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Gupta R, Kumar V, Verma N, Tewari RK. Nitric oxide-mediated regulation of macronutrients in plants. Nitric Oxide 2024; 153:13-25. [PMID: 39389288 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2024.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
In plant physiology, nitric oxide (NO) is a widely used signaling molecule. It is a free radical and an important component of the N-cycle. NO is produced endogenously inside plant cells, where it participates in multiple functions and provides protection against several abiotic and biotic stresses. NO and its interplay with macronutrients had remarkable effects on plant growth and development, the signaling pathway, and defense mechanisms. Its chemical properties, synthetic pathways, physiological effects, antioxidant action, signal transduction, and regulation of transporter genes and proteins have been studied. NO emerges as a key regulator under macronutrient deficiency. In plants, NO also affects reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and post-translational modifications (PTMs). The function of NO and its significant control in the functions and adjustments of macronutrients under macronutrient deficit were summed up in this review. NO regulate functions of macronutrients and associated signaling events involved with macronutrient transporters in different plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshani Gupta
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Nikita Verma
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
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Du YX, Dong JM, Liu HX, Fu XM, Guo J, Lai XP, Liu HM, Yang D, Yang HX, Zhou XY, Mao JM, Chen M, Zhang JZ, Yue JQ, Li J. Transcription-related metabolic regulation in grafted lemon seedlings under magnesium deficiency stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108615. [PMID: 38631158 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Magnesium is one of the essential nutrients for plant growth, and plays a pivotal role in plant development and metabolism. Soil magnesium deficiency is evident in citrus production, which ultimately leads to failure of normal plant growth and development, as well as decreased productivity. Citrus is mainly propagated by grafting, so it is necessary to fully understand the different regulatory mechanisms of rootstock and scion response to magnesium deficiency. Here, we characterized the differences in morphological alterations, physiological metabolism and differential gene expression between trifoliate orange rootstocks and lemon scions under normal and magnesium-deficient conditions, revealing the different responses of rootstocks and scions to magnesium deficiency. The transcriptomic data showed that differentially expressed genes were enriched in 14 and 4 metabolic pathways in leaves and roots, respectively, after magnesium deficiency treatment. And the magnesium transport-related genes MHX and MRS2 may respond to magnesium deficiency stress. In addition, magnesium deficiency may affect plant growth by affecting POD, SOD, and CAT enzyme activity, as well as altering the levels of hormones such as IAA, ABA, GA3, JA, and SA, and the expression of related responsive genes. In conclusion, our research suggests that the leaves of lemon grafted onto trifoliate orange were more significantly affected than the roots under magnesium-deficient conditions, further indicating that the metabolic imbalance of scion lemon leaves was more severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xia Du
- Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, 678000, China
| | - Jian-Mei Dong
- Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, 678000, China
| | - Hang-Xiu Liu
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Xiao-Men Fu
- Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, 678000, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, 678000, China
| | - Xin-Pu Lai
- Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, 678000, China
| | - Hong-Ming Liu
- Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, 678000, China
| | - Di Yang
- Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, 678000, China
| | - Hong-Xia Yang
- Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, 678000, China
| | - Xian-Yan Zhou
- Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, 678000, China
| | - Jia-Mei Mao
- Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, 678000, China
| | - Min Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jin-Zhi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Jian-Qiang Yue
- Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, 678000, China
| | - Jing Li
- Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, 678000, China.
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Shi Y, Jin X, Ackah M, Amoako FK, Li J, Tsigbey VE, Li H, Cui Z, Sun L, Zhao C, Zhao W. Comparative Physio-Biochemical and Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Contrasting Responses to Magnesium Imbalances in Leaves of Mulberry ( Morus alba L.) Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:516. [PMID: 38790621 PMCID: PMC11117640 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is a major factor limiting the growth and development of plants. Mulberry (Morus alba L.) is an important fruit tree crop that requires Mg for optimal growth and yield, especially in acid soils. However, the molecular mechanism of Mg stress tolerance in mulberry plants remains unknown. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing technology and biochemical analysis to profile the transcriptome and physiological changes of mulberry leaves under different Mg treatments (deficiency: 0 mM, low: 1 mM, moderate low: 2 mM, sufficiency: 3 mM, toxicity: 6 mM, higher toxicity: 9 mM) as T1, T2, T3, CK, T4, T5 treatments, respectively, for 20 days. The results showed that Mg imbalance altered the antioxidant enzymatic activities, such as catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and non-enzymatic, including soluble protein, soluble sugar, malondialdehyde (MDA), and proline (PRO), contents of the plant. The Mg imbalances disrupted the ultrastructures of the vital components of chloroplast and mitochondria relative to the control. The transcriptome data reveal that 11,030 genes were differentially expressed (DEGs). Genes related to the photosynthetic processes (CAB40, CAB7, CAB6A, CAB-151, CAP10A) and chlorophyll degradation (PAO, CHLASE1, SGR) were altered. Antioxidant genes such as PER42, PER21, and PER47 were downregulated, but DFR was upregulated. The carbohydrate metabolism pathway was significantly altered, while those involved in energy metabolism processes were perturbed under high Mg treatment compared with control. We also identified several candidate genes associated with magnesium homeostasis via RT-qPCR validation analysis, which provided valuable information for further functional characterization studies such as promoter activity assay or gene overexpression experiments using transient expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisu Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (Y.S.); (X.J.); (J.L.); (V.E.T.); (Z.C.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (Y.S.); (X.J.); (J.L.); (V.E.T.); (Z.C.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Michael Ackah
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (Y.S.); (X.J.); (J.L.); (V.E.T.); (Z.C.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Frank Kwarteng Amoako
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Jianbin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (Y.S.); (X.J.); (J.L.); (V.E.T.); (Z.C.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Victor Edem Tsigbey
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (Y.S.); (X.J.); (J.L.); (V.E.T.); (Z.C.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Haonan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (Y.S.); (X.J.); (J.L.); (V.E.T.); (Z.C.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Zipei Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (Y.S.); (X.J.); (J.L.); (V.E.T.); (Z.C.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Longwei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (Y.S.); (X.J.); (J.L.); (V.E.T.); (Z.C.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Chengfeng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (Y.S.); (X.J.); (J.L.); (V.E.T.); (Z.C.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (Y.S.); (X.J.); (J.L.); (V.E.T.); (Z.C.); (L.S.); (C.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
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Huang L, Xu N, Wu J, Yang S, An L, Zhou Z, Wong CE, Wu M, Yu H, Gan Y. GLABROUS INFLORESCENCE STEMS3 binds to and activates RHD2 and RHD4 genes to promote root hair elongation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:92-106. [PMID: 37738394 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are crucial in the uptake of essential nutrients and water in plants. This study showed that a zinc finger protein, GIS3 is involved in root hair growth in Arabidopsis. The loss-of-function gis3 and GIS3 RNAi transgenic line exhibited a significant reduction in root hairs compared to the wild type. The application of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), an exogenous ethylene precursor, and 6-benzyl amino purine (BA), a synthetic cytokinin, significantly restored the percentage of hair cells in the epidermis in gis3 and induced GIS3 expression in the wild type. More importantly, molecular and genetic studies revealed that GIS3 acts upstream of ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 2 (RHD2) and RHD4 by binding to their promoters. Furthermore, exogenous ACC and BA application significantly induced the expression of RHD2 and RHD4, while root hair phenotype of rhd2-1, rhd4-1, and rhd4-3 was insensitive to ACC and BA treatment. We can therefore conclude that GIS3 modulates root hair development by directly regulating RHD2 and RHD4 expression through ethylene and cytokinin signals in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linli Huang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China
| | - Nuo Xu
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junyu Wu
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuaiqi Yang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijun An
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhongjing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chui Eng Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences and Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mingjie Wu
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yinbo Gan
