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Muñoz-Vargas MA, González-Gordo S, Taboada J, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Activity and gene expression analysis of the NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-ICDH) through pepper fruit ripening and its modulation by nitric oxide (NO). Molecular characterization of the peroxisomal isozyme. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024:112269. [PMID: 39313003 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-ICDH) is one of the main sources of cellular reductant capacity in the form of NADPH. Although there is significant knowledge about the relevance of this enzyme during some physiological and stress processes, the available information about its involvement in fruit ripening is scarce. Using sweet green pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits, a 50-75% ammonium-sulfate-enriched protein fraction containing the NADP-ICDH activity allowed its biochemical characterization. The enzyme displayed a typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics and exhibited Vmax and Km values of 97 μUnits and 78µM for isocitrate, and 92 μUnits and 46µM for NADP+. Three NADP-ICDH isozymes were identified by non-denaturing PAGE designated as NADP-ICDH I to III, each representing 33%, 24%, and 43%, respectively, of the total activity. Based on our previous transcriptome (RNA-Seq), three CaICDH genes (CaNADP-ICDH1, CaNADP-ICDH2, and CaNADP-ICDH3) were identified in sweet pepper fruits encoding isozymes potentially distributed in the cytosol, cytosol/mitochondrion, and peroxisome, according to their percentage of identity with the Arabidopsis isozymes. The time-course expression analysis of these genes during different fruit ripening stages including green immature (G), breaking point (BP), and red ripe (R), and in fruits subjected to nitric oxide (NO) treatments, showed dissimilar expression patterns. During ripening from green to red fruits, CaNADP-ICDH1 and CaNADP-ICDH2 were upregulated but were negatively affected by NO; however, CaNADP-ICDH3 was downregulated during ripening but unaffected by NO treatment. Furthermore, during ripening, the NADP-ICDH activity increased in red ripe fruits whereas the NO gas treatment produced a significant inhibition. These findings provide, to our knowledge, the first characterization of the NADP-ICDH family in this non-climacteric fruit and suggest that NADP-ICDH must play an important role in maintaining the supply of NADPH during pepper fruit ripening and that NO partially modulates this NADPH-generating system.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Muñoz-Vargas
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Taboada
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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Xu K, Zheng L, Chu K, Xing C, Shu J, Fang K, Ma S, Fang Y, Yan J, Cai M, Wu XL. Soil application of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets alleviate cadmium toxicity by altering subcellular distribution, chemical forms of cadmium and improving nitrogen availability in soybean (Glycine max L.). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 368:122204. [PMID: 39142102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd)-contamination impairs biological nitrogen fixation in legumes (BNF), threatening global food security. Innovative strategies to enhance BNF and improve plant resistance to Cd are therefore crucial. This study investigates the effects of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C3N4 NSs) on soybean (Glycine max L.) in Cd contaminated soil, focusing on Cd distribution, chemical forms and nitrogen (N) fixation. Soybean plants were treated with 100 mg kg-1 g-C3N4 NSs, with or without 10 mg kg-1 Cd for 4 weeks. Soil addition of g-C3N4 NSs alleviated Cd toxicity and promote soybean growth via scavenging Cd-mediated oxidative stress and improving photosynthesis. Compared to Cd treatment, g-C3N4 NSs increased shoot and root dry weights under Cd toxicity by 49.5% and 63.4%, respectively. g-C3N4 NSs lowered Cd content by 35.7%-54.1%, redistributed Cd subcellularly by increasing its proportion in the cell wall and decreasing it in soluble fractions and organelles, and converted Cd from high-toxicity to low-toxicity forms. Additionally, g-C3N4 NSs improved the soil N cycle, stimulated nodulation, and increased the N-fixing capacity of nodules, thus increasing N content in shoots and roots by 12.4% and 43.2%, respectively. Mechanistic analysis revealed that g-C3N4 NSs mitigated Cd-induced loss of endogenous nitric oxide in nodules, restoring nodule development. This study highlights the potential of g-C3N4 NSs for remediating Cd-contaminated soil, reducing Cd accumulation, and enhancing plant growth and N fixation, offering new insights into the use of carbon nanomaterials for soil improvement and legume productivity under metal(loid)s stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, PR China
| | - Lifan Zheng
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, PR China
| | - Kaifei Chu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, PR China
| | - Chenghua Xing
- College of Agriculture, Jinhua University of Vocational Technology, Jinhua, 321007, PR China
| | - Jiajing Shu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, PR China
| | - Keming Fang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, PR China
| | - Shuting Ma
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, PR China
| | - Yong Fang
- College of Agriculture, Jinhua University of Vocational Technology, Jinhua, 321007, PR China
| | - Jianfang Yan
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, PR China
| | - Miaozhen Cai
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, PR China.
| | - Xi-Lin Wu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, PR China.
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Fukudome M, Uchiumi T. Regulation of nitric oxide by phytoglobins in Lotus japonicus is involved in mycorrhizal symbiosis with Rhizophagus irregularis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 340:111984. [PMID: 38220094 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.111984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Various reactive molecular species are generated in plant-microbe interactions, and these species participate in defense and symbiotic responses. Leguminous plants successfully establish symbiosis by maintaining an appropriate level of nitric oxide (NO), which is generated in the roots and nodules during root nodule symbiosis. Phytoglobin (plant hemoglobin) controls NO levels in plants. In this study, we investigated mycorrhizal symbiosis, which occurs in more than 80% of land plants, between Rhizophagus irregularis and Lotus japonicus to clarify the involvement of phytoglobin-mediated NO regulation. The mycorrhizae of L. japonicus exhibited higher NO levels in the presence of R. irregularis than in its absence, especially at the infection site. LjGlb1-1, a phytoglobin that regulates NO level in L. japonicus, was upregulated during symbiosis with R. irregularis. In transformed hairy roots carrying the ProLjGlb1-1:GUS construct, LjGlb1-1 expression was observed at the R. irregularis infection site. We further examined the symbiotic phenotypes of L. japonicus lines with high and low LjGlb1-1 expression with R. irregularis. During mycorrhizal symbiosis, the high LjGlb1-1 expression line exhibited better growth than the wild-type, whereas the low expression line exhibited poor growth. In addition, the expression of LjPT4, a phosphate transporter specific to mycorrhizal symbiosis, was higher in the high LjGlb1-1 expression line, whereas that of the tubulin gene of R. irregularis was lower in the low LjGlb1-1 expression line than in the wild-type. These results confirm that NO regulation by LjGlb1-1 is involved in mycorrhizal symbiosis in L. japonicus, as it is reportedly in nitrogen-fixing symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutaka Fukudome
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.
