The influence of high-intensity interval training on anthropometric variables of adults with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Characteristics of High-Intensity Interval Training Influence Anthropometrics, Glycemic Control, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

BACKGROUND

Exercise is a non-pharmacological intervention for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), including moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Despite diverse exercise protocol variations, the impact of these variations in HIIT on T2DM anthropometrics, glycemic control, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE

The aim was to examine the influence of HIIT protocol characteristics on anthropometrics, glycemic control, and CRF in T2DM patients and compare it to control (without exercise) and MICT.

METHODS

This review is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021281398) and follows Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search, employing "high-intensity interval training" and "diabetes mellitus" in PubMed and Web of Science databases, with a "randomized controlled trial" filter, spanned articles up to January 2023.

RESULTS

Of 190 records, 29 trials were included, categorized by HIIT interval duration, training volume, and intervention period. Long-duration, high-volume, and long-term HIIT yields superior outcomes compared to control conditions for body mass, waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), glycosylated hemoglobin (%HbA1c), and CRF. The findings favored HIIT over MICT for body mass in long-duration, high-volume, and short-term intervals (mean difference [MD] - 3.45, - 3.13, and - 5.42, respectively, all p < 0.05) and for CRF in long and medium work intervals and high volume (MD 1.91, 2.55, and 2.43, respectively, all p < 0.05), as well as in medium and long-term intervention (MD 2.66 and 2.21, respectively, all p < 0.05). Regardless of specific HIIT characteristics, no differences were found in the HIIT versus MICT comparison for glycemic control.

CONCLUSIONS

Specific HIIT protocol characteristics influence changes in anthropometrics, glycemic control, and CRF compared to control groups. However, compared to MICT, only longer duration, higher volume, and short-term HIIT improved body mass, waist circumference, and CRF in individuals with T2DM.

Exercise as a tool to mitigate metabolic disease

Metabolic diseases, notably obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), have reached alarming proportions and constitute a significant global health challenge, emphasizing the urgent need for effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. In contrast, exercise training emerges as a potent intervention, exerting numerous positive effects on metabolic health through adaptations to the metabolic tissues. Here, we reviewed the major features of our current understanding with respect to the intricate interplay between metabolic diseases and key metabolic tissues, including adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver, describing some of the main underlying mechanisms driving pathogenesis, as well as the role of exercise to combat and treat obesity and metabolic disease.

Efficacy of Interval Training in Improving Body Composition and Adiposity in Apparently Healthy Adults: An Umbrella Review with Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Although the efficacy of interval training for improving body composition has been summarized in an increasing number of systematic reviews in recent years, discrepancies in review findings and conclusions have been observed.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to synthesize the available evidence on the efficacy of interval training compared with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and nonexercise control (CON) in reducing body adiposity in apparently healthy adults.

METHODS

An umbrella review with meta-analysis was performed. A systematic search was conducted in seven databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database, CINAHL, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) up to October 2023. Systematic reviews with meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing interval training and MICT/CON were included. Literature selection, data extraction, and methodological quality assessment (AMSTAR-2) were conducted independently by two reviewers. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on the type of interval training [high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT)], intervention duration, body mass index, exercise modality, and volume of HIIT protocols.

RESULTS

Sixteen systematic reviews, including 79 RCTs and 2474 unique participants, met the inclusion criteria. Most systematic reviews had a critically low (n = 6) or low (n = 6) AMSTAR-2 score. Interval training demonstrated significantly greater reductions in total body fat percent (BF%) compared with MICT [weighted mean difference (WMD) of - 0.77%; 95% confidence interval (CI) - 1.12 to - 0.32%] and CON (WMD of - 1.50%; 95% CI - 2.40 to - 0.58%). Significant reductions in fat mass, visceral adipose tissue, subcutaneous abdominal fat, and android abdominal fat were also observed following interval training compared to CON. Subgroup analyses indicated that both HIIT and SIT resulted in superior BF% loss than MICT. These benefits appeared to be more prominent in individuals with overweight/obesity and longer duration interventions (≥ 12 weeks), as well as in protocols using cycling as a modality and low-volume HIIT (i.e., < 15 min of high-intensity exercise per session).

CONCLUSIONS

This novel umbrella review with large-scale meta-analysis provides an updated synthesis of evidence with implications for physical activity guideline recommendations. The findings support interval training as a viable exercise strategy for reducing adiposity in the general population.

Unlocking the power of synergy: High-intensity functional training and early time-restricted eating for transformative changes in body composition and cardiometabolic health in inactive women with obesity

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term effects of time-restricted eating (TRE), with or without high intensity functional training (HIFT), on body composition and cardiometabolic biomarkers among inactive women with obesity.

METHODS

Sixty-four women (BMI = 35.03 ± 3.8 kg/m2; age = 32.1 ± 10 years) were randomly allocated to either: (1) TRE (≤8-h daily eating window, with ad libitum energy intake) group; (2) HIFT (3 sessions/week) group; or (3) TRE combined with HIFT (TRE-HIFT) group. The interventions lasted 12 weeks with a pre-post measurement design. A HIFT session consists of 8 sets of multiple functional exercises with self-selected intensity (20 or 30s work/10s rest).

RESULTS

TRE-HIFT showed a greater decrease of waist and hip circumferences and fat mass compared to TRE (p = 0.02, p = 0.02 and p<0.01; respectively) and HIFT (p = 0.012, p = 0.028 and p<0.001; respectively). Weight and BMI decreased in TRE-HIFT compared to HIFT group (p<0.001; for both). Fat-free mass was lower in TRE compared to both HIFT and TRE-HIFT groups (p<0.01 and p<0.001; respectively). Total cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin, and HOMA-IR decreased in TRE-HIFT compared to both TRE (p<0.001, p<0.01, p = 0.015 and p<0.01; respectively) and HIFT (p<0.001, p = 0.02, p<0.01 and p<0.001; respectively) groups. Glucose level decreased in TRE-HIFT compared to HIFT (p<0.01). Systolic blood pressure decreased significantly in both TRE-HIFT and HIFT groups compared to TRE group (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02; respectively).

CONCLUSION

In inactive women with obesity, combining TRE with HIFT can be a good strategy to induce superior effects on body composition, lipid profile and glucose regulation compared with either diet or exercise intervention alone.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Clinical Trials Number: PACTR202301674821174.

Effects of 24-week Polarized Training vs. Threshold Training in Obese Male Adults

The combination of high volume of moderate-intensity continuous training with a low volume of high-intensity interval training improved body composition and physical capacities in individuals with obesity. However, polarized training (POL) has never been used in adult men with obesity. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate changes in body composition and physical capacities induced by a 24-week POL or threshold (THR) program in obese male adults. Twenty male patients (mean age 39.8±6.3 yrs; mean body mass index [BMI] 31.6±2.7 kg∙m-2) participated in this study (n: 10 POL, n: 10 THR). After 24-week, body mass (BM) and fat mass (FM) decreased by -3.20±3.10 kg (P<0.05) and -3.80±2.80 kg (P<0.05), respectively, similarly in both groups. Maximal oxygen uptake (  ̇VO2max) and   ̇VO2 at respiratory compensation point (RCP) increased in the POL group (+8.5±12.2 and+9.0±17.0%, P<0.05) and in the THR group (+4.24±8.64 and+4.0±6.70%, P<0.05), as well   ̇VO2 at gas exchange threshold (GET) increased similarly in both groups (+12.8±12.0%, P<0.05). POL and THR were equally effective in improving body composition and physical capacities in obese subjects. Future studies are needed to determine whether adherence to the training program can be improved by adding a running competition compared with a group without competition at the end of the training program.

Feasibility of Different Exercise Modalities for Community-Dwelling Residents With Physical Inactivity: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

Exercise interventions can promote health, but they can be difficult to implement. Moreover, no consensus has been reached regarding which exercise modality promotes the most significant improvement in metabolic health.

PURPOSE

This feasibility study was conducted to (a) determine the implementation efficacy of supervised and home-based exercise interventions by investigating their respective rates of intervention adherence, adherence to targeted intensity, attrition, and adverse events and (b) explore the preliminary efficacy of 12-week exercise programs among aerobic exercise, aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise, and high-intensity interval training on body composition, anthropometric parameters, and lipid profiles for community-dwelling residents with physical inactivity.

METHODS

This randomized controlled trial was conducted from April to October 2020. Seventy-two sedentary participants aged 40-70 years were enrolled and randomized into one of four groups: 12-week aerobic exercise, aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise, high-intensity interval training, and control. The three exercise groups performed at least moderate-intensity supervised exercise twice a week and home-based exercise once a week, whereas the control group maintained their usual daily activities. The target variables, including body composition, anthropometric parameters, and lipid profiles, were measured before and after the 12-week intervention.

