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Ozmen F, Şahin TT, Dolgun A, Ozmen MM. Changes in serum ghrelin and resistin levels after sleeve gastrectomy versus one anastomosis gastric bypass: prospective cohort study. Int J Surg 2024; 110:5434-5443. [PMID: 38833355 PMCID: PMC11392113 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000001608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Humoral factors and neural mechanisms play a central role in the pathogenesis of obesity and in weight loss following bariatric surgery. Although various hormones and adipokines, including ghrelin and resistin, are linked to obesity, studies analyzing the changes in fasting ghrelin and resistin levels in patients following one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) are lacking. AIM The authors aimed to investigate resistin and ghrelin levels before and after two commonly used bariatric procedures with different mechanisms of action: sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and OAGB. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fasting serum ghrelin and resistin levels were evaluated by using ELISA in a nonrandomized, prospective cohort study for the pattern of changes in the preoperative period and 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and, 12 months after surgery in age and sex-matched patients with BMI ≥40 kg/m 2 undergoing either SG ( n =40) or OAGB ( n =40). Their relationships with demographic parameters such as body weight, BMI, presence of T2DM, HbA 1 C, and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index were also evaluated. RESULTS OAGB was superior in weight control compared to the SG group. There were significant differences in resistin and ghrelin levels between the OAGB and SG groups. Ghrelin decreased more in the SG group than the preoperative values. This change in ghrelin levels was more significant at 1 year after SG [preoperative mean (range) level of 334.2 (36.6-972.1) pg/ml decreased to 84 (9.1-227) pg/ml at 1 year] whereas in the OAGB group no significant change was observed [preoperative mean (range) level of 310 (146-548) pg/ml decreased to 264 (112-418) pg/ml at 1 year]. Resistin levels decreased in both groups, especially after 3 months and onward following both operations [the mean (range) resistin levels were 2.6 (0.87-5.4) ng/ml and decreased to 1.1 (0.5-2.4) ng/ml in the SG group vs 2.48 (0.89-6.43) ng/ml decreased to 0.72 (0.35-1.8) ng/ml in OAGB group at 1 year], which was in parallel with changes in HOMA-IR index, body weight, and BMI changes at 1st year. HOMA-IR index changes were similar, but more prominent after OAGB. OAGB was als3 three months and onward), and HOMA-IR changes. CONCLUSION This is the first study to compare fasting ghrelin and resistin levels after OAGB and SG. Although similar changes were observed, ghrelin changes were more prominent after SG, whereas resistin were observed after OAGB. OAGB was superior in T2DM control, which was in parallel with weight loss, fasting resistin levels, and HOMA-IR changes suggesting a possible effect of resistin after OAGB in glucose metabolism and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusun Ozmen
- Department of Basic Oncology, Cancer Institute, Hacettepe University
| | - Tevfik T Şahin
- Depatment of Surgery, Medical School, Hacettepe University
- Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Anil Dolgun
- Department of Biostatistics, Medical School, Hacettepe University, Ankara
| | - M Mahir Ozmen
- Depatment of Surgery, Medical School, Hacettepe University
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Englund A, Gilliam-Vigh H, Suppli MP, Gasbjerg LS, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. Intestinal expression profiles and hepatic expression of LEAP2, ghrelin and their common receptor, GHSR, in humans. Peptides 2024; 177:171227. [PMID: 38657907 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) and ghrelin have reciprocal effects on their common receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Ghrelin is considered a gastric hormone and LEAP2 a liver-derived hormone and both have been proposed to be involved in the pathophysiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). We investigated the mRNA expression of LEAP2, ghrelin and GHSR along the intestinal tract of individuals with and without TD2, and in the liver of men with and without obesity. Mucosal biopsies retrieved with 30-cm intervals throughout the small intestine and from 7 well-defined locations along the large intestine from 12 individuals with T2D and 12 healthy controls together with liver biopsies from 15 men with obesity and 15 lean men were subjected to bulk transcriptomics analysis. Both in individuals with and without T2D, mRNA expression of LEAP2 increased through the small intestine until dropping at the ileocecal valve, with little LEAP2 mRNA expression in the large intestine. Pronounced LEAP2 expression was observed in the liver of men with and without obesity. Robust ghrelin mRNA expression was observed in the duodenum of individuals with and without T2D, gradually decreasing along the small intestine with little expression in the large intestine. Ghrelin mRNA expression was not detected in the liver biopsies, and GHSR mRNA expression was not. In conclusion, we provide unique mRNA expression profiles of LEAP2, ghrelin and GHSR along the human intestinal tract showing no T2D-associated changes, and in the liver showing no differences between men with and without obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Englund
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.
| | - Hannah Gilliam-Vigh
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.
| | - Malte P Suppli
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.
| | - Lærke S Gasbjerg
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark; Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Allé, Bagsværd, Denmark.
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Zhang L, Liu J, Gao D, Li D. Role of ghrelin in promoting catch-up growth and maintaining metabolic homeostasis in small-for-gestational-age infants. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1395571. [PMID: 38903769 PMCID: PMC11187245 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1395571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Small-for-gestational age (SGA) has been a great concern in the perinatal period as it leads to adverse perinatal outcomes and increased neonatal morbidity and mortality, has an impact on long-term health outcomes, and increases the risk of metabolic disorders, cardiovascular, and endocrine diseases in adulthood. As an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagotor (GHS-R), ghrelin may play an important role in regulating growth and energy metabolic homeostasis from fetal to adult life. We reviewed the role of ghrelin in catch-up growth and energy metabolism of SGA in recent years. In addition to promoting SGA catch-up growth, ghrelin may also participate in SGA energy metabolism and maintain metabolic homeostasis. The causes of small gestational age infants are very complex and may be related to a variety of metabolic pathway disorders. The related signaling pathways regulated by ghrelin may help to identify high-risk groups of SGA metabolic disorders and formulate targeted interventions to prevent the occurrence of adult dwarfism, insulin resistance-related metabolic syndrome and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jingfei Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Dalian Women and Children’s Medical Group, Dalian, China
| | - Dianyong Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Lushunkou District People’s Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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4
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Li X, Aili A, Aipire A, Maimaitiyusupu P, Maimaitiming M, Abudureyimu K. Correlation analysis between the changes in plasma ghrelin level and weight loss after sleeve gastrectomy combined with fundoplication. BMC Surg 2024; 24:176. [PMID: 38840104 PMCID: PMC11151524 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-024-02468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy combined with fundoplication (LSGFD) can significantly control body weight and achieve effective anti-reflux effects. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between the alteration in Ghrelin levels and weight loss following SGFD, and to compare Ghrelin levels, weight loss and metabolic improvements between SG and SGFD, with the objective of contributing to the existing body of knowledge on SGFD technique in the management of patients with obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 115 obese patients who underwent bariatric surgery between March 2023 and June 2023 at the Department of Minimally Invasivew Surgery, Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The subjects were divided into two groups based on surgical methods: sleeve gastrectomy group (SG group, 93 cases) and sleeve gastrectomy combined with fundoplication group (SGFD group, 22 cases). Clinical data, such as ghrelin levels before and after the operation, were compared between the two groups, and the correlation between changes in ghrelin levels and weight loss effectiveness after the operation was analyzed. RESULTS Three months after the operation, there was no significant difference in body mass, BMI, EWL%, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, and uric acid levels between the SG and SGFD groups (P > 0.05). However, the SGFD group exhibited a significant decrease in body weight, BMI, and uric acid levels compared to preoperative levels (P < 0.05), while the decrease in ghrelin levels was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that ghrelin levels three months after the operation were influential in postoperative weight loss. CONCLUSION The reduction of plasma Ghrelin level in patients after SGFD is not as obvious as that in patients after SG, but it can make obese patients get the same good weight loss and metabolic improvement as patients after SG. Ghrelin level at the third month after operation is the influencing factor of postoperative weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Minimally Invasive, Hernia and Abdominal Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 830011, China
- Graduate School, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 830054, China
| | - Aikebaier Aili
- Department of Minimally Invasive, Hernia and Abdominal Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 830011, China
- Institute of General Surgery and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830011, China
- Clinical Research Center for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Weight Loss and Metabolic Surgery, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 830011, China
| | - Aliyeguli Aipire
- Department of Minimally Invasive, Hernia and Abdominal Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 830011, China
- Institute of General Surgery and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830011, China
- Clinical Research Center for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Weight Loss and Metabolic Surgery, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 830011, China
| | - Pierdiwasi Maimaitiyusupu
- Department of Minimally Invasive, Hernia and Abdominal Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 830011, China
| | - Maimaitiaili Maimaitiming
- Department of Minimally Invasive, Hernia and Abdominal Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 830011, China
| | - Kelimu Abudureyimu
- Department of Minimally Invasive, Hernia and Abdominal Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 830011, China.
- Institute of General Surgery and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830011, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Weight Loss and Metabolic Surgery, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 830011, China.
