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Griffin JN, Santos GM, Nguyen LD, Rodriguez DRO, Pereira LG, Jaén-Barrios N, Assis-Pereira G, de Oliveira Barreto N, Brandes AFN, Barbosa AC, Groenendijk P. Demystifying the tropics: FTIR characterization of pantropical woods and their α-cellulose extracts for past atmospheric 14C reconstructions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:175010. [PMID: 39053534 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
To ensure unbiased tree-ring radiocarbon (14C) results, traditional pretreatments carefully isolate wood cellulose from extractives using organic solvents, among other chemicals. The addition of solvents is laborious, time-consuming, and can increase the risk of carbon contamination. Tropical woods show a high diversity in wood-anatomical and extractive composition, but the necessity of organic-solvent extraction for the 14C dating of these diverse woods remains untested. We applied a chemical treatment that excludes the solvent step on the wood of 8 tropical tree species sampled in South-America and Africa, with different wood-anatomical and extractive properties. We analyzed the success of the extractive removal along with several steps of the α-cellulose extraction procedure using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and further confirmed the quality of 14C measurements after extraction. The α-cellulose extracts obtained here showed FTIR-spectra free of signals from various extractives and the 14C results on these samples showed reliable results. The chemical method evaluated reduces the technical complexity required to prepare α-cellulose samples for 14C dating, and therefore can bolster global atmospheric 14C applications, especially in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Nakachi Griffin
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA
| | - Guaciara M Santos
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA.
| | - Lucas Duy Nguyen
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA
| | - Daigard R O Rodriguez
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas G Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Nelson Jaén-Barrios
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Assis-Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais do Estado de São Paulo, Assis, SP 19800-970, Brazil
| | | | - Arno F N Brandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ 24210-201, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Barbosa
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Peter Groenendijk
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
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Jupa R, Plichta R, Plavcová L, Paschová Z, Gloser V. Adjustment of storage capacity for non-structural carbohydrates in response to limited water availability in two temperate woody species. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14522. [PMID: 39248017 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Reserves of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) stored in living cells are essential for drought tolerance of trees. However, little is known about the phenotypic plasticity of living storage compartments (SC) and their interactions with NSC reserves under changing water availability. Here, we examined adjustments of SC and NSC reserves in stems and roots of seedlings of two temperate tree species, Acer negundo L. and Betula pendula Roth., cultivated under different substrate water availability. We found that relative contents of soluble NSC, starch and total NSC increased with decreasing water availability in stems of both species, and similar tendencies were also observed in roots of A. negundo. In the roots of B. pendula, soluble NSC contents decreased along with the decreasing water availability, possibly due to phloem decoupling or NSC translocation to shoots. Despite the contrast in organ responses, NSC contents (namely starch) positively correlated with proportions of total organ SC. Individual types of SC showed markedly distinct plasticity upon decreasing water availability, suggesting that water availability changes the partitioning of organ storage capacity. We found an increasing contribution of parenchyma-rich bark to the total organ NSC storage capacity under decreasing water availability. However, xylem SC showed substantially greater plasticity than those in bark. Axial storage cells, namely living fibers in A. negundo, responded more sensitively to decreasing water availability than radial parenchyma. Our results demonstrate that drought-induced changes in carbon balance affect the organ storage capacity provided by living cells, whose proportions are sensitively coordinated along with changing NSC reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Jupa
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Plichta
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Plavcová
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Paschová
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Gloser
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Du M, Xu C, Wang A, Lv P, Xu Z, Zhang X. Different drought recovery strategy between Larix spp. and Quercus mongolica in temperate forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 938:173521. [PMID: 38802012 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Forests are experiencing increasingly severe drought stress worldwide. Although most studies have quantified how tree growth was affected by extreme droughts, how trees recover from different drought intensities are still poorly understood for different species. We used a network of tree-ring data comprising 731 Quercus mongolica trees across 29 sites, 312 Larix olgensis Henry trees from 13 sites, and 818 Larix principis-rupprechtii trees from 34 sites, covering most of their distribution range in northern China, to compare the influences of drought intensity on post-drought recovery. The results showed that summer droughts had strong negative influences on tree growth. Post-drought growth varied with drought intensity for the three species. Larix species exhibited strong legacy effects after severe droughts, which is related to the lack of compensatory growth. In contrast, the compensatory growth of Q. mongolica reduced drought legacy effect. However, the compensatory growth of Q. mongolica gradually weaken with increasing drought intensity and disappeared during severe drought. Our findings indicated that influence of drought on Q. mongolica growth mainly shown in drought years, but Larix species suffered from long-term drought legacy effects, implying Q. mongolica rapidly recovered from droughts but Larix species need several years to recover from droughts, thus the two genera have different recovery strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Du
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, China
| | - Chen Xu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, China
| | - Ao Wang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, China
| | - Pengcheng Lv
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, China
| | - Zhongqi Xu
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, China
| | - Xianliang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, China; Long-term Silviculture base in Saihanba, Chengde, Hebei 068456, China; Urban Forest Health Technology Innovation Center, 071001 Baoding, China.
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Gerolamo CS, Pereira L, Costa FRC, Jansen S, Angyalossy V, Nogueira A. Lianas in tropical dry seasonal forests have a high hydraulic efficiency but not always a higher embolism resistance than lianas in rainforests. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:337-350. [PMID: 38721801 PMCID: PMC11232521 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lianas have higher relative abundance and biomass in drier seasonal forests than in rainforests, but whether this difference is associated with their hydraulic strategies is unclear. Here, we investigate whether lianas of seasonally dry forests are safer and more efficient in water transport than rainforest lianas, explaining patterns of liana abundance. METHODS We measured hydraulic traits on five pairs of congeneric lianas of the tribe Bignonieae in two contrasting forest sites: the wet 'Dense Ombrophilous Forest' in Central Amazonia (~2 dry months) and the drier 'Semideciduous Seasonal Forest' in the inland Atlantic Forest (~6 dry months). We also gathered a broader database, including 197 trees and 58 liana species from different tropical forests, to compare hydraulic safety between habits and forest types. KEY RESULTS Bignonieae lianas from both forests had high and similar hydraulic efficiency but exhibited variability in resistance to embolism across forest types when phylogenetic relationships were taken into account. Three genera had higher hydraulic safety in the seasonal forest than in the rainforest, but species across both forests had similar positive hydraulic safety margins despite lower predawn water potential values of seasonal forest lianas. We did not find the safety-efficiency trade-off. Merging our results with previously published data revealed a high variability of resistance to embolism in both trees and lianas, independent of forest types. CONCLUSIONS The high hydraulic efficiency of lianas detected here probably favours their rapid growth across tropical forests, but differences in hydraulic safety highlight that some species are highly vulnerable and may rely on other mechanisms to cope with drought. Future research on the lethal dehydration threshold and the connection between hydraulic resistance strategies and liana abundance could offer further insights into tropical forest dynamics under climatic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caian S Gerolamo
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - Flavia R C Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, AM, 69011-970, Brazil
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - Veronica Angyalossy
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Anselmo Nogueira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, 09606-070, Brazil
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Plavcová L, Jandová V, Altman J, Liancourt P, Korznikov K, Doležal J. Variations in wood anatomy in Afrotropical trees with a particular emphasis on radial and axial parenchyma. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:151-162. [PMID: 38525918 PMCID: PMC11161563 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Understanding anatomical variations across plant phylogenies and environmental gradients is vital for comprehending plant evolution and adaptation. Previous studies on tropical woody plants have paid limited attention to quantitative differences in major xylem tissues, which serve specific roles in mechanical support (fibres), carbohydrate storage and radial conduction (radial parenchyma, rays), wood capacitance (axial parenchyma) and water transport (vessels). To address this gap, we investigate xylem fractions in 173 tropical tree species spanning 134 genera and 53 families along a 2200-m elevational gradient on Mount Cameroon, West Africa. METHODS We determined how elevation, stem height and wood density affect interspecific differences in vessel, fibre, and specific axial (AP) and radial (RP) parenchyma fractions. We focus on quantifying distinct subcategories of homogeneous or heterogeneous rays and apotracheal, paratracheal and banded axial parenchyma. KEY RESULTS Elevation-related cooling correlated with reduced AP fractions and vessel diameters, while fibre fractions increased. Lower elevations exhibited elevated AP fractions due to abundant paratracheal and wide-banded parenchyma in tall trees from coastal and lowland forests. Vasicentric and aliform AP were predominantly associated with greater tree height and wider vessels, which might help cope with high evaporative demands via elastic wood capacitance. In contrast, montane trees featured a higher fibre proportion, scarce axial parenchyma, smaller vessel diameters and higher vessel densities. The lack of AP in montane trees was often compensated for by extended uniseriate ray sections with upright or squared ray cells or the presence of living fibres. CONCLUSIONS Elevation gradient influenced specific xylem fractions, with lower elevations showing elevated AP due to abundant paratracheal and wide-banded parenchyma, securing greater vessel-to-parenchyma connectivity and lower embolism risk. Montane trees featured a higher fibre proportion and smaller vessel diameters, which may aid survival under greater environmental seasonality and fire risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Plavcová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, Hradec Králové 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Jandová
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 37901, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Altman
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 37901, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Pierre Liancourt
- Botany Department, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kirill Korznikov
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 37901, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Doležal
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 37901, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Bose AK, Doležal J, Scherrer D, Altman J, Ziche D, Martínez-Sancho E, Bigler C, Bolte A, Colangelo M, Dorado-Liñán I, Drobyshev I, Etzold S, Fonti P, Gessler A, Kolář T, Koňasová E, Korznikov KA, Lebourgeois F, Lucas-Borja ME, Menzel A, Neuwirth B, Nicolas M, Omelko AM, Pederson N, Petritan AM, Rigling A, Rybníček M, Scharnweber T, Schröder J, Silla F, Sochová I, Sohar K, Ukhvatkina ON, Vozmishcheva AS, Zweifel R, Camarero JJ. Revealing legacy effects of extreme droughts on tree growth of oaks across the Northern Hemisphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:172049. [PMID: 38552974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Forests are undergoing increasing risks of drought-induced tree mortality. Species replacement patterns following mortality may have a significant impact on the global carbon cycle. Among major hardwoods, deciduous oaks (Quercus spp.) are increasingly reported as replacing dying conifers across the Northern Hemisphere. Yet, our knowledge on the growth responses of these oaks to drought is incomplete, especially regarding post-drought legacy effects. The objectives of this study were to determine the occurrence, duration, and magnitude of legacy effects of extreme droughts and how that vary across species, sites, and drought characteristics. The legacy effects were quantified by the deviation of observed from expected radial growth indices in the period 1940-2016. We used stand-level chronologies from 458 sites and 21 oak species primarily from Europe, north-eastern America, and eastern Asia. We found that legacy effects of droughts could last from 1 to 5 years after the drought and were more prolonged in dry sites. Negative legacy effects (i.e., lower growth than expected) were more prevalent after repetitive droughts in dry sites. The effect of repetitive drought was stronger in Mediterranean oaks especially in Quercus faginea. Species-specific analyses revealed that Q. petraea and Q. macrocarpa from dry sites were more negatively affected by the droughts while growth of several oak species from mesic sites increased during post-drought years. Sites showing positive correlations to winter temperature showed little to no growth depression after drought, whereas sites with a positive correlation to previous summer water balance showed decreased growth. This may indicate that although winter warming favors tree growth during droughts, previous-year summer precipitation may predispose oak trees to current-year extreme droughts. Our results revealed a massive role of repetitive droughts in determining legacy effects and highlighted how growth sensitivity to climate, drought seasonality and species-specific traits drive the legacy effects in deciduous oak species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Bose
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh.