RESULTS

The intervention adherence rates were 74.01%-87.54% for the supervised exercise group, 64.98%-83.90% for the home-based exercise group, and 82.65%-92.65% for the target exercise intensity group. The attrition rate ranged from 12.50% to 17.65%, and no adverse events were reported in any of the exercise groups. Preliminary efficacy data show the reductions in body weight (95% CI [0.01, 1.20], p = .048) and low-density lipoprotein (95% CI [2.76, 30.32], p = .02) were greater in the exercise groups than the control group, although the intergroup differences were not significant.

CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Body weight and low-density lipoprotein may be efficiently reduced in a 12-week period using any of the three exercise modalities with at least 82.65% adherence to moderate-intensity exercise and 70.84% adherence to exercising 3 times a week.

High-intensity interval training is not superior to continuous aerobic training in reducing body fat: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Background/Objective

Guidelines on obesity management reinforce regular exercise to reduce body fat. Exercise modalities, including high-intensity interval training (HIIT), appear to produce a similar effect to continuous aerobic training (CAT) on body fat. However, they have not addressed the chronic effect of HIIT vs. CAT on body fat assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Thus, we compared the effectiveness of CAT vs. HIIT protocols on body fat (absolute or relative) (%BF) and abdominal visceral fat reduction, assessed by DEXA, in adults with overweight and obesity.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) including both female or male adults with excess body weight. We performed searches in the databases MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Scopus, LILACS, Web of Science and Cochrane.

Results

In our analysis (11 RCTs), we found no greater benefit on %BF of HIIT vs. CAT (MD -0.55%, 95% CI -1.42 to 0.31; p = 0.209). As for abdominal visceral fat, no training modality was superior (SMD: -0.05, 95% CI -0.29 to 0.19; p = 0.997). Regarding secondary outcomes (body weight, BMI, VO2 max, glycemic and lipid profiles), HIIT shows greater benefit than CAT in increasing VO2 max and fasting blood glucose and reducing total cholesterol.

Conclusion

HIIT is not superior to CAT in reducing %BF or abdominal visceral fat in individuals characterized by excess weight. However, HIIT showed beneficial effects on cardiorespiratory fitness, total cholesterol and fasting blood glucose when compared to CAT.

Aerobic and Muscle-Strengthening Physical Activity, Television Viewing, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The CARDIA Study

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in U.S. adults is over 30%, yet the role of lifestyle factors in the etiology of NAFLD remains understudied. We examined the associations of physical activity, by intensity and type, and television viewing with prevalent NAFLD.

METHODS

Cross-sectional analysis of a population-based sample of 2726 Black (49%) and White (51%) adults (Mean (SD) age, 50 (3.6) years; 57.3% female) from the CARDIA study. Exposures were aerobic activity by intensity (moderate, vigorous; hours/week); activity type (aerobic, muscle-strengthening; hours/week); and television viewing (hours/week), examined concurrently in all models and assessed by validated questionnaires. Our outcome was NAFLD (liver attenuation < 51 Hounsfield Units), measured by non-contrast computed tomography, after exclusions for other causes of liver fat. Covariates were sex, age, race, study center, education, diet quality, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and body mass index or waist circumference.

RESULTS

648 participants had NAFLD. In the fully adjusted modified Poisson regression model, the risk ratios per interquartile range of each exposure were moderate-intensity aerobic activity, 1.10 (95% CI, 0.97-1.26); vigorous-intensity aerobic activity, 0.72 (0.63-0.82); muscle-strengthening activity, 0.89 (0.80-1.01); and television viewing, 1.20 (1.10-1.32). Relative to less active participants with higher levels of television viewing, those who participated in ≥2 h/week of both vigorous-intensity aerobic and muscle-strengthening activity and <7 h/week of television viewing had 65% lower risk of NAFLD (risk ratio = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.23-0.51).

CONCLUSION

Adults who follow public health recommendations for vigorous-aerobic and muscle-strengthening activity, as well as minimize television viewing, are considerably less likely to have NAFLD than those who do not follow the recommendations and who have relatively high levels of television viewing.

Physical Activity Interventions for Improving Cognitive Functions in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Protocol for a Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

BACKGROUND

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects millions of children worldwide, with a current prevalence of approximately 1 in 54 children in the United States. Although the precise mechanisms underlying ASD remain unclear, research has shown that early intervention can have a significant impact on cognitive development and outcomes in children with ASD. Physical activity interventions have emerged as a promising intervention for children with ASD, but the efficacy of different types of interventions remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE

This study protocol aims to update the knowledge on extant literature and explore the efficacy of physical activity intervention strategies on cognitive functions in children with ASD.

METHODS

A systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) will be conducted following the PRISMA-NMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols for Network Meta-Analyses) statement. A total of 9 bibliographic databases (APA PsycInfo, CENTRAL, Dimensions, ERIC, MEDLINE Complete, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) will be systematically searched to screen eligible articles based on a series of inclusion and exclusion criteria. A study will be considered for inclusion if it is not classified as a systematic review with or without meta-analysis, was published from inception to present, includes children aged 0 to 12 years with ASD, quantitively measures cognitive outcomes, and examines treatment comprising at least 1 physical activity intervention strategy. The internal validity and quality of evidence will be evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation framework. Statistical analyses will be performed in the RStudio software (version 3.6; RStudio Inc) with the BUGSnet package and the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (version 3.3; Biostat Inc). The results of our NMA will be illustrated through network diagrams accompanied by geometry and league tables. Further, to rank the interventions based on their efficacy, we will use the surface under the cumulative ranking curve.

RESULTS

Our preliminary search identified 3778 potentially relevant studies. The screening of the studies based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria is ongoing, and we anticipate that the final number of eligible studies will be in the range of 30 to 50.

CONCLUSIONS

This study will provide a comprehensive review of the literature on physical activity interventions for children with ASD and will use NMA to compare the efficacy of different types of interventions on cognitive outcomes. Our findings will have important implications for clinical practice and future research in this area and will contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of physical activity interventions as a key component of early intervention for children with ASD.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

PROSPERO CRD42021279054; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=279054.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID)

DERR1-10.2196/40383.

Physical activity: associations with health and summary of guidelines

The understanding of how physical activity and insufficient physical activity are associated with health outcomes has increased considerably over the past decades. Along with physical activity, the evidence on the associations between sedentary behavior and health has increased, which has resulted in the introduction of recommendations of sedentary behavior. In this article, we 1) present terminology for physical activity and sedentary behavior epidemiology, 2) show the relevant scientific evidence on associations of physical activity and sedentary behavior with selected health-related outcomes and 3) introduce the global guidelines for physical activity and sedentary behavior by the World Health Organization (WHO). Health-related outcomes include cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, total mortality, glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes, adiposity, overweight, obesity, cancer, musculoskeletal and bone health, brain health, and quality of life. These health-related outcomes are reflected across age groups and some population groups, such as pregnant and postpartum women. Furthermore, we discuss physical activity levels across Nordic countries and over time. For the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations, shared common physical activity guidelines were not developed. Instead, each country has created their own guidelines that are being referenced in the article, along with the global WHO guidelines.

The effects of water-based exercise on body composition: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIMS

This study aimed to investigate the effects of water-based exercise (WBE) on body composition.

METHODS

Trials published up to October 28, 2022 were searched using the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, and Ovid databases. Randomized controlled trials of healthy adults published in English, comparing WBE and control groups, were included. Other studies with different research designs and participants with medical diagnoses were excluded. The main outcome measures were body weight (BW), body fat mass (BFM), body fat percentage (BFP), lean mass (LM), and skeletal muscle mass (SMM).

RESULTS

Overall, 17,458 potential studies were identified. After a closer inspection, 79 full-length articles were considered for further screening. Finally, 20 studies, involving 565 participants, were included in the meta-analysis. The WBE was beneficial in reducing BW, BFM, and BFP and increasing LM and SMM. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on different exercise intensities and times per week. Moderate- or moderate-vigorous-intensity exercise helped improve body composition, while lower-intensity WBE or aquatic high-intensity interval training (HIIT) seemed less helpful. Training for <120 min/week was insufficient to improve body composition. Training for >120 min/week was associated with improvements in body composition.

CONCLUSIONS

Moderate- or moderate-vigorous-intensity WBE helps improve body composition. Adults are encouraged to exercise for >120 min/week.

Effects of 12-week combined training versus high intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition and fat metabolism in obese male adults

Background

/Objectives: A weekly combination of a high volume of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) with a low volume of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) provides important improvements in body composition and physical capacities in individuals with obesity. However, previous studies did not determine the weekly proportions of HIIT and MICT a priori. This study aimed to investigate changes in body composition, physical capacities and the fat oxidation rate in obese male adults by comparing a combination of MICT and HIIT, called combined training (COMB), with HIIT for a 12-week period.