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Mahdavi K, Zendehdel M, Zarei H. The role of central neurotransmitters in appetite regulation of broilers and layers: similarities and differences. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1313-1328. [PMID: 38286893 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The importance of feeding as a vital physiological function, on the one hand, and the spread of complications induced by its disorder in humans and animals, on the other hand, have led to extensive research on its regulatory factors. Unfortunately, despite many studies focused on appetite, only limited experiments have been conducted on avian, and our knowledge of this species is scant. Considering this, the purpose of this review article is to examine the role of central neurotransmitters in regulating food consumption in broilers and layers and highlight the similarities and differences between these two strains. The methodology of this review study includes a comprehensive search of relevant literature on the topic using appropriate keywords in reliable electronic databases. Based on the findings, the central effect of most neurotransmitters on the feeding of broilers and laying chickens was similar, but in some cases, such as dopamine, ghrelin, nitric oxide, and agouti-related peptide, differences were observed. Also, the lack of conducting a study on the role of some neurotransmitters in one of the bird strains made it impossible to make an exact comparison. Finally, it seems that although there are general similarities in appetite regulatory mechanisms in meat and egg-type chickens, the long-term genetic selection appropriate to breeding goals (meat or egg production) has caused differences in the effect of some neurotransmitters. Undoubtedly, conducting future studies while completing the missing links can lead to a comprehensive understanding of this process and its manipulation according to the breeding purposes of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Mahdavi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14155-6453, Iran
| | - Morteza Zendehdel
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14155-6453, Iran.
| | - Hamed Zarei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Andreoli MF, Fittipaldi AS, Castrogiovanni D, De Francesco PN, Valdivia S, Heredia F, Ribet-Travers C, Mendez I, Fasano MV, Schioth HB, Doi SA, Habib AM, Perello M. Pre-prandial plasma liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) concentration in humans is inversely associated with hunger sensation in a ghrelin independent manner. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:751-762. [PMID: 38157050 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) is a newly recognized peptide hormone that acts via the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) blunting the effects of ghrelin and displaying ghrelin-independent actions. Since the implications of LEAP2 are beginning to be elucidated, we investigated if plasma LEAP2 concentration varies with feeding status or sex and whether it is associated with glucose metabolism and appetite sensations. METHODS We performed a single test meal study, in which plasma concentrations of LEAP2, ghrelin, insulin and glucose as well as visual analogue scales for hunger, desire to eat, prospective food consumption, fullness were assessed before and 60 min after breakfast in 44 participants (n = 21 females) with normal weight (NW) or overweight/obesity (OW/OB). RESULTS Pre-prandial plasma LEAP2 concentration was ~ 1.6-fold higher whereas ghrelin was ~ 2.0-fold lower in individuals with OW/OB (p < 0.001) independently of sex. After adjusting for body mass index (BMI) and sex, pre-prandial plasma LEAP2 concentration displayed a direct relationship with BMI (β: 0.09; 95%CI: 0.05, 0.13; p < 0.001), fat mass (β: 0.05; 95%CI: 0.01, 0.09; p = 0.010) and glycemia (β: 0.24; 95%CI: 0.05, 0.43; p = 0.021), whereas plasma ghrelin concentration displayed an inverse relationship with BMI and fat mass but not with glycemia. Postprandial plasma LEAP2 concentration increased ~ 58% in females with OW/OB (p = 0.045) but not in females with NW or in males. Pre-prandial plasma LEAP2 concentration displayed an inverse relationship with hunger score (β: - 11.16; 95% CI: - 18.52, - 3.79; p = 0.004), in a BMI-, sex- and ghrelin-independent manner. CONCLUSIONS LEAP2 emerges as a key hormone implicated in the regulation of metabolism and appetite in humans. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was retrospectively registered in clinicaltrials.gov (April 2023). CLINICALTRIALS gov Identifier: NCT05815641.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F Andreoli
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP Sor María Ludovica de la Plata, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), Calle 63 # 1069, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), La Plata, Argentina.
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Antonela S Fittipaldi
- Grupo de Neurofisiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE). Universidad Nacional la Plata (UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y CIC-PBA, Calle 526 S/N Entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Castrogiovanni
- Grupo de Neurofisiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE). Universidad Nacional la Plata (UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y CIC-PBA, Calle 526 S/N Entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo N De Francesco
- Grupo de Neurofisiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE). Universidad Nacional la Plata (UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y CIC-PBA, Calle 526 S/N Entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Spring Valdivia
- Grupo de Neurofisiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE). Universidad Nacional la Plata (UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y CIC-PBA, Calle 526 S/N Entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Heredia
- Grupo de Neurofisiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE). Universidad Nacional la Plata (UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y CIC-PBA, Calle 526 S/N Entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Ignacio Mendez
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP Sor María Ludovica de la Plata, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), Calle 63 # 1069, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María V Fasano
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), HIAEP Sor María Ludovica de la Plata, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), Calle 63 # 1069, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Matemática la Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP/CIC-PBA, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Helgi B Schioth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Suhail A Doi
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdella M Habib
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mario Perello
- Grupo de Neurofisiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE). Universidad Nacional la Plata (UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y CIC-PBA, Calle 526 S/N Entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Bhargava R, Luur S, Rodriguez Flores M, Emini M, Prechtl CG, Goldstone AP. Postprandial Increases in Liver-Gut Hormone LEAP2 Correlate with Attenuated Eating Behavior in Adults Without Obesity. J Endocr Soc 2023; 7:bvad061. [PMID: 37287649 PMCID: PMC10243873 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The novel liver-gut hormone liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP2) is a centrally acting inverse agonist, and competitive antagonist of orexigenic acyl ghrelin (AG), at the GH secretagogue receptor, reducing food intake in rodents. In humans, the effects of LEAP2 on eating behavior and mechanisms behind the postprandial increase in LEAP2 are unclear, though this is reciprocal to the postprandial decrease in plasma AG. Methods Plasma LEAP2 was measured in a secondary analysis of a previous study. Twenty-two adults without obesity attended after an overnight fast, consuming a 730-kcal meal without or with subcutaneous AG administration. Postprandial changes in plasma LEAP2 were correlated with postprandial changes in appetite, high-energy (HE) or low-energy (LE) food cue reactivity using functional magnetic resonance imaging, ad libitum food intake, and plasma/serum AG, glucose, insulin, and triglycerides. Results Postprandial plasma LEAP2 increased by 24.5% to 52.2% at 70 to 150 minutes, but was unchanged by exogenous AG administration. Postprandial increases in LEAP2 correlated positively with postprandial decreases in appetite, and cue reactivity to HE/LE and HE food in anteroposterior cingulate cortex, paracingulate cortex, frontal pole, and middle frontal gyrus, with similar trend for food intake. Postprandial increases in LEAP2 correlated negatively with body mass index, but did not correlate positively with increases in glucose, insulin, or triglycerides, nor decreases in AG. Conclusions These correlational findings are consistent with a role for postprandial increases in plasma LEAP2 in suppressing human eating behavior in adults without obesity. Postprandial increases in plasma LEAP2 are unrelated to changes in plasma AG and the mediator(s) remain uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Bhargava
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sandra Luur
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Marcela Rodriguez Flores
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mimoza Emini
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Christina G Prechtl
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Anthony P Goldstone
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
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Shankar K, Varshney S, Gupta D, Mani BK, Osborne-Lawrence S, Metzger NP, Richard CP, Zigman JM. Ghrelin does not impact the blunted counterregulatory response to recurrent hypoglycemia in mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1181856. [PMID: 37334290 PMCID: PMC10272800 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1181856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recurrent episodes of insulin-induced hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus can result in hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF), which is characterized by a compromised response to hypoglycemia by counterregulatory hormones (counterregulatory response; CRR) and hypoglycemia unawareness. HAAF is a leading cause of morbidity in diabetes and often hinders optimal regulation of blood glucose levels. Yet, the molecular pathways underlying HAAF remain incompletely described. We previously reported that in mice, ghrelin is permissive for the usual CRR to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Here, we tested the hypothesis that attenuated release of ghrelin both results from HAAF and contributes to HAAF. Methods C57BL/6N mice, ghrelin-knockout (KO) + control mice, and GhIRKO (ghrelin cell-selective insulin receptor knockout) + control mice were randomized to one of three treatment groups: a "Euglycemia" group was injected with saline and remained euglycemic; a 1X hypoglycemia ("1X Hypo") group underwent a single episode of insulin-induced hypoglycemia; a recurrent hypoglycemia ("Recurrent Hypo") group underwent repeated episodes of insulin-induced hypoglycemia over five successive days. Results Recurrent hypoglycemia exaggerated the reduction in blood glucose (by ~30%) and attenuated the elevations in plasma levels of the CRR hormones glucagon (by 64.5%) and epinephrine (by 52.9%) in C57BL/6N mice compared to a single hypoglycemic episode. Yet, plasma ghrelin was equivalently reduced in "1X Hypo" and "Recurrent Hypo" C57BL/6N mice. Ghrelin-KO mice exhibited neither exaggerated hypoglycemia in response to recurrent hypoglycemia, nor any additional attenuation in CRR hormone levels compared to wild-type littermates. Also, in response to recurrent hypoglycemia, GhIRKO mice exhibited nearly identical blood glucose and plasma CRR hormone levels as littermates with intact insulin receptor expression (floxed-IR mice), despite higher plasma ghrelin in GhIRKO mice. Conclusions These data suggest that the usual reduction of plasma ghrelin due to insulin-induced hypoglycemia is unaltered by recurrent hypoglycemia and that ghrelin does not impact blood glucose or the blunted CRR hormone responses during recurrent hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kripa Shankar
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Salil Varshney
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Deepali Gupta
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Bharath K. Mani
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Sherri Osborne-Lawrence
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Nathan P. Metzger
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Corine P. Richard
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Zigman
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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9
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Qi M, Zhou Y, Zhou YX, Fang SQ. Progress in research of pathogenesis of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2022; 30:769-774. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v30.i17.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (rGERD) is a common clinical disease with many pathogenic factors, complex mechanisms, and increasing incidence. At present, scholars believe that the pathogenesis of rGERD is closely related to intra- and extra-esophageal factors. Elucidating the mechanism of rGERD can contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. This paper summarizes the current progress in the research of the pathogenesis of rGERD, and puts forward our own thoughts and prospects for the disease, in order to provide ideas for the in-depth study of the pathogenesis of rGERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Qi
