well as the variability in topic definitions due to random initialization. We developed Topyfic, a Reproducible LDA (rLDA) package, to accurately infer the identity and activity of cellular programs in single-cell data, providing insights into the relative contributions of each program in individual cells. We apply Topyfic to brain single-cell and single-nucleus datasets of two 5xFAD mouse models of Alzheimer's disease crossed with C57BL6/J or CAST/EiJ mice to identify distinct cell types and states in different cell types such as microglia. We find that 8-month 5xFAD/Cast F1 males show higher level of microglial activation than matching 5xFAD/BL6 F1 males, whereas female mice show similar levels of microglial activation. We show that regulatory genes such as TFs, microRNA host genes, and chromatin regulatory genes alone capture cell types and cell states. Our study highlights how topic modeling with a limited vocabulary of regulatory genes can identify gene expression programs in single-cell data in order to quantify similar and divergent cell states in distinct genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Rezaie
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Elisabeth Rebboah
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Brian A Williams
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Heidi Yahan Liang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Fairlie Reese
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gabriela Balderrama-Gutierrez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Diane Trout
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Barbara J Wold
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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24
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Schlotterose L, Cossais F, Lucius R, Hattermann K. Resveratrol Alleviates the Early Challenges of Implant-Based Drug Delivery in a Human Glial Cell Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2078. [PMID: 38396755 PMCID: PMC10889494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain diseases are oftentimes life-threatening and difficult to treat. The local administration of drug substances using brain implants can increase on-site concentrations and decrease systemic side effects. However, the biocompatibility of potential brain implant materials needs to be evaluated carefully as implants can trigger foreign body reactions, particularly by increasing the microglia and astrocyte reactivity. To date, these tests have been frequently conducted in very simple in vitro models, in particular not respecting the key players in glial cell reactions and the challenges of surgical implantation characterized by the disruption of oxygen and nutrient supply. Thus, we established an in vitro model in which we treated human glial cell lines with reduced oxygen and glucose levels. The model displayed cytokine and reactive oxygen species release from reactive microglia and an increase in a marker of reactive astrocytes, galectin-3. Moreover, the treatment caused changes in the cell survival and triggered the production of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. In this comprehensive platform, we demonstrated the protective effect of the natural polyphenol resveratrol as a model substance, which might be included in brain implants to ease the undesired glial cell response. Overall, a glial-cell-based in vitro model of the initial challenges of local brain disease treatment may prove useful for investigating new therapy options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kirsten Hattermann
- Institute of Anatomy, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (L.S.); (R.L.)
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25
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Gary JM, Cramer S, Bolon B, Bradley AE, Butt MT. Incidental Gliosis in the Central Nervous System of Control Nonhuman Primates and Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2024; 52:114-122. [PMID: 38828567 DOI: 10.1177/01926233241253255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Gliosis, including microgliosis and astrocytosis, can be challenging to interpret in nonclinical studies. Incidences of glial foci in brains and spinal cords of control rats and nonhuman primates (NHPs) were reviewed in the historical control databases from two contract research organizations, including one specializing in neuropathology. In the brain, minimal to mild (grades 1-2) microgliosis was the most common diagnosis, especially in NHPs, although occasional moderate or marked microgliosis (grades 3 and 4) was encountered in both species. Microgliosis was more common in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata in both species and was frequent in the white matter (brain), thalamus, and basal nuclei of NHPs. Gliosis ("not otherwise specified") of minimal severity was diagnosed in similar brain sub-sites for both species and was more common in NHPs compared with rats. Astrocytosis was most prominent in the cerebellum (molecular layer) of NHPs but was otherwise uncommon. In the spinal cord, microgliosis was most common in the lateral white matter tracts in rats and NHPs, and in the dorsal white matter tracts in NHPs. These data indicate that low-grade spontaneous glial responses occur with some frequency in control animals of two common nonclinical species.
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26
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Salinas-García AF, Roque A, Zamudio-Flores J, Meléndez-Herrera E, Kline AE, Lajud N. Early Life Stress Negatively Impacts Spatial Learning Acquisition and Increases Hippocampal CA1 Microglial Activation After a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Adult Male Rats. J Neurotrauma 2024; 41:514-528. [PMID: 37885223 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) affects neurogenesis and spatial learning, and increases neuroinflammation after a pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Previous studies have shown that ELS has minimal effects in juveniles but shows age-dependent effects in adults. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the effects of ELS in adult male rats after an mTBI. Maternal separation for 180 min per day (MS180) during the first 21 post-natal (P) days was used as the ELS model. At P110, the rats were subjected to a mild controlled cortical impact injury (2.6 mm) or sham surgery. Spatial learning was evaluated in the Morris water maze (MWM) 14 days after surgery and both microglial activation and neurogenesis were quantified. The results indicate that MS180 + mTBI, but not control (CONT) + mTBI, rats show deficiencies in the acquisition of spatial learning. mTBI led to comparable increases in microglial activation in both the hilus and cortical regions for both groups. However, MS180 + mTBI rats exhibited a greater increase in microglial activation in the ipsilateral CA1 hippocampus subfield compared with CONT + mTBI. Interestingly, for the contralateral CA1 region, this effect was observed exclusively in MS180 + mTBI. ELS and mTBI independently caused a decrease in hippocampal neurogenesis and this effect was not increased further in MS180 + mTBI rats. The findings demonstrate that ELS and mTBI synergistically affect cognitive performance and neuroinflammation, thus supporting the hypothesis that increased inflammation resulting from the combination of ELS and mTBI could underlie the observed effects on learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fernanda Salinas-García
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Angélica Roque
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Jonathan Zamudio-Flores
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Esperanza Meléndez-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Anthony E Kline
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. USA
| | - Naima Lajud
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, México
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27