| | - Toshiki Uchiumi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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Minguillón S, Román Á, Pérez-Rontomé C, Wang L, Xu P, Murray JD, Duanmu D, Rubio MC, Becana M. Dynamics of hemoglobins during nodule development, nitrate response, and dark stress in Lotus japonicus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1547-1564. [PMID: 37976184 PMCID: PMC10901204 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Legume nodules express multiple leghemoglobins (Lbs) and non-symbiotic hemoglobins (Glbs), but how they are regulated is unclear. Here, we study the regulation of all Lbs and Glbs of Lotus japonicus in different physiologically relevant conditions and mutant backgrounds. We quantified hemoglobin expression, localized reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in nodules, and deployed mutants deficient in Lbs and in the transcription factors NLP4 (associated with nitrate sensitivity) and NAC094 (associated with senescence). Expression of Lbs and class 2 Glbs was suppressed by nitrate, whereas expression of class 1 and 3 Glbs was positively correlated with external nitrate concentrations. Nitrate-responsive elements were found in the promoters of several hemoglobin genes. Mutant nodules without Lbs showed accumulation of ROS and NO and alterations of antioxidants and senescence markers. NO accumulation occurred by a nitrate-independent pathway, probably due to the virtual disappearance of Glb1-1 and the deficiency of Lbs. We conclude that hemoglobins are regulated in a gene-specific manner during nodule development and in response to nitrate and dark stress. Mutant analyses reveal that nodules lacking Lbs experience nitro-oxidative stress and that there is compensation of expression between Lb1 and Lb2. They also show modulation of hemoglobin expression by NLP4 and NAC094.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Minguillón
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Montañana 1005, Zaragoza, and Unidad Asociada GBsC (BIFI-Unizar) al CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ángela Román
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Montañana 1005, Zaragoza, and Unidad Asociada GBsC (BIFI-Unizar) al CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carmen Pérez-Rontomé
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Montañana 1005, Zaragoza, and Unidad Asociada GBsC (BIFI-Unizar) al CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Longlong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ping Xu
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science, Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science, Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Deqiang Duanmu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Maria C Rubio
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Montañana 1005, Zaragoza, and Unidad Asociada GBsC (BIFI-Unizar) al CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Montañana 1005, Zaragoza, and Unidad Asociada GBsC (BIFI-Unizar) al CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
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Pathak PK, Yadav N, Kaladhar VC, Jaiswal R, Kumari A, Igamberdiev AU, Loake GJ, Gupta KJ. The emerging roles of nitric oxide and its associated scavengers-phytoglobins-in plant symbiotic interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:563-577. [PMID: 37843034 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
A key feature in the establishment of symbiosis between plants and microbes is the maintenance of the balance between the production of the small redox-related molecule, nitric oxide (NO), and its cognate scavenging pathways. During the establishment of symbiosis, a transition from a normoxic to a microoxic environment often takes place, triggering the production of NO from nitrite via a reductive production pathway. Plant hemoglobins [phytoglobins (Phytogbs)] are a central tenant of NO scavenging, with NO homeostasis maintained via the Phytogb-NO cycle. While the first plant hemoglobin (leghemoglobin), associated with the symbiotic relationship between leguminous plants and bacterial Rhizobium species, was discovered in 1939, most other plant hemoglobins, identified only in the 1990s, were considered as non-symbiotic. From recent studies, it is becoming evident that the role of Phytogbs1 in the establishment and maintenance of plant-bacterial and plant-fungal symbiosis is also essential in roots. Consequently, the division of plant hemoglobins into symbiotic and non-symbiotic groups becomes less justified. While the main function of Phytogbs1 is related to the regulation of NO levels, participation of these proteins in the establishment of symbiotic relationships between plants and microorganisms represents another important dimension among the other processes in which these key redox-regulatory proteins play a central role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Pathak
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Yadav
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rekha Jaiswal
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Aprajita Kumari
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
- Centre for Engineering Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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Syska C, Kiers A, Rancurel C, Bailly-Bechet M, Lipuma J, Alloing G, Garcia I, Dupont L. VapC10 toxin of the legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti targets tRNASer and controls intracellular lifestyle. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae015. [PMID: 38365913 PMCID: PMC10945364 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The soil bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti can establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with the model legume Medicago truncatula. The rhizobia induce the formation of a specialized root organ called nodule, where they differentiate into bacteroids and reduce atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. Little is known on the mechanisms involved in nodule senescence onset and in bacteroid survival inside the infected plant cells. Although toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems have been shown to promote intracellular survival within host cells in human pathogenic bacteria, their role in symbiotic bacteria was rarely investigated. S. meliloti encodes several TA systems, mainly of the VapBC family. Here we present the functional characterization, through a multidisciplinary approach, of the VapBC10 TA system of S. meliloti. Following a mapping by overexpression of an RNase in Escherichia coli (MORE) RNA-seq analysis, we demonstrated that the VapC10 toxin is an RNase that cleaves the anticodon loop of two tRNASer. Thereafter, a bioinformatics approach was used to predict VapC10 targets in bacteroids. This analysis suggests that toxin activation triggers a specific proteome reprogramming that could limit nitrogen fixation capability and viability of bacteroids. Accordingly, a vapC10 mutant induces a delayed senescence in nodules, associated to an enhanced bacteroid survival. VapBC10 TA system could contribute to S. meliloti adaptation to symbiotic lifestyle, in response to plant nitrogen status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Syska
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
| | - Aurélie Kiers
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
| | - Corinne Rancurel
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
| | - Marc Bailly-Bechet
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
| | | | - Geneviève Alloing
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
| | - Isabelle Garcia
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
| | - Laurence Dupont
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
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Terrón-Camero LC, Molina-Moya E, Peláez-Vico MÁ, Sandalio LM, Romero-Puertas MC. Nitric Oxide and Globin Glb1 Regulate Fusarium oxysporum Infection of Arabidopsis thaliana. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1321. [PMID: 37507861 PMCID: PMC10376111 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants continuously interact with fungi, some of which, such as Fusarium oxysporum, are lethal, leading to reduced crop yields. Recently, nitric oxide (NO) has been found to play a regulatory role in plant responses to F. oxysporum, although the underlying mechanisms involved are poorly understood. In this study, we show that Arabidopsis mutants with altered levels of phytoglobin 1 (Glb1) have a higher survival rate than wild type (WT) after infection with F. oxysporum, although all the genotypes analyzed exhibited a similar fungal burden. None of the defense responses that were analyzed in Glb1 lines, such as phenols, iron metabolism, peroxidase activity, or reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, appear to explain their higher survival rates. However, the early induction of the PR genes may be one of the reasons for the observed survival rate of Glb1 lines infected with F. oxysporum. Furthermore, while PR1 expression was induced in Glb1 lines very early on the response to F. oxysporum, this induction was not observed in WT plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Terrón-Camero
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Eliana Molina-Moya
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Peláez-Vico
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Luisa M Sandalio
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - María C Romero-Puertas
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Lepetit M, Brouquisse R. Control of the rhizobium-legume symbiosis by the plant nitrogen demand is tightly integrated at the whole plant level and requires inter-organ systemic signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1114840. [PMID: 36968361 PMCID: PMC10033964 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1114840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nodules formed on legume roots with rhizobia fix atmospheric N2. Bacteria reduce N2 to NH4 + that is assimilated into amino acids by the plant. In return, the plant provides photosynthates to fuel the symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Symbiosis is tightly adjusted to the whole plant nutritional demand and to the plant photosynthetic capacities, but regulatory circuits behind this control remain poorly understood. The use of split-root systems combined with biochemical, physiological, metabolomic, transcriptomic, and genetic approaches revealed that multiple pathways are acting in parallel. Systemic signaling mechanisms of the plant N demand are required for the control of nodule organogenesis, mature nodule functioning, and nodule senescence. N-satiety/N-deficit systemic signaling correlates with rapid variations of the nodules' sugar levels, tuning symbiosis by C resources allocation. These mechanisms are responsible for the adjustment of plant symbiotic capacities to the mineral N resources. On the one hand, if mineral N can satisfy the plant N demand, nodule formation is inhibited, and nodule senescence is activated. On the other hand, local conditions (abiotic stresses) may impair symbiotic activity resulting in plant N limitation. In these conditions, systemic signaling may compensate the N deficit by stimulating symbiotic root N foraging. In the past decade, several molecular components of the systemic signaling pathways controlling nodule formation have been identified, but a major challenge remains, that is, to understand their specificity as compared to the mechanisms of non-symbiotic plants that control root development and how they contribute to the whole plant phenotypes. Less is known about the control of mature nodule development and functioning by N and C nutritional status of the plant, but a hypothetical model involving the sucrose allocation to the nodule as a systemic signaling process, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, and the redox status as potential effectors of this signaling is emerging. This work highlights the importance of organism integration in plant biology.