Methods

Thirty-four obese male adults (mean age: 39.4 ± 7.0 y; mean body mass index [BMI] 34.0 ± 4.2 kg m-2) participated in this study (n = 18 for COMB, n = 16 HIIT), attending ∼ 36 training sessions. The COMB group performed 3 repetitions of 2 min at 95% of peak oxygen uptake (V'O2 peak) (e.g., HIIT ≤20%), followed by 30 min at 60% of VO2 peak (e.g., MICT ≥80%). The HIIT group performed 5-7 repetitions of 2 min at 95% of VO2 peak. At baseline (PRE) and at the end of the training period (POST), body composition, VO2 peak, and the fat oxidation rate were measured. The two training programs were equivalent in caloric expenditure.

Results

At POST, body mass (BM) and fat mass (FM) decreased by a mean of 3.09 ± 3.21 kg and 3.90 ± 2.40 kg, respectively (P < 0.05), in both groups and V'O2 peak increased in both groups by a mean of 0.47 ± 0.34 L min-1 (P < 0.05). The maximal fat oxidation rate increased similarly in both groups from 0.32 ± 0.05 to 0.36 ± 0.06 g min-1 (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

COMB training represents a viable alternative to HIIT to improve anthropometric characteristics, physical capacities and fat oxidation in obese male adults.

Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training vs. Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Fat Loss and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in the Young and Middle-Aged a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVES

This systematic review is conducted to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in the young and middle-aged.

METHODS

Seven databases were searched from their inception to 22 October 2022 for studies (randomized controlled trials only) with HIIT and MICT intervention. Meta-analysis was carried out for within-group (pre-intervention vs. post-intervention) and between-group (HIIT vs. MICT) comparisons for change in body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), percent fat mass (PFM), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and CRF.

RESULTS

A total of 1738 studies were retrieved from the database, and 29 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Within-group analyses indicated that both HIIT and MICT can bring significant improvement in body composition and CRF, except for FFM. Between-group analyses found that compared to MICT, HIIT brings significant benefits to WC, PFM, and VO_2peak.

CONCLUSIONS

The effect of HIIT on fat loss and CRF in the young and middle-aged is similar to or better than MICT, which might be influenced by age (18-45 years), complications (obesity), duration (>6 weeks), frequency, and HIIT interval. Despite the clinical significance of the improvement being limited, HIIT appears to be more time-saving and enjoyable than MICT.

Physical Activity and Its Association With Body Mass Index: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in Middle-Aged Adults From 4 Sub-Saharan African Countries

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to explore association of self-reported physical activity domains of work, leisure, and transport-related physical activity and body mass index (BMI) in 9388 adult men and women from the Africa-Wits-INDEPTH partnership for Genomic (AWI-Gen) study in Africa. Africa-Wits-INDEPTH partnership for Genomic is a large, population-based cross-sectional cohort with participants from 6 sites from rural and urban areas in 4 sub-Saharan African countries.

METHODS

A sex-stratified meta-analysis of cross-sectional data from men and women aged 29-82 years was used to assess the association of physical activity with BMI.

RESULTS

Overall, meeting physical activity guidelines of at least 150 minutes per week was associated with 0.82 kg/m2 lower BMI in men (β = -0.80 kg/m2; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.14 to -0.47) and 0.68 kg/m2 lower BMI in women (β = -0.68 kg/m2; 95% CI, -1.03 to -0.33). Sex and site-specific differences were observed in the associations between physical activity domains and BMI. Among those who met physical activity guidelines, there was an inverse association between transport-related physical activity and BMI in men from Nanoro (Burkina Faso) (β = -0.79 kg/m2; 95% CI, -1.25 to -0.33) as well as work-related physical activity and BMI in Navrongo men (Ghana) (β = -0.76 kg/m2; 95% CI, -1.25 to -0.27) and Nanoro women (β = -0.90 kg/m2; 95% CI, -1.44 to -0.36).

CONCLUSIONS

Physical activity may be an effective strategy to curb rising obesity in Africa. More studies are needed to assess the impact of sex and geographic location-specific physical activity interventions on obesity.

Acute effect of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on appetite perception: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Interval training protocols have gained popularity over the years, but their impact on appetite sensation compared to officially recommended training method, moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) is not well understood. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare a single session of high intensity interval training (HIIT) including sprint interval training (SIT) with MICT on appetite perception measured by the visual analog scale (VAS). After searching up articles published up to September 2021, 13 randomized controlled studies were included in the meta-analysis. Outcomes of meta-analysis demonstrated that both acute sessions of HIIT/SIT and MICT suppressed appetite compared to no-exercise control groups immediately post exercise but there were no significant effects 30-90 min post exercise or in AUC values, indicating a transient effect of exercise on appetite sensations. Moreover, differences in appetite sensations between HIIT/SIT and MICT were negligible immediately post exercise, but HIIT/SIT suppressed hunger (MD = -6.347 [-12.054, -0.639], p = 0.029) to a greater extent than MICT 30- to 90-min post exercise, while there was a lack of consistency other VAS subscales of appetite. More studies that address the impact of exercising timing, nutrient compositions of energy intake (energy intake (EI)) and differences in participants' characteristics and long-term studies analyzing chronic effects are needed to comprehensively examine the differences between HIIT/SIT and MICT on appetite and EI. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO], Identifier [CRD42021284898].

Effectiveness of Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting and concurrent training in the management of obesity: is the combination worth the weight?

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

We investigated, in men with obesity, the efficacy of the combination of two strategies (Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting 'RDIF' strategy vs RDIF plus concurrent training program 'RDIF-CT' strategy) known for their positive impact on body composition and then we explored the possible impact on metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Twenty obese men, age: 31.8 ± 7.05 years, BMI: 33.1 ± 4.2 kg m^-2, performing regularly RDIF, were randomized into two groups: RDIF-CT (n = 10) and RDIF without training (RDIF-NCT) (n = 10). The RDIF-CT group participated in High intensity interval training (HIIT) program combined with resistance exercises for 4 weeks. Body composition, blood glucose, lipid profile, liver biomarkers and inflammation were assessed before and after 4-week RDIF. Both groups showed a significant decrease in weight, fat mass (FM), fat percentage (Fat%) and waist circumference (WC) and an improvement in blood glucose, lipid profile and inflammation. Fat free mass decreased significantly in RDIF-NCT (p < 0.05) while remaining unchanged in RDIF-CT. However, RDIF-CT induced greater improvements in body composition (i.e., weight, FM, Fat% and WC (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05; respectively)) as well as greater decrease in lipid biomarkers (i.e., TC, TG and LDL (p < 0.01 for all)), inflammation (i.e., CRP (p < 0.05)), and liver damage (i.e., ASAT, ALAT and Gamma-GT (p < 0.01, p < 0.05 and p < 0.001; respectively)) compared to RDIF-NCT group pre-post intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that a combination of RDIF and CT induces greater changes in body composition, lipid profile, inflammation and liver biomarkers compared to RDIF strategy alone.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTER

PACTR202203475387226.

High-intensity interval training improves the vascular endothelial function comparing moderate-intensity interval training in overweight or obese adults: A meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

Obesity is associated with endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases. Moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) is a common method to improve endothelial function and the cardiovascular risk profile in obesity. However, in recent times, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has become a popular alternative for MICT primarily because of its time efficiency. Therefore, we hypothesized that HIIT is superior to MICT in improving vascular function. We aimed to evaluate this hypothesis by conducting a meta-analysis and quantifying the effect of HIIT on flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in overweight/obese adults.

METHODS

Databases (Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed) were searched up to January 2022 for HIIT vs. moderate-intensity interval training (MICT) and HIIT vs. control (CON) studies on endothelial function assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in overweight and obese adults. From the included studies, standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated.

RESULTS

8 studies with 208 participants were included in this meta-analysis. According to the 6 studies, HIIT improved the FMD with an overall change of %2.6 [(95% CI: 0.82 to 4.377), p = 0.004] compared to the MICT in overweight and obese adults. Moreover, based on the 5 studies that compared HIIT and CON, the results showed HIIT significantly increased FMD by 1.83% [(95% CI: 0.478 to 3.187), p = 0.008].

CONCLUSIONS

These results showed that exercise training, particularly HIIT, could improve endothelial function in overweight and obese adults.