| | - Jiri Doležal
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Scherrer
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jan Altman
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic; Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Ziche
- Faculty of Forest and Environment, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Elisabet Martínez-Sancho
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Department of Biological Evolution, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christof Bigler
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Universitätstrasse, 22, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Bolte
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Moeller-Str. 1, Haus 41/42, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Michele Colangelo
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Apdo. 202, Zaragoza E-50192, Spain; Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari, e Ambientali, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Isabel Dorado-Liñán
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, E.T.S.I. Montes Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Igor Drobyshev
- Southern Swedish Research Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden; Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Québec, Canada
| | - Sophia Etzold
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Fonti
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Universitätstrasse, 22, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tomáš Kolář
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Wood Science and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Koňasová
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Wood Science and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Annette Menzel
- Technische Universität München, TUM School of Life Sciences, Freising, Germany; Technische Universität München, Institute for Advanced Study, Garching, Germany
| | | | - Manuel Nicolas
- Departement Recherche et Développement, ONF, Office National des Fôrets, Batiment B, Boulevard de Constance, Fontainebleau F 77300, France
| | - Alexander Mikhaylovich Omelko
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Neil Pederson
- Harvard Forest, 324 N.Main St, Petersham, MA 01366, USA
| | - Any Mary Petritan
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Dracea", Eroilor 128, 077190 Voluntari, Romania
| | - Andreas Rigling
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Universitätstrasse, 22, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michal Rybníček
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Wood Science and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tobias Scharnweber
- DendroGreif, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstr.15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jens Schröder
- Faculty of Forest and Environment, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Fernando Silla
- Departamento Biología Animal, Parasitología, Ecología, Edafología y Química Agrícola, University Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Irena Sochová
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Wood Science and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Sohar
- Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Olga Nikolaevna Ukhvatkina
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Anna Stepanovna Vozmishcheva
- Botanical Garden-Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Roman Zweifel
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Apdo. 202, Zaragoza E-50192, Spain
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Ramirez JA, Craven D, Herrera D, Posada JM, Reu B, Sierra CA, Hoch G, Handa IT, Messier C. Non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in tree organs vary across biomes and leaf habits, but are independent of the fast-slow plant economic spectrum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1375958. [PMID: 38766471 PMCID: PMC11099217 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1375958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrate reserves play a vital role in plant survival during periods of negative carbon balance. Under a carbon-limited scenario, we expect a trade-offs between carbon allocation to growth, reserves, and defense. A resulting hypothesis is that carbon allocation to reserves exhibits a coordinated variation with functional traits associated with the 'fast-slow' plant economics spectrum. We tested the relationship between non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) of tree organs and functional traits using 61 angiosperm tree species from temperate and tropical forests with phylogenetic hierarchical Bayesian models. Our results provide evidence that NSC concentrations in stems and branches are decoupled from plant functional traits. while those in roots are weakly coupled with plant functional traits. In contrast, we found that variation between NSC concentrations in leaves and the fast-slow trait spectrum was coordinated, as species with higher leaf NSC had trait values associated with resource conservative species, such as lower SLA, leaf N, and leaf P. We also detected a small effect of leaf habit on the variation of NSC concentrations in branches and roots. Efforts to predict the response of ecosystems to global change will need to integrate a suite of plant traits, such as NSC concentrations in woody organs, that are independent of the 'fast-slow' plant economics spectrum and that capture how species respond to a broad range of global change drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Andres Ramirez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
- Centre d’Étude de la Forêt (CEF), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Dylan Craven
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology and Environment, Universidad Mayor, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
- Data Observatory Foundation, and Technology Center, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Herrera
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Juan Manuel Posada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Bjorn Reu
- School of Biology, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | | | - Guenter Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences – Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ira Tanya Handa
- Centre d’Étude de la Forêt (CEF), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Messier
- Centre d’Étude de la Forêt (CEF), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Institut des Sciences de la Foret Tempérée, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Ripon, QC, Canada
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8
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Gričar J, Jevšenak J, Giagli K, Eler K, Tsalagkas D, Gryc V, Vavrčík H, Čufar K, Prislan P. Temporal and spatial variability of phloem structure in Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica and its link to climate. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1285-1299. [PMID: 38213092 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Using a unique 8-year data set (2010-2017) of phloem data, we studied the effect of temperature and precipitation on the phloem anatomy (conduit area, widths of ring, early and late phloem) and xylem-ring width in two coexisting temperate tree species, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica, from three contrasting European temperate forest sites. Histometric analyses were performed on microcores taken from tree stems in autumn. We found high interannual variability and sensitivity of phloem anatomy and xylem-ring widths to precipitation and temperature; however, the responses were species- and site-specific. The contrasting response of xylem and phloem-ring widths of the same tree species to weather conditions was found at the two Slovenian sites generally well supplied with precipitation, while at the driest Czech site, the influence of weather factors on xylem and phloem ring widths was synchronised. Since widths of mean annual xylem and phloem increments were narrowest at the Czech site, this site is suggested to be most restrictive for the radial growth of both species. By influencing the seasonal patterns of xylem and phloem development, water availability appears to be the most important determinant of tissue- and species-specific responses to local weather conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jernej Jevšenak
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Kyriaki Giagli
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klemen Eler
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dimitrios Tsalagkas
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Gryc
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hanuš Vavrčík
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Čufar
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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9
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Gazol A, Valeriano C, Colangelo M, Ibáñez R, Valerio M, Rubio-Cuadrado Á, Camarero JJ. Growth of tree (Pinus sylvestris) and shrub (Amelanchier ovalis) species is constrained by drought with higher shrub sensitivity in dry sites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170539. [PMID: 38296069 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
We lack understanding of how variable is radial growth of coexisting tree and shrub species, and how growth is constrained by drought depending on site aridity. Here, we compared the radial growth of two widespread and coexisting species, a winter deciduous shrub (Amelanchier ovalis Medik.) and an evergreen conifer tree (Pinus sylvestris L.). We sampled four sites in Northeastern Spain subjected to different aridity levels and used dendrochronological methods to quantify growth patterns and responses to climate variables. The growth of the two species varied between regions, being lower in the driest sites. The first-order autocorrelation (growth persistence) was higher in more mesic sites but without clear differences between species. Tree and shrub growth negatively responded to elevated summer temperatures and positively to spring-summer precipitation and wet conditions. However, negative growth responses of the shrub to drought were only observed in the two driest sites in contrast to widespread responses of the tree. Abrupt growth reductions were common in the drier sites, but resilience indices show that the two species rapidly recovered pre-drought growth levels. The lower growth synchrony of the shrub as compared to the tree can be due to the multistemmed architecture, fast growth and low stature of the shrub. Besides, the high dependency of the shrub growth on summer rainfall can explain why drought limitations were only apparent in the two driest sites. In any case, results point out to the dendrochronological potential of shrubs, which is particularly relevant giving its ability to inhabit woodlands and treeless regions under harsh climatic conditions. Nevertheless, further research is required to elucidate the capacity of shrub species to tolerate drought, as well as to understand how shrubs thrive in water- and cold-limited environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50192 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Cristina Valeriano
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Michele Colangelo
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Ricardo Ibáñez
- Departamento de Biología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Navarra, Spain
| | - Mercedes Valerio
- Departamento de Biología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Navarra, Spain; Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlaté stoce 1, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Álvaro Rubio-Cuadrado
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50192 Zaragoza, Spain
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10
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Zhang KY, Yang D, Zhang YB, Ai XR, Yao L, Deng ZJ, Zhang JL. Linkages among stem xylem transport, biomechanics, and storage in lianas and trees across three contrasting environments. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 111:e16290. [PMID: 38380953 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE Stem xylem transports water and nutrients, mechanically supports aboveground tissues, and stores water and nonstructural carbohydrates. These three functions are associated with three types of cells-vessel, fiber, and parenchyma, respectively. METHODS We measured stem theoretical hydraulic conductivity (Kt), modulus of elasticity (MOE), tissue water content, starch, soluble sugars, cellulose, and xylem anatomical traits in 15 liana and 16 tree species across three contrasting sites in Southwest China. RESULTS Lianas had higher hydraulic efficiency and tissue water content, but lower MOE and cellulose than trees. Storage traits (starch and soluble sugars) did not significantly differ between lianas and trees, and trait variation was explained mainly by site, highlighting how environment shapes plant storage strategies. Kt was significantly positively correlated with vessel diameter and vessel area fraction in lianas and all species combined. The MOE was significantly positively correlated with fiber area fraction, wood density, and cellulose in lianas and across all species. The tissue water content was significantly associated with parenchyma area fraction in lianas. Support function was strongly linked with transport and storage functions in lianas. In trees, transport and support functions were not correlated, while storage function was tightly linked with transport and support functions. CONCLUSIONS These findings enhance our understanding of the relationship between stem xylem structure and function in lianas and trees, providing valuable insights into how plants adapt to environmental changes and the distinct ecological strategies employed by lianas and by trees to balance the demands of hydraulic transport, mechanical support, and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Yan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biologic Resources Protection and Utilization, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, Hubei, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Da Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Yun-Bing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Xun-Ru Ai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biologic Resources Protection and Utilization, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, Hubei, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biologic Resources Protection and Utilization, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, Hubei, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Deng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biologic Resources Protection and Utilization, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, Hubei, China
| | - Jiao-Lin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
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11
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Salomón RL, Helm J, Gessler A, Grams TEE, Hilman B, Muhr J, Steppe K, Wittmann C, Hartmann H. The quandary of sources and sinks of CO2 efflux in tree stems-new insights and future directions. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad157. [PMID: 38214910 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Stem respiration (RS) substantially contributes to the return of photo assimilated carbon to the atmosphere and, thus, to the tree and ecosystem carbon balance. Stem CO2 efflux (ECO2) is often used as a proxy for RS. However, this metric has often been challenged because of the uncertain origin of CO2 emitted from the stem due to post-respiratory processes. In this Insight, we (i) describe processes affecting the quantification of RS, (ii) review common methodological approaches to quantify and model RS and (iii) develop a research agenda to fill the most relevant knowledge gaps that we identified. Dissolution, transport and accumulation of respired CO2 away from its production site, reassimilation of respired CO2 via stem photosynthesis and the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, axial CO2 diffusion in the gas phase, shifts in the respiratory substrate and non-respiratory oxygen (O2) consumption are the most relevant processes causing divergence between RS and measured stem gas exchange (ECO2 or O2 influx, IO2). Two common methodological approaches to estimate RS, namely the CO2 mass balance approach and the O2 consumption technique, circumvent some of these processes but have yielded inconsistent results regarding the fate of respired CO2. Stem respiration modelling has recently progressed at the organ and tree levels. However, its implementation in large-scale models, commonly operated from a source-driven perspective, is unlikely to reflect adequate mechanisms. Finally, we propose hypotheses and approaches to advance the knowledge of the stem carbon balance, the role of sap pH on RS, the reassimilation of respired CO2, RS upscaling procedures, large-scale RS modelling and shifts in respiratory metabolism during environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto L Salomón
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Research Group FORESCENT, Antonio Novais 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Plants and Crops, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juliane Helm
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Biogeochemical Processes, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Basel University, Schönbeinstr. 6, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zurcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8902 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten E E Grams
- Technical University of Munich, Ecophysiology of Plants, Land Surface - Atmosphere Interactions, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Boaz Hilman
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Biogeochemical Processes, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Muhr