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Jucá PM, de Almeida Duque É, Covre LHH, Mariano KAA, Munhoz CD. Microglia and Systemic Immunity. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 37:287-302. [PMID: 39207698 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are specialized immune cells that reside in the central nervous system (CNS) and play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. While traditionally regarded as a part of the innate immune system, recent research has highlighted their role in adaptive immunity. The CNS is no longer considered an immune-privileged organ, and increasing evidence suggests bidirectional communication between the immune system and the CNS. Microglia are sensitive to systemic immune signals and can respond to systemic inflammation by producing various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This response is mediated by activating pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns in the systemic circulation. The microglial response to systemic inflammation has been implicated in several neurological conditions, including depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment. Understanding the complex interplay between microglia and systemic immunity is crucial for developing therapeutic interventions to modulate immune responses in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Marinho Jucá
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade de Sao Paulo Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Érica de Almeida Duque
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade de Sao Paulo Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiza Helena Halas Covre
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade de Sao Paulo Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Demarchi Munhoz
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade de Sao Paulo Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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28
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Li L, Li T, Qu X, Sun G, Fu Q, Han G. Stress/cell death pathways, neuroinflammation, and neuropathic pain. Immunol Rev 2024; 321:33-51. [PMID: 37688390 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a common and debilitating modality of chronic pain induced by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system. Albeit the elucidation of numerous pathophysiological mechanisms and the development of potential treatment compounds, safe and reliable therapies of neuropathic pain remain poor. Multiple stress/cell death pathways have been shown to be implicated in neuroinflammation during neuropathic pain. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of stress/cell death pathways and present an overview of the roles and molecular mechanisms of stress/cell death pathways in neuroinflammation during neuropathic pain, covering intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, autophagy, mitophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and phagoptosis. Small molecule compounds that modulate stress/cell death pathways in alleviating neuropathic pain are discussed mainly based on preclinical neuropathic pain models. These findings will contribute to in-depth understanding of the pathological processes during neuropathic pain as well as bridge the gap between basic and translational research to uncover new neuroprotective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyu Qu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guangwei Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qi Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guang Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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29
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Khish NS, Ghiasizadeh P, Rasti A, Moghimi O, Zadeh AZ, Bahiraee A, Ebrahimi R. Regulatory Non-coding RNAs Involved in Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation: An Intriguing Crosstalk in Parkinson's Disease. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:5576-5597. [PMID: 37592769 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230817102135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Although the molecular bases for PD development are not fully recognized, extensive evidence has suggested that the development of PD is strongly associated with neuroinflammation. It is noteworthy that while neuroinflammation might not be a primary factor in all patients with PD, it seems to be a driving force for disease progression, and therefore, exploring the role of pathways involved in neuroinflammation is of great importance. Besides, the importance of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), has been widely studied with a focus on the pathogenesis of PD. However, there is no comprehensive review regarding the role of neuroinflammation- related ncRNAs as prospective biomarkers and therapeutic targets involved in the pathogenesis of PD, even though the number of studies connecting ncRNAs to neuroinflammatory pathways and oxidative stress has markedly increased in the last few years. Hence, the present narrative review intended to describe the crosstalk between regulatory ncRNAs and neuroinflammatory targets with respect to PD to find and propose novel combining biomarkers or therapeutic targets in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Salari Khish
- Department of Biology, Payam Noor University International, Center of Gheshm, Hormozgan, Iran
| | - Pooran Ghiasizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Arak University of Medical Science, Arak, Iran
| | - Abolhasan Rasti
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Omid Moghimi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Arash Zeynali Zadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Alireza Bahiraee
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Reyhane Ebrahimi
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
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Chen Y, Fei X, Liu G, Li X, Huang L, Yang LZ, Li Y, Xu B, Fang W. P-Glycoprotein Exacerbates Brain Injury Following Experimental Cerebral Ischemia by Promoting Proinflammatory Microglia Activation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:6916819. [PMID: 38144707 PMCID: PMC10748718 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6916819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are activated following cerebral ischemic insult. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an efflux transporter on microvascular endothelial cells and upregulated after cerebral ischemia. This study evaluated the effects and possible mechanisms of P-gp on microglial polarization/activation in mice after ischemic stroke. P-gp-specific siRNA and adeno-associated virus (p-AAV) were used to silence and overexpress P-gp, respectively. Middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) were performed in mice and cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (bEnd.3) in vitro, respectively. OGD/R-injured bEnd.3 cells were cocultured with mouse microglial cells (BV2) in Transwell. Influences on acute ischemic stroke outcome, the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines and chemokines receptors, microglial polarization, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) nuclear translocation, and GR-mediated mRNA decay (GMD) activation were evaluated via reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, or immunofluorescence. Silencing P-gp markedly alleviated experimental ischemia injury as indicated by reduced cerebral infarct size, improved neurological deficits, and reduced the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-12 expression. Silencing P-gp also mitigated proinflammatory microglial polarization and the expression of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and its receptor CCR2 expression, whereas promoted anti-inflammatory microglia polarization. Additionally, P-gp silencing promoted GR nuclear translocation and the expression of GMD relative proteins in endothelial cells. Conversely, overexpressing P-gp via p-AAV transfection offset all these effects. Furthermore, silencing endothelial GR counteracted all effects mediated by silencing or overexpressing P-gp. Elevated P-gp expression aggravated inflammatory response and brain damage after ischemic stroke by augmenting proinflammatory microglial polarization in association with increased endothelial CCL2 release due to GMD inhibition by P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ge Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liangliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lele Zixin Yang