Aging reduces ABHD5 protein content in the adipose tissue of mice: The reversal effect of exercise

Dysfunction of the adipose tissue metabolism is considered as a significant hallmark of aging. It has been proposed that α-β hydrolase domain containing 5 (ABHD5) plays a critical role in the control of lipolysis. However, the role of ABHD5 in the control of lipolysis during aging or exercise is unknown. Here we combined the experimental mouse model with transcriptomic analyzes by using murine and human databases to explore the role of ABHD5 in the adipose tissue during aging and in response to exercise. Transcriptomic data revealed a downregulation of Abhd5 messenger RNA levels in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) over time in individuals from 20 to 69 years old. Aged mice displayed dramatic reduction of ABHD5 protein content and lipolytic-related proteins in the scWAT. Interestingly, 4 weeks of high-intensity interval training increased ABHD5 protein level and restored the lipolytic pathway in the scWAT of aged mice. Altogether, our findings demonstrated that aging affects ABHD5 content in the adipose tissue of mice and humans. Conversely, exercise increases ABHD5 activity, recovering the lipolytic activity in aged mice.

Multiple trajectories of any intensities of physical activity are better than sustained sedentary time on improving waist circumference and body mass index among Chinese adults: China Health and Nutrition Survey, 2004-2018

Higher levels of physical activity (PA) may be associated with more favorable measures of adiposity, and sedentary time (ST) is associated with adverse health outcomes independent of PA. We hypothesized that multiple routes of different PA intensities PA combined with ST would be associated with coexisting latent waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) trajectories among Chinese adults. Thus, we aimed to determine multiple routes of PA and ST and their associations with trajectories of WC and BMI. We used data from 13 137 adults in the China Health and Nutrition Survey between 2004 and 2018. Using group-based multitrajectory modeling, we determined multiple trajectories of light-, moderate-, and vigorous-intensity PA (LPA, MPA) and ST (PA trajectories) and concurrent WC and BMI trajectories. Then, we explored logit regressions between them. We identified 4 PA trajectories. The majority (high LPA, 43.5%) exhibited decreasing high LPA levels. The rest were high ST (9.0%), decreased MPA (15.8%), and high vigorous-intensity PA (31.7%). People with high ST showed higher odds of having abdominal obesity (odds ratio [OR] = 2.23) or severe abdominal obesity (OR = 1.73) than those with decreased MPA (OR = 1.85 and 1.71) and high LPA (OR = 1.43 for abdominal obesity). They also showed higher odds of being overweight (OR = 1.73) than those with decreased MPA (OR = 1.58) and high LPA (OR = 1.39). Any level of PA is better than sustained ST for improving adiposity indicators among Chinese adults.

Effects of the intensity of interval training on aerobic fitness, body composition and resting metabolic rate of women with overweight or obesity: A randomized trial

BACKGROUND: Moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT) may be a viable exercise format for improving body composition, aerobic fitness, and health-related variables. OBJECTIVES: This randomized trial aimed to analyze the effect of MIIT or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on aerobic fitness, body composition variables, and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in women with overweight or obesity. METHODS: 31 sedentary adult women with overweight or obesity performed 7 weeks × 3 weekly sessions of either HIIT or MIIT. Physical and physiological tests were applied before and after training. RESULTS: In both analyses (intention-to-treat and by adherence to the training), aerobic fitness showed a time effect (p= 0.041 and p= 0.015), but without differences between groups (p> 0.05). No group (HIIT vs. MIIT), time (pre vs. post), or interaction effects (group vs. time) were found for RMR, body composition markers (fat mass, body fat percentage, lean mass), or body mass index – BMI (p> 0.05). In addition, MIIT induced a relatively high drop-out rate. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that the short-term (7-weeks) interval exercise training was effective for increasing aerobic fitness, and moderate-intensity intervals were as effective as high-intensity intervals. However, neither training format was effective for changing RMR, body composition variables, or BMI of women with overweight or obesity. Clinical trial ID: RBR-9jd7b7.

The optimal exercise modality and intensity for hemodialysis patients incorporating Bayesian network meta-analysis and systematic review

Background: Physical inactivity is highly prevalent in patients with hemodialysis, and a large body of evidence reported the positive effect of different exercise modalities on their health outcomes. However, the effective dosage of exercise for hemodialysis patients still requires verification.

Objective: We aimed to determine the most effective exercise intensity and modality for improvements in physical function, blood pressure control, dialysis adequacy, and health-related quality of life for hemodialysis patients.

Design: Systematic review with network meta-analysis of randomized trials.

Data sources: Five electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Scopus) were searched for randomized controlled trials. Data extraction and quality appraisal were conducted by two authors independently. Data were analyzed by the R (version.3.6.2) and the Stata (version.15.0).

Result: We included 1893 patients involving four exercise modalities and six exercise intensities. Combined training (aerobic exercise plus resistance exercise) has been the top-ranking exercise modality for improving the 6-min walk test (6MWT) (surface under the cumulative ranking curve analysis (SUCRA) score, 90.63), systolic blood pressure control (SUCRA score, 77.35), and diastolic pressure control (SUCRA score, 90.56). Moreover, the top-ranking exercise intensity was moderate–vigorous for 6MWT (SUCRA score, 82.36), systolic blood pressure (SUCRA score, 77.43), and diastolic blood pressure (SUCRA score, 83.75). Regarding dialysis adequacy and health-related quality of life, we found no exercise modality or intensity superior to the placebo.

Conclusion: This network meta-analysis indicated that combined training and moderate–vigorous intensity might be the most effective interventions to improve 6MWT and blood pressure control. This finding helps further guide clinical exercise prescriptions for hemodialysis patients.

Systematic Review Registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/], identifier [CRD42021268535].

Effect of aerobic exercise on waist circumference in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Excess visceral adiposity contributes to elevated cardiometabolic risk, and waist circumference is commonly used as a surrogate measure of visceral adipose tissue. Although regular aerobic exercise is known to improve abdominal obesity, its effect on waist circumference is unclear. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to determine (1) the effect of aerobic exercise on waist circumference in adults with overweight or obesity; (2) the association between any change in waist circumference and change in visceral adipose tissue and/or bodyweight with aerobic exercise interventions; and (3) if reductions in waist circumference with exercise are moderated by clinical characteristics or components of aerobic exercise prescription. Twenty-five randomized controlled trials (1686 participants) were included. Regular aerobic exercise significantly reduced waist circumference by 3.2 cm (95% confidence interval [CI] -3.86, -2.51, p ≤ 0.001) versus control. Change in waist circumference was associated with change in visceral adipose tissue (β = 4.02; 95% CI 1.37, 6.66, p = 0.004), and vigorous intensity produced superior reduction (-4.2 cm, 95% CI -4.99, -3.42, p < 0.0001) in waist circumference compared with moderate intensity (-2.50 cm, 95% CI -3.22, -1.79, p = 0.058). These findings suggest regular aerobic exercise results in modest reductions in waist circumference and associated visceral adipose tissue and that higher intensity exercise may offer superior benefit to moderate intensity.

Effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) on fat oxidation during exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) on fat oxidation during exercise (FatOx) and how they compare with the effects of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT).

DESIGN

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

DATA SOURCES

Academic Search Ultimate, CINAHL, Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, Open Access Theses and Dissertations, OpenDissertations, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES

Studies using a between-group design, involving adult participants who were not trained athletes, and evaluating effects of HIIT or SIT on FatOx (vs no exercise or MICT) were included.

RESULTS

Eighteen studies of fair-to-good quality were included; nine comparing HIIT or SIT with no exercise and eleven comparing HIIT or SIT with MICT. A significant pooled effect of these types of interval training on FatOx was found (mean difference in g/min (MD)=0.08; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04 to 0.12; p<0.001). Significant effects were found for exercise regimens lasting ≥4 weeks, and they increased with every additional week of training (β=0.01; 95% CI 0.00 to 0.02; p=0.003). HIIT and/or SIT were slightly more effective than MICT (MD=0.03; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.05; p=0.005). The effects on FatOx were larger among individuals with overweight/obesity.

CONCLUSION

Engaging in HIIT or SIT can improve FatOx, with larger effects expected for longer training regimens and individuals with overweight/obesity. While some effects seem small, they may be important in holistic approaches to enhance metabolic health and manage obesity.

Melatonin reduces muscle damage, inflammation and oxidative stress induced by exhaustive exercise in people with overweight/obesity

BACKGROUND

Intense physical exercise leads to inflammation, oxidative stress and muscle damage, and these responses are of greater magnitude in people with obesity. Melatonin (MLT) is considered an endogenous antioxidant which may have beneficial effects against inflammation, oxidative stress and promote tissue repair after exercise. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of MLT on inflammatory parameters, oxidative stress and muscle damage in people with overweight/obesity after a high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE).