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Zhou
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Sheng-Quan Fang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
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10
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Ringuet MT, Furness JB, Furness SGB. G protein-coupled receptor interactions and modification of signalling involving the ghrelin receptor, GHSR1a. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13077. [PMID: 34931385 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a) is intriguing because of its potential as a therapeutic target and its diverse molecular interactions. Initial studies of the receptor focused on the potential therapeutic ability for growth hormone (GH) release to reduce wasting in aging individuals, as well as food intake regulation for treatment of cachexia. Known roles of GHSR1a now extend to regulation of neurogenesis, learning and memory, gastrointestinal motility, glucose/lipid metabolism, the cardiovascular system, neuronal protection, motivational salience, and hedonic feeding. Ghrelin, the endogenous agonist of GHSR1a, is primarily located in the stomach and is absent from the central nervous system (CNS), including the spinal cord. However, ghrelin in the circulation does have access to a small number of CNS sites, including the arcuate nucleus, which is important in feeding control. At some sites, such as at somatotrophs, GHSR1a has high constitutive activity. Typically, ghrelin-dependent and constitutive GHSR1a activation occurs via Gαq/11 pathways. In vitro and in vivo data suggest that GHSR1a heterodimerises with multiple G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including dopamine D1 and D2, serotonin 2C, orexin, oxytocin and melanocortin 3 receptors (MCR3), as well as the MCR3 accessory protein, MRAP2, providing possible mechanisms for its many physiological effects. In all cases, the receptor interaction changes downstream signalling and the responses to receptor agonists. This review discusses the signalling mechanisms of GHSR1a alone and in combination with other GPCRs, and explores the physiological consequences of GHSR1a coupling with other GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Ty Ringuet
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John Barton Furness
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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11
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Kim D, Justice AE, Chittoor G, Blanco E, Burrows R, Graff M, Howard AG, Wang Y, Rohde R, Buchanan VL, Voruganti VS, Almeida M, Peralta J, Lehman DM, Curran JE, Comuzzie AG, Duggirala R, Blangero J, Albala C, Santos JL, Angel B, Lozoff B, Gahagan S, North KE. Genetic determinants of metabolic biomarkers and their associations with cardiometabolic traits in Hispanic/Latino adolescents. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:563-571. [PMID: 34645953 PMCID: PMC9005573 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic regulation plays a significant role in energy homeostasis, and adolescence is a crucial life stage for the development of cardiometabolic disease (CMD). This study aims to investigate the genetic determinants of metabolic biomarkers-adiponectin, leptin, ghrelin, and orexin-and their associations with CMD risk factors. METHODS We characterized the genetic determinants of the biomarkers among Hispanic/Latino adolescents of the Santiago Longitudinal Study (SLS) and identified the cumulative effects of genetic variants on adiponectin and leptin using biomarker polygenic risk scores (PRS). We further investigated the direct and indirect effect of the biomarker PRS on downstream body fat percent (BF%) and glycemic traits using structural equation modeling. RESULTS We identified putatively novel genetic variants associated with the metabolic biomarkers. A substantial amount of biomarker variance was explained by SLS-specific PRS, and the prediction was improved by including the putatively novel loci. Fasting blood insulin and insulin resistance were associated with PRS for adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin, and BF% was associated with PRS for adiponectin and leptin. We found evidence of substantial mediation of these associations by the biomarker levels. CONCLUSIONS The genetic underpinnings of metabolic biomarkers can affect the early development of CMD, partly mediated by the biomarkers. IMPACT This study characterized the genetic underpinnings of four metabolic hormones and investigated their potential influence on adiposity and insulin biology among Hispanic/Latino adolescents. Fasting blood insulin and insulin resistance were associated with polygenic risk score (PRS) for adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin, with evidence of some degree of mediation by the biomarker levels. Body fat percent (BF%) was also associated with PRS for adiponectin and leptin. This provides important insight on biological mechanisms underlying early metabolic dysfunction and reveals candidates for prevention efforts. Our findings also highlight the importance of ancestrally diverse populations to facilitate valid studies of the genetic architecture of metabolic biomarker levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeeun Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Anne E. Justice
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA
| | - Geetha Chittoor
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA
| | - Estela Blanco
- Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Child Development and Community Health at the Center for Community Health, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA,Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raquel Burrows
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Annie Green Howard
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Rebecca Rohde
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Victoria L. Buchanan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - V. Saroja Voruganti
- Department of Nutrition and Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis NC
| | - Marcio Almeida
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX
| | - Juan Peralta
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX
| | - Donna M. Lehman
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX
| | | | - Ravindranath Duggirala
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX
| | - Cecilia Albala
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José L. Santos
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bárbara Angel
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sheila Gahagan
- Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Child Development and Community Health at the Center for Community Health, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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12
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Muhammad JS, Siddiqui R, Khan NA. COVID-19 and alcohol use disorder: putative differential gene expression patterns that might be associated with neurological complications. Hosp Pract (1995) 2022; 50:189-195. [PMID: 35686663 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.2022.2088183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of evidence suggest that SARS-CoV-2 invasion of the central nervous system leads to meningitis and encephalopathy syndromes. Additionally, chronic alcoholics were found to be at a higher risk of developing mental health problems and serious neurological manifestations, if exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS Herein, we studied RNA seq data from alcoholics' brain tissue and COVID-19 patient's brain tissue to identify the common differentially expressed genes. RESULTS Overlap analysis depicted the expression of seven genes (GHRL, SLN, VGF, IL1RL1, NPTX2, PDYN, and RPRML) that were significantly upregulated in both groups. Along with these, protein-protein interaction analysis revealed 10 other key molecules with strong interactions with the aforementioned genes. CONCLUSIONS Taken together with the functional effect of these genes, we suggest a strong molecular link between COVID-19-induced severities and neurological impairment in patients suffering from alcohol abuse disorder. These findings emphasize the importance of identifying chronic alcoholism as a risk factor for developing cognitive and memory impairment in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibran Sualeh Muhammad
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
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13
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Prins K, Huisman M, McLuskey A, Mies R, Karels B, Delhanty PJD, Visser JA. Ghrelin deficiency sex-dependently affects food intake, locomotor activity, and adipose and hepatic gene expression in a binge-eating mouse model. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E494-E507. [PMID: 35403437 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00432.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Binge-eating disorder is the most prevalent eating disorder diagnosed, affecting three times more women than men. Ghrelin stimulates appetite and reward signaling, and loss of its receptor reduces binge-eating behavior in male mice. Here, we examined the influence of ghrelin itself on binge-eating behavior in both male and female mice. Five-wk-old wild-type (WT) and ghrelin-deficient (Ghrl-/-) mice were housed individually in indirect calorimetry cages for 9 wks. Binge-like eating was induced by giving mice ad libitum chow, but time-restricted access to a Western-style diet (WD; 2 h access, 3 days/wk) in the light phase (BE); control groups received ad libitum chow (CO), or ad libitum access to both diets (CW). All groups of BE mice showed binge-eating behavior, eating up to 60% of their 24-h intake during the WD access period. Subsequent dark phase chow intake was decreased in Ghrl-/- mice and remained decreased in Ghrl-/- females on nonbinge days. Also, nonbinge day locomotor activity was lower in Ghrl-/- than in WT BE females. Upon euthanasia, Ghrl-/- BE mice weighed less and had a lower lean body mass percentage than WT BE mice. In BE and CW groups, ghrelin and sex altered the expression of genes involved in lipid processing, thermogenesis, and aging in white adipose tissue and livers. We conclude that, although ghrelin deficiency does not hamper the development of binge-like eating, it sex-dependently alters food intake timing, locomotor activity, and metabolism. These results add to the growing body of evidence that ghrelin signaling is sexually dimorphic.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ghrelin, a peptide hormone secreted from the gut, is involved in hunger and reward signaling, which are altered in binge-eating disorder. Although sex differences have been described in both binge-eating and ghrelin signaling, this interaction has not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that ghrelin deficiency affects the behavior and metabolism of mice in a binge-like eating paradigm, and that the sex of the mice impacts the magnitude and direction of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Prins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Huisman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anke McLuskey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rosinda Mies
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Karels
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patric J D Delhanty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny A Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Péraldi-Roux S, Bayle M, M'Kadmi C, Damian M, Vaillé J, Fernandez G, Paula Cornejo M, Marie J, Banères JL, Ben Haj Salah K, Fehrentz JA, Cantel S, Perello M, Denoyelle S, Oiry C, Neasta J. Design and Characterization of a Triazole-Based Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor Modulator Inhibiting the Glucoregulatory and Feeding Actions of Ghrelin. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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15
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Gene profiling of SEC13, SMAD7, GHRL, long non-coding RNA GHRLOS, HIF-1α in gastric cancer patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6555. [PMID: 35449150 PMCID: PMC9023477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10402-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Even with considerable progress in cancer researches, gastric cancer is still one of the global health problems. Recognition of the differential expressed genes in GC is the most appropriate approach for establishing new diagnostic targets. This study evaluates SEC13, SMAD7, GHRL, lncRNA GHRLOS, HIF-1α genes profiling as well as HIF-1α protein level for GC. The expression of selected genes, serum HIF-1α and CEA protein levels were determined for 50 GC patients and 50 healthy controls by real-time RT-PCR, ELISA, and ELICA respectively. The sensitivities of these parameters as diagnostic biomarkers were evaluated. SMAD7, HIF-1α expression, serum HIF-1α, and CEA level were significantly upregulated in GC patients as compared to the control group (P = 0.024, < 0.001) and had significant positive correlations between each other except SMAD7 with serum HIF-1α, and CEA level. On the other hand, SEC13, GHRL, and lncRNA GHRLOS expression were significantly downregulated in GC patients (P = < 0.001, 0.025, < 0.001 respectively) and had significant positive correlations with each other (P < 0.001). Significant negative correlations were observed between most of both groups. All studied parameters were associated with GC clinical stages except SMAD7 was associated with stage IV only (P = 0.005) and GHRL did not associate with tumor stages (P ˃ 0.05). All studied parameters may be promising biomarkers for the early diagnosis of GC. SMAD7, HIF-1α gene, and HIF-1α protein may be jointly implicated in cancer development and prognosis, while SEC13, GHRL, and lncRNA GHRLOS may act as tumor suppressors.