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhang W, Peng M, Tan G, Qaseem MF, Li H, Wu AM. Physiological and transcriptomic responses to magnesium deficiency in Neolamarckia Cadamba. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 197:107645. [PMID: 36963300 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) is a critical component of chlorophyll and enzymes involved in various physiological and biochemical processes essential for plant growth, biomass accumulation, and photosynthesis. Mg2+ deficiency (MgD) is common in hot and rainy subtropical areas due to its easy loss from soil. Neolamarckia cadamba, an important tropical tree in South Asia, faces severe effects of MgD, however, the responses of N. cadamba to MgD stress remain unclear. In here, effects of N. cadamba under MgD stress were investigated. The study revealed that MgD had lower plant biomass, fresh and dry weight, root length, root volume, and surface area compared to CK (normal Mg2+). As treatment time increased, the leaves began to yellow, and lesions appeared. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content, along with fluorescence-related parameters and leaf photosynthetic capacity, were significantly reduced in MgD stress compared to CK treatment. Transcriptome analysis showed that transporters as well as transcription factors (TFs) from MYC (v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog), MYB (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog), bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) and WRKY families were upregulated in leaves at 10 d of MgD stress, indicating that magnesium signaling transduction might be activated to compensate MgD. In addition, genes including chlorophyll(ide) b reductase (NYC1/NOL) chlorophyll/bacteriochlorophyll synthase (G4) and 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a reductase synthesizing (HCAR) chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were down-regulated in leaves, while those scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) were mainly up-regulated at 10 d of MgD stress. These results shed light on underlying MgD in N. cadamba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xintong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mengxuan Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guoqing Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mirza Faisal Qaseem
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huiling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Claeijs N, Vissenberg K. Phenotypic effect of growth media on Arabidopsis thaliana root hair growth. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2104002. [PMID: 36000477 PMCID: PMC9466613 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2104002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, many different growth media have been used to grow Arabidopsis thaliana in vitro in petri dishes. For these media the nutrient composition may vary, sugars may or may not be added, the medium may or may not be buffered and there is a choice between different gelling agents. The magnitude of possible combinations of these variables obstructs easy comparison of seedling phenotypes grown on the different media. This is especially obvious when it concerns the study of root hairs that are extremely sensitive to changes in their environment. To demonstrate this effect, we have grown Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type seeds on 18 different combinations of growth media and quantified root hair development. Comparison of root hair length and the respective root hair profiles identified the media that result in the formation of the longest root hairs. On these favored media they elongate through tip growth at a constant growth rate until they reach their final length (around 0.6 mm) at a distance of ±4 mm from the root tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Claeijs
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES); Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES); Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Plant Biochemistry & Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece
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Actin depolymerizing factor ADF7 inhibits actin bundling protein VILLIN1 to regulate root hair formation in response to osmotic stress in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010338. [PMID: 36095000 PMCID: PMC9499291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin cytoskeleton is essential for root hair formation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of actin dynamics in root hair formation in response to abiotic stress are largely undiscovered. Here, genetic analysis showed that actin-depolymerizing protein ADF7 and actin-bundling protein VILLIN1 (VLN1) were positively and negatively involved in root hair formation of Arabidopsis respectively. Moreover, RT-qPCR, GUS staining, western blotting, and genetic analysis revealed that ADF7 played an important role in inhibiting the expression and function of VLN1 during root hair formation. Filament actin (F-actin) dynamics observation and actin pharmacological experiments indicated that ADF7-inhibited-VLN1 pathway led to the decline of F-actin bundling and thick bundle formation, as well as the increase of F-actin depolymerization and turnover to promote root hair formation. Furthermore, the F-actin dynamics mediated by ADF7-inhibited-VLN1 pathway was associated with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in root hair formation. Finally, ADF7-inhibited-VLN1 pathway was critical for osmotic stress-induced root hair formation. Our work demonstrates that ADF7 inhibits VLN1 to regulate F-actin dynamics in root hair formation in response to osmotic stress, providing the novel evidence on the F-actin dynamics and their molecular mechanisms in root hair formation and in abiotic stress. Root hairs are required for plants to absorb nutrients and water. The dynamics of cytoskeleton such as actin filaments (F-actin) are necessary for the formation of root hairs, which is regulated by different kinds of cytoskeleton-binding proteins. At the same time, the dynamics of cytoskeleton are also involved in plant abiotic stress tolerance. However, there are few studies on the underlying molecular mechanisms of F-actin dynamics in root hair formation in response to abiotic stress. Actin depolymerization factor 7 (ADF7) and actin bunding protein Villin 1 (VLN1) are important actin-binding proteins in Arabidopsis. Here, we describe a pathway that ADF7 inhibits VLN1 to regulate F-actin dynamics in root hair formation in response to osmotic stress, providing a new evidence for the studies on the molecular mechanisms of F-actin dynamics in root hair formation and in plant abiotic stress tolerance.
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Ishfaq M, Wang Y, Yan M, Wang Z, Wu L, Li C, Li X. Physiological Essence of Magnesium in Plants and Its Widespread Deficiency in the Farming System of China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:802274. [PMID: 35548291 PMCID: PMC9085447 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.802274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) is an essential nutrient for a wide array of fundamental physiological and biochemical processes in plants. It largely involves chlorophyll synthesis, production, transportation, and utilization of photoassimilates, enzyme activation, and protein synthesis. As a multifaceted result of the introduction of high-yielding fertilizer-responsive cultivars, intensive cropping without replenishment of Mg, soil acidification, and exchangeable Mg (Ex-Mg) leaching, Mg has become a limiting nutrient for optimum crop production. However, little literature is available to better understand distinct responses of plants to Mg deficiency, the geographical distribution of soil Ex-Mg, and the degree of Mg deficiency. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge of key plant responses to Mg availability and, as far as possible, highlight spatial Mg distribution and the magnitude of Mg deficiency in different cultivated regions of the world with a special focus on China. In particular, ~55% of arable lands in China are revealed Mg-deficient (< 120 mg kg-1 soil Ex-Mg), and Mg deficiency literally becomes increasingly severe from northern (227-488 mg kg-1) to southern (32-89 mg kg-1) China. Mg deficiency primarily traced back to higher depletion of soil Ex-Mg by fruits, vegetables, sugarcane, tubers, tea, and tobacco cultivated in tropical and subtropical climate zones. Further, each unit decline in soil pH from neutral reduced ~2-fold soil Ex-Mg. This article underscores the physiological importance of Mg, potential risks associated with Mg deficiency, and accordingly, to optimize fertilization strategies for higher crop productivity and better quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ishfaq
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Minwen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Liangquan Wu
- International Magnesium Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chunjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- International Magnesium Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuexian Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Tripathi P, Tayade R, Mun BG, Yun BW, Kim Y. Silicon Application Differentially Modulates Root Morphology and Expression of PIN and YUCCA Family Genes in Soybean ( Glycine max L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:842832. [PMID: 35371163 PMCID: PMC8975267 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.842832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is absorbed and accumulated by some plant species; it has been shown to improve plant growth and performance. The beneficial role of Si in plants is based on the fundamental assumptions, and the biological function of Si is still being researched due to its complex nature, distinctiveness, and interaction. The present study included two distinct experiment sets: a screening test and an advanced test. In the initial examination, we used 21 soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars. Following the evaluation, we chose four cultivars to investigate further. In particular, the positive response cultivars, Taeseon and Geomjeongsaeol, showed a 14% increase in net photosynthesis (P N ), and a 19-26% increase in transpiration in Si-treated plants when compared to the control plants. Si-treated Taeseon, Geomjeongsaeol, and Somyongkong, Mallikong cultivars showed significant differences in root morphological traits (RMTs) and root system architecture (RSA) when compared to the control plants. Taeseon and Geomjeongsaeol showed a 26 and 46% increase in total root length (TRL) after Si application, respectively, compared to the control, whereas Mallikong and Somyongkong showed 26 and 20% decrease in TRL after Si treatment, respectively, compared to the control. The Si application enhanced the overall RMTs and RSA traits in Taeseon and Geomjeongsaeol; however, the other two cultivars, Somyongkong and Mallikong, showed a decrease in such RMTs and RATs. Furthermore, to understand the underlying molecular mechanism and the response of various cultivars, we measured the Si content and analyzed the gene expression of genes involved in auxin transport and root formation and development. We showed that the Si content significantly increased in the Si-treated Somyongkong (28%) and Taeseon (30%) compared to the control cultivars. Overall, our results suggested that Si affects root development as well as the genes involved in the auxin synthesis, transport pathway, and modulates root growth leading to cultivar-dependent variation in soybeans.