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Laboratory for Radioisotopes, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christiane Wittmann
- Faculty of Biology, Botanical Garden, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Biogeochemical Processes, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute for Forest Protection, Julius Kühn Institute Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Straße 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
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12
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Gentis N, Licht A, De Franceschi D, Win Z, Aung DW, Dupont-Nivet G, Boura A. First fossil woods and palm stems from the mid-Paleocene of Myanmar and implications for biogeography and wood anatomy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 111:e16259. [PMID: 38031479 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The rise of angiosperm-dominated tropical rainforests has been proposed to have occurred shortly after the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition. Paleocene fossil wood assemblages are rare yet provide important data for understanding these forests and whether their wood anatomical features can be used to document the changes that occurred during this transition. METHODS We used standard techniques to section 11 fossil wood specimens of Paleocene-age, described the anatomy using standard terminology, and investigated their affinities to present-day taxa. RESULTS We report here the first middle Paleocene fossil wood specimens from Myanmar, which at the time was near the equator and anchored to India. Some fossils share affinities with Arecaceae, Sapindales (Anacardiaceae, Meliaceae) and Moraceae and possibly Fabaceae or Lauraceae. One specimen is described as a new species and genus: Compitoxylon paleocenicum gen. et sp. nov. CONCLUSIONS This assemblage reveals the long-lasting presence of these aforementioned groups in South Asia and suggests the early presence of multiple taxa of Laurasian affinity in Myanmar and India. The wood anatomical features of the dicotyledonous specimens reveal that both "modern" and "primitive" features (in a Baileyan scheme) are present with proportions similar to features in specimens from Paleocene Indian localities. Their anatomical diversity corroborates that tropical flora display "modern" features early in the history of angiosperms and that their high diversity remained steady afterward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gentis
- CR2P, UMR7207, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 48, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Licht
- CEREGE, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Collège de France, Europole Méditerranéen de l'Arbois, BP 80, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Dario De Franceschi
- CR2P, UMR7207, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 48, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Zaw Win
- Geology Department, Shwebo University, Sagaing Region, Myanmar
| | - Day Wa Aung
- Geology Department, University of Yangon, Pyay Rd, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Guillaume Dupont-Nivet
- Géosciences Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, 35042, Rennes, France
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anaïs Boura
- CR2P, UMR7207, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 48, 75005, Paris, France
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13
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González-Melo A, Posada JM, Beauchêne J, Lehnebach R, Levionnois S, Derroire G, Clair B. The links between wood traits and species demography change during tree development in a lowland tropical rainforest. AOB PLANTS 2024; 16:plad090. [PMID: 38249523 PMCID: PMC10799319 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
One foundational assumption of trait-based ecology is that traits can predict species demography. However, the links between traits and demographic rates are, in general, not as strong as expected. These weak associations may be due to the use of traits that are distantly related to performance, and/or the lack of consideration of size-related variations in both traits and demographic rates. Here, we examined how wood traits were related to demographic rates in 19 tree species from a lowland forest in eastern Amazonia. We measured 11 wood traits (i.e. structural, anatomical and chemical traits) in sapling, juvenile and adult wood; and related them to growth and mortality rates (MR) at different ontogenetic stages. The links between wood traits and demographic rates changed during tree development. At the sapling stage, relative growth rates (RGR) were negatively related to wood specific gravity (WSG) and total parenchyma fractions, while MR decreased with radial parenchyma fractions, but increased with vessel lumen area (VA). Juvenile RGR were unrelated to wood traits, whereas juvenile MR were negatively related to WSG and axial parenchyma fractions. At the adult stage, RGR scaled with VA and wood potassium concentrations. Adult MR were not predicted by any trait. Overall, the strength of the trait-demography associations decreased at later ontogenetic stages. Our results indicate that the associations between traits and demographic rates can change as trees age. Also, wood chemical or anatomical traits may be better predictors of growth and MR than WSG. Our findings are important to expand our knowledge on tree life-history variations and community dynamics in tropical forests, by broadening our understanding on the links between wood traits and demography during tree development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés González-Melo
- Biology Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Avenida carrera 24 # 63C-69. Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan Manuel Posada
- Biology Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Avenida carrera 24 # 63C-69. Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jacques Beauchêne
- CIRAD, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97337, France
| | - Romain Lehnebach
- CNRS, Laboratory of Botany and Modeling of Plant Architecture and Vegetation (UMR AMAP), 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastian Levionnois
- CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), AgroParisTech, CIRAD, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Universite de Guyane, Kourou, 97310France
| | - Géraldine Derroire
- CIRAD, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97337, France
| | - Bruno Clair
- CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), AgroParisTech, CIRAD, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Universite de Guyane, Kourou, 97310France
- Laboratoire de Mécanique de Génie Civil (LMGC), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34000, France
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14
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Li W, Lin YCJ, Chen YL, Zhou C, Li S, De Ridder N, Oliveira DM, Zhang L, Zhang B, Wang JP, Xu C, Fu X, Luo K, Wu AM, Demura T, Lu MZ, Zhou Y, Li L, Umezawa T, Boerjan W, Chiang VL. Woody plant cell walls: Fundamentals and utilization. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:112-140. [PMID: 38102833 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls in plants, particularly forest trees, are the major carbon sink of the terrestrial ecosystem. Chemical and biosynthetic features of plant cell walls were revealed early on, focusing mostly on herbaceous model species. Recent developments in genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, transgenesis, and associated analytical techniques are enabling novel insights into formation of woody cell walls. Here, we review multilevel regulation of cell wall biosynthesis in forest tree species. We highlight current approaches to engineering cell walls as potential feedstock for materials and energy and survey reported field tests of such engineered transgenic trees. We outline opportunities and challenges in future research to better understand cell type biogenesis for more efficient wood cell wall modification and utilization for biomaterials or for enhanced carbon capture and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | | | - Ying-Lan Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, China
| | - Chenguang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Nette De Ridder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dyoni M Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jack P Wang
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Changzheng Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaokang Fu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Taku Demura
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Meng-Zhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Laboratory of Metabolic Science of Forest Plants and Microorganisms, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vincent L Chiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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15
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Wei Y, Chen YJ, Siddiq Z, Zhang JL, Zhang SB, Jansen S, Cao KF. Hydraulic traits and photosynthesis are coordinated with trunk sapwood capacitance in tropical tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:2109-2120. [PMID: 37672225 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Water stored in trunk sapwood is vital for the canopy to maintain its physiological function under high transpiration demands. Little is known regarding the anatomical properties that contribute to the hydraulic capacitance of tree trunks and whether trunk capacitance is correlated with the hydraulic and gas exchange traits of canopy branches. We examined sapwood capacitance, xylem anatomical characteristics of tree trunks, embolism resistance, the minimal xylem water potential of canopy branches, leaf photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in 22 species from a tropical seasonal rainforest and savanna. The results showed that the mean trunk sapwood capacitance did not differ between the two biomes. Capacitance was closely related to the fiber lumen fraction and fiber wall reinforcement and not to the axial and ray parenchyma fractions. Additionally, it was positively correlated with the theoretical hydraulic conductivity of a trunk and the specific hydraulic conductivity of branches, and showed a trade-off with branch embolism resistance. Species with a high trunk sapwood capacitance maintained less negative canopy water potentials in the dry season, but higher leaf photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance in the wet season. This study provides a functional link among trunk sapwood capacitance, xylem anatomy, canopy hydraulics and photosynthesis in tropical trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, NO. 100 Daxuedonglu, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, NO. 100 Daxuedonglu, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Ya-Jun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, Yunnan, China
- Yuanjiang Savanna Ecosystem Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuanjiang 653300, Yunnan, China
| | - Zafar Siddiq
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Katchery Road, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Jiao-Lin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Shu-Bin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm 89081, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, NO. 100 Daxuedonglu, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, NO. 100 Daxuedonglu, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
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16
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Ferguson JN, Jithesh T, Lawson T, Kromdijk J. Excised leaves show limited and species-specific effects on photosynthetic parameters across crop functional types. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6662-6676. [PMID: 37565685 PMCID: PMC10662226 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is increasingly becoming a recognized target for crop improvement. Phenotyping photosynthesis-related traits on field-grown material is a key bottleneck to progress here due to logistical barriers and short measurement days. Many studies attempt to overcome these challenges by phenotyping excised leaf material in the laboratory. To date there are no demonstrated examples of the representative nature of photosynthesis measurements performed on excised leaves relative to attached leaves in crops. Here, we tested whether standardized leaf excision on the day prior to phenotyping affected a range of common photosynthesis-related traits across crop functional types using tomato (C3 dicot), barley (C3 monocot), and maize (C4 monocot). Potentially constraining aspects of leaf physiology that could be predicted to impair photosynthesis in excised leaves, namely leaf water potential and abscisic acid accumulation, were not different between attached and excised leaves. We also observed non-significant differences in spectral reflectance and chlorophyll fluorescence traits between the treatments across the three species. However, we did observe some significant differences between traits associated with gas exchange and photosynthetic capacity across all three species. This study represents a useful reference for those who perform measurements of this nature and the differences reported should be considered in associated experimental design and statistical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Ferguson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 3EA, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Tamanna Jithesh
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 3EA, UK
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
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17
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Alvarado MV, Terrazas T. Tree species differ in plant economic spectrum traits in the tropical dry forest of Mexico. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293430. [PMID: 37943793 PMCID: PMC10635469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In tropical dry forests, studies on wood anatomical traits have concentrated mainly on variations in vessel diameter and frequency. Recent research suggests that parenchyma and fibers also play an important role in water conduction and in xylem hydraulic safety. However, these relationships are not fully understood, and wood trait variation among different functional profiles as well as their variation under different water availability scenarios have been little studied. In this work, we aim to (1) characterize a set of wood anatomical traits among six selected tree species that represent the economic spectrum of tropical dry forests, (2) assess the variation in these traits under three different rainfall regimes, and (3) determine the relationships between wood anatomical traits and possible functional trade-offs. Differences among species and sites in wood traits were explored. Linear mixed models were fitted, and model comparison was performed. Most variation occurred among species along the economic spectrum. Obligate deciduous, low wood density species were characterized by wood with wide vessels and low frequency, suggesting high water transport capacity but sensitivity to drought. Moreover, high cell fractions of carbon and water storage were also found in these tree species related to the occurrence of abundant parenchyma or septate fibers. Contrary to what most studies show, Cochlospermum vitifolium, a succulent tree species, presented the greatest variation in wood traits. Facultative deciduous, high wood density species were characterized by a sturdy vascular system that may favor resistance to cavitation and low reserve storage. Contrary to our expectations, variation among the rainfall regimes was generally low in all species and was mostly related to vessel traits, while fiber and parenchyma traits presented little variation among species. Strong functional associations between wood anatomical traits and functional trade-offs were found for the six tree species studied along the economic spectrum of tropical dry forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco V. Alvarado
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Teresa Terrazas
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
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18
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Zhang G, Mao Z, Maillard P, Brancheriau L, Gérard B, Engel J, Fortunel C, Heuret P, Maeght JL, Martínez-Vilalta J, Stokes A. Functional trade-offs are driven by coordinated changes among cell types in the wood of angiosperm trees from different climates. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1162-1176. [PMID: 37485789 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Wood performs several functions to ensure tree survival and carbon allocation to a finite stem volume leads to trade-offs among cell types. It is not known to what extent these trade-offs modify functional trade-offs and if they are consistent across climates and evolutionary lineages. Twelve wood traits were measured in stems and coarse roots across 60 adult angiosperm tree species from temperate, Mediterranean and tropical climates. Regardless of climate, clear trade-offs occurred among cellular fractions, but did not translate into specific functional trade-offs. Wood density was negatively related to hydraulic conductivity (Kth ) in stems and roots, but was not linked to nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC), implying a functional trade-off between mechanical integrity and transport but not with storage. NSC storage capacity was positively associated with Kth in stems and negatively in roots, reflecting a potential role for NSC in the maintenance of hydraulic integrity in stems but not in roots. Results of phylogenetic analyses suggest that evolutionary histories cannot explain covariations among traits. Trade-offs occur among cellular fractions, without necessarily modifying trade-offs in function. However, functional trade-offs are driven by coordinated changes among xylem cell types depending on the dominant role of each cell type in stems and roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqi Zhang