METHODS

A total of 23 subjects with obesity (9 men and 14 women) age: 33.26 ± 9.81 years, BMI: 37.75 ± 8.87 kg.m-2 were randomized to participate in two experimental sessions: HIIE + Placebo and HIIE + MLT (3 mg). The HIIE protocol corresponds to 8 intervals of 1 min (90% of the maximal aerobic power (MAP)) alternating with 2 min recovery (45% of the MAP). Blood samples were drawn before and 5 min after each exercise session.

RESULTS

MLT ingestion attenuated the increase of inflammation (C-reactive protein, white blood cells (P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.45; for both) and Neutrophils (P < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.36)) and hepatic and muscle damage (Aspartate aminotransferase (P < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.25), Alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.27) and Creatine kinase (P = 0.02, ηp2 = 0.23). MLT also attenuated the exercise induced lipid and protein peroxidation (i.e., Malondialdehyde (P = 0.03, ηp2 = 0.19) and AOPP (P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.55)). Concerning the antioxidant status, MLT intake increased Thiol (P < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.26) and Catalase (P < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.32) and decreased Uric acid (P = 0.02, ηp2 = 0.2) and Total bilirubin (P < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.33).

CONCLUSIONS

MLT intake before HIIE reduced muscle damage by modulating oxidative stress and preventing overexpression of the pro-inflammatory mediators in people with obesity.

Effects of low-volume, high-intensity interval training on maximal oxygen consumption, body fat percentage and health-related quality of life in women with overweight: A randomized controlled trial

Background

Several investigations suggest that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) provokes larger changes in VO_2max compared to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT); other studies associate HIIT with significant decreases in total, abdominal and visceral fat mass. However, some meta-analyses express that the enhancements with HIIT on VO_2max are slightly higher concerning MICT. These studies had low-to-moderate methodological quality, and the exercise protocols were completed mostly on treadmills or cycle ergometers. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare the effect of a low-volume HIIT versus a MICT program on VO_2max, body fat percentage (BFP), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in overweight women. It followed a research protocol with high methodological rigor and good reporting quality.

Methods

After two physical adaptation weeks (run-in period), thirty-five volunteers were randomized to HIIT (n = 16) or MICT (n = 19). Both groups performed 24 sessions on a grass sports field (walking, jogging or running). The HIIT group completed 15 bouts of 30 s [90–95%, maximal heart rate (HR_max)], while the MICT group completed 30 min of continuous exercise (65–75% HR_max).

Results

The difference between HIIT and MICT post-intervention on VO_2max was not statistically significant (0.8 ml/kg/min. CI 95%, −1.0 to 2.7, p = 0.37). Similarly, no statistically significant differences were found between groups for BFP and HRQoL.

Conclusions

Low-volume HIIT program has no quantitative advantage compared with that resulting from MICT, in VO2max, BFP, and HRQoL. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03300895.

Effects of 8 Weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training and Spirulina Supplementation on Immunoglobin Levels, Cardio-Respiratory Fitness, and Body Composition of Overweight and Obese Women

Simple Summary

Overweight and obese, like other forms of malnutrition, have been shown to affect immune function through changing immunoglobin or cardio-respiratory fitness levels and cell-mediated immune responses. Although calorie restriction and exercise are the most common therapies for obesity or overweight, it is unclear what kind of supplementation these people should take or how much exercise they should perform. Hence, in this study, we examined the effect of 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with spirulina supplementation on the humoral immunity, cardio-respiratory fitness, and body composition of overweight and obese women. The results demonstrated that spirulina supplementation with HIIT not only decreased fat free mass but also boosted immunoglobin-A, which plays an important role in the immune system.

Abstract

Our study examined the effect of 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and spirulina supplementation on the humoral immunity, cardio-respiratory fitness, and body composition of overweight and obese women. Thirty sedentary women (height: 161.7 ± 2.8 cm, body mass: 75.8 ± 8.4 kg, body mass index [BMI]: 28.8 ± 2.5 kg/m², age: 25.1 ± 6.7 years) were divided into three groups: placebo with HIIT group, spirulina group (SG), or combined group (CG). Exercise groups performed HIIT for 8 weeks, with three sessions per week and four to seven repetitions in each session of 30 s running and 30 s walking; the intensity was established at 90% of the maximum heart rate. Supplementation groups received 6 g of spirulina powder per day. Fasting blood samples were collected before and after 8 weeks to determine the concentrations of immunoglobulins (IgA and IgG). There was a significant group-by-time interaction for fat free mass (FFM; p = 0.001, f = 8.52, ηp² = 0.39) and IgA (p = 0.036, f = 3.86, ηp² = 0.22). The post hoc analysis revealed that CG reduced FFM significantly (p = 0.012, g = −0.55) after training. CG and SG showed significantly greater IgA concentrations after 8 weeks (p = 0.02, g = 0.70 and p = 0.001, g = 0.34, respectively). We conclude that spirulina supplementation with HIIT affects the body composition (lower FFM) but also boosts IgA, which plays an important role in the immune system.

Effects of different exercise programs on cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in college students

Objective

The cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) of college students is showing a downward trend, this study aimed to explore the effects of three exercise programs on CRF and body composition indicators in college students.

Methods

A total of 50 non-smoking, healthy and physically inactive students were recruited from campus in Beijing, China, and randomly assigned to 4 groups: low-intensity continuous training with blood flow restriction (LICT-BFR, n = 13), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT, n = 13), high-intensity interval training (HIIT, n = 12), and no exercise control (n = 12), the intervention continued for 8 weeks. Body composition and aerobic capacity were measured before and after the intervention.

Results

Exercise groups reached significant improvements in maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max, p < 0.01) and a decrease in body fat percentage (p < 0.05) comparing to the control group. The fat mass and visceral fat area reduced significantly (p < 0.05) with a muscle mass growth (p < 0.05) in the LICT-BFR and MICT groups comparing to the control group. Changes of fat and muscle mass were trivial in the HIIT group (p = 0.842, p = 0.247).

Conclusion

All three exercise programs can improve the CRF of college students, with LICT-BFR has the most profound effects, and MICT is more beneficial for body composition improvement than other programs. From an overall perspective, LICT-BFR should be the ideal choice, however, due to limited equipment, college students can choose MICT or HIIT according to their situations.

Cardiac autonomic disturbance following sprint-interval exercise in untrained young males: Does exercise volume matter?

Objectives

This study examined the influences of the volume of all-out sprint-interval exercise (SIE) on acute post-exercise heart rate variability (HRV) recovery.

Methods

HRV recovery following a session of (i) 2 × 30-s SIE (SIE₂), (ii) 4 × 30-s SIE (SIE₄), and (iii) non-exercising control (CON) were compared in 15 untrained young males. Time domain [standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals, root mean square of successive R-R differences] and frequency domain [low frequency (0.04–0.14 Hz), high frequency (0.15–0.40 Hz)] measures of HRV were assessed every 20 min for 140 min after the exercise, and every hour during the first 4 h of actual sleep time at immediate night. All trials were scheduled at 19:00.

Results

In comparison to CON, both SIE₂ and SIE₄ attenuated the HRV markedly (p < 0.05), while the declined HRV restored progressively during recovery. Although the sprint repetitions of SIE₄ was twice as that of SIE₂, the declined HRV indices at corresponding time points during recovery were not different between the two trials (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, the post-exercise HRV restoration in SIE₂ appeared to be faster than that in SIE₄. Regardless, nocturnal HRV measured within 10 h following the exercise was not different among the SIE and CON trials (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

Such findings suggest that the exercise volume of the SIE protocol may be a factor affecting the rate of removal of the cardiac autonomic disturbance following the exercise. In addition, rest for ∼10 h following either session of the SIE protocol appears to be appropriate for the cardiovascular system to recover.

Dietary Calcium Intake and Fat Mass in Spanish Young Adults: The Role of Muscle Strength

Obesity is declared as a chronic multifaceted health problem, and young adults may be particularly vulnerable to weight gain. This study aims to identify the role of dietary calcium intake and the muscle strength index in handling excess of fat mass in young adults and to examine if the relationship between dietary calcium intake and fat mass percentage is mediated by muscle strength. A cross-sectional study including 355 Spanish college students (aged 21.05 ± 3.11) was performed during the 2017–2018 academic year. Pearson correlation coefficients were estimated to determine the relationship between dietary calcium intake, fat mass percentage, body mass index, muscle strength components, and total energy intake. ANCOVA models were used to analyze the differences in the muscle strength index by total dietary calcium intake categories, as well as the differences in % fat mass by total dietary calcium intake and muscle strength index categories, controlling for different sets of confounders. A mediator analysis was conducted to test if the relationship between dietary calcium intake and fat mass percentage was explained by muscle strength. Data on the fat mass percentage, dietary calcium intake, and muscle strength index as the sum of the standardized z-score of the standing long jump and z-score of handgrip/weight were collected. The muscle strength index was significantly better in young adults with higher dietary calcium intake. Moreover, the fat mass percentage was significantly lower in those with a higher dietary calcium intake and a better muscle strength index. Finally, the relationship between dietary calcium intake and fat mass percentage was fully mediated by muscle strength (z = −1.90; p < 0.05), explaining 33.33% of this relationship. This study suggests that both a major dietary calcium intake and muscle strength are associated with fat mass percentage. Moreover, muscle strength mediates the link between dietary calcium intake and fat mass percentage. Therefore, both high dietary calcium intake and exercise activities aimed at improving muscle strength levels may help to prevent the cardiometabolic risk associated with an excess of fat mass in young people.