- Penn State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baohui Xu
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
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Chen J, Chen C, Ma S, Li J, Li M, Huang Q. An immunomodulatory role of Fc receptor γ chain independent of FcγR ligation by IgG in acute neuroinflammation triggered by MPTP intoxication. Neurochem Int 2023; 171:105638. [PMID: 37923297 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant microglial activation is a prominent feature of neuroinflammation, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Fc receptor common γ-chain (FcRγ), one of the two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-bearing adaptor proteins, is abundantly expressed in microglia. It couples with different receptors, such as receptors for the Fc portion of IgG. In this study, we observed increased FcRγ expression along with increased IgG-binding during acute neuroinflammation triggered by MPTP intoxication, where adaptive immune responses should not be involved. Notably, FcRγ was expressed not only in the cell membrane but also in the cytoplasm in the activated microglia. FcRγ deficiency exacerbated microglial activation, pro-inflammatory factor upregulation, nigral dopaminergic neuronal loss and motor deficits, implicating a beneficial role of FcRγ in this model. Blockade of Fcγ receptor ligation by IgG in mice by Endoglycosidase S treatment, a bacterial endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase cleaving specifically the Asn297-linked glycan of IgG, or by using the mice deficient in mature B cells (muMT) with IgG production defects, did not show similar phenotypes to those observed in FcRγ-deficient mice, indicating that the beneficial effect mediated by FcRγ did not depend on FcγR ligation by IgG. Further, FcRγ knockout aggravated the expression and activation of STAT1 in microglia, suggesting FcRγ modulated neuroinflammation by dampening STAT1 signaling. Collectively, these results revealed that FcRγ-associated receptors could function as negative regulators of neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Congmin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Junyu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Mingtao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qiaoying Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Wu Y, Zhou K, Liu B, Xu J, Lei L, Hu J, Cheng X, Zhong F, Wang S. Glial Activation, Mitochondrial Imbalance, and Akt/mTOR Signaling May Be Potential Mechanisms of Cognitive Impairment in Heart Failure Mice. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:589-603. [PMID: 37668877 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a major health burden worldwide, with approximately half of HF patients having a comorbid cognitive impairment (CI). However, it is still unclear how CI develops in patients with HF. In the present study, a mice model of heart failure was established by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery. Echocardiography 1 month later confirmed the decline in ejection fraction and ventricular remodeling. Cognitive function was examined by the Pavlovian fear conditioning and the Morris water maze. HF group cued fear memory, spatial memory, and learning impairment, accompanied by activation of glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes) in the hippocampus. In addition, the mitochondrial biogenesis genes TFAM and SIRT1 decreased, and the fission gene DRP1 increased in the hippocampus. Damaged mitochondria release excessive ROS, and the ability to produce ATP decreases. Damaged swollen mitochondria with altered morphology and aberrant inner-membrane crista were observed under a transmission electron microscope. Finally, Akt/mTOR signaling was upregulated in the hippocampus of heart failure mice. These findings suggest that activation of Akt/mTOR signaling, glial activation, and mitochondrial dynamics imbalance could trigger cognitive impairment in the pathological process of heart failure mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kaiyi Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Baiyang Liu
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jindong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liming Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness, Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research On Emergency in TCM, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Feng Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Bi W, Bao K, Zhou X, Deng Y, Li X, Zhang J, Lan X, Zhao J, Lu D, Xu Y, Cen Y, Cao R, Xu M, Zhong W, Zhu L. PSMC5 regulates microglial polarization and activation in LPS-induced cognitive deficits and motor impairments by interacting with TLR4. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:277. [PMID: 38001534 PMCID: PMC10668523 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02904-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Luteolin is a flavonoid found in high concentrations in celery and green pepper, and acts as a neuroprotectant. PSMC5 (proteasome 26S subunit, ATPase 5) protein levels were reduced after luteolin stimulation in activated microglia. We aimed to determine whether regulating PSMC5 expression could inhibit neuroinflammation, and investigate the underlying mechanisms.BV2 microglia were transfected with siRNA PSMC5 before the addition of LPS (lipopolysaccharide, 1.0 µg/ml) for 24 h in serum free DMEM. A mouse model of LPS-induced cognitive and motor impairment was established to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of shRNA PSMC5. Intracerebroventricular administration of shRNA PSMC5 was commenced 7 days prior to i.p. injection of LPS (750 μg/kg). Treatments and behavioral experiments were performed once daily for 7 consecutive days. Behavioral tests and pathological/biochemical assays were performed to evaluate LPS-induced hippocampal damage. Molecular dynamics simulation was used to confirm the interaction between PSMC5 and TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia. SiRNA PSMC5 inhibited BV2 microglial activation, and suppressed the release of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, COX-2, PGE2, TNF-α, and iNOS) upon after LPS stimulation in BV2 microglia. LPS increased IκB-α and p65 phosphorylation, which was attenuated by siRNA PSMC5. Behavioral tests and pathological/biochemical assays showed that shRNA PSMC5 attenuated LPS-induced cognitive and motor impairments, and restored synaptic ultrastructure and protein levels in mice. ShRNA PSMC5 reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, PGE2, and NO) levels in the serum and brain, and relevant protein factors (iNOS and COX-2) in the brain. Furthermore, shRNA PSMC5 upregulated the anti-inflammatory mediators interleukin IL-4 and IL-10 in the serum and brain, and promoted a pro-inflammation-to-anti-inflammation phenotype shift in microglial polarization. Mechanistically, shRNA PSMC5 significantly alleviated LPS-induced TLR4 expression. The polarization of LPS-induced microglial pro-inflammation phenotype was abolished by TLR4 inhibitor and in the TLR-4-/- mouse, as in shRNA PSMC5 treatment. PSMC5 interacted with TLR4 via the amino sites Glu284, Met139, Leu127, and Phe283. PSMC5 site mutations attenuated neuroinflammation and reduced pro-inflammatory factors by reducing TLR4-related effects, thereby reducing TLR4-mediated MyD88 (myeloid differentiation factor 88)-dependent activation of NF-κB. PSMC5 could be an important therapeutic target for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases involving neuroinflammation-associated cognitive deficits and motor impairments induced by microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, No. 613, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Clinical Neuoscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, No. 613, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Keyao Bao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xinqi Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yihui Deng
- Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, No. 613, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, No. 613, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xin Lan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jiayi Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Daxiang Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yezi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, No. 613, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yanmei Cen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, No. 613, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, No. 613, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Mengyang Xu
- Department of Biology, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wenbin Zhong
- Department of Biology, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Lihong Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Germ-free Animals and Microbiota Application, No. 601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Liu Y, Zheng S, Zhang X, Guo W, Du R, Yuan H, Zhang L, Cui H. Electro-nape-acupuncture regulates the differentiation of microglia through PD-1/PD-L1 reducing secondary brain injury in acute phase intracerebral hemorrhage rats. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3229. [PMID: 37614117 PMCID: PMC10636396 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the effect of electro-nape-acupuncture (ENA) on the differentiation of microglia and the secondary brain injury in rats with acute-phase intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) through the programmed cell death protein-1/ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway. METHODS A total of 27 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham group, ICH group, and ENA group. The autologous blood infusion intracerebral hemorrhage model was used to study the effects of ENA by administering electroacupuncture at GB20 (Fengchi) and Jiaji (EX-B2) acupoints on 24 h after the modeling, once per day for 3 days. The neurological function damage, hematoma lesion, and inflammatory cell infiltration were measured by the beam walking test and hematoxylin-eosin staining. The expression of PD-1, PD-L1, CD86, CD206, and related cytokines around the hematoma was measured by western blot, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS The ICH group had significant neurological deficits (p < .001), hematoma lesions, and inflammatory cell infiltration. The levels of CD86 protein, inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factors (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 were increased (p < .001), while CD206 protein was reduced (p < .01), and the number of CD86+ /CD11b+ cells was also increased (p < .001) compared to the sham group. However, after ENA intervention, there was a significant reduction in neurological function damage (p < .05), infiltration of inflammatory cells, and the expression levels of CD86+ /CD11b+ cells (p < .05), resulting in the increased expression of PD-1 protein and differentiation of M2 phenotype significantly (p < .001). CONCLUSION The study concludes that ENA could reduce neurological function damage, inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improve the infiltration of inflammatory cells to improve secondary brain injury in acute-phase intracerebral hemorrhage rats. These effects could be related to the increased expression of PD-1 around the lesion, promoting the differentiation of microglia from M1 to M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijian Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shumei Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wenhui Guo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ruosang Du
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hongwen Yuan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hai Cui
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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Geng Z, Guan S, Wang S, Yu Z, Liu T, Du S, Zhu C. Intercellular mitochondrial transfer in the brain, a new perspective for targeted treatment of central nervous system diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:3121-3135. [PMID: 37424172 PMCID: PMC10580346 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Mitochondria is one of the important organelles involved in cell energy metabolism and regulation and also play a key regulatory role in abnormal cell processes such as cell stress, cell damage, and cell canceration. Recent studies have shown that mitochondria can be transferred between cells in different ways and participate in the occurrence and development of many central nervous system diseases. We aim to review the mechanism of mitochondrial transfer in the progress of central nervous system diseases and the possibility of targeted therapy. METHODS The PubMed databank, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure databank, and Wanfang Data were searched to identify the experiments of intracellular mitochondrial transferrin central nervous system. The focus is on the donors, receptors, transfer pathways, and targeted drugs of mitochondrial transfer. RESULTS In the central nervous system, neurons, glial cells, immune cells, and tumor cells can transfer mitochondria to each other. Meanwhile, there are many types of mitochondrial transfer, including tunneling nanotubes, extracellular vesicles, receptor cell endocytosis, gap junction channels, and intercellular contact. A variety of stress signals, such as the release of damaged mitochondria, mitochondrial DNA, or other mitochondrial products and the elevation of reactive oxygen species, can trigger the transfer of mitochondria from donor cells to recipient cells. Concurrently, a variety of molecular pathways and related inhibitors can affect mitochondrial intercellular transfer. CONCLUSION This study reviews the phenomenon of intercellular mitochondrial transfer in the central nervous system and summarizes the corresponding transfer pathways. Finally, we propose targeted pathways and treatment methods that may be used to regulate mitochondrial transfer for the treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziang Geng
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Shu Guan
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Breast SurgeryThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Radiation OncologyThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Zhongxue Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular UltrasoundThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Tiancong Liu
- Department of OtolaryngologyShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Shaonan Du
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
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Bettag J, Goldenberg D, Carter J, Morfin S, Borsotti A, Fox J, ReVeal M, Natrop D, Gosser D, Kolli S, Jain AK. Gut Microbiota to Microglia: Microbiome Influences Neurodevelopment in the CNS. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1767. [PMID: 38002858 PMCID: PMC10670365 DOI: 10.3390/children10111767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The brain is traditionally viewed as an immunologically privileged site; however, there are known to be multiple resident immune cells that influence the CNS environment and are reactive to extra-CNS signaling. Microglia are an important component of this system, which influences early neurodevelopment in addition to modulating inflammation and regenerative responses to injury and infection. Microglia are influenced by gut microbiome-derived metabolites, both as part of their normal function and potentially in pathological patterns that may induce neurodevelopmental disabilities or behavioral changes. This review aims to summarize the mounting evidence indicating that, not only is the Gut-Brain axis mediated by metabolites and microglia throughout an organism's lifetime, but it is also influenced prenatally by maternal microbiome and diet, which holds implications for both early neuropathology and neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery Bettag
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (D.G.); (J.C.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (M.R.); (D.G.); (S.K.); (A.K.J.)