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16
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Khan D, Moffett RC, Flatt PR, Tarasov AI. Classical and non-classical islet peptides in the control of β-cell function. Peptides 2022; 150:170715. [PMID: 34958851 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The dual role of the pancreas as both an endocrine and exocrine gland is vital for food digestion and control of nutrient metabolism. The exocrine pancreas secretes enzymes into the small intestine aiding digestion of sugars and fats, whereas the endocrine pancreas secretes a cocktail of hormones into the blood, which is responsible for blood glucose control and regulation of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Classical islet hormones, insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin, interact in an autocrine and paracrine manner, to fine-tube the islet function and insulin secretion to the needs of the body. Recently pancreatic islets have been reported to express a number of non-classical peptide hormones involved in metabolic signalling, whose major production site was believed to reside outside pancreas, e.g. in the small intestine. We highlight the key non-classical islet peptides, and consider their involvement, together with established islet hormones, in regulation of stimulus-secretion coupling as well as proliferation, survival and transdifferentiation of β-cells. We furthermore focus on the paracrine interaction between classical and non-classical islet hormones in the maintenance of β-cell function. Understanding the functional relationships between these islet peptides might help to develop novel, more efficient treatments for diabetes and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawood Khan
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - R Charlotte Moffett
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Andrei I Tarasov
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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17
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Mechanistic Investigation of GHS-R Mediated Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic Islets. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030407. [PMID: 35327599 PMCID: PMC8945998 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin receptor, a growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), is expressed in the pancreas. Emerging evidence indicates that GHS-R is involved in the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), but the mechanism by which GHS-R regulates GSIS in the pancreas is unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of GHS-R on GSIS in detail using global Ghsr−/− mice (in vivo) and Ghsr-ablated pancreatic islets (ex vivo). GSIS was attenuated in both Ghsr−/− mice and Ghsr-ablated islets, while the islet morphology was similar between WT and Ghsr−/− mice. To elucidate the mechanism underpinning Ghsr-mediated GSIS, we investigated the key steps of the GSIS signaling cascade. The gene expression of glucose transporter 2 (Glut2) and the glucose-metabolic intermediate—glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) were reduced in Ghsr-ablated islets, supporting decreased glucose uptake. There was no difference in mitochondrial DNA content in the islets of WT and Ghsr−/− mice, but the ATP/ADP ratio in Ghsr−/− islets was significantly lower than that of WT islets. Moreover, the expression of pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1), as well as insulin signaling genes of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 (IRS1/IRS2), was downregulated in Ghsr−/− islets. Akt is the key mediator of the insulin signaling cascade. Concurrently, Akt phosphorylation was reduced in the pancreas of Ghsr−/− mice under both insulin-stimulated and homeostatic conditions. These findings demonstrate that GHS-R ablation affects key components of the insulin signaling pathway in the pancreas, suggesting the existence of a cross-talk between GHS-R and the insulin signaling pathway in pancreatic islets, and GHS-R likely regulates GSIS via the Akt-Pdx1-GLUT2 pathway.
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18
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Lugilde J, Casado S, Beiroa D, Cuñarro J, Garcia-Lavandeira M, Álvarez CV, Nogueiras R, Diéguez C, Tovar S. LEAP-2 Counteracts Ghrelin-Induced Food Intake in a Nutrient, Growth Hormone and Age Independent Manner. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030324. [PMID: 35159134 PMCID: PMC8834077 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Data gleaned recently shows that ghrelin, a stomach derived peptide, and liver-expressed-antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP-2) play opposite roles on food intake. However, the data available with LEAP-2 in relation to in vivo studies are still very scanty and some key questions regarding the interplay among ghrelin and LEAP-2 remain to be answered. In this work, using rats and mice, we study fasting-induced food intake as well as testing the effect of diet exposure, e.g., standard diet and high fat diet, in terms of ghrelin-induced food intake. The anorexigenic effect of LEAP-2 on fasting induced food intake appears to be dependent on energy stores, being more evident in ob/ob than in wild type mice and also in animals exposed to high fat diet. On the other hand, LEAP-2 administration markedly inhibited ghrelin-induced food intake in lean, obese (ob/ob and DIO) mice, aged rats and GH-deficient dwarf rats. In contrast, the inhibitory effect on glucose levels can only be observed in some specific experimental models indicating that the mechanisms involved are likely to be quite different. Taken together from these data, LEAP-2 emerged as a potential candidate to be therapeutically useful in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Lugilde
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.L.); (S.C.); (D.B.); (J.C.); (R.N.)
| | - Sabela Casado
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.L.); (S.C.); (D.B.); (J.C.); (R.N.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Daniel Beiroa
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.L.); (S.C.); (D.B.); (J.C.); (R.N.)
| | - Juan Cuñarro
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.L.); (S.C.); (D.B.); (J.C.); (R.N.)
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Lavandeira
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.G.-L.); (C.V.Á.)
| | - Clara V. Álvarez
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.G.-L.); (C.V.Á.)
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.L.); (S.C.); (D.B.); (J.C.); (R.N.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.L.); (S.C.); (D.B.); (J.C.); (R.N.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (S.T.)
| | - Sulay Tovar
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.L.); (S.C.); (D.B.); (J.C.); (R.N.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (S.T.)