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
- SILVA, INRAE, Université de Lorraine, Agroparistech, Centre de Recherche Grand-Est Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - Zhun Mao
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Pascale Maillard
- SILVA, INRAE, Université de Lorraine, Agroparistech, Centre de Recherche Grand-Est Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - Loïc Brancheriau
- CIRAD, UPR BioWooEB, Montpellier, 34000, France
- BioWooEB, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Bastien Gérard
- SILVA, INRAE, Université de Lorraine, Agroparistech, Centre de Recherche Grand-Est Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - Julien Engel
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Claire Fortunel
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Patrick Heuret
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Jean-Luc Maeght
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, E08193, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, E08193, Spain
| | - Alexia Stokes
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
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19
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Wang J, Jia H, Daniel G, Gao J, Jiang X, Ma L, Yue S, Guo J, Yin Y. Insights into asynchronous changes of cell wall polymers accumulated in different cell types during conifer xylem differentiation. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 316:121076. [PMID: 37321750 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An improved understanding of the events involved in cell wall polymers deposition during xylem development could provide new scientific ways for molecular regulation and biomass utilization. Axial and radial cells are spatially heterogeneous and have highly cross-correlated developmental behavior, whereas the deposition of corresponding cell wall polymers during xylem differentiation is less studied. To clarify our hypothesis that cell wall polymers of two cell types accumulated asynchronously, we performed hierarchical visualization, including label-free in situ spectral imaging of different polymer compositions during the development of Pinus bungeana. In axial tracheids, the deposition of cellulose and glucomannan was observed on earlier stages of secondary wall thickening than that of xylan and lignin, while xylan distribution was strongly related to spatial distribution of lignin during differentiation. The content of lignin and polysaccharides increased by over 130 % and 60 % respectively when the S3 layer was formed, compared to the S2 stage. In ray cells, the deposition of crystalline cellulose, xylan, and lignin was generally lagged compared to that in corresponding axial tracheids, although the process followed a similar order. The concentration of lignin and polysaccharides in ray cells was only approximately 50 % of that in the axial tracheids during secondary wall thickening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Wood Specimen Resource Center (WOODPEDIA) of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Hao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Geoffrey Daniel
- Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology/Wood Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology/Wood Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Wood Specimen Resource Center (WOODPEDIA) of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Lingyu Ma
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Wood Specimen Resource Center (WOODPEDIA) of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Shuhua Yue
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Juan Guo
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Wood Specimen Resource Center (WOODPEDIA) of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Yafang Yin
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Wood Specimen Resource Center (WOODPEDIA) of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China.
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20
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Chu C, Momayyezi M, Stobbs JA, Soolanayakanahally RY, McElrone AJ, Knipfer T. Drought-induced fiber water release and xylem embolism susceptibility of intact balsam poplar saplings. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14040. [PMID: 37882281 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) is a widespread tree species in North America with significant ecological and economic value. However, little is known about the susceptibility of saplings to drought-induced embolism and its link to water release from surrounding xylem fibers. Questions remain regarding localized mechanisms that contribute to the survival of saplings in vivo of this species under drought. Using X-ray micro-computed tomography on intact saplings of genotypes Gillam-5 and Carnduff-9, we found that functional vessels are embedded in a matrix of water-filled fibers under well-watered conditions in both genotypes. However, water-depleted fibers started to appear under moderate drought stress while vessels remained water-filled in both genotypes. Drought-induced xylem embolism susceptibility was comparable between genotypes, and a greater frequency of smaller diameter vessels in GIL-5 did not increase embolism resistance in this genotype. Despite having smaller vessels and a total vessel number that was comparable to CAR-9, stomatal conductance was generally higher in GIL-5 compared to CAR-9. In conclusion, our in vivo data on intact saplings indicate that differences in embolism susceptibility are negligible between GIL-5 and CAR-9, and that fiber water release should be considered as a mechanism that contributes to the maintenance of vessel functional status in saplings of balsam poplar experiencing their first drought event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne Chu
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mina Momayyezi
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew J McElrone
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- USDA-ARS, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, California, USA
| | - Thorsten Knipfer
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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21
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Signori-Müller C, Galbraith D, Tavares JV, Reis SM, Diniz FC, Gilpin M, Marimon BS, van der Heijden GMF, Borges C, Cintra BBL, Mião S, Morandi PS, Nina A, Salas Yupayccana CA, Marca Zevallos MJ, Cosio EG, Junior BHM, Mendoza AM, Phillips O, Salinas N, Vasquez R, Mencuccini M, Oliveira RS. Tropical forest lianas have greater non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in the stem xylem than trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023:tpad096. [PMID: 37584458 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Lianas (woody vines) are important components of tropical forests and are known to compete with host trees for resources, decrease tree growth and increase tree mortality. Given the observed increases in liana abundance in some forests and their impacts on forest function, an integrated understanding of carbon dynamics of lianas and liana-infested host trees is critical for improved prediction of tropical forest responses to climate change. Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are the main substrate for plant metabolism (e.g., growth, respiration), and have been implicated in enabling tree survival under environmental stress, but little is known of how they vary among life-forms or of how liana infestation impacts host tree NSC. We quantified stem total NSC (NSC) concentrations and its fractions (starch and soluble sugars) in trees without liana infestation, trees with more than 50% of the canopy covered by lianas, and the lianas infesting those trees. We hypothesized that i) liana infestation depletes NSC storage in host trees by reducing carbon assimilation due to competition for resources; ii) trees and lianas, which greatly differ in functional traits related to water transport and carbon uptake, would also have large differences in NSC storage, and that As water availability has a significant role in NSC dynamics of Amazonian tree species, we tested these hypotheses within a moist site in western Amazonia and a drier forest site in southern Amazonia. We did not find any difference in NSC, starch or soluble sugar concentrations between infested and non-infested trees, in either site. This result suggests that negative liana impact on trees may be mediated through mechanisms other than depletion of host tree NSC concentrations. We found lianas have higher stem NSC and starch than trees in both sites. The consistent differences in starch concentrations, a long term NSC reserve, between life forms across sites reflect differences in carbon gain and use of lianas and trees. Soluble sugar concentrations were higher in lianas than in trees in the moist site but indistinguishable between life forms in the dry site. The lack of difference in soluble sugars between trees and lianas in the dry site emphasize the importance of this NSC fraction for plant metabolism of plants occurring in water limited environments. Abstract in Portuguese and Spanish are available in the supplementary material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Signori-Müller
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Julia Valentim Tavares
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Simone Matias Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal (BIONORTE), UFAM-UNEMAT, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
- School of Geography and the Environment, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Beatriz Schwantes Marimon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal (BIONORTE), UFAM-UNEMAT, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Borges
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal (BIONORTE), UFAM-UNEMAT, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Bruno Barçante Ladvocat Cintra
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham
| | - Sarah Mião
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Morandi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal (BIONORTE), UFAM-UNEMAT, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Alex Nina
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Manuel J Marca Zevallos
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | - Eric G Cosio
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Ben Hur Marimon Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal (BIONORTE), UFAM-UNEMAT, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Abel Monteagudo Mendoza
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Cusco, Peru
| | | | - Norma Salinas
- School of Geography and the Environment, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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22
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Martín-Gómez P, Rodríguez-Robles U, Ogée J, Wingate L, Sancho-Knapik D, Peguero-Pina J, Dos Santos Silva JV, Gil-Pelegrín E, Pemán J, Ferrio JP. Contrasting stem water uptake and storage dynamics of water-saver and water-spender species during drought and recovery. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1290-1306. [PMID: 36930058 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought is projected to occur more frequently and intensely in the coming decades, and the extent to which it will affect forest functioning will depend on species-specific responses to water stress. Aiming to understand the hydraulic traits and water dynamics behind water-saver and water-spender strategies in response to drought and recovery, we conducted a pot experiment with two species with contrasting physiological strategies, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Portuguese oak (Quercus faginea L.). We applied two cycles of soil drying and recovery and irrigated with isotopically different water to track fast changes in soil and stem water pools, while continuously measuring physiological status and xylem water content from twigs. Our results provide evidence for a tight link between the leaf-level response and the water uptake and storage patterns in the stem. The water-saver strategy of pines prevented stem dehydration by rapidly closing stomata which limited their water uptake during the early stages of drought and recovery. Conversely, oaks showed a less conservative strategy, maintaining transpiration and physiological activity under dry soil conditions, and consequently becoming more dehydrated at the stem level. We interpreted this dehydration as the release of water from elastic storage tissues as no major loss of hydraulic conductance occurred for this species. After soil rewetting, pines recovered pre-drought leaf water potential rapidly, but it took longer to replace the water from conductive tissues (slower labeling speed). In contrast, water-spender oaks were able to quickly replace xylem water during recovery (fast labeling speed), but it took longer to refill stem storage tissues, and hence to recover pre-drought leaf water potential. These different patterns in sap flow rates, speed and duration of the labeling reflected a combination of water-use and storage traits, linked to the leaf-level strategies in response to drought and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Martín-Gómez
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO - CERCA, Ctra de Sant Llorenç de Morunys, km 2, E-25280 Solsona, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ulises Rodríguez-Robles
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Centro Universitario de la Costa Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Independencia Nacional 151, Autlán de Navarro, 48900 Jalisco, México
| | - Jérôme Ogée
- Atmosphere Plant Soil Interactions Research Unit (UMR ISPA), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), 71 Av. Edouard Bourlaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Lisa Wingate
- Atmosphere Plant Soil Interactions Research Unit (UMR ISPA), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), 71 Av. Edouard Bourlaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Peguero-Pina
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Victor Dos Santos Silva
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús Pemán
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Agency for Research and Development (ARAID), E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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23
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Körner C, Fajardo A, Hiltbrunner E. Biogeographic implications of plant stature and microclimate in cold regions. Commun Biol 2023; 6:663. [PMID: 37365292 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Körner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinaria (I3), Vicerrectoría Académica, Universidad de Talca, Avenida Lircay s/n, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - Erika Hiltbrunner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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24
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Ma L, Meng Q, Jiang X, Ge Z, Cao Z, Wei Y, Jiao L, Yin Y, Guo J. Spatial organization and connectivity of wood rays in Pinus massoniana xylem based on high-resolution μCT-assisted network analysis. PLANTA 2023; 258:28. [PMID: 37358610 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Spatial organization and connectivity of wood rays in Pinus massoniana was comprehensively viewed and regarded as anatomical adaptions to ensure the properties of rays in xylem. Spatial organization and connectivity of wood rays are essential for understanding the wood hierarchical architecture, but the spatial information is ambiguous due to small cell size. Herein, 3D visualization of rays in Pinus massoniana was performed using high-resolution μCT. We found brick-shaped rays were 6.5% in volume fractions, nearly twice the area fractions estimated by 2D levels. Uniseriate rays became taller and wider during the transition from earlywood to latewood, which was mainly contributed from the height increment of ray tracheids and widened ray parenchyma cells. Furthermore, both volume and surface area of ray parenchyma cells were larger than ray tracheids, so ray parenchyma took a higher proportion in rays. Moreover, three different types of pits for connectivity were segmented and revealed. Pits in both axial tracheids and ray tracheids were bordered, but the pit volume and pit aperture of earlywood axial tracheids were almost tenfold and over fourfold larger than ray tracheids. Contrarily, cross-field pits between ray parenchyma and axial tracheids were window-like with the principal axis of 31.0 μm, but its pit volume was approximately one-third of axial tracheids. Additionally, spatial organization of rays and axial resin canal was analyzed by a curved surface reformation tool, providing the first evidence of rays close to epithelial cells inward through the resin canal. Epithelial cells had various morphologies and large variations in cell size. Our results give new insights into the organization of radial system of xylem, especially the connectivity of rays with adjacent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Ma
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Qiulu Meng
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zhedong Ge
- School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, No.1000, Fengming Road, Lingang Development Zone, Jinan, 250101, Shandong, China
| | - Zixiong Cao
- Object Research Systems (ORS) Inc., 460 Ste-Catherine West, #600, Montreal, QC, H3B 1A7, Canada
| | - Yupei Wei
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Lichao Jiao
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yafang Yin
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Juan Guo
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing, 100091, China.