The Role of Chronic Physical Activity in Alleviating the Detrimental Relationship of Childhood Obesity on Brain and Cognition

Childhood obesity and its negative relation with children’s brain health has become a growing health concern. Over the last decade, literature has indicated that physical activity attenuates cognitive impairment associated with obesity and excess adiposity in children. However, there is no comprehensive review that considers the extent to which these factors affect different domains of cognition. This narrative review comprehensively summarizes behavioral, neuroimaging, and neuroelectric findings associated with chronic physical activity and fitness on brain and cognition in childhood obesity. Based on the literature reviewed, increased adiposity has a demonstrated relationship with neurocognitive health via mechanisms triggered by central inflammation and insulin resistance, with the most pronounced decrements observed for cognitive domains that are prefrontal- and hippocampal-dependent. Fortunately, physical activity, especially interventions enhancing aerobic fitness and motor coordination, have demonstrated efficacy for attenuating the negative effects of obesity across different subdomains of structural and functional brain imaging, cognition, and multiple academic outcomes in children with overweight or obesity. Such mitigating effects may be accounted for by attenuated central inflammation, improved insulin sensitivity, and increased expression of neurotrophic factors. Lastly, individual differences appear to play a role in this relationship, as the manipulation of physical activity characteristics, the employment of a wide array of cognitive and academic measures, the inclusion of different adiposity measures that are sensitive to neurocognitive function, and the utilization of an inter-disciplinary approach have been found to influence the relationship between physical activity and excess adiposity on brain and cognition.

Physical activity in management of persons with obesity

Physical activity and exercise have many benefits in persons with obesity, helping with weight loss, body fat loss, abdominal visceral fat loss and possibly with weight maintenance after weight loss. The effect of exercise training (endurance or endurance plus resistance or high-intensity interval training) alone on weight loss as outcome appears relatively modest, amounting to only a few kg. However, endurance training during weight loss has been shown to increase V̇O₂max and resistance training during weight loss leads to lower loss in lean body mass and increased muscle strength. In addition, higher physical activity levels improve cardiovascular risk, whatever weight variations. Specifically, physical activity or exercise is part of lifestyle measures for prevention of type 2 diabetes and substantially helps with metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. The importance of physical activity counselling and exercise prescription in the management strategy will depend on specific treatment objectives as defined for a given patient, including weight loss, prevention of weigh regain, prevention of cardio-metabolic comorbidities, lean body mass preservation but also improvement in quality of life or development of social links. The 5 A's strategy consisting in: Ask, Assess, Advise, Agree, Assist (or Arrange) appears well adapted in this setting. Professionals need to be aware of the many barriers patients with obesity may meet on their way to increase habitual physical activity as specific solutions should be proposed. A major challenge is how to improve adherence to new physical activity habits over time.

Post-exercise energy intake: do the intensity and mode of exercise matter? A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing high-intensity interval with moderate-intensity continuous protocols

The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the impact of exercise intensity and mode (high-intensity interval exercise-HIIE or sprint interval exercise-SIE versus moderate-intensity continuous exercise-MICE) on post-exercise ad libitum energy intake. The studies were required to have at least two exercise conditions (HIIE or SIE vs MICE). Overall, 642 manuscripts were initially identified and 17 met the eligibility criteria. The random effect meta-analysis did not reveal differences for absolute energy intake (28 pairwise comparisons) between HIIE (p = 0.54; 95% Confidence Interval - CI: -0.14 to 0.26; 22 pairwise comparisons) or SIE (p = 0.08; 95% CI -0.65 to 0.03; 6 pairwise comparisons) versus MICE, neither for relative energy intake (p = 0.97; 95% CI: -0.35 to 0.10 for HIIE; p = 0.28; 95% CI: -1.03 to 0.06 for SIE) with five and one pairwise comparisons, respectively. Subgroup analyses for methods to evaluate ad libitum energy intake, body mass, sex, volume, and timing of exercise were non-significant. Inspecting each study, two pairwise comparisons reported lower post-exercise absolute energy intake in HIIE compared to control (CRTL), and three pairwise comparisons reported lower absolute energy intake after SIE compared to MICE. None pairwise comparison reported differences between protocols (HIIE or SIE versus MICE) for relative energy intake. In conclusion, the meta-analysis did not show differences between protocols for absolute and relative energy intake; five pairwise comparisons from 28 demonstrated lower absolute energy intake in HIIE or SIE compared to CRTL or MICE. Further studies are needed to address the key relevant variables in which exercise intensity and mode may impact energy intake.

Short-term community-based exercise programs in low-income older women: Does exercise intensity and modality matters?

Our aim was to evaluate the effect of community-based exercise program (CBEP) intensity and modality on anthropometric, hemodynamic, and functional capacity parameters in low-income older women. Forty insufficiently active older women (68.2 ± 7.9 years) were randomly assigned to perform 12 weeks of twice-weekly high-intensity interval training combined with resistance training (HIIT+RT/n = 12), moderate-intensity continuous training combined with resistance training (MICT+RT/n = 13), or resistance training alone (RT/n = 15). Anthropometric (body mass index and waist circumference), hemodynamic (blood pressure and heart rate), and functional capacity variables (flexibility, upper and lower limb muscle strength, and mobility) were assessed before and after training programs. Waist circumference reduced similarly after all CBEP (~3 to ~4 cm; P < 0.05). Tendency toward reduction in diastolic blood pressure (~4 mm Hg; P = 0.073), and improvements in flexibility (14.5%, P = 0.011) and handgrip strength (15.8%; P = 0.02) were found only in HIIT+RT. Indeed, only RT was effective to improve five-time sit to stand (14.1%; P = 0.013). No significant difference between groups was found during follow-up in any variable. The results of present study suggest that low-income older women may improve anthropometric, hemodynamic and functional capacity variables by participating in twice-weekly short-term (i.e.: 12 weeks) CBEP. However, the CBEP-effects on hemodynamic and functional capacity appears to be affected by exercise intensity (only HIIT+RT tended toward improving diastolic BP) and modality (only RT improved significantly five-time sit to stand), respectively.

Effect of exercise training on body composition in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Reduction in adiposity is considered a cornerstone in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Exercise training is one of the interventions used in the treatment of OSA. However, it remains unclear whether exercise training alleviates OSA by improving body composition. This study aimed to verify the effect of exercise training on body composition and the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) in patients with OSA. This study adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO. PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were used for systematic review. Analyses were performed using Review Manager software (version 5.3; R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Exercise training significantly reduced body mass index (mean difference = -0.55 kg/m²; 95% CI = -0.95 to -0.15), body fat percentage (mean difference = -1.19%; 95% CI = -2.03 to -0.35), neck circumference (mean difference = -0.55 cm; 95% CI = -1.08 to -0.02), total body weight (mean difference = -2.13 kg; 95% CI = -4.30 to 0.04), and AHI -8.06 events/hour; 95% CI = -10.47 to -5.66). Although body composition was improved by exercise, this improvement was clinically small. Moreover, improvement in AHI by exercise may not be entirely due to improvements in adiposity. PROSPERO #: CRD42020210509.

Physical activity in the management of obesity in adults: A position statement from Exercise and Sport Science Australia

This Position Statement examines the evidence for physical activity in weight and adiposity loss, prevention of weight and adiposity gain, and in weight regain in adults, and provides guidance on implications for exercise practitioners. Research evidence indicates that >150 min but preferably 300 min per week of aerobic activity of at least moderate intensity is required to prevent weight and adiposity gain, and at least the upper end of this range of activity to prevent weight regain after weight loss. For meaningful weight and total adiposity loss, a minimum of 300-420 min per week of aerobic activity of at least moderate intensity is required. The evidence around the volume of aerobic physical activity required to reduce central adiposity is emerging, and research suggests that it may be substantially less than that required for weight loss. The impact of high-intensity physical activity and resistance exercise for weight management is uncertain. During consultations for weight management, exercise practitioners should advise that metabolic and cardiovascular health benefits can be achieved with physical activity at any weight, and irrespective of weight change.