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19
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Tsaban G, Yaskolka Meir A, Zelicha H, Rinott E, Kaplan A, Shalev A, Katz A, Brikner D, Blüher M, Ceglarek U, Stumvoll M, Stampfer MJ, Shai I. Diet-induced Fasting Ghrelin Elevation Reflects the Recovery of Insulin Sensitivity and Visceral Adiposity Regression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:336-345. [PMID: 34643713 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Lower fasting ghrelin levels (FGL) are associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the dynamics of FGL during weight loss and its metabolic and adiposity-related manifestations beyond weight loss. METHODS This was a secondary analysis of a clinical trial that randomized participants with abdominal obesity/dyslipidemia to 1 of 3 diets: healthy dietary guidelines (HDG), Mediterranean diet (MED), or green-MED diet, all combined with physical activity (PA). Both MED diets were similarly hypocaloric and included 28 g/day walnuts. The green-MED group further consumed green tea (3-4 cups/day) and a Wolffia globosa (Mankai) plant green shake. We measured FGL and quantified body fat depots by magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and after 18 months. RESULTS Among 294 participants (body mass index = 31.3 kg/m2; FGL = 504 ± 208 pg/mL; retention rate = 89.8%), lower FGL was associated with unfavorable cardiometabolic parameters such as higher visceral adipose tissue (VAT), intrahepatic fat, leptin, and blood pressure (P < 0.05 for all; multivariate models). The ∆FGL18-month differed between men (+7.3 ± 26.6%) and women (-9.2% ± 21.3%; P = 0.001). After 18 months of moderate and similar weight loss among the MED groups, FGL increased by 1.3%, 5.4%, and 10.5% in HDG, MED, and green-MED groups, respectively (P = 0.03 for green-MED vs HDG); sex-stratified analysis revealed similar changes in men only. Among men, FGL18-month elevation was associated with favorable changes in insulin resistance profile and VAT regression, after adjusting for relative weight loss (HbA1c: r = -0.216; homeostatic model of insulin resistance: r = -0.154; HDL-c: r = 0.147; VAT: r = -0.221; P < 0.05 for all). Insulin resistance and VAT remained inversely related with FGL elevation beyond that explained by weight loss (residual regression analyses; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Diet-induced FGL elevation may reflect insulin sensitivity recovery and VAT regression beyond weight loss, specifically among men. Green-MED diet is associated with greater FGL elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Tsaban
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Anat Yaskolka Meir
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Hila Zelicha
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ehud Rinott
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Alon Kaplan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Aryeh Shalev
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Amos Katz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Dov Brikner
- Nuclear Research Center Negev, Department of Medicine, Dimona, Israel
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uta Ceglarek
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Meir J Stampfer
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iris Shai
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Shevchouk OT, Tufvesson-Alm M, Jerlhag E. An Overview of Appetite-Regulatory Peptides in Addiction Processes; From Bench to Bed Side. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:774050. [PMID: 34955726 PMCID: PMC8695496 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.774050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a substantial need for new pharmacological treatments of addiction, and appetite-regulatory peptides are implied as possible candidates. Appetite regulation is complex and involves anorexigenic hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and amylin, and orexigenic peptides like ghrelin and all are well-known for their effects on feeding behaviors. This overview will summarize more recent physiological aspects of these peptides, demonstrating that they modulate various aspects of addiction processes. Findings from preclinical, genetic, and experimental clinical studies exploring the association between appetite-regulatory peptides and the acute or chronic effects of addictive drugs will be introduced. Short or long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists independently attenuate the acute rewarding properties of addictive drugs or reduce the chronic aspects of drugs. Genetic variation of the GLP-1 system is associated with alcohol use disorder. Also, the amylin pathway modulates the acute and chronic behavioral responses to addictive drugs. Ghrelin has been shown to activate reward-related behaviors. Moreover, ghrelin enhances, whereas pharmacological or genetic suppression of the ghrelin receptor attenuates the responses to various addictive drugs. Genetic studies and experimental clinical studies further support the associations between ghrelin and addiction processes. Further studies should explore the mechanisms modulating the ability of appetite-regulatory peptides to reduce addiction, and the effects of combination therapies or different diets on substance use are warranted. In summary, these studies provide evidence that appetite-regulatory peptides modulate reward and addiction processes, and deserve to be investigated as potential treatment target for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya T Shevchouk
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maximilian Tufvesson-Alm
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Jerlhag
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Koşar Can Ö, Cabuş Ü, Kabukcu C, Fenkci S, Fenkci V, Enli Y, Korkmaz B. Changes in serum levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide, adiponectin, and ghrelin in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2021; 47:4171-4179. [PMID: 34492741 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study was designed to determine serum calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels and define whether serum CGRP concentration is associated with adiponectin and ghrelin in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). STUDY DESIGN Thirty-six pregnant women with GDM and 43 normal pregnant women without glucose intolerance were evaluated in this study. The serum concentration of CGRP, adiponectin, and ghrelin were measured in two groups at the last trimester of gestation. MAIN FINDINGS The serum CGRP level in the GDM group was significantly higher than the control group. Serum levels of adiponectin and ghrelin in the GDM group were significantly lower than in the control group. In pregnant women with GDM, there was a significant negative correlation between serum CGRP level and adiponectin level. However, the correlation between maternal serum CGRP levels and ghrelin levels was not significant. CONCLUSION Our investigation shows that serum CGRP level was significantly higher in pregnant women with GDM in comparison with the control group. These results suggest that CGRP may play a very important role in GDM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Koşar Can
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ümit Cabuş
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Cihan Kabukcu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Semin Fenkci
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Veysel Fenkci
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Yasar Enli
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Berker Korkmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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22
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Shankar K, Takemi S, Gupta D, Varshney S, Mani BK, Osborne-Lawrence S, Metzger NP, Richard CP, Berglund ED, Zigman JM. Ghrelin cell-expressed insulin receptors mediate meal- and obesity-induced declines in plasma ghrelin. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e146983. [PMID: 34473648 PMCID: PMC8492315 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.146983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying postprandial and obesity-associated plasma ghrelin reductions are incompletely understood. Here, using ghrelin cell-selective insulin receptor-KO (GhIRKO) mice, we tested the impact of insulin, acting via ghrelin cell-expressed insulin receptors (IRs), to suppress ghrelin secretion. Insulin reduced ghrelin secretion from cultured gastric mucosal cells of control mice but not from those of GhIRKO mice. Acute insulin challenge and insulin infusion during both hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamps and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps lowered plasma ghrelin in control mice but not GhIRKO mice. Thus, ghrelin cell-expressed IRs are required for insulin-mediated reductions in plasma ghrelin. Furthermore, interventions that naturally raise insulin (glucose gavage, refeeding following fasting, and chronic high-fat diet) also lowered plasma ghrelin only in control mice - not GhIRKO mice. Thus, meal- and obesity-associated increases in insulin, acting via ghrelin cell-expressed IRs, represent a major, direct negative modulator of ghrelin secretion in vivo, as opposed to ingested or metabolized macronutrients. Refed GhIRKO mice exhibited reduced plasma insulin, highlighting ghrelin's actions to inhibit insulin release via a feedback loop. Moreover, GhIRKO mice required reduced glucose infusion rates during hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamps, suggesting that suppressed ghrelin release resulting from direct insulin action on ghrelin cells usually limits ghrelin's full potential to protect against insulin-induced hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kripa Shankar
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shota Takemi
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakuraku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Deepali Gupta
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Salil Varshney
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bharath K. Mani
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sherri Osborne-Lawrence
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Nathan P. Metzger
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Corine P. Richard
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Eric D. Berglund
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Zigman
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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23
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Spiridon IA, Ciobanu DGA, Giușcă SE, Căruntu ID. Ghrelin and its role in gastrointestinal tract tumors (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:663. [PMID: 34296307 PMCID: PMC8335721 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, an orexigenic hormone, is a peptide that binds to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor; it is secreted mainly by enteroendocrine cells in the oxyntic glands of the stomach. Ghrelin serves a role in both local and systemic physiological processes, and is implicated in various pathologies, including neoplasia, with tissue expression in several types of malignancies in both in vitro and in vivo studies. However, the precise implications of the ghrelin axis in metastasis, invasion and cancer progression regulation has yet to be established. In the case of gastrointestinal (GI) tract malignancies, ghrelin has shown potential to become a prognostic factor or even a therapeutic target, although data in the literature are inconsistent and unsystematic, with reports untailored to a specific histological subtype of cancer or a particular localization. The evaluation of immunohistochemical expression shows a limited outlook owing to the low number of cases analyzed, and in vivo analyses have conflicting data regarding differences in ghrelin serum levels in patients with cancer. The aim of this review was to examine the relationship between ghrelin and GI tract malignancies to demonstrate the inconsistencies in current results and to highlight its clinical significance in the outcome of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Alexandra Spiridon
- Department of Pathology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași 700115, Romania
| | | | - Simona Eliza Giușcă
- Department of Pathology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași 700115, Romania
| | - Irina Draga Căruntu
- Department of Histology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași 700115, Romania
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24
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Skuratovskaia D, Vulf M, Chasovskikh N, Komar A, Kirienkova E, Shunkin E, Zatolokin P, Litvinova L. The Links of Ghrelin to Incretins, Insulin, Glucagon, and Leptin After Bariatric Surgery. Front Genet 2021; 12:612501. [PMID: 33959145 PMCID: PMC8093791 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.612501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most prominent and socially significant problems. The present study aimed to identify the mechanisms of interaction of critical regulators of carbohydrate metabolism using bioinformatics and experimental methods and to assess their influence on the development of T2DM. We conducted an in silico search for the relationship of hormones and adipokines and performed functional annotation of the receptors for ghrelin and incretins. Hormones and adipokines were assessed in the plasma of obese patients with and without T2DM as well as after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgeries. Incretin- and ghrelin-associated functions and metabolic processes were discovered. Low ghrelin levels were observed in obese patients without T2DM compared with healthy volunteers and the other groups. The highest ghrelin levels were observed in obese patients with T2DM. This defense mechanism against insulin resistance could be realized through the receptors G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), and growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR). These receptors are associated with proliferative, inflammatory, and neurohumoral signaling pathways and regulate responses to nutrient intake. Signaling through the GPCR class unites ghrelin, glucagon, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1. Ghrelin impairs carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in obese patients. Ghrelin is associated with elevated plasma levels of insulin, glucagon, and leptin. Specific activation of receptors and modulation by posttranslational modifications of ghrelin can control IR’s development in obesity, which is a promising area for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Skuratovskaia
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Maria Vulf
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Nataliya Chasovskikh
- Department of Medical and Biological Cybernetics, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Aleksandra Komar
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Elena Kirienkova
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Egor Shunkin
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Pavel Zatolokin
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Larisa Litvinova
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
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25
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β Cell GHS-R Regulates Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083950. [PMID: 33920473 PMCID: PMC8069226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) is widely known to regulate food intake and adiposity, but its role in glucose homeostasis is unclear. In this study, we investigated the expression of GHS-R in mouse pancreatic islets and its role in glycemic regulation. We used Ghsr-IRES-tauGFP mice, with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) as a surrogate for GHS-R, to demonstrate the GFP co-localization with insulin and glucagon expression in pancreatic islets, confirming GHS-R expression in β and α cells. We then generated β-cell-specific GHSR-deleted mice with MIP-Cre/ERT and validated that GHS-R suppression was restricted to the pancreatic islets. MIP-Cre/ERT;Ghsrf/f mice showed normal energy homeostasis with similar body weight, body composition, and indirect calorimetry profile. Interestingly, MIP-Cre/ERT;Ghsrf/f mice exhibited an impressive phenotype in glucose homeostasis. Compared to controls, MIP-Cre/ERT;Ghsrf/f mice showed lower fasting blood glucose and insulin; reduced first-phase insulin secretion during a glucose tolerance test (GTT) and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) test in vivo. The isolated pancreatic islets of MIP-Cre/ERT;Ghsrf/f mice also showed reduced insulin secretion during GSIS ex vivo. Further, MIP-Cre/ERT;Ghsrf/f mice exhibited improved insulin sensitivity during insulin tolerance tests (ITT). Overall, our results confirmed GHS-R expression in pancreatic β and α cells; GHS-R cell-autonomously regulated GSIS and modulated systemic insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, β cell GHS-R was an important regulator of glucose homeostasis, and GHS-R antagonists may have therapeutic potential for Type 2 Diabetes.