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10
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Sharma P, Gautam A, Kumar V, Guleria P. In vitro exposed magnesium oxide nanoparticles enhanced the growth of legume Macrotyloma uniflorum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:13635-13645. [PMID: 34591246 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles interact with plants to induce a positive, negative, or neutral effect on their growth and development. In this study, we document the positive influence of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles (NPs) on the morpho-biochemical parameters of Macrotyloma uniflorum (horse gram). Horse gram is a protein and polyphenol-rich legume crop. It is an important part of the human diet and nutrition. When exposed to MgO-NPs, a significant increment in the shoot-root length, fresh biomass, and chlorophyll content of horse gram was evident. Furthermore, there was a 4-20 and 18-127% increase in the accumulation of carbohydrate and protein content on MgO-NP exposure. The antioxidant potential was enhanced by 5-19% on NP treatment as a result of the increase in the accumulation of total polyphenolics. Total phenols and flavonoids were enhanced by 7-20 and 50-84% in the presence of MgO-NPs. The enzyme activity of SOD, CAT, and APX was also enhanced in MgO-NP-exposed horse gram. The observed alterations were also justified by the Pearson correlation. Overall, the MgO-NP-induced morpho-biochemical alterations in horse gram indicated their probable role as a nano-fertilizer. However, it further warrants the need to extensively investigate the responses of various other plant types to MgO-NPs before industry scale application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Sharma
- Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Lab, Department of Biotechnology, DAV University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India, 144012
| | - Ayushi Gautam
- Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Lab, Department of Biotechnology, DAV University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India, 144012
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India, 144111.
| | - Praveen Guleria
- Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Lab, Department of Biotechnology, DAV University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India, 144012.
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11
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Jia Z, Giehl RFH, von Wirén N. Nutrient-hormone relations: Driving root plasticity in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:86-103. [PMID: 34920172 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Optimal plant development requires root uptake of 14 essential mineral elements from the soil. Since the bioavailability of these nutrients underlies large variation in space and time, plants must dynamically adjust their root architecture to optimize nutrient access and acquisition. The information on external nutrient availability and whole-plant demand is translated into cellular signals that often involve phytohormones as intermediates to trigger a systemic or locally restricted developmental response. Timing and extent of such local root responses depend on the overall nutritional status of the plant that is transmitted from shoots to roots in the form of phytohormones or other systemic long-distance signals. The integration of these systemic and local signals then determines cell division or elongation rates in primary and lateral roots, the initiation, emergence, or elongation of lateral roots, as well as the formation of root hairs. Here, we review the cascades of nutrient-related sensing and signaling events that involve hormones and highlight nutrient-hormone relations that coordinate root developmental plasticity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Jia
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ricardo F H Giehl
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany.
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12
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Ishfaq M, Zhong Y, Wang Y, Li X. Magnesium Limitation Leads to Transcriptional Down-Tuning of Auxin Synthesis, Transport, and Signaling in the Tomato Root. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:802399. [PMID: 35003191 PMCID: PMC8733655 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.802399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is becoming a widespread limiting factor for crop production. How crops adapt to Mg limitation remains largely unclear at the molecular level. Using hydroponic-cultured tomato seedlings, we found that total Mg2+ content significantly decreased by ∼80% under Mg limitation while K+ and Ca2+ concentrations increased. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that Mg transporters (MRS2/MGTs) constitute a previously uncharacterized 3-clade tree in planta with two rounds of asymmetric duplications, providing evolutionary evidence for further molecular investigation. In adaptation to internal Mg deficiency, the expression of six representative MGTs (two in the shoot and four in the root) was up-regulated in Mg-deficient plants. Contradictory to the transcriptional elevation of most of MGTs, Mg limitation resulted in the ∼50% smaller root system. Auxin concentrations particularly decreased by ∼23% in the Mg-deficient root, despite the enhanced accumulation of gibberellin, cytokinin, and ABA. In accordance with such auxin reduction was overall transcriptional down-regulation of thirteen genes controlling auxin biosynthesis (TAR/YUCs), transport (LAXs, PINs), and signaling (IAAs, ARFs). Together, systemic down-tuning of gene expression in the auxin signaling pathway under Mg limitation preconditions a smaller tomato root system, expectedly stimulating MGT transcription for Mg uptake or translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ishfaq
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanting Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuexian Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Roy A, Bucksch A. Root hairs vs. trichomes: Not everyone is straight! CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 64:102151. [PMID: 34864319 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes show 47 morphological phenotypes, while literature reports only two root hair phenotypes in all plants. However, could hair-like structures exist below-ground in a similar wide range of morphologies like trichomes? Genetic mutants and root hair stress phenotypes point to the possibility of uncharacterized morphological variation existing belowground. For example, such root hairs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) can be wavy, curled, or branched. We found hints in the literature about hair-like structures that emerge before root hairs belowground. As such, these early emerging hair structures can be potential exceptions to the contrasting morphological variation between trichomes and root hairs. Here, we show a previously unreported 'hooked' hair structure growing below-ground in common bean. The unique 'hooking' shape distinguishes the 'hooked hair' morphologically from root hairs. Currently, we cannot fully characterize the phenotype of our observation due to the lack of automated methods for phenotyping root hairs. This phenotyping bottleneck also handicaps the discovery of more morphology types that might exist below-ground as manual screening across species is slower than computer-assisted high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Roy
- University of Georgia Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, USA
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14
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Li J, Li QH, Zhang XY, Zhang LY, Zhao PL, Wen T, Zhang JQ, Xu WL, Guo F, Zhao H, Wang Y, Wang P, Ni DJ, Wang ML. Exploring the Effects of Magnesium Deficiency on the Quality Constituents of Hydroponic-Cultivated Tea ( Camellia sinensis L.) Leaves. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14278-14286. [PMID: 34797979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) plays important roles in photosynthesis, sucrose partitioning, and biomass allocation in plants. However, the specific mechanisms of tea plant response to Mg deficiency remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of Mg deficiency on the quality constituents of tea leaves. Our results showed that the short-term (7 days) Mg deficiency partially elevated the concentrations of polyphenols, free amino acids, and caffeine but decreased the contents of chlorophyll and Mg. However, long-term (30 days) Mg-deficient tea displayed decreased contents of these constituents. Particularly, Mg deficiency increased the index of catechins' bitter taste and the ratio of total polyphenols to total free amino acids. Moreover, the transcription of key genes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoid, caffeine, and theanine was differentially affected by Mg deficiency. Additionally, short-term Mg deficiency induced global transcriptome change in tea leaves, in which a total of 2522 differentially expressed genes were identified involved in secondary metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and chlorophyll metabolism. These results may help to elucidate why short-term Mg deficiency partially improves the quality constituents of tea, while long-term Mg-deficient tea may taste more bitter, more astringent, and less umami.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Ministry of Agriculture), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Ministry of Agriculture), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Ling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Luan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Jiang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Ministry of Agriculture), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Le Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Ministry of Agriculture), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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15