Physiological Effects and Inter-Individual Variability to 12 Weeks of High Intensity-Interval Training and Dietary Energy Restriction in Overweight/Obese Adult Women

Background: Human adaptive response to exercise interventions is often described as group average and SD to represent the typical response for most individuals, but studies reporting individual responses to exercise show a wide range of responses.

Objective: To characterize the physiological effects and inter-individual variability on fat mass and other health-related and physical performance outcomes after 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and dietary energy restriction in overweight/obese adult women.

Methods: Thirty untrained adult overweight and obese women (age = 27.4 ± 7.9 years; BMI = 29.9 ± 3.3 kg/m²) successfully completed a 12-week supervised HIIT program and an individually prescribed home hypocaloric diet (75% of daily energy requirements) throughout the whole intervention. High and low responders to the intervention were those individuals who were able to lose ≥ 10 and < 10% of initial absolute fat mass (i.e., kilograms), respectively.

Results: The prevalence for high and low responders was 33% (n = 11) and 66% (n = 19), respectively. At the whole group level, the intervention was effective to reduce the absolute fat mass (30.9 ± 7.2 vs. 28.5 ± 7.2 kg; p < 0.0001), body fat percentage (39.8 ± 4.3 vs. 37.8 ± 4.9%; p < 0.0001), and total body mass (76.7 ± 10.1 vs. 74.4 ± 9.9 kg; p < 0.0001). In addition, there were improvements in systolic blood pressure (SBP; Δ% = −5.1%), diastolic blood pressure (DBP; Δ% = −6.4%), absolute VO₂peak (Δ% = +14.0%), relative VO₂peak (Δ% = +13.8%), peak power output (PPO; Δ% = +19.8%), anaerobic threshold (AT; Δ% = +16.7%), maximal ventilation (VE; Δ% = +14.1%), and peak oxygen pulse (O₂ pulse; Δ% = +10.4%). However, at the individual level, a wide range of effects were appreciated on all variables, and the magnitude of the fat mass changes did not correlate with baseline body mass or fat mass.

Conclusion: A 12-week supervised HIIT program added to a slight dietary energy restriction effectively improved fat mass, body mass, blood pressure, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). However, a wide range of inter-individual variability was observed in the adaptative response to the intervention. Furthermore, subjects classified as low responders for fat mass reduction could be high responders (HiRes) in many other health-related and physical performance outcomes. Thus, the beneficial effects of exercise in obese and overweight women go further beyond the adaptive response to a single outcome variable such as fat mass or total body mass reduction.

Effect of exercise training on weight loss, body composition changes, and weight maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity: An overview of 12 systematic reviews and 149 studies

This overview of reviews aimed to summarize the effects of exercise training programs on weight loss, changes in body composition, and weight maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity. A systematic search of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SR-MAs) published between 2010 and December 2019 was performed. Only SR-MAs of controlled trials were included. The mean difference (MD) or standardized MD (SMD) were extracted from SR-MAs. Twelve SR-MAs (149 studies) were included. Exercise led to a significant weight loss (4 SR-MAs, MDs ranging from -1.5 to -3.5 kg), fat loss (4 SR-MAs, MDs ranging from -1.3 to -2.6 kg) and visceral fat loss (3 SR-MAs, SMDs ranging from -0.33 to -0.56). No difference in weight, fat, and visceral loss was found between aerobic and high-intensity interval training as long as energy expenditure was equal. Resistance training reduced lean mass loss during weight loss (1 SR-MA, MD: 0.8 [95%CI: 0.4-1.3] kg). No significant effect of exercise was found on weight maintenance (1 SR-MA). These findings show favorable effects of exercise training on weight loss and body composition changes in adults with overweight or obesity. Visceral fat loss may lead to benefits for cardiometabolic health. More research is needed to identify training modalities that promote weight maintenance.

The Probiotic Strain H. alvei HA4597® Improves Weight Loss in Overweight Subjects under Moderate Hypocaloric Diet: A Proof-of-Concept, Multicenter Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study

Background: Increasing evidence supports the role of the gut microbiota in the control of body weight and feeding behavior. Moreover, recent studies have reported that the probiotic strain Hafnia alvei HA4597^® (HA), which produces the satietogenic peptide ClpB mimicking the effect of alpha-MSH, reduced weight gain and adiposity in rodent models of obesity. Methods: To investigate the clinical efficacy of HA, 236 overweight subjects were included, after written informed consent, in a 12-week prospective, double-blind, randomized study. All subjects received standardized counselling for a −20% hypocaloric diet and were asked to maintain their usual physical activity. Subjects of the HA group received two capsules per day providing 100 billion bacteria per day and subjects in the Placebo (P) group received two placebo capsules. The primary endpoint was the percentage of subjects achieving a weight loss of at least 3% after 12 weeks. Intention-to-treat statistical analysis was performed using exact-Fischer, Mann-Whitney and paired-Wilcoxon tests as appropriate. Results: In the HA group, significantly more subjects (+33%) met the primary endpoint than in the P group (54.9 vs. 41.4%, p = 0.048). In the HA group, an increased feeling of fullness (p = 0.009) and a greater loss of hip circumference (p < 0.001) at 12 weeks were also observed. Fasting glycemia at 12 weeks was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the HA compared to P group. Clinical and biological tolerance was good in both groups. Conclusions: A 12-week treatment with the probiotic strain H. alvei HA4597^® significantly improves weight loss, feeling of fullness and reduction of hip circumference in overweight subjects following moderate hypocaloric diet. These data support the use of H. alvei HA4597^® in the global management of excess weight.

Physiological and Psychological Responses to Three Distinct Exercise Training Regimens Performed in an Outdoor Setting: Acute and Delayed Response

The aim of this study was to compare the acute responses to three time-matched exercise regimens. Ten trained adults (age, maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), and body mass index (BMI) = 25.9 ± 5.6 yr, 50.9 ± 5.4 mL·kg-1·min-1, and 22.1 ± 1.8 kg·m-2) completed sprint interval training (SIT) requiring 14 × 5 s efforts with 35 s of recovery, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) consisting of 18 × 15 s efforts at ~90% of peak heart rate (HRpeak) with 15 s of recovery, and vigorous continuous training (CT) consisting of 8.75 min at ~85 %HRpeak, in randomized order. Heart rate, blood lactate concentration, rating of perceived exertion, affective valence, and enjoyment were monitored. Moreover, indices of neuromuscular function, autonomic balance, diet, mental stress, incidental physical activity (PA), and sleep were measured 24 h after each session to analyze the magnitude of recovery. Both HIIT and CT exhibited a greater %HRpeak and time ≥ 90 %HRpeak than SIT (p < 0.05). Blood lactate and rating of perceived exertion were higher in response to SIT and HIIT vs. CT (p < 0.05); however, there were no differences in enjoyment (p > 0.05). No differences were exhibited in any variable assessed along 24 h post-exercise between conditions (p > 0.05). These data suggest that HIIT and CT accumulate the longest duration at near maximal intensities, which is considered a key factor to enhance VO2max.

Effect of exercise intervention dosage on reducing visceral adipose tissue: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) are deleterious fat deposits in the human body and can be effectively reduced by exercise intervention. Despite well-established exercise prescriptions are available, the effective dosage of exercise for reducing VAT requires verification.

OBJECTIVES

The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to determine the most effective exercise dosage (modality, intensity, duration, and amount) for decreasing VAT.

METHODS

Nine databases (EMBASE, Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial, PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, Airiti Library, and PerioPath) were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials that objectively assessed VAT. The arms of included studies covered with different exercise modalities and dosage. Relevant databases were searched through February 2020.

RESULTS

Of the 34 studies (n = 1962) included in systematic review, 32 (n = 1900) were pooled for pairwise or network meta-analysis. The results indicated that high-intensity interval training (SMD -0.39, 95% CI -0.60 to -0.18) and aerobic exercise (SMD -0.26, 95% CI -0.38 to -0.13) of at least moderate intensity were beneficial for reducing VAT. By contrast, resistance exercise, aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise, and sprint interval training had no significant effects. No difference in VAT reduction was observed between exercising more or less than 150 min per week. Meta-regression revealed that the effect of VAT reduction was not significantly influenced by an increase in the duration of or amount of exercise in an exercise program. The effective dosage of exercise for reducing VAT was three times per week for 12 to 16 weeks, while duration per session for aerobic exercise was 30-60 min, and either less than 30 min or 30-60 min of high-intensity interval training accomplished sufficient energy expenditure to impact VAT.

CONCLUSIONS

These results can inform exercise prescriptions given to the general population for improving health by reducing VAT.