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Rovere M, Pucciariello C, Castella C, Berger A, Forgia M, Guyet TA, Bosseno M, Pacoud M, Brouquisse R, Perata P, Boscari A. Group VII ethylene response factors, MtERF74 and MtERF75, sustain nitrogen fixation in Medicago truncatula microoxic nodules. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:607-620. [PMID: 36479691 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Group VII ethylene response factors (ERF-VII) are plant-specific transcription factors (TFs) known for their role in the activation of hypoxia-responsive genes under low oxygen stress but also in plant endogenous hypoxic niches. However, their function in the microaerophilic nitrogen-fixing nodules of legumes has not yet been investigated. We investigated regulation and the function of the two Medicago truncatula ERF-VII TFs (MtERF74 and MtERF75) in roots and nodules, MtERF74 and MtERF75 in response to hypoxia stress and during the nodulation process using an RNA interference strategy and targeted proteolysis of MtERF75. Knockdown of MtERF74 and MtERF75 partially blocked the induction of hypoxia-responsive genes in roots exposed to hypoxia stress. In addition, a significant reduction in nodulation capacity and nitrogen fixation activity was observed in mature nodules of double knockdown transgenic roots. Overall, the results indicate that MtERF74 and MtERF75 are involved in the induction of MtNR1 and Pgb1.1 expression for efficient Phytogb-nitric oxide respiration in the nodule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rovere
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Chiara Pucciariello
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claude Castella
- INRAE, UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles (PSH), Site Agroparc, Avignon, France
| | - Antoine Berger
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marco Forgia
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Tran A Guyet
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marc Bosseno
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marie Pacoud
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | - Pierdomenico Perata
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
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Cervantes-Pérez SA, Thibivilliers S, Laffont C, Farmer AD, Frugier F, Libault M. Cell-specific pathways recruited for symbiotic nodulation in the Medicago truncatula legume. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1868-1888. [PMID: 36321199 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Medicago truncatula is a model legume species that has been studied for decades to understand the symbiotic relationship between legumes and soil bacteria collectively named rhizobia. This symbiosis called nodulation is initiated in roots with the infection of root hair cells by the bacteria, as well as the initiation of nodule primordia from root cortical, endodermal, and pericycle cells, leading to the development of a new root organ, the nodule, where bacteria fix and assimilate the atmospheric dinitrogen for the benefit of the plant. Here, we report the isolation and use of the nuclei from mock and rhizobia-inoculated roots for the single nuclei RNA-seq (sNucRNA-seq) profiling to gain a deeper understanding of early responses to rhizobial infection in Medicago roots. A gene expression map of the Medicago root was generated, comprising 25 clusters, which were annotated as specific cell types using 119 Medicago marker genes and orthologs to Arabidopsis cell-type marker genes. A focus on root hair, cortex, endodermis, and pericycle cell types, showing the strongest differential regulation in response to a short-term (48 h) rhizobium inoculation, revealed not only known genes and functional pathways, validating the sNucRNA-seq approach, but also numerous novel genes and pathways, allowing a comprehensive analysis of early root symbiotic responses at a cell type-specific level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Alan Cervantes-Pérez
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA
| | - Sandra Thibivilliers
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA; Single Cell Genomics Core Facility, Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Carole Laffont
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Paris-Cité, Université d'Evry, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Andrew D Farmer
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM 87505, USA
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Paris-Cité, Université d'Evry, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marc Libault
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA; Single Cell Genomics Core Facility, Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
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11
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Vlk D, Trněný O, Řepková J. Genes Associated with Biological Nitrogen Fixation Efficiency Identified Using RNA Sequencing in Red Clover ( Trifolium pratense L.). LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12121975. [PMID: 36556339 PMCID: PMC9785344 DOI: 10.3390/life12121975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Commonly studied in the context of legume-rhizobia symbiosis, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is a key component of the nitrogen cycle in nature. Despite its potential in plant breeding and many years of research, information is still lacking as to the regulation of hundreds of genes connected with plant-bacteria interaction, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation. Here, we compared root nodule transcriptomes of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) genotypes with contrasting nitrogen fixation efficiency, and we found 491 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between plants with high and low BNF efficiency. The annotation of genes expressed in nodules revealed more than 800 genes not yet experimentally confirmed. Among genes mediating nodule development, four nod-ule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides were confirmed in the nodule transcriptome. Gene duplication analyses revealed that genes originating from tandem and dispersed duplication are significantly over-represented among DEGs. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) organized expression profiles of the transcripts into 16 modules linked to the analyzed traits, such as nitrogen fixation efficiency or sample-specific modules. Overall, the results obtained broaden our knowledge about transcriptomic landscapes of red clover's root nodules and shift the phenotypic description of BNF efficiency on the level of gene expression in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vlk
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oldřich Trněný
- Agricultural Research, Ltd., Zahradní 1, 664 41 Troubsko, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Řepková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-549-49-6895
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12
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Zhang Y, Cheng Q, Liao C, Li L, Gou C, Chen Z, Wang Y, Liu B, Kong F, Chen L. GmTOC1b inhibits nodulation by repressing GmNIN2a and GmENOD40-1 in soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1052017. [PMID: 36438085 PMCID: PMC9691777 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1052017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is an important factor affecting the yield and quality of leguminous crops. Nodulation is regulated by a complex network comprising several transcription factors. Here, we functionally characterized the role of a TOC1 family member, GmTOC1b, in soybean (Glycine max) nodulation. RT-qPCR assays showed that GmTOC1b is constitutively expressed in soybean. However, GmTOC1b was also highly expressed in nodules, and GmTOC1 localized to the cell nucleus, based on transient transformation in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Homozygous Gmtoc1b mutant plants exhibited increased root hair curling and produced more infection threads, resulting in more nodules and greater nodule fresh weight. By contrast, GmTOC1b overexpression inhibited nodulation. Furthermore, we also showed that GmTOC1b represses the expression of nodulation-related genes including GmNIN2a and GmENOD40-1 by binding to their promoters. We conclude that GmTOC1b functions as a transcriptional repressor to inhibit nodulation by repressing the expression of key nodulation-related genes including GmNIN2a, GmNIN2b, and GmENOD40-1 in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Liyu Chen
- *Correspondence: Liyu Chen, ; Fanjiang Kong,
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13
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Minguillón S, Matamoros MA, Duanmu D, Becana M. Signaling by reactive molecules and antioxidants in legume nodules. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:815-832. [PMID: 35975700 PMCID: PMC9826421 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Legume nodules are symbiotic structures formed as a result of the interaction with rhizobia. Nodules fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia that is assimilated by the plant and this process requires strict metabolic regulation and signaling. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are involved as signal molecules at all stages of symbiosis, from rhizobial infection to nodule senescence. Also, reactive sulfur species (RSS) are emerging as important signals for an efficient symbiosis. Homeostasis of reactive molecules is mainly accomplished by antioxidant enzymes and metabolites and is essential to allow redox signaling while preventing oxidative damage. Here, we examine the metabolic pathways of reactive molecules and antioxidants with an emphasis on their functions in signaling and protection of symbiosis. In addition to providing an update of recent findings while paying tribute to original studies, we identify several key questions. These include the need of new methodologies to detect and quantify ROS, RNS, and RSS, avoiding potential artifacts due to their short lifetimes and tissue manipulation; the regulation of redox-active proteins by post-translational modification; the production and exchange of reactive molecules in plastids, peroxisomes, nuclei, and bacteroids; and the unknown but expected crosstalk between ROS, RNS, and RSS in nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Minguillón
- Departamento de BiologíaVegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula DeiConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasApartado 1303450080ZaragozaSpain
| | - Manuel A. Matamoros
- Departamento de BiologíaVegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula DeiConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasApartado 1303450080ZaragozaSpain
| | - Deqiang Duanmu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de BiologíaVegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula DeiConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasApartado 1303450080ZaragozaSpain
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14