| | - Daniel Goldenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (D.G.); (J.C.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (M.R.); (D.G.); (S.K.); (A.K.J.)
| | - Jasmine Carter
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (D.G.); (J.C.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (M.R.); (D.G.); (S.K.); (A.K.J.)
| | - Sylvia Morfin
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (D.G.); (J.C.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (M.R.); (D.G.); (S.K.); (A.K.J.)
| | - Alison Borsotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (D.G.); (J.C.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (M.R.); (D.G.); (S.K.); (A.K.J.)
| | - James Fox
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (D.G.); (J.C.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (M.R.); (D.G.); (S.K.); (A.K.J.)
| | - Matthew ReVeal
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (D.G.); (J.C.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (M.R.); (D.G.); (S.K.); (A.K.J.)
| | - Dylan Natrop
- Medical College of Wisconsin-Green Bay, De Pere, WI 54115, USA;
| | - David Gosser
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (D.G.); (J.C.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (M.R.); (D.G.); (S.K.); (A.K.J.)
| | - Sree Kolli
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (D.G.); (J.C.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (M.R.); (D.G.); (S.K.); (A.K.J.)
| | - Ajay K. Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (D.G.); (J.C.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (M.R.); (D.G.); (S.K.); (A.K.J.)
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Bangari DS, Lanigan LG, Cramer SD, Grieves JL, Meisner R, Rogers AB, Galbreath EJ, Bolon B. Toxicologic Neuropathology of Novel Biotherapeutics. Toxicol Pathol 2023; 51:414-431. [PMID: 38380881 DOI: 10.1177/01926233241230542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Biotherapeutic modalities such as cell therapies, gene therapies, nucleic acids, and proteins are increasingly investigated as disease-modifying treatments for severe and life-threatening neurodegenerative disorders. Such diverse bio-derived test articles are fraught with unique and often unpredictable biological consequences, while guidance regarding nonclinical experimental design, neuropathology evaluation, and interpretation is often limited. This paper summarizes key messages offered during a half-day continuing education course on toxicologic neuropathology of neuro-targeted biotherapeutics. Topics included fundamental neurobiology concepts, pharmacology, frequent toxicological findings, and their interpretation including adversity decisions. Covered biotherapeutic classes included cell therapies, gene editing and gene therapy vectors, nucleic acids, and proteins. If agents are administered directly into the central nervous system, initial screening using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections of currently recommended neural organs (brain [7 levels], spinal cord [3 levels], and sciatic nerve) may need to expand to include other components (e.g., more brain levels, ganglia, and/or additional nerves) and/or special neurohistological procedures to characterize possible neural effects (e.g., cell type-specific markers for reactive glial cells). Scientists who evaluate the safety of novel biologics will find this paper to be a practical reference for preclinical safety testing and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - René Meisner
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
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Cho K. Neutrophil-Mediated Progression of Mild Cognitive Impairment to Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14795. [PMID: 37834242 PMCID: PMC10572848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a serious condition that begins with amnesia and progresses to cognitive decline, behavioral dysfunction, and neuropsychiatric impairment. In the final stage, dysphagia and incontinence occur. There are numerous studies and developed drugs for cognitive dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, their clinical effectiveness remains equivocal. To date, attempts have been made to overcome cognitive dysfunction and understand and delay the aging processes that lead to degenerative and chronic diseases. Cognitive dysfunction is involved in aging and the disruption of inflammation and innate immunity. Recent reports have indicated that the innate immune system is prevalent in patients with AD, and that peripheral neutrophil markers can predict a decline in executive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Furthermore, altered levels of pro-inflammatory interleukins have been reported in MCI, which have been suggested to play a role in the peripheral immune system during the process from early MCI to dementia. Neutrophils are the first responders of the innate immune system. Neutrophils eliminate harmful cellular debris via phagocytosis, secrete inflammatory factors to activate host defense systems, stimulate cytokine production, kill pathogens, and regulate extracellular proteases and inhibitors. This review investigated and summarized the regulation of neutrophil function during cognitive impairment caused by various degenerative diseases. In addition, this work elucidates the cellular mechanism of neutrophils in cognitive impairment and what is currently known about the effects of activated neutrophils on cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- KyoungJoo Cho
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
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Maes ME, Donahue RJ, Schlamp CL, Marola OJ, Libby RT, Nickells RW. BAX activation in mouse retinal ganglion cells occurs in two temporally and mechanistically distinct steps. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:67. [PMID: 37752598 PMCID: PMC10521527 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pro-apoptotic BAX is a central mediator of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death after optic nerve damage. BAX activation occurs in two stages including translocation of latent BAX to the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) and then permeabilization of the MOM to facilitate the release of apoptotic signaling molecules. As a critical component of RGC death, BAX is an attractive target for neuroprotective therapies and an understanding of the kinetics of BAX activation and the mechanisms controlling the two stages of this process in RGCs is potentially valuable in informing the development of a neuroprotective strategy. METHODS The kinetics of BAX translocation were assessed by both static and live-cell imaging of a GFP-BAX fusion protein introduced into RGCs using AAV2-mediated gene transfer in mice. Activation of BAX was achieved using an acute optic nerve crush (ONC) protocol. Live-cell imaging of GFP-BAX was achieved using explants of mouse retina harvested 7 days after ONC. Kinetics of translocation in RGCs were compared to GFP-BAX translocation in 661W tissue culture cells. Permeabilization of GFP-BAX was assessed by staining with the 6A7 monoclonal antibody, which recognizes a conformational change in this protein after MOM insertion. Assessment of individual kinases associated with both stages of activation was made using small molecule inhibitors injected into the vitreous either independently or in concert with ONC surgery. The contribution of the Dual Leucine Zipper-JUN-N-Terminal Kinase cascade was evaluated using mice with a double conditional knock-out of both Mkk4 and Mkk7. RESULTS ONC induces the translocation of GFP-BAX in RGCs at a slower rate and with less intracellular synchronicity than 661W cells, but exhibits less variability among mitochondrial foci within a single cell. GFP-BAX was also found to translocate in all compartments of an RGC including the dendritic arbor and axon. Approximately 6% of translocating RGCs exhibited retrotranslocation of BAX immediately following translocation. Unlike tissue culture cells, which exhibit simultaneous translocation and permeabilization, RGCs exhibited a significant delay between these two stages, similar to detached cells undergoing anoikis. Translocation, with minimal permeabilization could be induced in a subset of RGCs using an inhibitor of Focal Adhesion Kinase (PF573228). Permeabilization after ONC, in a majority of RGCs, could be inhibited with a broad spectrum kinase inhibitor (sunitinib) or a selective inhibitor for p38/MAPK14 (SB203580). Intervention of DLK-JNK axis signaling abrogated GFP-BAX translocation after ONC. CONCLUSIONS A comparison between BAX activation kinetics in tissue culture cells and in cells of a complex tissue environment shows distinct differences indicating that caution should be used when translating findings from one condition to the other. RGCs exhibit both a delay between translocation and permeabilization and the ability for translocated BAX to be retrotranslocated, suggesting several stages at which intervention of the activation process could be exploited in the design of a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Maes