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25
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Melián E, Gatica G, Pucheta E. Wood trait trade‐offs in desert plants: A triangular model to understand intra‐ and interspecific variations along an aridity gradient. AUSTRAL ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo Melián
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de San Juan San Juan Argentina
| | - Gabriel Gatica
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y Desarrollo Sostenible UEDD INTA CONICET Tandil Argentina
| | - Eduardo Pucheta
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de San Juan San Juan Argentina
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Rezaie N, D'Andrea E, Scartazza A, Gričar J, Prislan P, Calfapietra C, Battistelli A, Moscatello S, Proietti S, Matteucci G. Upside down and the game of C allocation. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023:tpad034. [PMID: 36917230 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) represent the primary carbon (C) reserves and play a crucial role for plant functioning and resilience. Indeed, these compounds are involved in the regulation between C supply and demand, and in the maintenance of hydraulic efficiency. NSCs are stored in parenchyma of woody organs, which is recognized as a proxy for reserve storage capacity of tree. Notwithstanding the importance of NSCs for tree physiology, their long-term regulation and trade-offs against growth were not deeply investigated. This work evaluated the long-term dynamics of mature tree reserves in stem and root, proxied by parenchyma features, and focusing on the trade off and interplay between the resources allocation in radial growth and reserves in stem and coarse root. In a Mediterranean beech forest, NSCs content, stem and root wood anatomy analysis, and eddy covariance data, were combined. The parenchyma fraction (RAP) of beech root and stem was different, due to differences in axial parenchyma (AP) and narrow ray parenchyma (nRP) fractions. However, these parenchyma components and radial growth showed synchronous inter-annual dynamics between the two organs. In beech stem, positive correlations were found among soluble sugars content and nRP, and among starch content and the AP. Positive correlations were found among Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) and AP of both organs. In contrast, NEE was negatively correlated to radial growth of root and stem. Our results suggest a different contribution of stem and roots to reserves storage, and a putative partitioning in the functional roles of parenchyma components. Moreover, a long-term trade-off of C allocation between growth and reserve pool was evidenced. Indeed, in case of C source reduction, trees preferentially allocate C towards reserves pool. Conversely, in high productive years, growth represents the major C sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Rezaie
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), Via P. Castellino n. 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ettore D'Andrea
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano (TR), Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Prislan
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano (TR), Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano (TR), Italy
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano (TR), Italy
| | - Simona Proietti
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano (TR), Italy
| | - Giorgio Matteucci
- Institute for BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBE), via Madonna del Piano, 10 - 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
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Soheili F, Abdul-Hamid H, Almasi I, Heydari M, Tongo A, Woodward S, Naji HR. How Tree Decline Varies the Anatomical Features in Quercus brantii. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:377. [PMID: 36679089 PMCID: PMC9866467 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Drought has serious effects on forests, especially semi-arid and arid forests, around the world. Zagros Forest in Iran has been severely affected by drought, which has led to the decline of the most common tree species, Persian oak (Quercus brantii). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of drought on the anatomical structure of Persian oak. Three healthy and three declined trees were sampled from each of two forest sites in Ilam Forest. Discs were cut at breast height, and three sapwood blocks were taken near the bark of each tree for sectioning. The anatomical characteristics measured included fiber length (FL), fiber wall thickness (FWT), number of axial parenchymal cells (NPC), ray number (RN), ray width (RW), and number of calcium oxalate crystals. Differences between healthy and declined trees were observed in the abundance of NPC and in RN, FL, and FWT, while no differences occurred in the number of oxalate crystals. The decline had uncertain effects on the FL of trees from sites A and B, which showed values of 700.5 and 837.3 μm compared with 592.7 and 919.6 μm in healthy trees. However, the decline resulted in an increase in the FWT of trees from sites A and B (9.33 and 11.53 μm) compared with healthy trees (5.23 and 9.56 μm). NPC, RN, and RW also increased in declined individuals from sites A and B (28.40 and 28.40 mm−1; 41.06 and 48.60 mm−1; 18.60 and 23.20 μm, respectively) compared with healthy trees (20.50 and 19.63 mm−2; 31.60 and 28.30 mm−2; 17.93 and 15.30 μm, respectively). Thus, drought caused measurable changes in the anatomical characteristics of declined trees compared with healthy trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Soheili
- Department of Forest Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam 67187-73654, Iran
| | - Hazandy Abdul-Hamid
- Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Isaac Almasi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Statistics, Razi University, Kermanshah 67144-14971, Iran
| | - Mehdi Heydari
- Department of Forest Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam 67187-73654, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Tongo
- Department of Forest Science and Engineering, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari 48181-68984, Iran
| | - Stephen Woodward
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Hamid Reza Naji
- Department of Forest Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam 67187-73654, Iran
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28
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Yang D, Pereira L, Peng G, Ribeiro RV, Kaack L, Jansen S, Tyree MT. A unit pipe pneumatic model to simulate gas kinetics during measurements of embolism in excised angiosperm xylem. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:88-101. [PMID: 36049079 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pneumatic method has been introduced to quantify embolism resistance in plant xylem of various organs by applying a partial vacuum to cut-open xylem. Despite the similarity in vulnerability curves between the pneumatic and other methods, a modeling approach is needed to investigate if changes in xylem embolism during dehydration can be accurately quantified based on gas diffusion kinetics. Therefore, a unit pipe pneumatic (UPPn) model was developed to estimate gas extraction from intact conduits, which were axially interconnected by inter-conduit pit membranes to cut-open conduits. The physical laws used included Fick's law for diffusion, Henry's law for gas concentration partitioning between liquid and gas phases at equilibrium and the ideal gas law. The UPPn model showed that 91% of the extracted gas came from the first five series of embolized, intact conduits and only 9% from the aqueous phase after 15 s of simulation. Considering alternative gas sources, embolism resistance measured with a pneumatron device was systematically overestimated by 2-17%, which corresponded to a typical measuring error of 0.11 MPa for P50 (the water potential equivalent to 50% of the maximum amount of gas extracted). It is concluded that pneumatic vulnerability curves directly measure embolism of intact conduits due to the fast movement of gas across interconduit pit membranes, while gas extraction from sap and diffusion across hydrated cell walls is about 100 times slower. We expect that the UPPn model will also contribute to the understanding of embolism propagation based on temporal gas dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Yang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 6109, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - Guoquan Peng
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Rafael V Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 6109, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - Melvin T Tyree
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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Santos GM, Albuquerque RP, Barros CF, Ancapichún S, Oelkers R, Andreu-Hayles L, de Faria SM, De Pol-Holz R, das Neves Brandes AF. High-precision 14C measurements of parenchyma-rich Hymenolobium petraeum tree species confirm bomb-peak atmospheric levels and reveal local fossil-fuel CO 2 emissions in the Central Amazon. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113994. [PMID: 35931185 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric radiocarbon (14C) recorded in tree rings has been widely used for atmospheric 14C calibration purposes and climate studies. But atmospheric 14C records have been limited along tropical latitudes. Here we report a sequence from 1938 to 2007 of precisely measured 14C dates in tree rings of the parenchyma-rich Hymenolobium petraeum tree species (Porto Trombetas, 1°S, 56°W) from the Central Brazilian Amazon. H. petraeum has discernible growth ring boundaries that allow dating techniques to be employed to produce calendrical dates. Bomb-peak tree-ring 14C reconstruction coincides with the broader changes associated with reported values of the Southern Hemisphere atmospheric 14C curve (SH zone 3; values within the ±2σ interval), suggesting that inter-hemispheric air-mass transport of excess-14C injected into the stratosphere during intensive atmospheric nuclear tests is relatively uniform across distinct longitudinal regions. From the early 1980s onwards, H. petraeum had lower 14C values than other pantropical 14C records. Through 14C-based estimation, we found a strong influence of fossil-fuel CO2 contributions from Porto Trombetas mining operations and shipping traffic on inland waterways. An increase of at least 6.3 ± 0.8 ppm of fossil-fuel CO2 has been detected by 14C. Our findings invite further 14C analyses using tree rings of tropical tree species as a potential tracer for a wide range of environmental sources of atmospheric 14C-variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guaciara M Santos
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-3100, USA.
| | - Rafael Perpétuo Albuquerque
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Franca Barros
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Santiago Ancapichún
- Centro de Investigación GAIA Antártica (CIGA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Postgraduate School in Oceanography, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Rose Oelkers
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Laia Andreu-Hayles
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA; CREAF, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Miana de Faria
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Agrobiologia, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Seropédica, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo De Pol-Holz
- Centro de Investigación GAIA Antártica (CIGA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Arno Fritz das Neves Brandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, 24210-201, Brazil.