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Chammakhi C, Boscari A, Pacoud M, Aubert G, Mhadhbi H, Brouquisse R. Nitric Oxide Metabolic Pathway in Drought-Stressed Nodules of Faba Bean ( Vicia faba L.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13057. [PMID: 36361841 PMCID: PMC9654674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought is an environmental stress that strongly impacts plants. It affects all stages of growth and induces profound disturbances that influence all cellular functions. Legumes can establish a symbiosis with Rhizobium-type bacteria, whose function is to fix atmospheric nitrogen in organs called nodules and to meet plant nitrogen needs. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) is particularly sensitive to drought. We raised the hypothesis that, in drought-stressed nodules, SNF inhibition is partly correlated to hypoxia resulting from nodule structure compaction and an increased O2 diffusion barrier, and that the nodule energy regeneration involves phytoglobin-nitric oxide (Pgb-NO) respiration. To test this hypothesis, we subjected faba bean (Vicia faba L.) plants nodulated with a Rhizobium laguerreae strain to either drought or osmotic stress. We monitored the N2-fixation activity, the energy state (ATP/ADP ratio), the expression of hypoxia marker genes (alcohol dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase), and the functioning of the Pgb-NO respiration in the nodules. The collected data confirmed our hypothesis and showed that (1) drought-stressed nodules were subject to more intense hypoxia than control nodules and (2) NO production increased and contributed via Pgb-NO respiration to the maintenance of the energy state of drought-stressed nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaima Chammakhi
- Sophia Agrobiotech Institute, INRAE 1355, CNRS 7254, Côte d’Azur University, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agrosystems, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
- National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
| | - Alexandre Boscari
- Sophia Agrobiotech Institute, INRAE 1355, CNRS 7254, Côte d’Azur University, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marie Pacoud
- Sophia Agrobiotech Institute, INRAE 1355, CNRS 7254, Côte d’Azur University, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Grégoire Aubert
- Agroecology, INRAE, Agro Institute, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, 21065 Dijon, France
| | - Haythem Mhadhbi
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agrosystems, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Renaud Brouquisse
- Sophia Agrobiotech Institute, INRAE 1355, CNRS 7254, Côte d’Azur University, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
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15
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Ruiz B, Sauviac L, Brouquisse R, Bruand C, Meilhoc E. Role of Nitric Oxide of Bacterial Origin in the Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti Symbiosis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:887-892. [PMID: 35762680 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-22-0118-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small ubiquitous gaseous molecule that has been found in many host-pathogen interactions. NO has been shown to be part of the defense arsenal of animal cells and more recently of plant cells. To fight this molecular weapon, pathogens have evolved responses consisting of adaptation to NO or degradation of this toxic molecule. More recently, it was shown that NO could also be produced by the pathogen and contributes likewise to the success of the host cell infection. NO is also present during symbiotic interactions. Despite growing knowledge about the role of NO during friendly interactions, data on the specificity of action of NO produced by each partner are scarce, partly due to the multiplicity of NO production systems. In the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between the soil bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti and the model legume Medicago truncatula, NO has been detected at all steps of the interaction, where it displays various roles. Both partners contribute to NO production inside the legume root nodules where nitrogen fixation occurs. The study focuses on the role of bacterial NO in this interaction. We used a genetic approach to identify bacterial NO sources in the symbiotic context and to test the phenotype in planta of bacterial mutants affected in NO production. Our results show that only denitrification is a source of bacterial NO in Medicago nodules, giving insight into the role of bacteria-derived NO at different steps of the symbiotic interaction. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Ruiz
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent Sauviac
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Renaud Brouquisse
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Claude Bruand
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Eliane Meilhoc
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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16
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Sauviac L, Rémy A, Huault E, Dalmasso M, Kazmierczak T, Jardinaud MF, Legrand L, Moreau C, Ruiz B, Cazalé AC, Valière S, Gourion B, Dupont L, Gruber V, Boncompagni E, Meilhoc E, Frendo P, Frugier F, Bruand C. A dual legume-rhizobium transcriptome of symbiotic nodule senescence reveals coordinated plant and bacterial responses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:3100-3121. [PMID: 35781677 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Senescence determines plant organ lifespan depending on aging and environmental cues. During the endosymbiotic interaction with rhizobia, legume plants develop a specific organ, the root nodule, which houses nitrogen (N)-fixing bacteria. Unlike earlier processes of the legume-rhizobium interaction (nodule formation, N fixation), mechanisms controlling nodule senescence remain poorly understood. To identify nodule senescence-associated genes, we performed a dual plant-bacteria RNA sequencing approach on Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti nodules having initiated senescence either naturally (aging) or following an environmental trigger (nitrate treatment or salt stress). The resulting data allowed the identification of hundreds of plant and bacterial genes differentially regulated during nodule senescence, thus providing an unprecedented comprehensive resource of new candidate genes associated with this process. Remarkably, several plant and bacterial genes related to the cell cycle and stress responses were regulated in senescent nodules, including the rhizobial RpoE2-dependent general stress response. Analysis of selected core nodule senescence plant genes allowed showing that MtNAC969 and MtS40, both homologous to leaf senescence-associated genes, negatively regulate the transition between N fixation and senescence. In contrast, overexpression of a gene involved in the biosynthesis of cytokinins, well-known negative regulators of leaf senescence, may promote the transition from N fixation to senescence in nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Sauviac
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INPT-ENSAT, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Antoine Rémy
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INPT-ENSAT, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Emeline Huault
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Paris, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Théophile Kazmierczak
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Paris, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Jardinaud
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INPT-ENSAT, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Ludovic Legrand
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INPT-ENSAT, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Corentin Moreau
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Paris, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bryan Ruiz
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INPT-ENSAT, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Anne-Claire Cazalé
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INPT-ENSAT, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Benjamin Gourion
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INPT-ENSAT, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Véronique Gruber
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Paris, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Eliane Meilhoc
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INPT-ENSAT, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre Frendo
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Nice, France
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Paris, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Claude Bruand
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INPT-ENSAT, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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17
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Nitrate–Nitrite–Nitric Oxide Pathway: A Mechanism of Hypoxia and Anoxia Tolerance in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911522. [PMID: 36232819 PMCID: PMC9569746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) is the most crucial substrate for numerous biochemical processes in plants. Its deprivation is a critical factor that affects plant growth and may lead to death if it lasts for a long time. However, various biotic and abiotic factors cause O2 deprivation, leading to hypoxia and anoxia in plant tissues. To survive under hypoxia and/or anoxia, plants deploy various mechanisms such as fermentation paths, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), antioxidant enzymes, aerenchyma, and adventitious root formation, while nitrate (NO3−), nitrite (NO2−), and nitric oxide (NO) have shown numerous beneficial roles through modulating these mechanisms. Therefore, in this review, we highlight the role of reductive pathways of NO formation which lessen the deleterious effects of oxidative damages and increase the adaptation capacity of plants during hypoxia and anoxia. Meanwhile, the overproduction of NO through reductive pathways during hypoxia and anoxia leads to cellular dysfunction and cell death. Thus, its scavenging or inhibition is equally important for plant survival. As plants are also reported to produce a potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) when supplied with NO3− and NO2−, resembling bacterial denitrification, its role during hypoxia and anoxia tolerance is discussed here. We point out that NO reduction to N2O along with the phytoglobin-NO cycle could be the most important NO-scavenging mechanism that would reduce nitro-oxidative stress, thus enhancing plants’ survival during O2-limited conditions. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in reducing NO toxicity would not only provide insight into its role in plant physiology, but also address the uncertainties seen in the global N2O budget.