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Yang Y, Li X, Kan B, He H, Li T, Ding Y, Du P, Lai W, Hu H, Huang J. Transcriptome analysis reveals MYB and WRKY transcription factors involved in banana (Musa paradisiaca AA) magnesium deficiency. PLANTA 2021; 254:115. [PMID: 34743252 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03769-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The banana development was inhibited under the long-term magnesium deficiency (MD) stress, resulting in the leaf chlorosis. MYB108 and WRKY75 are involved in regulating the growth and development of banana leaves and roots under long-term MD. Magnesium deficiency (MD) causes plant growth inhibition, ageing acceleration, yield reduction and quality decline of banana (Musa paradisiaca AA), but the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the changes in response to long-term MD conditions remain unknown. In this study, a long-term MD experiment was performed with banana seedlings at the four-leaf stage. Compared to those in the control group, the growth of leaves and roots of seedlings in the long-term MD treatment experimental groups was inhibited, and the Mg content and chlorophyll contents were decreased. Leaves and roots of seedlings from the control and experimental groups were subsequently collected for RNA sequencing to identify the genes that respond to long-term MD. More than 50 million reads were identified from each sample, resulting in the detection of 3500 and 948 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the leaves and roots, respectively. MYB and WRKY transcription factors (TFs) involved in plant stress responses were selected for further analysis, and 102 MYB and 149 WRKY TFs were differentially expressed. Furthermore, two highly differentially expressed candidate genes, MYB108 and WRKY75, were functionally analyzed using Arabidopsis mutants grown under long-term MD conditions. The results showed that the density of root hairs on the wild type (WT) was than that on the myb108 and wrky75 mutants under MD, implying that the mutants were more sensitive to MD than the WT. This research broadens our understanding the underlying molecular mechanism of banana seedlings adapted to the long-term MD condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xinping Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Baolin Kan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Hongsu He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Ting Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yuanhao Ding
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Pengmeng Du
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Wenjie Lai
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Jiaquan Huang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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16
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Liu L, Jiang LG, Luo JH, Xia AA, Chen LQ, He Y. Genome-wide association study reveals the genetic architecture of root hair length in maize. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:664. [PMID: 34521344 PMCID: PMC8442424 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07961-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Root hair, a special type of tubular-shaped cell, outgrows from root epidermal cell and plays important roles in the acquisition of nutrients and water, as well as interactions with biotic and abiotic stress. Although many genes involved in root hair development have been identified, genetic basis of natural variation in root hair growth has never been explored. Results Here, we utilized a maize association panel including 281 inbred lines with tropical, subtropical, and temperate origins to decipher the phenotypic diversity and genetic basis of root hair length. We demonstrated significant associations of root hair length with many metabolic pathways and other agronomic traits. Combining root hair phenotypes with 1.25 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) via genome-wide association study (GWAS) revealed several candidate genes implicated in cellular signaling, polar growth, disease resistance and various metabolic pathways. Conclusions These results illustrate the genetic basis of root hair length in maize, offering a list of candidate genes predictably contributing to root hair growth, which are invaluable resource for the future functional investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07961-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lu-Guang Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jin-Hong Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ai-Ai Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li-Qun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yan He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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17
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Root hairs: the villi of plants. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1133-1146. [PMID: 34013353 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Strikingly, evolution shaped similar tubular structures at the µm to mm scale in roots of sessile plants and in small intestines of mobile mammals to ensure an efficient transfer of essential nutrients from 'dead matter' into biota. These structures, named root hairs (RHs) in plants and villi in mammals, numerously stretch into the environment, and extremely enlarge root and intestine surfaces. They are believed to forage for nutrients, and mediate their uptake. While the conceptional understanding of plant RH function in hydromineral nutrition seems clear, experimental evidence presented in textbooks is restricted to a very limited number of reference-nutrients. Here, we make an element-by-element journey through the periodic table and link individual nutrient availabilities to the development, structure/shape and function of RHs. Based on recent developments in molecular biology and the identification of mutants differing in number, length or other shape-related characteristics of RHs in various plant species, we present comprehensive advances in (i) the physiological role of RHs for the uptake of specific nutrients, (ii) the developmental and morphological responses of RHs to element availability and (iii) RH-localized nutrient transport proteins. Our update identifies crucial roles of RHs for hydromineral nutrition, mostly under nutrient and/or water limiting conditions, and highlights the influence of certain mineral availabilities on early stages of RH development, suggesting that nutritional stimuli, as deficiencies in P, Mn or B, can even dominate over intrinsic developmental programs underlying RH differentiation.
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Chaudhry AH, Nayab S, Hussain SB, Ali M, Pan Z. Current Understandings on Magnesium Deficiency and Future Outlooks for Sustainable Agriculture. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1819. [PMID: 33673043 PMCID: PMC7917752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The productivity of agricultural produce is fairly dependent on the availability of nutrients and efficient use. Magnesium (Mg2+) is an essential macronutrient of living cells and is the second most prevalent free divalent cation in plants. Mg2+ plays a role in several physiological processes that support plant growth and development. However, it has been largely forgotten in fertilization management strategies to increase crop production, which leads to severe reductions in plant growth and yield. In this review, we discuss how the Mg2+ shortage induces several responses in plants at different levels: morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular. Additionally, the Mg2+ uptake and transport mechanisms in different cellular organelles and the role of Mg2+ transporters in regulating Mg2+ homeostasis are also discussed. Overall, in this review, we critically summarize the available information about the responses of Mg deficiency on plant growth and development, which would facilitate plant scientists to create Mg2+-deficiency-resilient crops through agronomic and genetic biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Hassan Chaudhry
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Shafa Nayab
- Department of Horticulture, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 60000, Pakistan; (S.N.); (S.B.H.)
| | - Syed Bilal Hussain
- Department of Horticulture, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 60000, Pakistan; (S.N.); (S.B.H.)
| | - Muqarrab Ali
- Department of Agronomy, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | - Zhiyong Pan
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
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Qiu L, Wang Y, Qu H. Loading calcium fluorescent probes into protoplasts to detect calcium in the flesh tissue cells of Malus domestica. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:91. [PMID: 32528703 PMCID: PMC7261807 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic Ca2+ plays a key role in signal transduction in plants. Calcium imaging is the most common approach to studying dynamic changes in the cytoplasmic Ca2+ content. Here, we used mature 'Fuji' apples (Malus pumila Mill.) to obtain viable protoplasts from flesh tissue cells by enzymatic hydrolysis; then, three small-molecule fluorescent probes (fluo-8/AM, fluo-4/AM, and rhod-2/AM) were loaded into the protoplasts. All three Ca2+ fluorescent probes successfully entered the cytoplasm but did not enter the vacuole. Both the Ca2+ chelator (EGTA) and Ca2+ channel blocker (La3+) reduced the fluorescence intensity in the cytoplasm. The calcium ionophore A23187 increased the fluorescence intensity in the cytoplasm at 5 µmol/L but decreased it at 50 µmol/L. Additionally, A23187 reversed the fluorescence intensity in the cytoplasm, which was decreased by La3+. Ionomycin is also a calcium ionophore that can increase the fluorescence intensity of calcium in the cytoplasm. These results suggest that small-molecule Ca2+ fluorescent probes can be used to detect changes in cytosolic calcium levels in the cells of fruit flesh tissue. In addition, the optimum concentration of fluo-8/AM was determined to be 5 µmol/L. This was the first time that protoplasts have been isolated from apple flesh tissue cells and small-molecule fluorescent probes have been used to detect calcium in the cytoplasm of flesh tissue cells. This study provides a new method to study calcium signal transduction in fruit flesh tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Qiu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao City, China
| | - Yongzhang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao City, China
| | - Haiyong Qu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao City, China
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20
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Root growth in light of changing magnesium distribution and transport between source and sink tissues in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Sci Rep 2020; 10:8796. [PMID: 32472018 PMCID: PMC7260234 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study depicts relations between magnesium (Mg) transport and re-translocation, photoassimilate partitioning, cation and ion concentrations, and finally root growth of potato under different Mg supplies. Potato plants were grown in a hydroponic culture system under different Mg regimes while investigating Mg concentrations, the expression of various Mg transporters, soluble sugars, and cations and anions in source and sink organs at different growth stages. Reports from literature about the impact of Mg deficiency on root growth are inconsistent. As Mg is known to be a phloem mobile nutrient, it is expected to be re-translocated under restricted availability of Mg from source to sink organs. Thus, we assume that plants can tolerate a slight Mg restriction without severe root growth reduction. However, under severe Mg deficiency, the process of Mg re-translocation is hampered, resulting in an impaired photoassimilate partitioning, and finally root growth. This might also explain the findings of studies claiming that Mg deficiency does not impair root growth as plants of these studies likely only suffered a slight Mg restriction. Finally, this study gives indications that an interruption of the process of Mg-re-translocation in early plant growth could be an indicator for growth reductions of the plant at a later growth stage.