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26
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Nunez‐Salces M, Li H, Feinle‐Bisset C, Young RL, Page AJ. The regulation of gastric ghrelin secretion. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13588. [PMID: 33249751 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastric hormone with multiple physiological functions, including the stimulation of food intake and adiposity. It is well established that circulating ghrelin levels are closely associated with feeding patterns, rising strongly before a meal and lowering upon food intake. However, the mechanisms underlying the modulation of ghrelin secretion are not fully understood. The purpose of this review is to discuss current knowledge on the circadian oscillation of circulating ghrelin levels, the neural mechanisms stimulating fasting ghrelin levels and peripheral mechanisms modulating postprandial ghrelin levels. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of targeting the ghrelin pathway is discussed in the context of the treatment of various metabolic disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, diabetic gastroparesis and Prader-Willi syndrome. Moreover, eating disorders including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nunez‐Salces
- Vagal Afferent Research Group Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Hui Li
- Vagal Afferent Research Group Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Christine Feinle‐Bisset
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Richard L. Young
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Adelaide SA Australia
- Intestinal Nutrient Sensing Group Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Amanda J. Page
- Vagal Afferent Research Group Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Adelaide SA Australia
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27
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Zenitani M, Hosoda H, Nose S, Kangawa K, Kawahara H, Oue T. Importance of plasma ghrelin levels with special reference to nutritional metabolism and energy expenditure in pediatric patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 42:180-187. [PMID: 33745575 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nutritional metabolism is complex in pediatric patients with severe motor and intellectual disability (SMID), and therefore, appropriate estimation of the energy requirements is difficult. Focusing on ghrelin's role in energy metabolism regulation, we investigated plasma ghrelin levels in pediatric SMID patients and analyzed its nutritional significance as a regulatory marker of energy reserve. METHODS Fasting plasma total, acyl, and des-acyl ghrelin levels in 40 patients with SMID, including cerebral palsy (CP) (n = 20) and muscular disease (MD) (n = 8), and healthy controls (n = 13) were investigated. The correlations of plasma ghrelin levels with anthropometry, blood nutritional markers, energy intake, and resting energy expenditure (REE) measured with indirect calorimetry were analyzed. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS SMID patients had significantly higher acyl ghrelin, and lower body mass index (BMI), z-scores of body weight (BW), body height and BMI, and albumin than controls. CP patients had significantly higher total and acyl ghrelin, z-score of the mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), retinol-binding protein, transthyretin, creatinine, and glucose than MD patients. Total and acyl ghrelin in CP patients and des-acyl ghrelin in MD patients had significant negative correlations with MUAC and upper arm fat area. In CP patients, total and acyl ghrelin had significant positive correlations with REE/BW (kcal/kg), and total ghrelin was predictive of REE/BW (r2 = 0.625, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS An increase in acyl ghrelin observed in SMID patients possibly indicates energy reserve deficiency. In CP patients, total and acyl ghrelin inversely reflected total body fat mass, resulting in strongly positive correlations with REE/BW. The measurement of plasma ghrelin may be useful to assess nutritional metabolism and energy reserve in pediatric SMID patients, such as CP and MD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Zenitani
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hosoda
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Satoko Nose
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hisayoshi Kawahara
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Takaharu Oue
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
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28
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Farokhnia M, Abshire KM, Hammer A, Deschaine SL, Saravanakumar A, Cobbina E, You ZB, Haass-Koffler CL, Lee MR, Akhlaghi F, Leggio L. Neuroendocrine Response to Exogenous Ghrelin Administration, Combined With Alcohol, in Heavy-Drinking Individuals: Findings From a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Human Laboratory Study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:464-476. [PMID: 33560411 PMCID: PMC8278796 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence has established a role for the orexigenic hormone ghrelin in alcohol-seeking behaviors. Accordingly, the ghrelin system may represent a potential pharmacotherapeutic target for alcohol use disorder. Ghrelin modulates several neuroendocrine pathways, such as appetitive, metabolic, and stress-related hormones, which are particularly relevant in the context of alcohol use. The goal of the present study was to provide a comprehensive assessment of neuroendocrine response to exogenous ghrelin administration, combined with alcohol, in heavy-drinking individuals. METHODS This was a randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled human laboratory study, which included 2 experimental alcohol administration paradigms: i.v. alcohol self-administration and i.v. alcohol clamp. Each paradigm consisted of 2 counterbalanced sessions of i.v. ghrelin or placebo administration. Repeated blood samples were collected during each session, and peripheral concentrations of the following hormones were measured: leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1, pancreatic polypeptide, gastric inhibitory peptide, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, cortisol, prolactin, and aldosterone. RESULTS Despite some statistical differences, findings were consistent across the 2 alcohol administration paradigms: i.v. ghrelin, compared to placebo, increased blood concentrations of glucagon-like peptide-1, pancreatic polypeptide, cortisol, and prolactin, both acutely and during the whole session. Lower levels of leptin and higher levels of aldosterone were also found during the ghrelin vs placebo session. CONCLUSION These findings, gathered from a clinically relevant sample of heavy-drinking individuals with alcohol use disorder, provide a deeper insight into the complex interplay between ghrelin and appetitive, metabolic, and stress-related neuroendocrine pathways in the context of alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Farokhnia
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly M Abshire
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron Hammer
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sara L Deschaine
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anitha Saravanakumar
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | | | - Zhi-Bing You
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carolina L Haass-Koffler
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Mary R Lee
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fatemeh Akhlaghi
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island,Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Division of Addiction Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA,Correspondence: Lorenzo Leggio, MD, PhD, NIDA and NIAAA, NIH, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 200, Room 01A844, Baltimore, MD 21224 ()
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Kaiser J, Krippeit-Drews P, Drews G. Acyl-Ghrelin Influences Pancreatic β-Cell Function by Interference with K ATP Channels. Diabetes 2021; 70:423-435. [PMID: 33154069 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim for this study was to elucidate how the hypothalamic hunger-inducing hormone acyl-ghrelin (AG), which is also produced in the pancreas, affects β-cell function, with particular attention to the role of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels and the exact site of action of the hormone. AG hyperpolarized the membrane potential and decreased cytoplasmic calcium concentration [Ca2+]c and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). These effects were abolished in β-cells from SUR1-knockout (KO) mice. AG increased KATP current but only in a configuration with intact metabolism. Unacylated ghrelin counteracted the effects of AG. The influence of AG on membrane potential and GSIS could only be averted in the combined presence of a ghrelin receptor (GHSR1a) antagonist and an inverse agonist. The inhibition of GSIS by AG could be prevented by dibutyryl cyclic-cAMP or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and the somatostatin (SST) receptor 2-5 antagonist H6056. These data indicate that AG indirectly opens KATP channels probably by interference with the cAMP/cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathway, resulting in a decrease of [Ca2+]c and GSIS. The experiments with SUR1-KO β-cells point to a direct effect of AG on β-cells and not, as earlier suggested, to an exclusive effect by AG-induced SST release from δ-cells. Nevertheless, SST receptors may be involved in the effect of AG, possibly by heteromerization of AG and SST receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kaiser
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Krippeit-Drews
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gisela Drews
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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30
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Hu XL, Zhu YJ, Hu CH, You L, Wu J, He XY, Huang WJ, Wu ZH. Ghrelin Affects Gastric Cancer Progression by Activating AMPK Signaling Pathway. Biochem Genet 2021; 59:652-667. [PMID: 33442814 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-020-10022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor (GHSR), Ghrelin is aberrant expressed in multiple malignant carcinoma, and involved in regulating a number of progression of cancer, especially in metastasis and proliferation. However, the precise role of Ghrelin in tumorigenesis of gastric cancer (GC) is still poorly understood. In this study, we extensively investigated the roles and mechanisms of Ghrelin in human gastric cancer. Ghrelin levels in cancer tissues and cell lines were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, and Western blot. Functional studies were performed after Ghrelin overexpressed or knockdown in AGS cell line. Cell proliferation was evaluated in by MTT and clone formation assays. The wound healing and Transwell system were used to assess the cell migration and invasive ability of GC cells. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, and metabolic assays were performed to reveal the function of Warburg effect in the process. Ghrelin was lowly expressed in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of Ghrelin inhibited gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and promoted apoptosis by activating the AMPK pathway, while D-[lys3]-GHRP-6 (a GHSR agonist) treatment relieved the effect, promoting tumorigenesis. Ghrelin knockdown increased the glucose uptake and lactic acid release, suggesting that Ghrelin elicited an anti-Warburg effect via AMPK pathway to inhibit gastric tumorigenesis. Ghrelin inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by eliciting an anti-Warburg effect via AMPK signaling pathway in gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southwest University Hospital, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jun Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Hua Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Li You