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18
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Gupta KJ, Kaladhar VC, Fitzpatrick TB, Fernie AR, Møller IM, Loake GJ. Nitric oxide regulation of plant metabolism. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:228-242. [PMID: 34971792 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as an important signal molecule in plants, having myriad roles in plant development. In addition, NO also orchestrates both biotic and abiotic stress responses, during which intensive cellular metabolic reprogramming occurs. Integral to these responses is the location of NO biosynthetic and scavenging pathways in diverse cellular compartments, enabling plants to effectively organize signal transduction pathways. NO regulates plant metabolism and, in turn, metabolic pathways reciprocally regulate NO accumulation and function. Thus, these diverse cellular processes are inextricably linked. This review addresses the numerous redox pathways, located in the various subcellular compartments that produce NO, in addition to the mechanisms underpinning NO scavenging. We focus on how this molecular dance is integrated into the metabolic state of the cell. Within this context, a reciprocal relationship between NO accumulation and metabolite production is often apparent. We also showcase cellular pathways, including those associated with nitrate reduction, that provide evidence for this integration of NO function and metabolism. Finally, we discuss the potential importance of the biochemical reactions governing NO levels in determining plant responses to a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapuganti Jagadis Gupta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi 110067 India.
| | - Vemula Chandra Kaladhar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi 110067 India
| | - Teresa B Fitzpatrick
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211 Switzerland
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476 Germany
| | - Ian Max Møller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
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19
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Pescador L, Fernandez I, Pozo MJ, Romero-Puertas MC, Pieterse CMJ, Martínez-Medina A. Nitric oxide signalling in roots is required for MYB72-dependent systemic resistance induced by Trichoderma volatile compounds in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:584-595. [PMID: 34131708 PMCID: PMC8757496 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Volatile compounds (VCs) of Trichoderma fungi trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR) in Arabidopsis that is effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens. The root-specific transcription factor MYB72 is an early regulator of ISR and also controls the activation of iron-deficiency responses. Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the regulation of MYB72-dependent iron-deficiency responses in Arabidopsis roots, but the role of NO in the regulation of MYB72 and ISR by Trichoderma VCs remains unexplored. Using in vitro bioassays, we applied Trichoderma VCs to Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant perception of Trichoderma VCs triggered a burst of NO in Arabidopsis roots. By suppressing this burst using an NO scavenger, we show the involvement of NO in Trichoderma VCs-mediated regulation of MYB72 expression. Using an NO scavenger and the Arabidopsis lines myb72 and nia1nia2 in in planta bioassays, we demonstrate that NO signalling is required in the roots for activation of Trichoderma VCs-mediated ISR against the leaf pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Analysis of the defence-related genes PR1 and PDF1.2 points to the involvement of root NO in priming leaves for enhanced defence. Our results support a key role of root NO signalling in the regulation of MYB72 expression during the activation of ISR by Trichoderma VCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Pescador
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Plant Biology, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig/Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Iván Fernandez
- Plant–Microorganism Interaction Research Group, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - María J Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - María C Romero-Puertas
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Plant Biology, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Plant–Microorganism Interaction Research Group, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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20
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Villar I, Rubio MC, Calvo-Begueria L, Pérez-Rontomé C, Larrainzar E, Wilson MT, Sandal N, Mur LA, Wang L, Reeder B, Duanmu D, Uchiumi T, Stougaard J, Becana M. Three classes of hemoglobins are required for optimal vegetative and reproductive growth of Lotus japonicus: genetic and biochemical characterization of LjGlb2-1. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7778-7791. [PMID: 34387337 PMCID: PMC8664582 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Legumes express two major types of hemoglobins, namely symbiotic (leghemoglobins) and non-symbiotic (phytoglobins), with the latter being categorized into three classes according to phylogeny and biochemistry. Using knockout mutants, we show that all three phytoglobin classes are required for optimal vegetative and reproductive development of Lotus japonicus. The mutants of two class 1 phytoglobins showed different phenotypes: Ljglb1-1 plants were smaller and had relatively more pods, whereas Ljglb1-2 plants had no distinctive vegetative phenotype and produced relatively fewer pods. Non-nodulated plants lacking LjGlb2-1 showed delayed growth and alterations in the leaf metabolome linked to amino acid processing, fermentative and respiratory pathways, and hormonal balance. The leaves of mutant plants accumulated salicylic acid and contained relatively less methyl jasmonic acid, suggesting crosstalk between LjGlb2-1 and the signaling pathways of both hormones. Based on the expression of LjGlb2-1 in leaves, the alterations of flowering and fruiting of nodulated Ljglb2-1 plants, the developmental and biochemical phenotypes of the mutant fed on ammonium nitrate, and the heme coordination and reactivity of the protein toward nitric oxide, we conclude that LjGlb2-1 is not a leghemoglobin but an unusual class 2 phytoglobin. For comparison, we have also characterized a close relative of LjGlb2-1 in Medicago truncatula, MtLb3, and conclude that this is an atypical leghemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Villar
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria C Rubio
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Calvo-Begueria
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carmen Pérez-Rontomé
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Larrainzar
- Department of Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, Campus Arrosadía, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Michael T Wilson
- School of Life Sciences, Essex University, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Niels Sandal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Luis A Mur
- Aberystwyth University, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, Wales, UK
| | - Longlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Brandon Reeder
- School of Life Sciences, Essex University, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Deqiang Duanmu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Toshiki Uchiumi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
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21
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Fukudome M, Shimokawa Y, Hashimoto S, Maesako Y, Uchi-Fukudome N, Niihara K, Osuki KI, Uchiumi T. Nitric Oxide Detoxification by Mesorhizobium loti Affects Root Nodule Symbiosis with Lotus japonicus. Microbes Environ 2021; 36. [PMID: 34470944 PMCID: PMC8446750 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me21038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Root nodule symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia involves nitric oxide (NO) regulation by both the host plant and symbiotic rhizobia. However, the mechanisms by which the rhizobial control of NO affects root nodule symbiosis in Lotus japonicus are unknown. Therefore, we herein investigated the effects of enhanced NO removal by Mesorhizobium loti on symbiosis with L. japonicus. The hmp gene, which in Sinorhizobium meliloti encodes a flavohemoglobin involved in NO detoxification, was introduced into M. loti to generate a transconjugant with enhanced NO removal. The symbiotic phenotype of the transconjugant with L. japonicus was examined. The transconjugant showed delayed infection and higher nitrogenase activity in mature nodules than the wild type, whereas nodule senescence was normal. This result is in contrast to previous findings showing that enhanced NO removal in L. japonicus by class 1 phytoglobin affected nodule senescence. To evaluate differences in NO detoxification between M. loti and L. japonicus, NO localization in nodules was investigated. The enhanced expression of class 1phytoglobin in L. japonicus reduced the amount of NO not only in infected cells, but also in vascular bundles, whereas that of hmp in M. loti reduced the amount of NO in infected cells only. This difference suggests that NO detoxification by M. loti exerts different effects in symbiosis than that by L. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutaka Fukudome
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University.,Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology
| | - Yuta Shimokawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| | - Shun Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| | - Yusuke Maesako
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| | - Nahoko Uchi-Fukudome
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University.,Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Kota Niihara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| | - Ken-Ichi Osuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| | - Toshiki Uchiumi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
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22