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ryan J Donahue
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cassandra L Schlamp
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Olivia J Marola
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Richard T Libby
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Robert W Nickells
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Chen PL, Xu GH, Li M, Zhang JY, Cheng J, Li CF, Yi LT. Yamogenin Exhibits Antidepressant-like Effects via Inhibition of ER Stress and Microglial Activation in LPS-Induced Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3173-3182. [PMID: 37579249 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a multifaceted psychiatric disorder that affects a significant number of individuals worldwide, and its pathophysiology encompasses a variety of mechanisms, including the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which has been correlated with depressive-like behaviors in animal models. Yamogenin, a bioactive compound derived from traditional Chinese medicine Dioscorea species, possesses diverse pharmacological properties. This investigation aimed to explore the antidepressant-like effects of yamogenin and the underlying mechanisms involved. By utilizing a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressive-like behavior, we demonstrated that yamogenin enhanced sucrose preference and reduced immobility time in the forced swimming test. These effects were observed alongside the attenuation of ER stress through modulation of the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP signaling pathway in the prefrontal cortex. Moreover, yamogenin augmented the expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 while diminishing the expression of the proapoptotic protein caspase-3. Additionally, yamogenin exhibited inhibitory effects on microglial activation but did not elicit the promotion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling. Collectively, our findings propose that yamogenin exerts antidepressant-like effects in LPS-induced mice by inhibiting ER stress and microglial activation. This study contributes novel insights into the potential utilization of yamogenin as a natural antidepressant agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Lu Chen
- Xiamen Medicine Research Institute, Xiamen 361008, Fujian, P. R. China
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine College of Pharmacy, Fujian 361008, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Hui Xu
- Xiamen Medicine Research Institute, Xiamen 361008, Fujian, P. R. China
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine College of Pharmacy, Fujian 361008, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Xiamen Medicine Research Institute, Xiamen 361008, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Yuan Zhang
- Xiamen Medicine Research Institute, Xiamen 361008, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Fu Li
- Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen 361009, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Li-Tao Yi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, P. R. China
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Finney CA, Wilkins HM, Swerdlow RH, Brown DA. Activators of neurotoxic microglia in neurodegeneration: is the answer in blood? Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:687-689. [PMID: 37524376 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A Finney
- Neuroinflammation Research Group, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Heather M Wilkins
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - David A Brown
- Neuroinflammation Research Group, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Department of Immunopathology, Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research - New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Latham AS, Moreno JA, Geer CE. Biological agents and the aging brain: glial inflammation and neurotoxic signaling. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1244149. [PMID: 37649972 PMCID: PMC10464498 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1244149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a universal characteristic of brain aging and neurological disorders, irrespective of the disease state. Glial inflammation mediates this signaling, through astrocyte and microglial polarization from neuroprotective to neurotoxic phenotypes. Glial reactivity results in the loss of homeostasis, as these cells no longer provide support to neurons, in addition to the production of chronically toxic pro-inflammatory mediators. These glial changes initiate an inflammatory brain state that injures the central nervous system (CNS) over time. As the brain ages, glia are altered, including increased glial cell numbers, morphological changes, and either a pre-disposition or inability to become reactive. These alterations induce age-related neuropathologies, ultimately leading to neuronal degradation and irreversible damage associated with disorders of the aged brain, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and other related diseases. While the complex interactions of these glial cells and the brain are well studied, the role additional stressors, such as infectious agents, play on age-related neuropathology has not been fully elucidated. Both biological agents in the periphery, such as bacterial infections, or in the CNS, including viral infections like SARS-CoV-2, push glia into neuroinflammatory phenotypes that can exacerbate pathology within the aging brain. These biological agents release pattern associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that bind to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on glial cells, beginning an inflammatory cascade. In this review, we will summarize the evidence that biological agents induce reactive glia, which worsens age-related neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S. Latham
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Brain Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Julie A. Moreno
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Brain Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Charlize E. Geer
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Maliougina M, El Hiani Y. TRPM2: bridging calcium and ROS signaling pathways-implications for human diseases. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1217828. [PMID: 37576339 PMCID: PMC10412822 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1217828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