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Tao Q, Liu Y, Li M, Li J, Luo J, Lux A, Kováč J, Yuan S, Li B, Li Q, Li H, Li T, Wang C. Cd-induced difference in root characteristics along root apex contributes to variation in Cd uptake and accumulation between two contrasting ecotypes of Sedum alfredii. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125290. [PMID: 31759213 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The root apex is the most active part for water and ions uptake, however, longitudinal alterations in root characteristics along root apex and consequences for metal uptake in hyperaccumulator are poorly understood. Here, we compared cadmium (Cd)-induced longitudinal alterations in root apex of two ecotypes of Sedum alfredii and assess their effects on Cd uptake. Under Cd treatment, cell death began from epidermis to the stele in non-hyperaccumulating ecotype (NHE) over time, and the number of dead cells was significantly higher than that in hyperaccumulating ecotype (HE). Cd-induced the presence of border-like cells (BLCs) surrounding the root tip of NHE prevented Cd from entering roots, however, almost no BLCs were observed in the root tip of in HE. Besides, Cd-treated NHE exhibited 76% and 52% decrease in the proportions of meristematic and elongation zone, respectively, resulting in lower Cd influx and less intensive Cd-fluorescence in these zones, as compared with HE. In the differentiation zone, Cd induced earlier initiation of root hairs (RHs), lower RHs-density, shorter RHs-length, thicker RHs-radius and less trichoblasts in NHE than those in HE. These remarkable variations led to less Cd influx and lower intensity of Cd-fluorescence in RHs of NHE than those of HE. Furthermore, decline in cell wall thickness under Cd exposure resulted in less cell-wall-bond Cd in the cell wall of HE. Therefore, Cd-induced alterations in root characteristics alongside root apex contributed to the difference in Cd uptake and accumulation between two ecotypes of S. alfredii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tao
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yuankun Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Meng Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jinxing Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jipeng Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Alexander Lux
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina B2, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ján Kováč
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina B2, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Shu Yuan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiquan Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Huanxiu Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Tingqiang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Changquan Wang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Carvalho MEA, Piotto FA, Franco MR, Rossi ML, Martinelli AP, Cuypers A, Azevedo RA. Relationship between Mg, B and Mn status and tomato tolerance against Cd toxicity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 240:84-92. [PMID: 30928798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Distinct tomato genotypes possess different tolerance degree to cadmium (Cd), but the mechanisms behind this phenomenon are scarcely understood. To this end, the physiological, biochemical, anatomical, nutritional and molecular mechanisms associated to the plant tolerance against Cd toxicity were investigated in five tomato accessions with contrasting sensitivity to Cd exposure. Firstly, the data revealed that larger biomass loss was not always coupled to higher Cd concentration, indicating that other events, in addition to the internal Cd accumulation, impact tomato performance at early stages of Cd exposure. Secondly, the results indicated that the fine regulation of nutrient status, particularly magnesium (Mg), boron (B) and manganese (Mn), is associated to the mitigation of Cd toxicity. Magnesium status was coupled to the modulation of root development, resulting in changes in root hair formation and biomass allocation. Boron accumulation in leaves was linked to Cd toxicity, suggesting that tolerance mechanisms involved strategies to decrease or even avoid B excess in photosynthetic tissues. Disturbances in Mn status, i.e. Mn excess in leaves and Mn deficiency in roots, were also related to tomato sensitivity to Cd exposure. Thirdly, plant capacity to maintain leaf blade expansion is a relevant strategy for a better tomato development after short-term Cd exposure. Fourthly, tomato tolerance to Cd-induced stress does not depend on CAT activity enhancements in such conditions. In conclusion, tomato ability to quickly manage its nutritional status is necessary for alleviation of the Cd effects at early stages of exposure to this metal. The better understanding about tolerance mechanisms and mode of action of Cd toxicity in plants can help in the establishment of strategies to mitigate its impacts on crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Eugenia Amaral Carvalho
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"/Universidade de São Paulo (Esalq/USP), 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Angelo Piotto
- Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"/Universidade de São Paulo (Esalq/USP), 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Mônica Regina Franco
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"/Universidade de São Paulo (Esalq/USP), 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Mônica Lanzoni Rossi
- Divisão Produtividade Agroindustrial e Alimentos, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura/Universidade de São Paulo (Cena/USP), Av. Centenário, 303, São Dimas, 13416-000, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Pinheiro Martinelli
- Divisão Produtividade Agroindustrial e Alimentos, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura/Universidade de São Paulo (Cena/USP), Av. Centenário, 303, São Dimas, 13416-000, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ricardo Antunes Azevedo
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"/Universidade de São Paulo (Esalq/USP), 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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Livigni S, Lucini L, Sega D, Navacchi O, Pandolfini T, Zamboni A, Varanini Z. The different tolerance to magnesium deficiency of two grapevine rootstocks relies on the ability to cope with oxidative stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:148. [PMID: 30991946 PMCID: PMC6469136 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnesium (Mg) deficiency causes physiological and molecular responses, already dissected in several plant species. The study of these responses among genotypes showing a different tolerance to the Mg shortage can allow identifying the mechanisms underlying the resistance to this nutritional disorder. To this aim, we compared the physiological and molecular responses (e.g. changes in root metabolome and transcriptome) of two grapevine rootstocks exhibiting, in field, different behaviors with respect to Mg shortage (1103P, tolerant and SO4 susceptible). RESULTS The two grapevine rootstocks confirmed, in a controlled growing system, their behavior in relation to the tolerance to Mg deficiency. Differences in metabolite and transcriptional profiles between the roots of the two genotypes were mainly linked to antioxidative compounds and the cell wall constituents. In addition, differences in secondary metabolism, in term of both metabolites (e.g. alkaloids, terpenoids and phenylpropanoids) and transcripts, assessed between 1103P and SO4 suggest a different behavior in relation to stress responses particularly at early stages of Mg deficiency. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that the higher ability of 1103P to tolerate Mg shortage is mainly linked to its capability of coping, faster and more efficiently, with the oxidative stress condition caused by the nutritional disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Livigni
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Davide Sega
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | - Tiziana Pandolfini
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Anita Zamboni
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Zeno Varanini
- Biotechnology Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Krishnamurthy A, Ferl RJ, Paul A. Comparing RNA-Seq and microarray gene expression data in two zones of the Arabidopsis root apex relevant to spaceflight. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2018; 6:e01197. [PMID: 30473943 PMCID: PMC6240453 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The root apex is an important region involved in environmental sensing, but comprises a very small part of the root. Obtaining root apex transcriptomes is therefore challenging when the samples are limited. The feasibility of using tiny root sections for transcriptome analysis was examined, comparing RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to microarrays in characterizing genes that are relevant to spaceflight. METHODS Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia ecotype (Col-0) roots were sectioned into Zone 1 (0.5 mm; root cap and meristematic zone) and Zone 2 (1.5 mm; transition, elongation, and growth-terminating zone). Differential gene expression in each was compared. RESULTS Both microarrays and RNA-Seq proved applicable to the small samples. A total of 4180 genes were differentially expressed (with fold changes of 2 or greater) between Zone 1 and Zone 2. In addition, 771 unique genes and 19 novel transcriptionally active regions were identified by RNA-Seq that were not detected in microarrays. However, microarrays detected spaceflight-relevant genes that were missed in RNA-Seq. DISCUSSION Single root tip subsections can be used for transcriptome analysis using either RNA-Seq or microarrays. Both RNA-Seq and microarrays provided novel information. These data suggest that techniques for dealing with small, rare samples from spaceflight can be further enhanced, and that RNA-Seq may miss some spaceflight-relevant changes in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Krishnamurthy
- Department of Horticultural SciencesProgram in Plant Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611USA
| | - Robert J. Ferl
- Department of Horticultural SciencesProgram in Plant Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611USA
- Interdisciplinary Center for BiotechnologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611USA
| | - Anna‐Lisa Paul
- Department of Horticultural SciencesProgram in Plant Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611USA
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25
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Niu Y, Chen P, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Hu S, Jin G, Tang C, Guo L. Natural variation among Arabidopsis thaliana accessions in tolerance to high magnesium supply. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13640. [PMID: 30206317 PMCID: PMC6134027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31950-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High magnesium (Mg2+) in some extreme serpentine soils or semi-arid regions is an important factor affecting crop growth and development. Specific loci that form the genetic framework underlying high Mg2+ homeostasis, however, are not well understood. By using GWA mapping on 388 accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana selected from a worldwide collection and genotyped at approximately 250,00 SNPs, we successfully identified 109 and 74 putative genetic regions associated in nutrient traits under normal (1,000 µM) and high Mg2+ (10,000 µM), respectively. Above 90% SNPs associated with nutrients including Mg2+ and only two SNPs shared between normal and high Mg2+. A single strong peak of SNPs associated with Ca concentration corresponding to candidate gene At1g60420 ARABIDOPSIS NUCLEOREDOXIN (AtNRX1) under high Mg2+ was further determined. Compared with wildtype, mutants of Atnrx1-1 and Atnrx1-2 supplied with high Mg2+ had higher Ca concentrations in the plant, and higher cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations during root elongation, as well as higher fresh weight and lateral-root number. This suggests that AtNRX1 was a critical gene negatively regulating Ca uptake under high Mg2+ conditions. The discovery could help to breed/select crops that can adapt to high-Mg2+ soils such as serpentine soils (high ratio of Mg2+: Ca2+) or Mars soil with high levels of magnesium sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Zhongwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Shikai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Gulei Jin