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Matamoros MA, Becana M. Molecular responses of legumes to abiotic stress: post-translational modifications of proteins and redox signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5876-5892. [PMID: 33453107 PMCID: PMC8355754 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Legumes include several major crops that can fix atmospheric nitrogen in symbiotic root nodules, thus reducing the demand for nitrogen fertilizers and contributing to sustainable agriculture. Global change models predict increases in temperature and extreme weather conditions. This scenario might increase plant exposure to abiotic stresses and negatively affect crop production. Regulation of whole plant physiology and nitrogen fixation in legumes during abiotic stress is complex, and only a few mechanisms have been elucidated. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS) are key players in the acclimation and stress tolerance mechanisms of plants. However, the specific redox-dependent signaling pathways are far from understood. One mechanism by which ROS, RNS, and RSS fulfil their signaling role is the post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins. Redox-based PTMs occur in the cysteine thiol group (oxidation, S-nitrosylation, S-glutathionylation, persulfidation), and also in methionine (oxidation), tyrosine (nitration), and lysine and arginine (carbonylation/glycation) residues. Unraveling PTM patterns under different types of stress and establishing the functional implications may give insight into the underlying mechanisms by which the plant and nodule respond to adverse conditions. Here, we review current knowledge on redox-based PTMs and their possible consequences in legume and nodule biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Matamoros
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
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23
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Bhat JA, Ahmad P, Corpas FJ. Main nitric oxide (NO) hallmarks to relieve arsenic stress in higher plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124289. [PMID: 33153789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid that adversely affects plant growth, and poses severe risks to human health. It induces disturbance to many physiological and metabolic pathways such as nutrient, water and redox imbalance, abnormal photosynthesis and ATP synthesis and loss of membrane integrity. Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical molecule endogenously generated in plant cells which has signalling properties. Under As-stress, the endogenous NO metabolism is significantly affected in a clear connection with the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggering nitro-oxidative stress. However, the exogenous NO application provides beneficial effects under As-stress conditions which can relieve oxidative damages by stimulating the antioxidant systems, regulation of the expression of the transporter and other defence-related genes, modification of root cell wall composition or the biosynthesis of enriched sulfur compounds such phytochelatins (PCs). This review aims to provide up-to-date information on the key NO hallmarks to relieve As-stress in higher plants. Furthermore, it will be analyzed the diverse genetic engineering techniques to increase the endogenous NO content which could open new biotechnological applications, especially in crops under arsenic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javaid Akhter Bhat
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 8, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Botany, S.P. College Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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24
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Unusually Fast bis-Histidyl Coordination in a Plant Hemoglobin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052740. [PMID: 33800498 PMCID: PMC7962945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently identified nonsymbiotic hemoglobin gene MtGlb1-2 of the legume Medicago truncatula possesses unique properties as it generates four alternative splice forms encoding proteins with one or two heme domains. Here we investigate the ligand binding kinetics of MtGlb1-2.1 and MtGlb1-2.4, bearing two hemes and one heme, respectively. Unexpectedly, the overall time-course of ligand rebinding was unusually fast. Thus, we complemented nanosecond laser flash photolysis kinetics with data collected with a hybrid femtosecond–nanosecond pump–probe setup. Most photodissociated ligands are rebound geminately within a few nanoseconds, which leads to rates of the bimolecular rebinding to pentacoordinate species in the 108 M−1s−1 range. Binding of the distal histidine to the heme competes with CO rebinding with extremely high rates (kh ~ 105 s−1). Histidine dissociation from the heme occurs with comparable rates, thus resulting in moderate equilibrium binding constants (KH ~ 1). The rate constants for ligation and deligation of distal histidine to the heme are the highest reported for any plant or vertebrate globin. The combination of microscopic rates results in unusually high overall ligand binding rate constants, a fact that contributes to explaining at the mechanistic level the extremely high reactivity of these proteins toward the physiological ligands oxygen, nitric oxide and nitrite.
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25
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Jagadis Gupta Kapuganti. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2410-2412. [PMID: 33616924 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
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26
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Rhizobia: highways to NO. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:495-505. [PMID: 33544133 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between rhizobia and their legume host plants conduces to the formation of specialized root organs called nodules where rhizobia differentiate into bacteroids which fix atmospheric nitrogen to the benefit of the plant. This beneficial symbiosis is of importance in the context of sustainable agriculture as legumes do not require the addition of nitrogen fertilizer to grow. Interestingly, nitric oxide (NO) has been detected at various steps of the rhizobium-legume symbiosis where it has been shown to play multifaceted roles. Both bacterial and plant partners are involved in NO synthesis in nodules. To better understand the role of NO, and in particular the role of bacterial NO, at all steps of rhizobia-legumes interaction, the enzymatic sources of NO have to be elucidated. In this review, we discuss different enzymatic reactions by which rhizobia may potentially produce NO. We argue that there is most probably no NO synthase activity in rhizobia, and that instead the NO2- reductase nirK, which is part of the denitrification pathway, is the main bacterial source of NO. The nitrate assimilation pathway might contribute to NO production but only when denitrification is active. The different approaches to measure NO in rhizobia are also addressed.
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27
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Ma M, Wendehenne D, Philippot L, Hänsch R, Flemetakis E, Hu B, Rennenberg H. Physiological significance of pedospheric nitric oxide for root growth, development and organismic interactions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2336-2354. [PMID: 32681574 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is essential for plant growth and development, as well as interactions with abiotic and biotic environments. Its importance for multiple functions in plants means that tight regulation of NO concentrations is required. This is of particular significance in roots, where NO signalling is involved in processes, such as root growth, lateral root formation, nutrient acquisition, heavy metal homeostasis, symbiotic nitrogen fixation and root-mycorrhizal fungi interactions. The NO signal can also be produced in high levels by microbial processes in the rhizosphere, further impacting root processes. To explore these interesting interactions, in the present review, we firstly summarize current knowledge of physiological processes of NO production and consumption in roots and, thereafter, of processes involved in NO homeostasis in root cells with particular emphasis on root growth, development, nutrient acquisition, environmental stresses and organismic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ma
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - David Wendehenne
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Philippot
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Robert Hänsch
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute for Plant Biology, Technische Universität, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Emmanouil Flemetakis
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Bin Hu
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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28
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Mukherjee S, Corpas FJ. Crosstalk among hydrogen sulfide (H 2S), nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) in root-system development and its rhizosphere interactions: A gaseous interactome. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:800-814. [PMID: 32882618 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root development in higher plants is achieved by a precise intercellular communication which determines cell fate in the primary embryonic meristem where the gasotransmitters H2S, NO and CO participate dynamically. Furthermore, the rhizosphere interaction of these molecules with microbial and soil metabolism also affects root development. NO regulates root growth and architecture in association with several other biomolecules like auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), ethylene, jasmonic acid (JA), strigolactones, alkamides and melatonin. The CO-mediated signal transduction pathway in roots is closely linked to the NO-mediated signal cascades. Interestingly, H2S acts also as an upstream component in IAA and NO-mediated crosstalk during root development. Heme oxygenase (HO) 1 generates CO and functions as a downstream component in H2S-mediated adventitious rooting and H2S-CO crosstalk. Likewise, reactive oxygen species (ROS), H2S and NO crosstalk are important components in the regulation of root architecture. Deciphering these interactions will be a potential biotechnological tool which could provide benefits in crop management in soils, especially under adverse environmental conditions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive update of the complex networks of these gasotransmitters during the development of roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Botany, Jangipur College, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, 742213, India.