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Yin L, Jiang X, Ma L, Liu S, He T, Jiao L, Yin Y, Yao L, Guo J. Anatomical adaptions of pits in two types of ray parenchyma cells in Populus tomentosa during the xylem differentiation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 278:153830. [PMID: 36195007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pits in ray parenchyma cells are important to understand the functional anatomy of the ray parenchyma network in the xylem but have been less studied. Herein, pits in two types of ray parenchyma cells, contact cells and isolation cells, across different developmental stages were qualitatively studied using 48-year-old Populus tomentosa trees. The timing of differentiation and death was determined by histochemical staining and polarized light microscopy. The dimension, shape and density of pits as well as cell wall thickness were measured using SEM and optical microscopy images of semi-thin radial sections and macerated ray parenchyma cells, and analyzed by multi-factor analyses of variance. Results showed that secondary wall thickening and lignification of contact cells begun near the cambium, contrarily those of isolation cells have started until the transition zone. But even in the sapwood, contact cell walls were still much thinner than isolation cell walls. Moreover, district anatomical adaptions of pits during the xylem differentiation were present between horizontal walls and tangential walls, between contact cells and isolation cells. Ray pits were simple to slightly bordered, whereas sieve-like pits were only shown on tangential walls of isolation cells. Pit density of horizontal walls was similar between contact cells and isolation cells, nevertheless greater pits were present on tangential walls, especially for isolation cells. In addition, pits of ray parenchyma cells in the heartwood were smaller and more bordered than those in the sapwood, particularly on the horizontal walls. Moreover, isolation cells had pits with the smaller dimensions, greater pits on the tangential walls, more bordered pits on horizontal walls, as well as longer and narrower cell morphology with much thicker cell walls than contact cells. To a certain extent, all these anatomical adaptations were developed to ensure distinct functions of the two types of ray parenchyma cells in the xylem and finally to support tree growth in demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yin
- College of Material Science and Art Design, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Lingyu Ma
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Shoujia Liu
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Tuo He
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Lichao Jiao
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yafang Yin
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Lihong Yao
- College of Material Science and Art Design, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China.
| | - Juan Guo
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing, 100091, China.
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31
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Gimeno TE, Stangl ZR, Barbeta A, Saavedra N, Wingate L, Devert N, Marshall JD. Water taken up through the bark is detected in the transpiration stream in intact upper-canopy branches. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:3219-3232. [PMID: 35922889 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alternative water uptake pathways through leaves and bark complement water supply with interception, fog or dew. Bark water-uptake contributes to embolism-repair, as demonstrated in cut branches. We tested whether bark water-uptake could also contribute to supplement xylem-water for transpiration. We applied bandages injected with 2 H-enriched water on intact upper-canopy branches of Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica in a boreal and in a temperate forest, in summer and winter, and monitored transpiration and online isotopic composition (δ2 H and δ18 O) of water vapour, before sampling for analyses of δ2 H and δ18 O in tissue waters. Xylem, bark and leaf waters from segments downstream from the bandages were 2 H-enriched whereas δ18 O was similar to controls. Transpiration was positively correlated with 2 H-enrichment. Isotopic compositions of transpiration and xylem water allowed us to calculate isotopic exchange through the bark via vapour exchange, which was negligible in comparison to estimated bark water-uptake, suggesting that water-uptake occurred via liquid phase. Results were consistent across species, forests and seasons, indicating that bark water-uptake may be more ubiquitous than previously considered. We suggest that water taken up through the bark could be incorporated into the transpiration stream, which could imply that sap-flow measurements underestimate transpiration when bark is wet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa E Gimeno
- CREAF, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa, Spain
| | - Zsofia R Stangl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Adrià Barbeta
- BEECA, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Noelia Saavedra
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - John D Marshall
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
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32
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Dória LC, Sonsin-Oliveira J, Rossi S, Marcati CR. Functional trade-offs in volume allocation to xylem cell types in 75 species from the Brazilian savanna Cerrado. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:445-456. [PMID: 35863898 PMCID: PMC9486921 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Xylem is a crucial tissue for plant survival, performing the functions of water transport, mechanical support and storage. Functional trade-offs are a result of the different assemblages of xylem cell types within a certain wood volume. We assessed how the volume allocated to different xylem cell types can be associated with wood functional trade-offs (hydraulics, mechanical and storage) in species from the Cerrado, the Brazilian savanna. We also assessed the xylem anatomical characters linked to wood density across species. METHODS We analysed cross-sections of branches collected from 75 woody species belonging to 42 angiosperm families from the Cerrado. We estimated the wood volume fraction allocated to different cell types and performed measurements of vessel diameter and wood density. KEY RESULTS The largest volume of wood is allocated to fibres (0.47), followed by parenchyma (0.33) and vessels (0.20). Wood density is positively correlated to cell wall (fibre and vessel wall), and negatively to the fractions of fibre lumen and gelatinous fibres. We observed a trade-off between hydraulics (vessel diameter) and mechanics (cell wall fraction), and between mechanics and storage (parenchyma fraction). The expected positive functional relationships between hydraulics (vessel diameter) and water and carbohydrate storage (parenchyma and fibre lumen fractions) were not detected, though larger vessels are linked to a larger wood volume allocated to gelatinous fibres. CONCLUSIONS Woody species from the Cerrado show evidence of functional trade-offs between water transport, mechanical support and storage. Gelatinous fibres might be potentially linked to water storage and release by their positive relationship to increased vessel diameter, thus replacing the functional role of parenchyma and fibre lumen cells. Species can profit from the increased mechanical strength under tension provided by the presence of gelatinous fibres, avoiding expensive investments in high wood density.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Sonsin-Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasilia (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Carmen Regina Marcati
- Departamento de Ciência Florestal, Solos e Ambiente, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Avenida Universitária, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Current Understanding of the Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Wood Formation in Plants. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071181. [PMID: 35885964 PMCID: PMC9319765 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike herbaceous plants, woody plants undergo volumetric growth (a.k.a. secondary growth) through wood formation, during which the secondary xylem (i.e., wood) differentiates from the vascular cambium. Wood is the most abundant biomass on Earth and, by absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide, functions as one of the largest carbon sinks. As a sustainable and eco-friendly energy source, lignocellulosic biomass can help address environmental pollution and the global climate crisis. Studies of Arabidopsis and poplar as model plants using various emerging research tools show that the formation and proliferation of the vascular cambium and the differentiation of xylem cells require the modulation of multiple signals, including plant hormones, transcription factors, and signaling peptides. In this review, we summarize the latest knowledge on the molecular mechanism of wood formation, one of the most important biological processes on Earth.
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Hietz P, Rungwattana K, Scheffknecht S, George JP. Effects of Provenance, Growing Site, and Growth on Quercus robur Wood Anatomy and Density in a 12-Year-Old Provenance Trial. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:795941. [PMID: 35574121 PMCID: PMC9100569 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.795941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vessels are responsible for an efficient and safe water transport in angiosperm xylem. Whereas large vessels efficiently conduct the bulk of water, small vessels might be important under drought stress or after winter when large vessels are embolized. Wood anatomy can adjust to the environment by plastic adaptation, but is also modified by genetic selection, which can be driven by climate or other factors. To distinguish between plastic and genetic components on wood anatomy, we used a Quercus robur trial where trees from ten Central European provenances were planted in three locations in Austria along a rainfall gradient. Because wood anatomy also adjusts to tree size and in ring-porous species, the vessel size depends on the amount of latewood and thereby ring width, we included tree size and ring width in the analysis. We found that the trees' provenance had a significant effect on average vessel area (VA), theoretical specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks), and the vessel fraction (VF), but correlations with annual rainfall of provenances were at best weak. The trial site had a strong effect on growth (ring width, RW), which increased from the driest to the wettest site and wood density (WD), which increased from wet to dry sites. Significant site x provenance interactions were seen only for WD. Surprisingly, the drier site had higher VA, higher VF, and higher Ks. This, however, is mainly a result of greater RW and thus a greater proportion of latewood in the wetter forest. The average size of vessels > 70 μm diameter increased with rainfall. We argue that Ks, which is measured per cross-sectional area, is not an ideal parameter to compare the capacity of ring-porous trees to supply leaves with water. Small vessels (<70 μm) on average contributed only 1.4% to Ks, and we found no evidence that their number or size was adaptive to aridity. RW and tree size had strong effect on all vessel parameters, likely via the greater proportion of latewood in wide rings. This should be accounted for when searching for wood anatomical adaptations to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hietz
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kanin Rungwattana
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Susanne Scheffknecht
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan-Peter George
- Department of Forest Genetics, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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35
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Lourenço J, Enquist BJ, von Arx G, Sonsin-Oliveira J, Morino K, Thomaz LD, Milanez CRD. Hydraulic tradeoffs underlie local variation in tropical forest functional diversity and sensitivity to drought. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:50-63. [PMID: 34981534 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests are important to the regulation of climate and the maintenance of biodiversity on Earth. However, these ecosystems are threatened by climate change, as temperatures rise and droughts' frequency and duration increase. Xylem anatomical traits are an essential component in understanding and predicting forest responses to changes in water availability. We calculated the community-weighted means and variances of xylem anatomical traits of hydraulic and structural importance (plot-level trait values weighted by species abundance) to assess their linkages to local adaptation and community assembly in response to varying soil water conditions in an environmentally diverse Brazilian Atlantic Forest habitat. Scaling approaches revealed community-level tradeoffs in xylem traits not observed at the species level. Towards drier sites, xylem structural reinforcement and integration balanced against hydraulic efficiency and capacitance xylem traits, leading to changes in plant community diversity. We show how general community assembly rules are reflected in persistent fiber-parenchyma and xylem hydraulic tradeoffs. Trait variation across a moisture gradient is larger between species than within species and is realized mainly through changes in species composition and abundance, suggesting habitat specialization. Modeling efforts to predict tropical forest diversity and drought sensitivity may benefit from adding hydraulic architecture traits into the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehová Lourenço
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geography, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Julia Sonsin-Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação (PPG) em Botânica, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - Universidade de Brasília - UNB, Brasília, DF, 70919-970, Brazil
| | - Kiyomi Morino
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Luciana Dias Thomaz
- Herbário VIES, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Camilla Rozindo Dias Milanez
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
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36
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Yu M, Aoki D, Akita T, Fujiyasu S, Takada S, Matsushita Y, Yoshida M, Fukushima K. Distribution of lignans and lignan mono/diglucosides within Ginkgo biloba L. stem. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 196:113102. [PMID: 35063795 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms of lignans in plants, the actual distributions of lignans and lignan glucosides in flash-frozen stems of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) were studied using cryo time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry coupled with scanning electron microscopy (cryo-TOF-SIMS/SEM). Four lignans and four lignan glucosides were successfully characterized. Quantitative HPLC measurements were conducted on serial tangential sections of freeze-fixed ginkgo stem to determine the amount and approximate distribution of lignan and lignan glucosides. (-)-Olivil 4,4'-di-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (olivil DG) was the most abundant lignan glucoside in ginkgo and was distributed mainly in the phloem, ray parenchyma cells, and pith. The comparative accumulation of olivil DG revealed its possible transport pathways and storage sites in ginkgo. Although not all relevant enzymes have been identified, understanding the distributions of lignan and lignan glucosides in ginkgo stems provides significant insight into their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yu