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Caixian Tang
- Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Vic, 3086, Australia
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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26
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Liu M, Bi J, Jin C. Developmental Responses of Root Hairs to Mg Deficiency. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1500068. [PMID: 30153078 PMCID: PMC6204802 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1500068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg), an essential element for plants is easily leached in acidic and sandy soils. Magnesium deficiency induces the initiation and elongation of root hairs, which allows the plant roots to acquire more Mg under Mg-limited conditions. However, the signals involved in the regulatory cascade leading to the induction of root hair development under Mg deficiency are largely unknown to date. Recent studies have revealed that many chemical signal molecules such as ethylene, nitric oxide, auxin, reactive oxygen, and calcium regulate the root hair development induced owing to Mg deficiency. This mini-review intends to briefly discuss the role of these chemical signals in the induction of root hair development under Mg-deficient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Bi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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27
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Carvalho MEA, Piotto FA, Nogueira ML, Gomes-Junior FG, Chamma HMCP, Pizzaia D, Azevedo RA. Cadmium exposure triggers genotype-dependent changes in seed vigor and germination of tomato offspring. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:989-999. [PMID: 29354852 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Although negative effects on the offspring fitness can be triggered by the mother-plant exposure to environmental stresses, some plants are able to "remember" past incidents and enhance the progeny tolerance. Here, the mineral profile, cytogenetic modifications, and physiological potential of seeds from two tomato cultivars, with contrasting tolerance degrees to cadmium (Cd) toxicity, were evaluated after plant exposure to this metal. Both cultivars exhibited high Cd translocation to the seeds; however, the tolerant tomato accumulated more Cd than did the sensitive one. As a consequence of the Cd accumulation, reductions in the Mn concentration in Cd-challenged plants were detected. Surprisingly, seed germination and vigor were increased in the tolerant tomato cultivar after Cd exposure, despite increases in the chromosomal abnormalities. By contrast, seeds from the sensitive cultivar exhibited no changes in their physiological potential after Cd exposure, despite Cd-induced reductions in the mitotic index. Moreover, bunch position exerted effects on the vigor and type of chromosomal abnormality. The results show that maternal plant exposure to Cd can affect tomato offspring by changing the seed physiological potential, and such effect can be partially explained by alterations in the seed-derived elements (essential and non-essential) and genotype-dependent tolerance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Eugenia Amaral Carvalho
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo (Esalq/USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Angelo Piotto
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo (Esalq/USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Marina Lima Nogueira
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo (Esalq/USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Francisco Guilhien Gomes-Junior
- Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo (Esalq/USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Helena Maria Carmignani Pescarin Chamma
- Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo (Esalq/USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pizzaia
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo (Esalq/USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Antunes Azevedo
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo (Esalq/USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil.
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28
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Liu M, Zhang H, Fang X, Zhang Y, Jin C. Auxin Acts Downstream of Ethylene and Nitric Oxide to Regulate Magnesium Deficiency-Induced Root Hair Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1452-1465. [PMID: 29669031 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the association of auxin with ethylene and nitric oxide (NO) in regulating the magnesium (Mg) deficiency-induced root hair development in Arabidopsis thaliana. With Mg deficiency, both ethylene and NO promoted the elevation of root auxin levels in roots by inducing the expression of AUXIN-RESISTANT1 (AUX1), PIN-FORMED 1 (PIN1) and PIN2 transporters. In turn, auxin stimulated ethylene and NO production by activating the activities of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase (ACO), ACC synthase (ACS), nitrate reductase (NR) and NO synthase-like (NOS-L). These processes constituted an NO/ethylene-auxin feedback loop. Interestingly, however, the roles of ethylene and NO in regulating Mg deficiency-induced root hair development required the action of auxin, but not vice versa. In summary, these results suggest that Mg deficiency induces a positive interaction between the accumulation of auxin and ethylene/NO in roots, with auxin acting downstream of ethylene and NO signals to regulate Mg deficiency-induced root hair morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianzhi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongsong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Canales J, Contreras-López O, Álvarez JM, Gutiérrez RA. Nitrate induction of root hair density is mediated by TGA1/TGA4 and CPC transcription factors in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:305-316. [PMID: 28771873 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are specialized cells that are important for nutrient uptake. It is well established that nutrients such as phosphate have a great influence on root hair development in many plant species. Here we investigated the role of nitrate on root hair development at a physiological and molecular level. We showed that nitrate increases root hair density in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that two different root hair defective mutants have significantly less nitrate than wild-type plants, suggesting that in A. thaliana root hairs have an important role in the capacity to acquire nitrate. Nitrate reductase-null mutants exhibited nitrate-dependent root hair phenotypes comparable with wild-type plants, indicating that nitrate is the signal that leads to increased formation of root hairs. We examined the role of two key regulators of root hair cell fate, CPC and WER, in response to nitrate treatments. Phenotypic analyses of these mutants showed that CPC is essential for nitrate-induced responses of root hair development. Moreover, we showed that NRT1.1 and TGA1/TGA4 are required for pathways that induce root hair development by suppression of longitudinal elongation of trichoblast cells in response to nitrate treatments. Our results prompted a model where nitrate signaling via TGA1/TGA4 directly regulates the CPC root hair cell fate specification gene to increase formation of root hairs in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Canales
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Millennium Nucleus Center for Plant Systems and Synthetic Biology, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja s/n, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Orlando Contreras-López
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Millennium Nucleus Center for Plant Systems and Synthetic Biology, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José M Álvarez
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Millennium Nucleus Center for Plant Systems and Synthetic Biology, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Gutiérrez
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Millennium Nucleus Center for Plant Systems and Synthetic Biology, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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30
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Pečenková T, Janda M, Ortmannová J, Hajná V, Stehlíková Z, Žárský V. Early Arabidopsis root hair growth stimulation by pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas syringae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:437-446. [PMID: 28911019 PMCID: PMC5591418 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Selected beneficial Pseudomonas spp. strains have the ability to influence root architecture in Arabidopsis thaliana by inhibiting primary root elongation and promoting lateral root and root hair formation. A crucial role for auxin in this long-term (1week), long-distance plant-microbe interaction has been demonstrated. METHODS Arabidopsis seedlings were cultivated in vitro on vertical plates and inoculated with pathogenic strains Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (Psm) and P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst), as well as Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Atu) and Escherichia coli (Eco). Root hair lengths were measured after 24 and 48h of direct exposure to each bacterial strain. Several Arabidopsis mutants with impaired responses to pathogens, impaired ethylene perception and defects in the exocyst vesicle tethering complex that is involved in secretion were also analysed. KEY RESULTS Arabidopsis seedling roots infected with Psm or Pst responded similarly to when infected with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria; root hair growth was stimulated and primary root growth was inhibited. Other plant- and soil-adapted bacteria induced similar root hair responses. The most compromised root hair growth stimulation response was found for the knockout mutants exo70A1 and ein2. The single immune pathways dependent on salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and PAD4 are not directly involved in root hair growth stimulation; however, in the mutual cross-talk with ethylene, they indirectly modify the extent of the stimulation of root hair growth. The Flg22 peptide does not initiate root hair stimulation as intact bacteria do, but pretreatment with Flg22 prior to Psm inoculation abolished root hair growth stimulation in an FLS2 receptor kinase-dependent manner. These early response phenomena are not associated with changes in auxin levels, as monitored with the pDR5::GUS auxin reporter. CONCLUSIONS Early stimulation of root hair growth is an effect of an unidentified component of living plant pathogenic bacteria. The root hair growth response is triggered in the range of hours after bacterial contact with roots and can be modulated by FLS2 signalling. Bacterial stimulation of root hair growth requires functional ethylene signalling and an efficient exocyst-dependent secretory machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Pečenková
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Martin Janda
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Ortmannová
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimíra Hajná
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Stehlíková