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Apartado 419, E-18080, Granada, Spain
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29
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Larrainzar E, Villar I, Rubio MC, Pérez-Rontomé C, Huertas R, Sato S, Mun JH, Becana M. Hemoglobins in the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:472-484. [PMID: 32442331 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Legume nodules have two types of hemoglobins: symbiotic or leghemoglobins (Lbs) and nonsymbiotic or phytoglobins (Glbs). The latter are categorized into three phylogenetic classes differing in heme coordination and O2 affinity. This review is focused on the roles of Lbs and Glbs in the symbiosis of rhizobia with crop legumes and the model legumes for indeterminate (Medicago truncatula) and determinate (Lotus japonicus) nodulation. Only two hemoglobin functions are well established in nodules: Lbs deliver O2 to the bacteroids and act as O2 buffers, preventing nitrogenase inactivation; and Glb1-1 modulates nitric oxide concentration during symbiosis, from the early stage, avoiding the plant's defense response, to nodule senescence. Here, we critically examine early and recent results, update and correct the information on Lbs and Glbs with the latest genome versions, provide novel expression data and identify targets for future research. Crucial unresolved questions include the expression of multiple Lbs in nodules, their presence in the nuclei and in uninfected nodule cells, and, intriguingly, their expression in nonsymbiotic tissues. RNA-sequencing data analysis shows that Lbs are expressed as early as a few hours after inoculation and that their mRNAs are also detectable in roots and pods, which clearly suggests that these heme proteins play additional roles unrelated to nitrogen fixation. Likewise, issues awaiting investigation are the functions of other Glbs in nodules, the spatiotemporal expression profiles of Lbs and Glbs at the mRNA and protein levels, and the molecular mechanisms underlying their regulation during nodule development and in response to stress and hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estíbaliz Larrainzar
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía, 31006, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene Villar
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Rubio
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carmen Pérez-Rontomé
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raul Huertas
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Pkwy, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Shusei Sato
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Jeong-Hwan Mun
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin, 17058, Korea
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
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30
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Zhang J, Ghirardo A, Gori A, Albert A, Buegger F, Pace R, Georgii E, Grote R, Schnitzler JP, Durner J, Lindermayr C. Improving Air Quality by Nitric Oxide Consumption of Climate-Resilient Trees Suitable for Urban Greening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:549913. [PMID: 33117411 PMCID: PMC7550725 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.549913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen oxides (NOx), mainly a mixture of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), are formed by the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen compounds in the air as a result of combustion processes and traffic. Both deposit into leaves via stomata, which on the one hand benefits air quality and on the other hand provides an additional source of nitrogen for plants. In this study, we first determined the NO and NO2 specific deposition velocities based on projected leaf area (sV d) using a branch enclosure system. We studied four tree species that are regarded as suitable to be planted under predicted future urban climate conditions: Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus ornus, Fraxinus pennsylvanica and Ostrya carpinifolia. The NO and NO2 sVd were found similar in all tree species. Second, in order to confirm NO metabolization, we fumigated plants with 15NO and quantified the incorporation of 15N in leaf materials of these trees and four additional urban tree species (Celtis australis, Alnus spaethii, Alnus glutinosa, and Tilia henryana) under controlled environmental conditions. Based on these 15N-labeling experiments, A. glutinosa showed the most effective incorporation of 15NO. Third, we tried to elucidate the mechanism of metabolization. Therefore, we generated transgenic poplars overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana phytoglobin 1 or 2. Phytoglobins are known to metabolize NO to nitrate in the presence of oxygen. The 15N uptake in phytoglobin-overexpressing poplars was significantly increased compared to wild-type trees, demonstrating that the NO uptake is enzymatically controlled besides stomatal dependence. In order to upscale the results and to investigate if a trade-off exists between air pollution removal and survival probability under future climate conditions, we have additionally carried out a modeling exercise of NO and NO2 deposition for the area of central Berlin. If the actually dominant deciduous tree species (Acer platanoides, Tilia cordata, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur) would be replaced by the species suggested for future conditions, the total annual NO and NO2 deposition in the modeled urban area would hardly change, indicating that the service of air pollution removal would not be degraded. These results may help selecting urban tree species in future greening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangli Zhang
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Antonella Gori
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment, and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Florence, Italy
| | - Andreas Albert
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Buegger
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Rocco Pace
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research — Institute of Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Porano, Italy
| | - Elisabeth Georgii
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Grote
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research — Institute of Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Durner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
- Chair of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Christian Lindermayr
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
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31
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Becana M, Yruela I, Sarath G, Catalán P, Hargrove MS. Plant hemoglobins: a journey from unicellular green algae to vascular plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1618-1635. [PMID: 31960995 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Globins (Glbs) are widely distributed in archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes. They can be classified into proteins with 2/2 or 3/3 α-helical folding around the heme cavity. Both types of Glbs occur in green algae, bryophytes and vascular plants. The Glbs of angiosperms have been more intensively studied, and several protein structures have been solved. They can be hexacoordinate or pentacoordinate, depending on whether a histidine is coordinating or not at the sixth position of the iron atom. The 3/3 Glbs of class 1 and the 2/2 Glbs (also called class 3 in plants) are present in all angiosperms, whereas the 3/3 Glbs of class 2 have been only found in early angiosperms and eudicots. The three Glb classes are expected to play different roles. Class 1 Glbs are involved in hypoxia responses and modulate NO concentration, which may explain their roles in plant morphogenesis, hormone signaling, cell fate determination, nutrient deficiency, nitrogen metabolism and plant-microorganism symbioses. Symbiotic Glbs derive from class 1 or class 2 Glbs and transport O2 in nodules. The physiological roles of class 2 and class 3 Glbs are poorly defined but could involve O2 and NO transport and/or metabolism, respectively. More research is warranted on these intriguing proteins to determine their non-redundant functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Yruela
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
- Group of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Computational Biology (BIFI-Unizar) Joint Unit to CSIC, Edificio I+D Campus Río Ebro, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gautam Sarath
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, East Campus, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 86583, USA
| | - Pilar Catalán
- Group of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Computational Biology (BIFI-Unizar) Joint Unit to CSIC, Edificio I+D Campus Río Ebro, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Huesca, Universidad de Zaragoza, 22071, Huesca, Spain
| | - Mark S Hargrove
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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Berger N, Vignols F, Przybyla-Toscano J, Roland M, Rofidal V, Touraine B, Zienkiewicz K, Couturier J, Feussner I, Santoni V, Rouhier N, Gaymard F, Dubos C. Identification of client iron-sulfur proteins of the chloroplastic NFU2 transfer protein in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 72:873-884. [PMID: 32240305 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) proteins have critical functions in plastids, notably participating in photosynthetic electron transfer, sulfur and nitrogen assimilation, chlorophyll metabolism, and vitamin or amino acid biosynthesis. Their maturation relies on the so-called SUF (sulfur mobilization) assembly machinery. Fe-S clusters are synthesized de novo on a scaffold protein complex and then delivered to client proteins via several transfer proteins. However, the maturation pathways of most client proteins and their specificities for transfer proteins are mostly unknown. In order to decipher the proteins interacting with the Fe-S cluster transfer protein NFU2, one of the three plastidial representatives found in Arabidopsis thaliana, we performed a quantitative proteomic analysis of shoots, roots, and seedlings of nfu2 plants, combined with NFU2 co-immunoprecipitation and binary yeast two-hybrid experiments. We identified 14 new targets, among which nine were validated in planta using a binary bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. These analyses also revealed a possible role for NFU2 in the plant response to desiccation. Altogether, this study better delineates the maturation pathways of many chloroplast Fe-S proteins, considerably extending the number of NFU2 clients. It also helps to clarify the respective roles of the three NFU paralogs NFU1, NFU2, and NFU3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Berger
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Vignols
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Valérie Rofidal
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Brigitte Touraine
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Service unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Véronique Santoni