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest University Hospital, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southwest University Hospital, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan He
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jie Huang
- Health Management Center, Southwest University Hospital, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Hui Wu
- Health Management Center, Southwest University Hospital, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Henquin JC. Paracrine and autocrine control of insulin secretion in human islets: evidence and pending questions. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E78-E86. [PMID: 33103455 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00485.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insulin secretion by β-cells is largely controlled by circulating nutrients, hormones, and neurotransmitters. However, recent years have witnessed the multiplication of studies investigating whether local regulation also takes place within pancreatic islets, in which β-cells cohabit with several other cell types. The cell composition and architectural organization of human islets differ from those of rodent islets and are particularly favorable to cellular interactions. An impressive number of hormonal (glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1, somatostatin, etc.) and nonhormonal products (ATP, acetylcholine, γ-aminobutyric acid, dopamine, etc.) are released by islet cells and have been implicated in a local control of insulin secretion. This review analyzes reports directly testing paracrine and autocrine control of insulin secretion in isolated human islets. Many of these studies were designed on background information collected in rodent islets. However, the perspective of the review is not to highlight species similarities or specificities but to contrast established and speculative mechanisms in human islets. It will be shown that the current evidence is convincing only for a minority of candidates for a paracrine function whereas arguments supporting a physiological role of others do not stand up to scrutiny. Several pending questions await further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Henquin
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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32
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"A LEAP 2 conclusions? Targeting the ghrelin system to treat obesity and diabetes". Mol Metab 2020; 46:101128. [PMID: 33246141 PMCID: PMC8085568 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hormone ghrelin stimulates food intake, promotes adiposity, increases body weight, and elevates blood glucose. Consequently, alterations in plasma ghrelin levels and the functioning of other components of the broader ghrelin system have been proposed as potential contributors to obesity and diabetes. Furthermore, targeting the ghrelin system has been proposed as a novel therapeutic strategy for obesity and diabetes. SCOPE OF REVIEW The current review focuses on the potential for targeting ghrelin and other proteins comprising the ghrelin system as a treatment for obesity and diabetes. The main components of the ghrelin system are introduced. Data supporting a role for the endogenous ghrelin system in the development of obesity and diabetes along with data that seemingly refute such a role are outlined. An argument for further research into the development of ghrelin system-targeted therapeutic agents is delineated. Also, an evidence-based discussion of potential factors and contexts that might influence the efficacy of this class of therapeutics is provided. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS It would not be a "leap to" conclusions to suggest that agents which target the ghrelin system - including those that lower acyl-ghrelin levels, raise LEAP2 levels, block GHSR activity, and/or raise desacyl-ghrelin signaling - could represent efficacious novel treatments for obesity and diabetes.
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Castorina S, Barresi V, Luca T, Privitera G, De Geronimo V, Lezoche G, Cosentini I, Di Vincenzo A, Barbatelli G, Giordano A, Taus M, Nicolai A, Condorelli DF, Cinti S. Gastric ghrelin cells in obese patients are hyperactive. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 45:184-194. [PMID: 33230309 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-00711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Distribution and activity of ghrelin cells in the stomach of obese subjects are controversial. SUBJECTS/METHODS We examined samples from stomachs removed by sleeve gastrectomy in 49 obese subjects (normoglycemic, hyperglycemic and diabetic) and quantified the density of ghrelin/chromogranin endocrine cells by immunohistochemistry. Data were compared with those from 13 lean subjects evaluated by gastroscopy. In 44 cases (11 controls and 33 obese patients) a gene expression analysis of ghrelin and its activating enzyme ghrelin O-acyl transferase (GOAT) was performed. In 21 cases (4 controls and 17 obese patients) the protein levels of unacylated and acylated-ghrelin were measured by ELISA tests. In 18 cases (4 controls and 14 obese patients) the morphology of ghrelin-producing cells was evaluated by electron microscopy. RESULTS The obese group, either considered as total population or divided into subgroups, did not show any significant difference in ghrelin cell density when compared with control subjects. Inter-glandular smooth muscle fibres were increased in obese patients. In line with a positive trend of the desacylated form found by ELISA, Ghrelin and GOAT mRNA expression in obese patients was significantly increased. The unique ghrelin cell ultrastructure was maintained in all obese groups. In the hyperglycemic obese patients, the higher ghrelin expression matched with ultrastructural signs of endocrine hyperactivity, including expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum and reduced density, size and electron-density of endocrine granules. A positive correlation between ghrelin gene expression and glycemic values, body mass index and GOAT was also found. All obese patients with type 2 diabetes recovered from diabetes at follow-up after 5 months with a 16.5% of weight loss. CONCLUSIONS Given the known inhibitory role on insulin secretion of ghrelin, these results suggest a possible role for gastric ghrelin overproduction in the complex architecture that takes part in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Castorina
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Mediterranean Foundation "G.B. Morgagni", Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenza Barresi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Tonia Luca
- Mediterranean Foundation "G.B. Morgagni", Catania, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanni Lezoche
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cosentini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Angelica Di Vincenzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Barbatelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Taus
- Dietetic Unit and Clinical Nutrition, United Hospitals of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Albano Nicolai
- Dietetic Unit and Clinical Nutrition, United Hospitals of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Daniele Filippo Condorelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Mediterranean Foundation "G.B. Morgagni", Catania, Italy. .,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy. .,Dietetic Unit and Clinical Nutrition, United Hospitals of Ancona, Ancona, Italy.
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Fritz EM, Singewald N, De Bundel D. The Good, the Bad and the Unknown Aspects of Ghrelin in Stress Coping and Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 12:594484. [PMID: 33192444 PMCID: PMC7652849 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.594484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone released by specialized X/A cells in the stomach and activated by acylation. Following its secretion, it binds to ghrelin receptors in the periphery to regulate energy balance, but it also acts on the central nervous system where it induces a potent orexigenic effect. Several types of stressors have been shown to stimulate ghrelin release in rodents, including nutritional stressors like food deprivation, but also physical and psychological stressors such as foot shocks, social defeat, forced immobilization or chronic unpredictable mild stress. The mechanism through which these stressors drive ghrelin release from the stomach lining remains unknown and, to date, the resulting consequences of ghrelin release for stress coping remain poorly understood. Indeed, ghrelin has been proposed to act as a stress hormone that reduces fear, anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in rodents but some studies suggest that ghrelin may - in contrast - promote such behaviors. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature on the role of the ghrelin system in stress coping. We discuss whether ghrelin release is more than a byproduct of disrupted energy homeostasis following stress exposure. Furthermore, we explore the notion that ghrelin receptor signaling in the brain may have effects independent of circulating ghrelin and in what way this might influence stress coping in rodents. Finally, we examine how the ghrelin system could be utilized as a therapeutic avenue in stress-related psychiatric disorders (with a focus on anxiety- and trauma-related disorders), for example to develop novel biomarkers for a better diagnosis or new interventions to tackle relapse or treatment resistance in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Fritz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dimitri De Bundel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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35
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de la Nuez Veulens A, Rodríguez Fernández RE, Álvarez Ginarte YM, Montero Cabrera LA. In silico strategy for detailing the binding modes of a novel family of peptides proven as ghrelin receptor agonists. J Mol Model 2020; 26:294. [PMID: 33015729 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone involved in multiple functions, including growth hormone release stimulation, food intake regulation, and metabolic and cytoprotective effect. A novel family of peptides with internal cycles was designed as ghrelin analogs and the biological activity of two of them (A228 and A233) was experimentally studied in-depth. In this work, an in silico strategy was developed for describing and assessing the binding modes of A228 and A233 to GHS-R1a (ghrelin receptor) comparing it with ghrelin and GHRP-6 peptides. Several reported structures of different G protein coupled receptors were used as templates, to obtain a good quality model of GHS-R1a. The best model was selected by preliminary molecular docking with ghrelin and GHRP-6. Docking was used to estimate peptide orientations in the binding site of the best model, observing a superposition of its N-terminal and its first aromatic residue. To test the complex stability in time, the C-terminal fragments of each peptide were added and the complexes were inserted a 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) membrane, performing a molecular dynamic simulation for 100 ns using the CHARMM36 force field. Despite of the structural differences, the studied peptides share a common binding mode; the N-terminal interacts with E124 and the aromatic residue close to it, with the aromatic cluster (F279, F309, and F312). A preliminary pharmacophore model, consisting in a positive charged amine and an aromatic ring at an approximate distance of 0.79 nm, can be proposed. The results here described could represent a step forward in the efficient search of new ghrelin analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoanna M Álvarez Ginarte
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Luis A Montero Cabrera
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba.