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Liu M, Liu XX, He XL, Liu LJ, Wu H, Tang CX, Zhang YS, Jin CW. Ethylene and nitric oxide interact to regulate the magnesium deficiency-induced root hair development in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1242-1256. [PMID: 27775153 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and ethylene respond to biotic and abiotic stresses through either similar or independent processes. This study examines the mechanism underlying the effects of NO and ethylene on promoting root hair development in Arabidopsis under magnesium (Mg) deficiency. The interaction between NO and ethylene in the regulation of Mg deficiency-induced root hair development was investigated using NO- and ethylene-related mutants and pharmacological methods. Mg deficiency triggered a burst of NO and ethylene, accompanied by a stimulated development of root hairs. Interestingly, ethylene facilitated NO generation by activation of both nitrate reductase and nitric oxide synthase-like (NOS-L) in the roots of Mg-deficient plants. In turn, NO enhanced ethylene synthesis through stimulating the activities of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase and ACC synthase (ACS). These two processes constituted an NO-ethylene feedback loop. Blocking either of these two processes inhibited the stimulation of root hair development under Mg deficiency. In conclusion, we suggest that Mg deficiency increases the production of NO and ethylene in roots, each influencing the accumulation and role of the other, and thus these two signals interactively regulate Mg deficiency-induced root hair morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xing Xing Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao Lin He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Li Juan Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Cai Xian Tang
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Vic., 3086, Australia
| | - Yong Song Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chong Wei Jin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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32
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Zhang P, Zhang R, Fang X, Song T, Cai X, Liu H, Du S. Toxic effects of graphene on the growth and nutritional levels of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): short- and long-term exposure studies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 317:543-551. [PMID: 27343870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Increased use of graphene materials might lead to their release into the environment. However, only a few studies have investigated the impact of graphene-based materials on green plants. In the present study, effects of graphene on plant roots and shoots after 48h or 30days of hydroponic culture were evaluated to determine its phytotoxicity. Results showed that although exposure to graphene (250, 500, 1000 and 1500mgL(-1)) significantly improved root elongation, root hair production was impaired. These observations might be associated with graphene induced-oxidative stress (indicated by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and Evans blue staining, malondialdehyde (MDA) estimation, and antioxidant enzyme activity assay). After 30days of graphene exposure, shoot biomass, chlorophyll content, PSII activity and levels of several nutrient elements (N, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu) were reduced, indicating that graphene inhibited plant growth and photosynthesis, and caused an imbalance of nutrient homeostasis. Based on these findings, we conclude that graphene has growth-limiting effects on plants, including root hair reduction, oxidative burst, photosynthesis inhibition, and nutritional disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ranran Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xianzhi Fang
- College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tianqi Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiaodan Cai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shaoting Du
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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33
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Farhat N, Smaoui A, Maurousset L, Porcheron B, Lemoine R, Abdelly C, Rabhi M. Sulla carnosa modulates root invertase activity in response to the inhibition of long-distance sucrose transport under magnesium deficiency. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:1031-1037. [PMID: 27488230 DOI: 10.1007/s11738-016-2165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Being the principal product of photosynthesis, sucrose is involved in many metabolic processes in plants. As magnesium (Mg) is phloem mobile, an inverse relationship between Mg shortage and sugar accumulation in leaves is often observed. Mg deficiency effects on carbohydrate contents and invertase activities were determined in Sulla carnosa Desf. Plants were grown hydroponically at different Mg concentrations (0.00, 0.01, 0.05 and 1.50 mM Mg) for one month. Mineral analysis showed that Mg contents were drastically diminished in shoots and roots mainly at 0.01 and 0.00 mM Mg. This decline was adversely associated with a significant increase of sucrose, fructose and mainly glucose in shoots of plants exposed to severe deficiency. By contrast, sugar contents were severely reduced in roots of these plants indicating an alteration of carbohydrate partitioning between shoots and roots of Mg-deficient plants. Cell wall invertase activity was highly enhanced in roots of Mg-deficient plants, while the vacuolar invertase activity was reduced at 0.00 mM Mg. This decrease of vacuolar invertase activity may indicate the sensibility of roots to Mg starvation resulting from sucrose transport inhibition. 14 CO2 labeling experiments were in accordance with these findings showing an inhibition of sucrose transport from source leaves to sink tissues (roots) under Mg depletion. The obtained results confirm previous findings about Mg involvement in photosynthate loading into phloem and add new insights into mechanisms evolved by S. carnosa to cope with Mg shortage in particular the increase of the activity of cell wall invertase.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Farhat
- Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Biotechnology Centre of Borj Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia.
| | - A Smaoui
- Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Biotechnology Centre of Borj Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - L Maurousset
- UMR7267 - EBI - Equipe SEVE, CNRS/Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - B Porcheron
- UMR7267 - EBI - Equipe SEVE, CNRS/Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - R Lemoine
- UMR7267 - EBI - Equipe SEVE, CNRS/Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - C Abdelly
- Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Biotechnology Centre of Borj Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - M Rabhi
- Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Biotechnology Centre of Borj Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
- University of Hafr Al Batin, College of Science and Arts in Nairiyah, Nairiyah, Saudi Arabia
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Farzadfar S, Zarinkamar F, Behmanesh M, Hojati M. Magnesium and manganese interactively modulate parthenolide accumulation and the antioxidant defense system in the leaves of Tanacetum parthenium. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 202:10-20. [PMID: 27450490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A balanced nutrient supply is a critical factor affecting accumulation of terpenoids in plants, yet data related to the interactive effects of two essential nutrients for the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes are scarce. Here, the interactional effects between magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) on plant growth, oxidative status, parthenolide accumulation and expression of key genes involved in parthenolide biosynthesis including 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate reductase (HDR), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase (HMGR), germacrene A synthase (GAS), germacrene A oxidase (GAO), costunolide synthase (COS) and parthenolide synthase (PTS) in the leaves of feverfew plants grown at different Mn and Mn levels were assessed. Plant growth and leaf pigment concentrations were associated with the amount of applied Mg but could be modified by the Mn level. Deprivation and the addition of both Mg and Mn induce oxidative stress. Mg supply also alleviated the adverse effects of Mn excess on plant growth and oxidative status. In addition, parthenolide biosynthesis decreased under deprivation of Mg or Mn, but the addition of Mn up to 50μM under 2mM Mg supply considerably increased its accumulation. The parthenolide accumulation trend might reflect the up-regulation of terpenoid-related genes and enzyme activities as well as the oxidative status of feverfew leaves. Our data suggest a profound effect of the combined supply of Mg and Mn on parthenolide biosynthesis through the activation of terpene synthases, which concomitantly modulate by oxidative status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Farzadfar
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zarinkamar
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Behmanesh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hojati
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Zhu C, Yang N, Guo Z, Qian M, Gan L. An ethylene and ROS-dependent pathway is involved in low ammonium-induced root hair elongation in Arabidopsis seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 105:37-44. [PMID: 27074220 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are plastic in response to nutrient supply, but relatively little is known about their development under low ammonium (NH4(+)) conditions. This study showed that reducing NH4(+) for 3 days in wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings resulted in drastic elongation of root hairs. To investigate the possible mediation of ethylene and auxin in this process, seedlings were treated with 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA, auxin transport inhibitor), 1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA, auxin transport inhibitor), p-chlorophenoxy isobutyric acid (PCIB, auxin action inhibitor), aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, chemical inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis), or silver ions (Ag(+), ethylene perception antagonist) under low NH4(+) conditions. Our results showed that TIBA, NPA and PCIB did not inhibit root hair elongation under low NH4(+) conditions, while AVG and Ag(+) completely inhibited low NH4(+)-induced root hair elongation. This suggested that low NH4(+)-induced root hair elongation was dependent on the ethylene pathway, but not the auxin pathway. Further genetic studies revealed that root hair elongation in auxin-insensitive mutants was sensitive to low NH4(+) treatment, but elongation was less sensitive in ethylene-insensitive mutants than wild-type plants. In addition, low NH4(+)-induced root hair elongation was accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Diphenylene iodonium (DPI, NADPH oxidase inhibitor) and dimethylthiourea (DMTU, ROS scavenger) inhibited low NH4(+)-induced root hair elongation, suggesting that ROS were involved in this process. Moreover, ethylene acted together with ROS to modulate root hair elongation under low NH4(+) conditions. These results demonstrate that a signaling pathway involving ethylene and ROS participates in regulation of root hair elongation when Arabidopsis seedlings are subjected to low NH4(+) conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhua Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Na Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhengfei Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Meng Qian