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Frédéric Gaymard
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Christian Dubos
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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Singh P, Kumari A, Foyer CH, Gupta KJ. The power of the phytoglobin-NO cycle in the regulation of nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:5-7. [PMID: 32386329 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110067, New Delhi, India
| | - Aprajita Kumari
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110067, New Delhi, India
| | - Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Signorelli S, Sainz M, Tabares-da Rosa S, Monza J. The Role of Nitric Oxide in Nitrogen Fixation by Legumes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:521. [PMID: 32582223 PMCID: PMC7286274 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The legume-rhizobia symbiosis is an important process in agriculture because it allows the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) which contributes to increasing the levels of nitrogen in the soil. Nitric oxide (⋅NO) is a small free radical molecule having diverse signaling roles in plants. Here we present and discuss evidence showing the role of ⋅NO during different stages of the legume-rhizobia interaction such as recognition, infection, nodule development, and nodule senescence. Although the mechanisms by which ⋅NO modulates this interaction are not fully understood, we discuss potential mechanisms including its interaction with cytokinin, auxin, and abscisic acid signaling pathways. In matures nodules, a more active metabolism of ⋅NO has been reported and both the plant and rhizobia participate in ⋅NO production and scavenging. Although ⋅NO has been shown to induce the expression of genes coding for NITROGENASE, controlling the levels of ⋅NO in mature nodules seems to be crucial as ⋅NO was shown to be a potent inhibitor of NITROGENASE activity, to induce nodule senescence, and reduce nitrogen assimilation. In this sense, LEGHEMOGLOBINS (Lbs) were shown to play an important role in the scavenging of ⋅NO and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), potentially more relevant in senescent nodules. Even though ⋅NO can reduce NITROGENASE activity, most reports have linked ⋅NO to positive effects on BNF. This can relate mainly to the regulation of the spatiotemporal distribution of ⋅NO which favors some effects over others. Another plausible explanation for this observation is that the negative effect of ⋅NO requires its direct interaction with NITROGENASE, whereas the positive effect of ⋅NO is related to its signaling function, which results in an amplifier effect. In the near future, it would be interesting to explore the role of environmental stress-induced ⋅NO in BNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Signorelli
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- The School of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Martha Sainz
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sofía Tabares-da Rosa
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jorge Monza
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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H 2S signaling in plants and applications in agriculture. J Adv Res 2020; 24:131-137. [PMID: 32292600 PMCID: PMC7150428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays a signaling role in higher plants. It mediates persulfidation, a post-translational modification. It regulates physiological functions ranging from seed germination to fruit ripening. The beneficial effects of exogenous H2S are mainly caused by the stimulation of antioxidant systems.
The signaling properties of the gasotransmitter molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is endogenously generated in plant cells, are mainly observed during persulfidation, a protein post-translational modification (PTM) that affects redox-sensitive cysteine residues. There is growing experimental evidence that H2S in higher plants may function as a mechanism of response to environmental stress conditions. In addition, exogenous applications of H2S to plants appear to provide additional protection against stresses, such as salinity, drought, extreme temperatures and heavy metals, mainly through the induction of antioxidant systems, in order to palliate oxidative cellular damage. H2S also appears to be involved in regulating physiological functions, such as seed germination, stomatal movement and fruit ripening, as well as molecules that maintain post-harvest quality and rhizobium–legume symbiosis. These properties of H2S open up new challenges in plant research to better understand its functions as well as new opportunities for biotechnological treatments in agriculture in a changing environment.
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Villar I, Larrainzar E, Milazzo L, Pérez-Rontomé C, Rubio MC, Smulevich G, Martínez JI, Wilson MT, Reeder B, Huertas R, Abbruzzetti S, Udvardi M, Becana M. A Plant Gene Encoding One-Heme and Two-Heme Hemoglobins With Extreme Reactivities Toward Diatomic Gases and Nitrite. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:600336. [PMID: 33329665 PMCID: PMC7710986 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.600336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In plants, symbiotic hemoglobins act as carriers and buffers of O2 in nodules, whereas nonsymbiotic hemoglobins or phytoglobins (Glbs) are ubiquitous in tissues and may perform multiple, but still poorly defined, functions related to O2 and/or nitric oxide (NO). Here, we have identified a Glb gene of the model legume Medicago truncatula with unique properties. The gene, designated MtGlb1-2, generates four alternative splice forms encoding Glbs with one or two heme domains and 215-351 amino acid residues. This is more than double the size of any hemoglobin from plants or other organisms described so far. A combination of molecular, cellular, biochemical, and biophysical methods was used to characterize these novel proteins. RNA-sequencing showed that the four splice variants are expressed in plant tissues. MtGlb1-2 is transcriptionally activated by hypoxia and its expression is further enhanced by an NO source. The gene is preferentially expressed in the meristems and vascular bundles of roots and nodules. Two of the proteins, bearing one or two hemes, were characterized using mutants in the distal histidines of the hemes. The Glbs are extremely reactive toward the physiological ligands O2, NO, and nitrite. They show very high O2 affinities, NO dioxygenase activity (in the presence of O2), and nitrite reductase (NiR) activity (in the absence of O2) compared with the hemoglobins from vertebrates and other plants. We propose that these Glbs act as either NO scavengers or NO producers depending on the O2 tension in the plant tissue, being involved in the fast and fine tuning of NO concentration in the cytosol in response to sudden changes in O2 availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Villar
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Estíbaliz Larrainzar
- Department of Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Applied Biology, Campus Arrosadía, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lisa Milazzo
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Carmen Pérez-Rontomé
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria C. Rubio
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Giulietta Smulevich
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Jesús I. Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Michael T. Wilson
- School of Life Sciences, Essex University, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Brandon Reeder
- School of Life Sciences, Essex University, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Raul Huertas
- Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Stefania Abbruzzetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manuel Becana,
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Berger A, Boscari A, Horta Araújo N, Maucourt M, Hanchi M, Bernillon S, Rolin D, Puppo A, Brouquisse R. Plant Nitrate Reductases Regulate Nitric Oxide Production and Nitrogen-Fixing Metabolism During the Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti Symbiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1313. [PMID: 33013954 PMCID: PMC7500168 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate reductase (NR) is the first enzyme of the nitrogen reduction pathway in plants, leading to the production of ammonia. However, in the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia, atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is directly reduced to ammonia by the bacterial nitrogenase, which questions the role of NR in symbiosis. Next to that, NR is the best-characterized source of nitric oxide (NO) in plants, and NO is known to be produced during the symbiosis. In the present study, we first surveyed the three NR genes (MtNR1, MtNR2, and MtNR3) present in the Medicago truncatula genome and addressed their expression, activity, and potential involvement in NO production during the symbiosis between M. truncatula and Sinorhizobium meliloti. Our results show that MtNR1 and MtNR2 gene expression and activity are correlated with NO production throughout the symbiotic process and that MtNR1 is particularly involved in NO production in mature nodules. Moreover, NRs are involved together with the mitochondrial electron transfer chain in NO production throughout the symbiotic process and energy regeneration in N2-fixing nodules. Using an in vivo NMR spectrometric approach, we show that, in mature nodules, NRs participate also in the regulation of energy state, cytosolic pH, carbon and nitrogen metabolism under both normoxia and hypoxia. These data point to the importance of NR activity for the N2-fixing symbiosis and provide a first explanation of its role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Berger
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR INRAE 1355, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alexandre Boscari
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR INRAE 1355, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Natasha Horta Araújo
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR INRAE 1355, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Mickaël Maucourt
- Univ. Bordeaux INRAE, UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Mohamed Hanchi
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR INRAE 1355, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Stéphane Bernillon
- PMB-Metabolome, INRAE, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Dominique Rolin
- Univ. Bordeaux INRAE, UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- PMB-Metabolome, INRAE, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Alain Puppo
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR INRAE 1355, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Renaud Brouquisse
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR INRAE 1355, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, France
- *Correspondence: Renaud Brouquisse,
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