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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36
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Amino Acids in Health and Endocrine Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1265:97-109. [PMID: 32761572 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45328-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary amino acids play an important role in maintaining health. Branched chain amino acids can adversely increase blood pressure whereas arginine and citrulline can reduce it. D-amino acids play important roles in several cell types including testis, the nervous system and adrenal glands. Several amino acids also can have dramatic effects on diabetes; branched chain amino acids, phenylalanine and tyrosine have been implicated while others, namely arginine and citrulline can improve outcomes. Leucine has been shown to play important roles in muscle primarily through the mTOR pathway though this effect does not translate across every population. Glutamine, arginine and D-aspartate also exert their muscle effects through mTOR. Relationships between amino acids and endocrine function include that of glucocorticoids, thyroid function, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), ghrelin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and leptin. Leucine, for example, can alleviate the effect of dexamethasone on muscle protein accretion. Interestingly, amino acid transporters play an important role in thyroid function. Several amino acids have been shown to increase GLP-1 levels in non-diabetics when administered orally. Similarly, several amino acids increase ghrelin levels in different species while cysteine can decrease it in mice. There is evidence to suggest that the arginine/NO pathway may be involved in modulating some of the effects of ghrelin on cells. In regard to IGF-1, branched chain amino acids can increase levels in adults while tryptophan and phenylalanine have been shown to increase levels in infants. Finally, leptin levels can be elevated by branched chain amino acids while restricting leucine in high fat diets can increase leptin sensitivity.
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Lindqvist A, Shcherbina L, Prasad RB, Miskelly MG, Abels M, Martínez-Lopéz JA, Fred RG, Nergård BJ, Hedenbro J, Groop L, Hjerling-Leffler J, Wierup N. Ghrelin suppresses insulin secretion in human islets and type 2 diabetes patients have diminished islet ghrelin cell number and lower plasma ghrelin levels. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 511:110835. [PMID: 32371087 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is not known how ghrelin affects insulin secretion in human islets from patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) or whether islet ghrelin expression or circulating ghrelin levels are altered in T2D. Here we sought out to identify the effect of ghrelin on insulin secretion in human islets and the impact of T2D on circulating ghrelin levels and on islet ghrelin cells. The effect of ghrelin on insulin secretion was assessed in human T2D and non-T2D islets. Ghrelin expression was assessed with RNA-sequencing (n = 191) and immunohistochemistry (n = 21). Plasma ghrelin was measured with ELISA in 40 T2D and 40 non-T2D subjects. Ghrelin exerted a glucose-dependent insulin-suppressing effect in islets from both T2D and non-T2D donors. Compared with non-T2D donors, T2D donors had reduced ghrelin mRNA expression and 75% less islet ghrelin cells, and ghrelin mRNA expression correlated negatively with HbA1c. T2D subjects had 25% lower fasting plasma ghrelin levels than matched controls. Thus, ghrelin has direct insulin-suppressing effects in human islets and T2D patients have lower fasting ghrelin levels, likely as a result of reduced number of islet ghrelin cells. These findings support inhibition of ghrelin signaling as a potential therapeutic avenue for stimulation of insulin secretion in T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lindqvist
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - L Shcherbina
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - R B Prasad
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - M G Miskelly
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - M Abels
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - J A Martínez-Lopéz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R G Fred
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - J Hedenbro
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Aleris Obesitas, Lund, Sweden
| | - L Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Hjerling-Leffler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Wierup
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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38
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Yuan MJ, Wang T. The new mechanism of Ghrelin/GHSR-1a on autophagy regulation. Peptides 2020; 126:170264. [PMID: 31981593 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is associated with several diseases. In recent years, accumulating evidence has suggested that ghrelin pathway exerts a protective effect by regulating autophagy. This review aims to assess the potential role and use of ghrelin as a new treatment for obesity, cardiovascular diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NFALD), neurodegenerative diseases, and tissue damage associated with autophagy. Ghrelin reduces the basal expression of autophagy-related genes in obesity-associated type 2 diabetes and ghrelin level changes in obesity, heart failure, and NFALD as well as altered autophagy. Ghrelin and its receptor GHSR-1 activation induce the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and the induction of PI-3 kinase (PI3 K) and phosphorylation of Akt. In the myocardium and hypothalamic NPY/AgRP neurons, ghrelin increases levels of the intracellular energy sensor AMPK and enhances autophagy, protecting cardiac ischemia and inducing neural stem cells. Nonetheless, ghrelin activates the PI3 K/Akt/Bcl-2 pathway and inhibits the activation of autophagy, such as tissues injured by sepsis or doxorubicin. In conclusion, endogenous ghrelin system could be considered as a new target or treatment for metabolism disorders, cardiac diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and tissue injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jie Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Jiefang Road 238, Wuchang, 430060 Wuhan, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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39
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Shankar K, Gupta D, Mani BK, Findley BG, Lord CC, Osborne-Lawrence S, Metzger NP, Pietra C, Liu C, Berglund ED, Zigman JM. Acyl-ghrelin Is Permissive for the Normal Counterregulatory Response to Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia. Diabetes 2020; 69:228-237. [PMID: 31685528 PMCID: PMC6971486 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-induced hypoglycemia leads to far-ranging negative consequences in patients with diabetes. Components of the counterregulatory response (CRR) system that help minimize and reverse hypoglycemia and coordination between those components are well studied but not yet fully characterized. Here, we tested the hypothesis that acyl-ghrelin, a hormone that defends against hypoglycemia in a preclinical starvation model, is permissive for the normal CRR to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Ghrelin knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates underwent an insulin bolus-induced hypoglycemia test and a low-dose hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamp procedure. Clamps also were performed in ghrelin-KO mice and C57BL/6N mice administered the growth hormone secretagogue receptor agonist HM01 or vehicle. Results show that hypoglycemia, as induced by an insulin bolus, was more pronounced and prolonged in ghrelin-KO mice, supporting previous studies suggesting increased insulin sensitivity upon ghrelin deletion. Furthermore, during hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamps, ghrelin-KO mice required a 10-fold higher glucose infusion rate (GIR) and exhibited less robust corticosterone and growth hormone responses. Conversely, HM01 administration, which reduced the GIR required by ghrelin-KO mice during the clamps, increased plasma corticosterone and growth hormone. Thus, our data suggest that endogenously produced acyl-ghrelin not only influences insulin sensitivity but also is permissive for the normal CRR to insulin-induced hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kripa Shankar
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Deepali Gupta
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Bharath K Mani
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Brianna G Findley
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Caleb C Lord
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Sherri Osborne-Lawrence
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Nathan P Metzger
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Chen Liu
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Eric D Berglund
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jeffrey M Zigman
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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Shankar K, Gupta D, Mani BK, Findley BG, Osborne-Lawrence S, Metzger NP, Liu C, Berglund ED, Zigman JM. Ghrelin Protects Against Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in a Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:606. [PMID: 33042003 PMCID: PMC7518392 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-induced hypoglycemia is a major limiting factor in maintaining optimal blood glucose in patients with type 1 diabetes and advanced type 2 diabetes. Luckily, a counterregulatory response (1) system exists to help minimize and reverse hypoglycemia, although more studies are needed to better characterize its components. Recently, we showed that the hormone ghrelin is permissive for the normal CRR to insulin-induced hypoglycemia when assessed in mice without diabetes. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ghrelin also is protective against insulin-induced hypoglycemia in the streptozotocin (2) mouse model of type 1 diabetes. STZ-treated ghrelin-knockout (KO) (3) mice as well as STZ-treated wild-type (WT) littermates were subjected to a low-dose hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamp procedure. The STZ-treated ghrelin-KO mice required a much higher glucose infusion rate than the STZ-treated WT mice. Also, the STZ-treated ghrelin-KO mice exhibited attenuated plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine responses to the insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Taken together, our data suggest that without ghrelin, STZ-treated mice modeling type 1 diabetes are unable to mount the usual CRR to insulin-induced hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kripa Shankar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Deepali Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Bharath K. Mani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Brianna G. Findley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Sherri Osborne-Lawrence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Nathan P. Metzger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Eric D. Berglund
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Zigman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey M. Zigman
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