TRPM2 is a versatile and essential signaling molecule that plays diverse roles in Ca2+ homeostasis and oxidative stress signaling, with implications in various diseases. Research evidence has shown that TRPM2 is a promising therapeutic target. However, the decision of whether to activate or inhibit TRPM2 function depends on the context and specific disease. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing TRPM2 activation and regulation could pave the way for the development of innovative therapeutics targeting TRPM2 to treat a broad range of diseases. In this review, we examine the structural and biophysical details of TRPM2, its involvement in neurological and cardiovascular diseases, and its role in inflammation and immune system function. In addition, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of TRPM2 signaling pathways in cancer, including its functions in bioenergetics, oxidant defense, autophagy, and response to anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yassine El Hiani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada
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44
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Mirarchi A, Albi E, Beccari T, Arcuri C. Microglia and Brain Disorders: The Role of Vitamin D and Its Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11892. [PMID: 37569267 PMCID: PMC10419106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Accounting for 5-20% of the total glial cells present in the adult brain, microglia are involved in several functions: maintenance of the neural environment, response to injury and repair, immunesurveillance, cytokine secretion, regulation of phagocytosis, synaptic pruning, and sculpting postnatal neural circuits. Microglia contribute to some neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD), Tourette syndrome (TS), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and schizophrenia. Moreover, microglial involvement in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases, has also been well established. During the last two decades, epidemiological and research studies have demonstrated the involvement of vitamin D3 (VD3) in the brain's pathophysiology. VD3 is a fat-soluble metabolite that is required for the proper regulation of many of the body's systems, as well as for normal human growth and development, and shows neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions and influences on neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity, playing a role in various neurological diseases. In order to better understand the exact mechanisms behind the diverse actions of VD3 in the brain, a large number of studies have been performed on isolated cells or tissues of the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we discuss the involvement of VD3 and microglia on neurodegeneration- and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mirarchi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Albi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (E.A.); (T.B.)
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (E.A.); (T.B.)
| | - Cataldo Arcuri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
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De Sousa RAL, Cassilhas RC. Microglia role as the regulator of cognitive function. REVISTA DA ASSOCIACAO MEDICA BRASILEIRA (1992) 2023; 69:e20230412. [PMID: 37466612 PMCID: PMC10352012 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20230412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Physical Education Department - Diamantina (MG), Brazil
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group - Diamantina (MG), Brazil
| | - Ricardo Cardoso Cassilhas
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Physical Education Department - Diamantina (MG), Brazil
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group - Diamantina (MG), Brazil
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46
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Jayanti S, Dalla Verde C, Tiribelli C, Gazzin S. Inflammation, Dopaminergic Brain and Bilirubin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11478. [PMID: 37511235 PMCID: PMC10380707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is a well-known neurotransmitter due to its involvement in Parkinson's disease (PD). Dopamine is not only involved in PD but also controls multiple mental and physical activities, such as the pleasure of food, friends and loved ones, music, art, mood, cognition, motivation, fear, affective disorders, addiction, attention deficit disorder, depression, and schizophrenia. Dopaminergic neurons (DOPAn) are susceptible to stressors, and inflammation is a recognized risk for neuronal malfunctioning and cell death in major neurodegenerative diseases. Less is known for non-neurodegenerative conditions. Among the endogenous defenses, bilirubin, a heme metabolite, has been shown to possess important anti-inflammatory activity and, most importantly, to prevent DOPAn demise in an ex vivo model of PD by acting on the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). This review summarizes the evidence linking DOPAn, inflammation (when possible, specifically TNFα), and bilirubin as an anti-inflammatory in order to understand what is known, the gaps that need filling, and the hypotheses of anti-inflammatory strategies to preserve dopamine homeostasis with bilirubin included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Jayanti
- Italian Liver Foundation, Liver Brain Unit "Rita Moretti", Area Science Park, Bldg. Q, SS 14, Km 163,5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Eijkman Research Centre for Molecular Biology, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16915, Indonesia
| | - Camilla Dalla Verde
- Italian Liver Foundation, Liver Brain Unit "Rita Moretti", Area Science Park, Bldg. Q, SS 14, Km 163,5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Italian Liver Foundation, Liver Brain Unit "Rita Moretti", Area Science Park, Bldg. Q, SS 14, Km 163,5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvia Gazzin
- Italian Liver Foundation, Liver Brain Unit "Rita Moretti", Area Science Park, Bldg. Q, SS 14, Km 163,5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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Kumar P, Mathew S, Gamage R, Bodkin F, Doyle K, Rossetti I, Wagnon I, Zhou X, Raju R, Gyengesi E, Münch G. From the Bush to the Brain: Preclinical Stages of Ethnobotanical Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Drug Discovery-An Australian Example. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11086. [PMID: 37446262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Australian rainforest is a rich source of medicinal plants that have evolved in the face of dramatic environmental challenges over a million years due to its prolonged geographical isolation from other continents. The rainforest consists of an inherent richness of plant secondary metabolites that are the most intense in the rainforest. The search for more potent and more bioavailable compounds from other plant sources is ongoing, and our short review will outline the pathways from the discovery of bioactive plants to the structural identification of active compounds, testing for potency, and then neuroprotection in a triculture system, and finally, the validation in an appropriate neuro-inflammatory mouse model, using some examples from our current research. We will focus on neuroinflammation as a potential treatment target for neurodegenerative diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's (PD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) for these plant-derived, anti-inflammatory molecules and highlight cytokine suppressive anti-inflammatory drugs (CSAIDs) as a better alternative to conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to treat neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payaal Kumar
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Shintu Mathew
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Rashmi Gamage
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Frances Bodkin
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Kerrie Doyle