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Dan Aoki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Takuya Akita
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Syunya Fujiyasu
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Takada
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Matsushita
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan; Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masato Yoshida
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Fukushima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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Salomón RL, De Roo L, Oleksyn J, Steppe K. Mechanistic drivers of stem respiration: A modelling exercise across species and seasons. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1270-1285. [PMID: 34914118 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stem respiration (RS ) plays a crucial role in plant carbon budgets. However, its poor understanding limits our ability to model woody tissue and whole-tree respiration. A biophysical model of stem water and carbon fluxes (TReSpire) was calibrated on cedar, maple and oak trees during spring and late summer. For this, stem sap flow, water potential, diameter variation, temperature, CO2 efflux, allometry and biochemistry were monitored. Shoot photosynthesis (PN ) and nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) were additionally measured to evaluate source-sink relations. The highest RS and stem growth was found in maple and oak during spring, both being seasonally decoupled from PN and [NSC]. Temperature largely affected maintenance respiration (RM ) in the short term, but temperature-normalized RM was highly variable on a seasonal timescale. Overall, most of the respired CO2 radially diffused to the atmosphere (>87%) while the remainder was transported upward with the transpiration stream. The modelling exercise highlights the sink-driven behaviour of RS and the significance of overall metabolic activity on nitrogen (N) allocation patterns and N-normalized respiratory costs to capture RS variability over the long term. These insights should be considered when modelling plant respiration, whose representation is currently biased towards a better understanding of leaf metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto L Salomón
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Sistemas Naturales e Historia Forestal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Linus De Roo
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, Körnik, Poland
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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38
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Zhang G, Mao Z, Fortunel C, Martínez-Vilalta J, Viennois G, Maillard P, Stokes A. Parenchyma fractions drive the storage capacity of nonstructural carbohydrates across a broad range of tree species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:535-549. [PMID: 35266560 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) play a key role in tree performance and functioning and are stored in radial and axial parenchyma (RAP) cells. Whether this relationship is altered among species and climates or is linked to functional traits describing xylem structure (wood density) and tree stature is not known. METHODS In a systematic review, we collated data for NSC content and the proportion of RAP in stems for 68 tree species. To examine the relationships of NSCs and RAP with climatic factors and other functional traits, we also collected climatic data at each tree's location, as well as wood density and maximum height. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to examine the influence of species' evolutionary relationships on the associations among NSCs, RAP, and functional traits. RESULTS Across all 68 tree species, NSCs were positively correlated with RAP and mean annual temperature, but relationships were only weakly significant in temperate species and angiosperms. When separating RAP into radial parenchyma (RP) and axial parenchyma (AP), both NSCs and wood density were positively correlated with RP but not with AP. Wood in taller trees was less dense and had lower RAP than in shorter trees, but height was not related to NSCs. CONCLUSIONS In trees, NSCs are stored mostly in the RP fraction, which has a larger surface area in warmer climates. Additionally, NSCs were only weakly linked to wood density and tree height. Our analysis of evolutionary relationships demonstrated that RAP fractions and NSC content were always closely related across all 68 tree species, suggesting that RAP can act as a reliable proxy for potential NSC storage capacity in tree stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqi Zhang
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Zhun Mao
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Fortunel
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gaëlle Viennois
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Pascale Maillard
- SILVA, INRAE, Université de Lorraine, Agroparistech, Centre de Recherche Grand-Est Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Alexia Stokes
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France
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Zheng J, Li Y, Morris H, Vandelook F, Jansen S. Variation in Tracheid Dimensions of Conifer Xylem Reveals Evidence of Adaptation to Environmental Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:774241. [PMID: 35251072 PMCID: PMC8893226 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.774241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Globally distributed extant conifer species must adapt to various environmental conditions, which would be reflected in their xylem structure, especially in the tracheid characteristics of earlywood and latewood. With an anatomical trait dataset of 78 conifer species growing throughout China, an interspecific study within a phylogenetic context was conducted to quantify variance of tracheid dimensions and their response to climatic and soil conditions. There was a significant difference in tracheid diameter between earlywood and latewood while no significant difference was detected in tracheid wall thickness through a phylogenetically paired t-test. Through a phylogenetic principle component analysis, Pinaceae species were found to be strongly divergent in their tracheid structure in contrast to a conservative tracheid structure in species of Cupressaceae, Taxaceae, and Podocarpaceae. Tracheid wall thickness decreased from high to low latitudes in both earlywood and latewood, with tracheid diameter decreasing for latewood only. According to the most parsimonious phylogenetic general least square models, environment and phylogeny together could explain about 21∼56% of tracheid structure variance. Our results provide insights into the effects of climate and soil on the xylem structure of conifer species thus furthering our understanding of the trees' response to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingming Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Resources and Ecosystem Processes, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yajin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Resources and Ecosystem Processes, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hugh Morris
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Filip Vandelook
- Living Collections Department, Meise Botanic Garden, Meise, Belgium
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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40
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Kawai K, Minagi K, Nakamura T, Saiki ST, Yazaki K, Ishida A. Parenchyma underlies the interspecific variation of xylem hydraulics and carbon storage across 15 woody species on a subtropical island in Japan. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:337-350. [PMID: 34328187 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Parenchyma is an important component of the secondary xylem. It has multiple functions and its fraction is known to vary substantially across angiosperm species. However, the physiological significance of this variation is not yet fully understood. Here, we examined how different types of parenchyma (ray parenchyma [RP], axial parenchyma [AP] and AP in direct contact with vessels [APV]) are coordinated with three essential xylem functions: water conduction, storage of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) and mechanical support. Using branch sapwood of 15 co-occurring drought-adapted woody species from the subtropical Bonin Islands, Japan, we quantified 10 xylem anatomical traits and examined their linkages to hydraulic properties, storage of soluble sugars and starch and sapwood density. The fractions of APV and AP in the xylem transverse sections were positively correlated with the percentage loss of conductivity in the native condition, whereas that of RP was negatively correlated with the maximum conductivity across species. Axial and ray parenchyma fractions were positively associated with concentrations of starch and NSC. The fraction of parenchyma was independent of sapwood density, regardless of parenchyma type. We also identified a negative relationship between hydraulic conductivity and NSC storage and sapwood density, mirroring the negative relationship between the fractions of parenchyma and vessels. These results suggest that parenchyma fraction underlies species variation in xylem hydraulic and carbon use strategies, wherein xylem with a high fraction of AP may adopt an embolism repair strategy through an increased starch storage with low cavitation resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyosada Kawai
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2 509-3 Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan
- Forestry Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Ohwashi 1-1 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
| | - Kanji Minagi
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2 509-3 Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nakamura
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2 509-3 Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan
| | - Shin-Taro Saiki
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yazaki
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
- Soil-Plant Ecosystem Group, Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hitsujigaoka 7, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8516, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishida
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2 509-3 Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan
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41
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Barbeta A, Burlett R, Martín-Gómez P, Fréjaville B, Devert N, Wingate L, Domec JC, Ogée J. Evidence for distinct isotopic compositions of sap and tissue water in tree stems: consequences for plant water source identification. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1121-1132. [PMID: 34767646 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The long-standing hypothesis that the isotopic composition of plant stem water reflects that of source water is being challenged by studies reporting bulk water from woody stems with an isotopic composition that cannot be attributed to any potential water source. The mechanism behind such source-stem water isotopic offsets is still poorly understood. Using a novel technique to extract selectively sap water from xylem conduits, we show that, in cut stems and potted plants, the isotopic composition of sap water reflects that of irrigation water, demonstrating unambiguously that no isotopic fractionation occurs during root water uptake or sap water extraction. By contrast, water in nonconductive xylem tissues is always depleted in deuterium compared with sap water, irrespective of wood anatomy. Previous studies have shown that isotopic heterogeneity also exists in soils at the pore scale in which water adsorbed onto soil particles is more depleted in deuterium than unbound water. Data collected at a riparian forest indicated that sap water matches best unbound soil water from depth below -70 cm, while bulk stem and soil water differ markedly. We conclude that source-stem isotopic offsets can be explained by micrometre-scale heterogeneity in the isotope ratios of water within woody stems and soil micro-pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Barbeta
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISPA, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
- BEECA, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain
| | - Régis Burlett
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, Pessac, 33615, France
| | | | | | - Nicolas Devert
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISPA, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
| | - Lisa Wingate
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISPA, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
| | | | - Jérôme Ogée
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISPA, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
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42
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Influence of Colder Temperature on the Axial and Radial Parenchyma Fraction of Quercus ciliaris C.C.Huang & Y.T.Chang Wood and Its Relationship with Carbohydrate Reserve (NSC). FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parenchyma in the secondary xylem comprises the main tissue for the storage of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in woody plants. Across species, the amount of parenchyma depends on the general environment of the distribution area and determines to a large extent the NSC storage. However, little information is available on the relationship between parenchyma fractions, NSC storage, and the environmental influences within individual species. This information is crucial to assessing the adaptive capacities of tree populations in the context of increasing the frequency and severity of stress-inducing events. In this study, parenchyma fractions and NSC concentrations of the secondary xylem in trunks of a subtropical evergreen oak (Quercus ciliaris C.C.Huang & Y.T.Chang) were quantified along an elevational gradient from 700 m to 1200 m a.s.l. in eastern China. Air temperatures within the distribution area correlated with altitude were recorded. The results showed that the total parenchyma fractions did not covary with the colder temperatures. However, axial parenchyma fractions were lower with a colder climate, while the fractions of multiseriate rays and total ray parenchyma were higher. Higher concentrations of starch and NSC were significantly associated with larger axial parenchyma fractions. The sugar concentration displayed no significant relationship with parenchyma fractions. These findings suggest that the total parenchyma fractions in secondary xylem do not increase in response to a colder climate, while colder temperatures drive changes in the composition of parenchyma for Q. ciliaris.