Comparison of High-Intensity Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Body Fat Percentage in Persons With Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

BACKGROUND

High-intensity training is comprised of sprint interval training (SIT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). This study compared high-intensity training with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body fat percentage for overweight or obese persons.

METHODS

A systematic search of randomized controlled trials using the health science databases occurred up to April, 2020. Twenty-six studies were included for complete analysis. A total of 784 participations were analyzed. The unstandardized mean difference for each outcome measurement was extracted from the studies and pooled with the random effects model.

RESULTS

MICT was significantly better at improving CRF compared with SIT (mean difference = -0.92; 95% confidence interval, -1.63 to -0.21; P = .01; I2 = 10%). Furthermore, there was no significant difference between MICT versus HIIT on CRF (mean difference = -0.52; 95% confidence interval, -1.18 to 0.13; P = .12; I2 = 23%). There was no significant difference in body fat percentage between MICT versus HIIT and MICT versus SIT.

CONCLUSIONS

MICT was significantly better at improving CRF than SIT in overweight or obese persons.

The impact of high intensity interval training on liver fat content in overweight or obese adults: A meta-analysis

Liver fat is a marker of the metabolic derangements associated with obesity for which exercise training is a potential therapy. We therefore performed a systematic meta-analysis to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on liver fat content in overweight or obese adults with metabolic disorders. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and the Cochrane were searched up to October 2020 for HIIT vs. Control (CON) or HIIT vs. moderate intensity interval training (MICT) studies on liver fat content in overweight and obese individuals with metabolic disorders. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. Ten studies involving 333 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Based on studies that directly compared HIIT and CON (6 studies), HIIT was beneficial for promoting a reduction in liver fat [-0.51 (95% CI: -0.85 to -0.17), p = 0.003]. However, there were no significant evidence for an effect of HIIT on liver fat [-0.07 (95% CI: -0.33 to 0.19), p = 0.59], when compared with MICT (7 studies). These results suggest that a HIIT could induce improvements in liver fat of overweight and obese adults with metabolic disorders despite no weight loss.

Effects of Two Workload-Matched High-Intensity Interval Training Protocols on Regional Body Composition and Fat Oxidation in Obese Men

The effects of two high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols on regional body composition and fat oxidation in men with obesity were compared using a parallel randomized design. Sixteen inactive males (age, 38.9 ± 7.3 years; body fat, 31.8 ± 3.9%; peak oxygen uptake, VO_2peak, 30.9 ± 4.1 mL/kg/min; all mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to either HIIT10 (48 × 10 s bouts at 100% of peak power [W_peak] with 15 s of recovery) or HIIT60 group (8 × 60 s bouts at 100% W_peak with 90 s of recovery), and subsequently completed eight weeks of training, while maintaining the same diet. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) showed only a main effect of time (p < 0.01) and no group or interaction effects (p > 0.05) in the examined parameters. Total and trunk fat mass decreased by 1.81 kg (90%CI: −2.63 to −0.99 kg; p = 0.002) and 1.45 kg (90%CI: −1.95 to −0.94 kg; p < 0.001), respectively, while leg lean mass increased by 0.86 kg (90%CI: 0.63 to 1.08 kg; p < 0.001), following both HIIT protocols. HIIT increased peak fat oxidation (PFO) (from 0.20 ± 0.05 to 0.33 ± 0.08 g/min, p = 0.001), as well as fat oxidation over a wide range of submaximal exercise intensities, and shifted PFO to higher intensity (from 33.6 ± 4.6 to 37.6 ± 6.7% VO_2peak, p = 0.039). HIIT, irrespective of protocol, improved VO_2peak by 20.0 ± 7.2% (p < 0.001), while blood lactate at various submaximal intensities decreased by 20.6% (p = 0.001). In conclusion, both HIIT protocols were equally effective in improving regional body composition and fat oxidation during exercise in obese men.

Effects of very low volume high intensity versus moderate intensity interval training in obese metabolic syndrome patients: a randomized controlled study

Physical activity is a cornerstone in the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Given the leading physical activity barrier of time commitment and safety concerns about vigorous exercise in high-risk groups, this study aimed to investigate the effects of two extremely time-efficient training protocols (< 30 min time effort per week), either performed as high- (HIIT) or moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT) over 12 weeks, in obese MetS patients. In total, 117 patients (49.8 ± 13.6 years, BMI: 38.2 ± 6.2 kg/m2) were randomized to HIIT (n = 40), MIIT (n = 37) or an inactive control group (n = 40). All groups received nutritional counseling to support weight loss. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), MetS severity (MetS z-score), body composition and quality of life (QoL) were assessed pre-and post-intervention. All groups significantly reduced body weight (~ 3%) but only the exercise groups improved VO2max, MetS z-score and QoL. VO2max (HIIT: + 3.1 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001; MIIT: + 1.2 mL/kg/min, p < 0.05) and MetS z-score (HIIT: - 1.8 units, p < 0.001; MIIT: - 1.2 units, p < 0.01) improved in an exercise intensity-dependent manner. In conclusion, extremely low-volume interval training, even when done at moderate intensity, is sufficiently effective to improve cardiometabolic health in obese MetS patients. These findings underpin the crucial role of exercise in the treatment of obesity and MetS.

What exercise prescription is optimal to improve body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in adults living with obesity? A network meta-analysis

Current international guidelines recommend people living with obesity should be prescribed a minimum of 300 min of moderately intense activity per week for weight loss. However, the most efficacious exercise prescription to improve anthropometry, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and metabolic health in this population remains unknown. Thus, this network meta-analysis was conducted to assess and rank comparative efficacy of different exercise interventions on anthropometry, CRF and other metabolic risk factors. Five electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared different exercise modalities to improve anthropometry, CRF and/or metabolic health in adults living with obesity. RCTs were evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. A random effects network meta-analysis was performed within a frequentist framework. Of the 6663 articles retrieved, 45 studies with a total 3566 participants were included. Results reveal that while any type of exercise intervention is more effective than control, weight loss induced is modest. Interventions that combine high-intensity aerobic and high-load resistance training exert beneficial effects that are superior to any other exercise modality at decreasing abdominal adiposity, improving lean body mass and increasing CRF. Clinicians should consider this evidence when prescribing exercise for adults living with obesity, to ensure optimal effectiveness.

Sports and Functional Training Improve a Subset of Obesity-Related Health Parameters in Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial

To investigate the effects of two different modes of physical activity on body composition, physical fitness, cardiometabolic risk, and psychological responses in female adolescents participating in a multi-disciplinary program. The 12-week randomized intervention included 25-adolescents with overweight divided into two groups: sports practice-SPG and functional training-FTG. The SPG intervention was divided into three sports: basketball, handball, and futsal. SPG participants performed one sport 3-times/week, over the course of 1 month. The FTG performed concurrent exercises 3-times/week. This study was registered in Clinical Trials Registry Platform under number: RBR-45ywtg and registered in Local Ethics Committee number: 2,505.200/2018. The intensity of physical exercises-PE was matched between groups by the rating of perceived exertion. The primary outcome was body composition, and secondary outcomes were physical fitness, cardiometabolic risk, and psychological responses. There was a significant time-effect for body mass, body mass index, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c), all being reduced. There were increases over time for musculoskeletal mass, aerobic fitness, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c) (p < 0.05). There was a group time interaction with body fat percentage being lower post-intervention in the SPG (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed for the other variables. Both physical activity models were effective in improving a subset of obesity-related health parameters. The findings should be extended by further investigation using more sophisticated measures of energy expenditure. Clinical Trial Registration: https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/, identifier: RBR-45ywtg.

Magnitude and duration of excess of post-exercise oxygen consumption between high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise: A systematic review

The present systematic review examined the effect of exercise intensity (high-intensity interval exercise [HIIE] vs. moderate-intensity continuous exercise [MICE] vs. sprint interval exercise [SIE]) on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). Twenty-two studies were included in the final evaluation. The retrieved investigations were split into studies that analysed short-duration (until 3 h) and long-duration (more than 3 h) EPOC. Studies that subtracted the baseline energy expenditure (EE) were analysed separately from those that did not. Most short-duration evaluations that subtracted baseline EE reported higher EPOC for HIIE (average of ~136 kJ) compared with MICE (average of ~101 kJ) and higher values for SIE (average of ~241 kJ) compared with MICE (average of ~151 kJ). The long-duration evaluations resulted in greater EPOC for HIIE (average of ~289 kJ) compared with MICE (average of ~159 kJ), while no studies comparing SIE versus MICE provided appropriate values. EE from EPOC seems to be greater following HIIE and SIE compared with MICE, and long-duration evaluations seem to present higher values than short-duration evaluations. Additionally, more standardized methodologies are needed in order to determine the effective EPOC time following these protocols.