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lijun Gan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Salazar-Henao JE, Vélez-Bermúdez IC, Schmidt W. The regulation and plasticity of root hair patterning and morphogenesis. Development 2016; 143:1848-58. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.132845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are highly specialized cells found in the epidermis of plant roots that play a key role in providing the plant with water and mineral nutrients. Root hairs have been used as a model system for understanding both cell fate determination and the morphogenetic plasticity of cell differentiation. Indeed, many studies have shown that the fate of root epidermal cells, which differentiate into either root hair or non-hair cells, is determined by a complex interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic cues that results in a predictable but highly plastic pattern of epidermal cells that can vary in shape, size and function. Here, we review these studies and discuss recent evidence suggesting that environmental information can be integrated at multiple points in the root hair morphogenetic pathway and affects multifaceted processes at the chromatin, transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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38
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Niu Y, Ahammed GJ, Tang C, Guo L, Yu J. Physiological and Transcriptome Responses to Combinations of Elevated CO2 and Magnesium in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149301. [PMID: 26881808 PMCID: PMC4755599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration and injudicious fertilization or heterogeneous distribution of Mg in the soil warrant further research to understand the synergistic and holistic mechanisms involved in the plant growth regulation. This study investigated the influence of elevated CO2 (800 μL L(-1)) on physiological and transcriptomic profiles in Arabidopsis cultured in hydroponic media treated with 1 μM (low), 1000 μM (normal) and 10,000 μM (high) Mg2+. Following 7-d treatment, elevated CO2 increased the shoot growth and chlorophyll content under both low and normal Mg supply, whereas root growth was improved exclusively under normal Mg nutrition. Notably, the effect of elevated CO2 on mineral homeostasis in both shoots and roots was less than that of Mg supply. Irrespective of CO2 treatment, high Mg increased number of young leaf but decreased root growth and absorption of P, K, Ca, Fe and Mn whereas low Mg increased the concentration of P, K, Ca and Fe in leaves. Transcriptomics results showed that elevated CO2 decreased the expression of genes related to cell redox homeostasis, cadmium response, and lipid localization, but enhanced signal transduction, protein phosphorylation, NBS-LRR disease resistance proteins and subsequently programmed cell death in low-Mg shoots. By comparison, elevated CO2 enhanced the response of lipid localization (mainly LTP transfer protein/protease inhibitor), endomembrane system, heme binding and cell wall modification in high-Mg roots. Some of these transcriptomic results are substantially in accordance with our physiological and/or biochemical analysis. The present findings broaden our current understanding on the interactive effect of elevated CO2 and Mg levels in the Arabidopsis, which may help to design the novel metabolic engineering strategies to cope with Mg deficiency/excess in crops under elevated CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Chin
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Chin
| | - Caixian Tang
- Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Chin
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Niu Y, Jin G, Li X, Tang C, Zhang Y, Liang Y, Yu J. Phosphorus and magnesium interactively modulate the elongation and directional growth of primary roots in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3841-54. [PMID: 25922494 PMCID: PMC4473981 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A balanced supply of essential nutrients is an important factor influencing root architecture in many plants, yet data related to the interactive effects of two nutrients on root growth are limited. Here, we investigated the interactive effect between phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) on root growth of Arabidopsis grown in pH-buffered agar medium at different P and Mg levels. The results showed that elongation and deviation of primary roots were directly correlated with the amount of P added to the medium but could be modified by the Mg level, which was related to the root meristem activity and stem-cell division. High P enhanced while low P decreased the tip-focused fluorescence signal of auxin biosynthesis, transport, and redistribution during elongation of primary roots; these effects were greater under low Mg than under high Mg. The altered root growth in response to P and Mg supply was correlated with AUX1, PIN2, and PIN3 mRNA abundance and expression and the accumulation of the protein. Application of either auxin influx inhibitor or efflux inhibitor inhibited the elongation and increased the deviation angle of primary roots, and decreased auxin level in root tips. Furthermore, the auxin-transport mutants aux1-22 and eir1-1 displayed reduced root growth and increased the deviation angle. Our data suggest a profound effect of the combined supply of P and Mg on the development of root morphology in Arabidopsis through auxin signals that modulate the elongation and directional growth of primary root and the expression of root differentiation and development genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofang Niu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Gulei Jin
- College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Caixian Tang
- Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Yongsong Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yongchao Liang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
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Li W, Lan P. Re-analysis of RNA-seq transcriptome data reveals new aspects of gene activity in Arabidopsis root hairs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:421. [PMID: 26106402 PMCID: PMC4458573 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs, tubular-shaped outgrowths from root epidermal cells, play important roles in the acquisition of nutrients and water, interaction with microbe, and in plant anchorage. As a specialized cell type, root hairs, especially in Arabidopsis, provide a pragmatic research system for various aspects of studies. Here, we re-analyzed the RNA-seq transcriptome profile of Arabidopsis root hair cells by Tophat software and used Cufflinks program to mine the differentially expressed genes. Results showed that ERD14, RIN4, AT5G64401 were among the most abundant genes in the root hair cells; while ATGSTU2, AT5G54940, AT4G30530 were highly expressed in non-root hair tissues. In total, 5409 genes, with a fold change greater than two-fold (FDR adjusted P < 0.05), showed differential expression between root hair cells and non-root hair tissues. Of which, 61 were expressed only in root hair cells. One hundred and thirty-six out of 5409 genes have been reported to be "core" root epidermal genes, which could be grouped into nine clusters according to expression patterns. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of the 5409 genes showed that processes of "response to salt stress," "ribosome biogenesis," "protein phosphorylation," and "response to water deprivation" were enriched. Whereas only process of "intracellular signal transduction" was enriched in the subset of 61 genes expressed only in the root hair cells. One hundred and twenty-one unannotated transcripts were identified and 14 of which were shown to be differentially expressed between root hair cells and non-root hair tissues, with transcripts XLOC_000763, XLOC_031361, and XLOC_005665 being highly expressed in the root hair cells. The comprehensive transcriptomic analysis provides new information on root hair gene activity and sets the stage for follow-up experiments to certify the biological functions of the newly identified genes and novel transcripts in root hair cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China of Jiangsu Province, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing, China
| | - Ping Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Lan, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71# East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
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Guo W, Chen S, Hussain N, Cong Y, Liang Z, Chen K. Magnesium stress signaling in plant: just a beginning. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e992287. [PMID: 25806908 PMCID: PMC4622836 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.992287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) is one of the most important nutrients, involves mainly in plant growth and development. However, the signaling pathways response to magnesium stresses (MgSs) is known little, but several studies lately may improve the research development. Several phytohormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, auxins, and their factors were found responding to MgSs, and there may be some signal pathways linking these hormones and downstream reactions together, e.g., carbon fixation and transfer, starch and sugar metabolism, ion uptaking and reactive oxygen species (ROS) increasing. Consequently, Arabidopsis morphogenesis is remodeled. In this review, we mainly discussed recent literatures involving in plant response to MgSs (Mg deficiency (MgD) and Mg toxicity (MgT)), including plant morphogenesis remodeling, magnesium transporters and signaling transductions. Moreover, the future study challenges related to the responding signalings to MgSs in plants are also presented. Regardless, the iceberg of signal transduction of MgSs in plants is appeared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Guo
- College of Life Science; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Xiasha Campus; Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoning Chen
- College of Life Science; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Xiasha Campus; Hangzhou, China
| | - Nazim Hussain
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuexi Cong
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Science; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Xiasha Campus; Hangzhou, China
| | - Kunming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area; College of Life Sciences; Northwest A&F University; Yangling, China
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42
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Niu Y, Jin G, Zhang YS. Root development under control of magnesium availability. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e29720. [PMID: 25763706 PMCID: PMC4205136 DOI: 10.4161/psb.29720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Roots are reported to be plastic in response to nutrient supply, but relatively little is known about their development in response to magnesium (Mg) availability. Here, we showed the influence of both low and high Mg availability on the development of roots including root hairs and highlighted insights into the regulatory role of Mg availability on root hair development and its mechanism in Arabidopsis with combining our published research. Mg concentration in roots decreased quickly after the removal of Mg from the nutrient solution and increased progressively with increasing exogenous Mg supply in the media. However, transcriptome analysis suggested that Mg starvation did not alter the expression of most genes potentially involved in the transport. Primary root elongation and lateral root formation in Arabidopsis were not influenced by low Mg but inhibited by high Mg after one-week period. Moreover, low Mg availability significantly increased but high Mg reduced the initiation, density and length of root hairs, which through the characterized Ca(2+) and ROS signal transduction pathways. More physiological mechanisms underlying Mg-regulated root development remain to be elucidated in future researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofang Niu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health; College of Environmental and Resources Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, PR China
- Department of Horticulture; College of Agronomy and Biotechnology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Gulei Jin
- Institute of Bioinformatics; College of Agronomy and Biotechnology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yong Song Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health; College of Environmental and Resources Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, PR China
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