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43
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Hydraulic Function Analysis of Conifer Xylem Based on a Model Incorporating Tracheids, Bordered Pits, and Cross-Field Pits. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Wood has a highly complex and anisotropic structure. Its xylem characteristics are key in determining the hydraulic properties of plants to transport water efficiently and safely, as well as the permeability in the process of wood impregnation modification. Previous studies on the relationship between the xylem structure and hydraulic conductivity of conifer have mainly focused on tracheids and bordered pits, with only a few focusing on the conduction model of cross-field pits which connect tracheids and rays. This study takes the xylem structure of conifer as an example, drawing an analogy between water flow under tension and electric current, and extends the model to the tissue scale, including cross-field pits by establishing isometric scaling. The structure parameters were collected by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The improved model can quantify the important hydraulic functional characteristics of xylem only by measuring the more easily obtained tracheid section size. Then, this model was applied to quantify the relationship between the xylem anatomical structure and hydraulic properties in the pine (Pinus sylvestris L. var. mongholica Litv.) and the spruce (Picea koraiensis Nakai), and also to evaluate the effects of the number and size of cross-field pits on xylem conduction. The results showed that the growth ring conduction value of the pine was more than twice that of the spruce for the two tree species with similar growth widths in this study. The tracheid wall resistance of the pine reflected the result of the interaction of the size and number of cross-field pits, in comparison, the wall resistance of the spruce was more sensitive to the number of cross-field pits. Finally, the calculation output of the new model was cross-validated with the literature, which verified the accuracy and effectiveness of the model. This study provides an effective and complete solution for xylem conductivity measurement and the study of wood ecophysiological diversity and processing.
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44
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Treydte K, Lehmann MM, Wyczesany T, Pfautsch S. Radial and axial water movement in adult trees recorded by stable isotope tracing. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:2248-2261. [PMID: 34100071 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of trees to release water from storage compartments into the transpiration stream can mitigate damage to hydraulic functioning. However, the location of these 'transient' water sources and also the pathways of water movement other than vertical through tree stems still remain poorly understood. We conducted an experiment on two tree species in a common garden in eastern Australia that naturally grow in regions of high (Eucalyptus tereticornis, 'Red Gum') and low (Eucalyptus sideroxylon, 'Ironbark') annual precipitation rates. Deuterium-enriched water (1350% label strength) was directly introduced into the transpiration stream of three trees per species for four consecutive days. Subsequently, the trees were felled, woody tissue samples were collected from different heights and azimuthal positions of the stems, and stable isotope ratios were determined on the water extracted from all samples. The presence/absence of the tracer along the radial and vertical stem axes in combination with xylem hydraulic properties inferred from sapflow, leaf and stem water potentials, wood moisture contents and anatomical sapwood characteristics elucidated species-specific patterns of short-term stem water storage and movement. The distribution of water isotopes at natural abundance among woody tissues indicated systematic differences with highest values of sapwood water and lower values in inner bark and heartwood. Presence of tracer in water of the inner bark highlighted the importance of this tissue as capacitor. Although injected at the northern side of stems, tracer was also discovered at the southern side, providing empirical evidence for circumferential flow in sapwood, particularly of Ironbark. Greater vertical water transport in Red Gum compared with more radial and circumferential water transport in Ironbark were associated with species-specific sapwood anatomy. Our study highlights the value of combining information from stable isotope tracers and wood anatomy to investigate patterns of water transport and storage of tall trees in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Treydte
- Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marco M Lehmann
- Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Tomasz Wyczesany
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Sebastian Pfautsch
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Urban Studies, School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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45
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Salomón RL, De Roo L, Bodé S, Boeckx P, Steppe K. Efflux and assimilation of xylem-transported CO 2 in stems and leaves of tree species with different wood anatomy. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3494-3508. [PMID: 33822389 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Determining the fate of CO2 respired in woody tissues is necessary to understand plant respiratory physiology and to evaluate CO2 recycling mechanisms. An aqueous 13 C-enriched CO2 solution was infused into the stem of 3-4 m tall trees to estimate efflux and assimilation of xylem-transported CO2 via cavity ring-down laser spectroscopy and isotope ratio mass spectrometry, respectively. Different tree locations (lower stem, upper stem and leafy shoots) and tissues (xylem, bark and leaves) were monitored in species with tracheid, diffuse- and ring-porous wood anatomy (cedar, maple and oak, respectively). Radial xylem CO2 diffusivity and xylem [CO2 ] were lower in cedar relative to maple and oak trees, thereby limiting label diffusion. Part of the labeled 13 CO2 was assimilated in cedar (8.7%) and oak (20.6%) trees, mostly in xylem and bark tissues of the stem, while limited solution uptake in maple trees hindered the detection of label assimilation. Little label reached foliar tissues, suggesting substantial label loss along the stem-branch transition following reductions in the radial diffusive pathway. Differences in respiration rates and radial xylem CO2 diffusivity (lower in conifer relative to angiosperm species) might reconcile discrepancies in efflux and assimilation of xylem-transported CO2 so far observed between taxonomic clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Luis Salomón
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Grupo de Investigación Sistemas Naturales e Historia Forestal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Linus De Roo
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Samuel Bodé
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory-ISOFYS, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory-ISOFYS, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Stem and Leaf Anatomy of Aragoa (Plantaginaceae): In Search of Lost Rays. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10091773. [PMID: 34579306 PMCID: PMC8471586 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aragoa is a shrubby genus endemic to páramo in the northern Andes representing the sister group to Plantago and Limosella. Stem and leaf structure of Aragoa corrugatifolia were studied to clarify the evolutionary pathways and ecological significance of their anatomical traits. Aragoa and Plantago share a non-fascicular primary vascular system, rayless wood and secondary phloem, and anomocytic stomata. Aragoa is distinctive from most Plantaginaceae in the presence of cortical aerenchyma and of helical thickenings in vessels. Its procambium emerges in the primary meristem ring as a continuous cylinder. The view on the ring meristem and procambial strands as developmental stages in the formation of a primary vascular system is not relevant for Aragoa, and probably for other Plantaginaceae. The raylessness is synapomorphic for the crown clade of Plantaginaceae comprising Aragoa, Littorella, Plantago, Veronica, Picrorhiza, Wulfenia, and Veronicastrum. The loss of rays is thought to be predetermined by procambium rather than by the vascular cambium. The extremely narrow vessels with helical thickenings are presumably adaptive to hydric and thermic conditions of páramo. Cortical aerenchyma is thought to be a response to the local hypoxia caused by the water retained by ericoid leaves. Trichomes on juvenile leaves are expected to be the traits of considerable taxonomic importance.
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47
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Trade-offs among transport, support, and storage in xylem from shrubs in a semiarid chaparral environment tested with structural equation modeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2104336118. [PMID: 34389676 PMCID: PMC8379947 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104336118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant vascular systems play a central role in global water and carbon cycles and drought resistance. These vascular systems perform multiple functions that affect the fitness of plants, and trade-offs are present among these functions. Some trade-offs are well established, but studies have not examined the full suite of functions of these complex systems. Here, we used a powerful multivariate method, structural equation modeling, to test hypotheses about the trade-offs that govern this vital and globally important tissue. We show that xylem traits are broadly governed by trade-offs related to transport, mechanical support, and storage, which are rooted in cellular structure, and that the level of dehydration experienced by plants in the field exerts a strong influence over these relationships. The xylem in plants is specialized to transport water, mechanically support the plant body, and store water and carbohydrates. Balancing these functions leads to trade-offs that are linked to xylem structure. We proposed a multivariate hypothesis regarding the main xylem functions and tested it using structural equation modeling. We sampled 29 native shrub species from field sites in semiarid Southern California. We quantified xylem water transport (embolism resistance and transport efficiency), mechanical strength, storage of water (capacitance) and starch, minimum hydrostatic pressures (Pmin), and proportions of fibers, vessels, and parenchyma, which were treated as a latent variable representing “cellular trade-offs.” We found that xylem functions (transport, mechanical support, water storage, and starch storage) were independent, a result driven by Pmin. Pmin was strongly and directly or indirectly associated with all xylem functions as a hub trait. More negative Pmin was associated with increased embolism resistance and tissue strength and reduced capacitance and starch storage. We found strong support for a trade-off between embolism resistance and transport efficiency. Tissue strength was not directly associated with embolism resistance or transport efficiency, and any associations were indirect involving Pmin. With Pmin removed from the model, cellular trade-offs were central and related to all other traits. We conclude that xylem traits are broadly governed by functional trade-offs and that the Pmin experienced by plants in the field exerts a strong influence over these relationships. Angiosperm xylem contains different cell types that contribute to different functions and that underpin trade-offs.
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Lubbe FC, Klimešová J, Henry HAL. Winter belowground: Changing winters and the perennating organs of herbaceous plants. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Třeboň Czech Republic
- Department of Botany Faculty of Science Charles University Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Hugh A. L. Henry
- Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
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Słupianek A, Dolzblasz A, Sokołowska K. Xylem Parenchyma-Role and Relevance in Wood Functioning in Trees. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1247. [PMID: 34205276 PMCID: PMC8235782 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Woody plants are characterised by a highly complex vascular system, wherein the secondary xylem (wood) is responsible for the axial transport of water and various substances. Previous studies have focused on the dead conductive elements in this heterogeneous tissue. However, the living xylem parenchyma cells, which constitute a significant functional fraction of the wood tissue, have been strongly neglected in studies on tree biology. Although there has recently been increased research interest in xylem parenchyma cells, the mechanisms that operate in these cells are poorly understood. Therefore, the present review focuses on selected roles of xylem parenchyma and its relevance in wood functioning. In addition, to elucidate the importance of xylem parenchyma, we have compiled evidence supporting the hypothesis on the significance of parenchyma cells in tree functioning and identified the key unaddressed questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Słupianek
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland; (A.D.); (K.S.)
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Lubbe FC, Klimeš A, Doležal J, Jandová V, Mudrák O, Janeček Š, Bartušková A, Klimešová J. Carbohydrate storage in herbs: the forgotten functional dimension of the plant economic spectrum. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:813-825. [PMID: 33595601 PMCID: PMC8103809 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although the plant economic spectrum seeks to explain resource allocation strategies, carbohydrate storage is often omitted. Belowground storage organs are the centre of herb perennation, yet little is known about the role of their turnover, anatomy and carbohydrate storage in relation to the aboveground economic spectrum. METHODS We collected aboveground traits associated with the economic spectrum, storage organ turnover traits, storage organ inner structure traits and storage carbohydrate concentrations for ~80 temperate meadow species. KEY RESULTS The suites of belowground traits were largely independent of one another, but there was significant correlation of the aboveground traits with both inner structure and storage carbohydrates. Anatomical traits diverged according to leaf nitrogen concentration on the one hand and vessel area and dry matter content on the other; carbohydrates separated along gradients of leaf nitrogen concentration and plant height. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to our expectations, aboveground traits and not storage organ turnover were correlated with anatomy and storage carbohydrates. Belowground traits associated with the aboveground economic spectrum also did not fall clearly within the fast-slow economic continuum, thus indicating the presence of a more complicated economic space. Our study implies that the generally overlooked role of storage within the plant economic spectrum represents an important dimension of plant strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Curtis Lubbe
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, Dukelská, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Klimeš
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, Dukelská, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Doležal
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, Dukelská, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlaté stoce, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Jandová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, Dukelská, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlaté stoce, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Mudrák
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, Dukelská, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Janeček
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Bartušková
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, Dukelská, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, Dukelská, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská, Praha, Czech Republic
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