- Indigenous Health Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Ilaria Rossetti
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Ingrid Wagnon
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Xian Zhou
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Ritesh Raju
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Erika Gyengesi
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Gerald Münch
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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Schlotterose L, Pravdivtseva MS, Ellermann F, Jansen O, Hövener JB, Sönnichsen FD, Cossais F, Lucius R, Hattermann K. Resveratrol Mitigates Metabolism in Human Microglia Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1248. [PMID: 37371977 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The recognition of the role of microglia cells in neurodegenerative diseases has steadily increased over the past few years. There is growing evidence that the uncontrolled and persisting activation of microglial cells is involved in the progression of diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease. The inflammatory activation of microglia cells is often accompanied by a switch in metabolism to higher glucose consumption and aerobic glycolysis. In this study, we investigate the changes induced by the natural antioxidant resveratrol in a human microglia cell line. Resveratrol is renowned for its neuroprotective properties, but little is known about its direct effect on human microglia cells. By analyzing a variety of inflammatory, neuroprotective, and metabolic aspects, resveratrol was observed to reduce inflammasome activity, increase the release of insulin-like growth factor 1, decrease glucose uptake, lower mitochondrial activity, and attenuate cellular metabolism in a 1H NMR-based analysis of whole-cell extracts. To this end, studies were mainly performed by analyzing the effect of exogenous stressors such as lipopolysaccharide or interferon gamma on the metabolic profile of microglial cells. Therefore, this study focuses on changes in metabolism without any exogenous stressors, demonstrating how resveratrol might provide protection from persisting neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariya S Pravdivtseva
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Frowin Ellermann
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Olav Jansen
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Frank D Sönnichsen
- Otto Diels Institute for Organic Chemistry, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Ralph Lucius
- Institute of Anatomy, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Olkhova EA, Smith LA, Bradshaw C, Gorman GS, Erskine D, Ng YS. Neurological Phenotypes in Mouse Models of Mitochondrial Disease and Relevance to Human Neuropathology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119698. [PMID: 37298649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases represent the most common inherited neurometabolic disorders, for which no effective therapy currently exists for most patients. The unmet clinical need requires a more comprehensive understanding of the disease mechanisms and the development of reliable and robust in vivo models that accurately recapitulate human disease. This review aims to summarise and discuss various mouse models harbouring transgenic impairments in genes that regulate mitochondrial function, specifically their neurological phenotype and neuropathological features. Ataxia secondary to cerebellar impairment is one of the most prevalent neurological features of mouse models of mitochondrial dysfunction, consistent with the observation that progressive cerebellar ataxia is a common neurological manifestation in patients with mitochondrial disease. The loss of Purkinje neurons is a shared neuropathological finding in human post-mortem tissues and numerous mouse models. However, none of the existing mouse models recapitulate other devastating neurological phenotypes, such as refractory focal seizures and stroke-like episodes seen in patients. Additionally, we discuss the roles of reactive astrogliosis and microglial reactivity, which may be driving the neuropathology in some of the mouse models of mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as mechanisms through which cellular death may occur, beyond apoptosis, in neurons undergoing mitochondrial bioenergy crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta A Olkhova
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Laura A Smith
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Carla Bradshaw
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Gráinne S Gorman
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Biomedical Research Building, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Daniel Erskine
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Biomedical Research Building, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Yi Shiau Ng
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Biomedical Research Building, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
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Ri MH, Xing Y, Zuo HX, Li MY, Jin HL, Ma J, Jin X. Regulatory mechanisms of natural compounds from traditional Chinese herbal medicines on the microglial response in ischemic stroke. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154889. [PMID: 37262999 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of clinically effective neuroprotective agents for stroke therapy is still a challenging task. Microglia play a critical role in brain injury and recovery after ischemic stroke. Traditional Chinese herbal medicines (TCHMs) are based on a unique therapeutic principle, have various formulas, and have long been widely used to treat stroke. Therefore, the active compounds in TCHMs and their underlying mechanisms of action are attracting increasing attention in the field of stroke drug development. PURPOSE To summarize the regulatory mechanisms of TCHM-derived natural compounds on the microglial response in animal models of ischemic stroke. METHODS We searched studies published until 10 April 2023 in the Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect using the following keywords: natural compounds, natural products or phytochemicals, traditional Chinese Medicine or Chinese herbal medicine, microglia, and ischemic stroke. This review was prepared according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. RESULTS Natural compounds derived from TCHMs can attenuate the M1 phenotype of microglia, which is involved in the detrimental inflammatory response, via inhibition of NF-κB, MAPKs, JAK/STAT, Notch, TLR4, P2X7R, CX3CR1, IL-17RA, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and pro-oxidant enzymes. Additionally, the neuroprotective response of microglia with the M2 phenotype can be enhanced by activating Nrf2/HO-1, PI3K/AKT, AMPK, PPARγ, SIRT1, CB2R, TREM2, nAChR, and IL-33/ST2. Several clinical trials showed that TCHM-derived natural compounds that regulate microglial responses have significant and safe therapeutic effects, but further well-designed clinical studies are needed. CONCLUSIONS Further research regarding the direct targets and potential pleiotropic or synergistic effects of natural compounds would provide a more reasonable approach for regulation of the microglial response with the possibility of successful stroke drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myong Hak Ri
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China; Faculty of Life Science, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Yue Xing
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hong Xiang Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ming Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hong Lan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Juan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Xuejun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China.
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