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Cao S, Zhao X, Li Z, Yu R, Li Y, Zhou X, Yan W, Chen D, He C. Comprehensive integration of single-cell transcriptomic data illuminates the regulatory network architecture of plant cell fate specification. PLANT DIVERSITY 2024; 46:372-385. [PMID: 38798726 PMCID: PMC11119547 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Plant morphogenesis relies on precise gene expression programs at the proper time and position which is orchestrated by transcription factors (TFs) in intricate regulatory networks in a cell-type specific manner. Here we introduced a comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic atlas of Arabidopsis seedlings. This atlas is the result of meticulous integration of 63 previously published scRNA-seq datasets, addressing batch effects and conserving biological variance. This integration spans a broad spectrum of tissues, including both below- and above-ground parts. Utilizing a rigorous approach for cell type annotation, we identified 47 distinct cell types or states, largely expanding our current view of plant cell compositions. We systematically constructed cell-type specific gene regulatory networks and uncovered key regulators that act in a coordinated manner to control cell-type specific gene expression. Taken together, our study not only offers extensive plant cell atlas exploration that serves as a valuable resource, but also provides molecular insights into gene-regulatory programs that varies from different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanni Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhuojin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ranran Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuqi Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinkai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenhao Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao He
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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2
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Li H, Brouwer M, Pup ED, van Lieshout N, Finkers R, Bachem CWB, Visser RGF. Allelic variation in the autotetraploid potato: genes involved in starch and steroidal glycoalkaloid metabolism as a case study. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:274. [PMID: 38475714 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuber starch and steroidal glycoalkaloid (SGA)-related traits have been consistently prioritized in potato breeding, while allelic variation pattern of genes that underlie these traits is less explored. RESULTS Here, we focused on the genes involved in two important metabolic pathways in the potato: starch metabolism and SGA biosynthesis. We identified 119 genes consisting of 81 involved in starch metabolism and 38 in the biosynthesis of steroidal glycoalkaloids, and discovered 96,166 allelic variants among 2,169 gene haplotypes in six autotetraploid potato genomes. Comparative analyses revealed an uneven distribution of allelic variants among gene haplotypes and that the vast majority of deleterious mutations in these genes are retained in heterozygous state in the autotetraploid potato genomes. Leveraging full-length cDNA sequencing data, we find that approximately 70% of haplotypes of the 119 genes are transcribable. Population genetic analyses identify starch and SGA biosynthetic genes that are potentially conserved or diverged between potato varieties with varying starch or SGA content. CONCLUSIONS These results deepen the understanding of haplotypic diversity within functionally important genes in autotetraploid genomes and may facilitate functional characterization of genes or haplotypes contributing to traits related to starch and SGA in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Li
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ, the Netherlands
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Matthijs Brouwer
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ, the Netherlands
| | - Elena Del Pup
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ, the Netherlands
| | - Natascha van Lieshout
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ, the Netherlands
- , SURFsara, Science Park 140, Amsterdam, 1098 XG, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Finkers
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ, the Netherlands
- Gennovation B.V, Agro Business Park 10, Wageningen, 6708 PW, the Netherlands
| | - Christian W B Bachem
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ, the Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ, the Netherlands.
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3
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Wang X, Choi YM, Jeon YA, Yi J, Shin MJ, Desta KT, Yoon H. Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Adzuki Beans ( Vigna angularis): Insights into Environmental Adaptation and Early Breeding Strategies for Yield Improvement. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4154. [PMID: 38140482 PMCID: PMC10747723 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Adzuki beans are widely cultivated in East Asia and are one of the earliest domesticated crops. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the genetic diversity and domestication history of adzuki beans, we conducted Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) analysis on 366 landraces originating from Korea, China, and Japan, resulting in 6586 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Population structure analysis divided these 366 landraces into three subpopulations. These three subpopulations exhibited distinctive distributions, suggesting that they underwent extended domestication processes in their respective regions of origin. Phenotypic variance analysis of the three subpopulations indicated that the Korean-domesticated subpopulation exhibited significantly higher 100-seed weights, the Japanese-domesticated subpopulation showed significantly higher numbers of grains per pod, and the Chinese-domesticated subpopulation displayed significantly higher numbers of pods per plant. We speculate that these differences in yield-related traits may be attributed to varying emphases placed by early breeders in these regions on the selection of traits related to yield. A large number of genes related to biotic/abiotic stress resistance and defense were found in most quantitative trait locus (QTL) for yield-related traits using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Genomic sliding window analysis of Tajima's D and a genetic differentiation coefficient (Fst) revealed distinct domestication selection signatures and genotype variations on these QTLs within each subpopulation. These findings indicate that each subpopulation would have been subjected to varied biotic/abiotic stress events in different origins, of which these stress events have caused balancing selection differences in the QTL of each subpopulation. In these balancing selections, plants tend to select genotypes with strong resistance under biotic/abiotic stress, but reduce the frequency of high-yield genotypes to varying degrees. These biotic/abiotic stressors impact crop yield and may even lead to selection purging, resulting in the loss of several high-yielding genotypes among landraces. However, this also fuels the flow of crop germplasms. Overall, balancing selection appears to have a more significant impact on the three yield-related traits compared to breeder-driven domestication selection. These findings are crucial for understanding the impact of domestication selection history on landraces and yield-related traits, aiding in the improvement of adzuki bean varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hyemyeong Yoon
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea; (X.W.); (Y.-M.C.); (Y.-a.J.); (J.Y.); (M.-J.S.)
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4
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Baker CR, Cocuron JC, Alonso AP, Niyogi KK. Time-resolved systems analysis of the induction of high photosynthetic capacity in Arabidopsis during acclimation to high light. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:2335-2352. [PMID: 37849025 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Induction of high photosynthetic capacity is a key acclimation response to high light (HL) for many herbaceous dicot plants; however, the signaling pathways that control this response remain largely unknown. Here, a systems biology approach was utilized to characterize the induction of high photosynthetic capacity in strongly and weakly acclimating Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. Plants were grown for 5 wk in a low light (LL) regime, and time-resolved photosynthetic physiological, metabolomic, and transcriptomic responses were measured during subsequent exposure to HL. The induction of high nitrogen (N) assimilation rates early in the HL shift was strongly predictive of the induction of photosynthetic capacity later in the HL shift. Accelerated N assimilation rates depended on the mobilization of existing organic acid (OA) reserves and increased de novo OA synthesis during the induction of high photosynthetic capacity. Enhanced sucrose biosynthesis capacity increased in tandem with the induction of high photosynthetic capacity, and increased starch biosynthetic capacity was balanced by increased starch catabolism. This systems analysis supports a model in which the efficient induction of N assimilation early in the HL shift begins the cascade of events necessary for the induction of high photosynthetic capacity acclimation in HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Baker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, USA
| | | | - Ana Paula Alonso
- BioAnalytical Facility, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Reavis M, Purcell LC, Pereira A, Naithani K. Effects of measurement methods and growing conditions on phenotypic expression of photosynthesis in seven diverse rice genotypes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1106672. [PMID: 37810402 PMCID: PMC10551151 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1106672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Light response curves are widely used to quantify phenotypic expression of photosynthesis by measuring a single sample and sequentially altering light intensity within a chamber (sequential method) or by measuring different samples that are each acclimated to a different light level (non-sequential method). Both methods are often conducted in controlled environments to achieve steady-state results, and neither method involves equilibrating the entire plant to the specific light level. Methods Here, we compare sequential and non-sequential methods in controlled (greenhouse), semi-controlled (plant grown in growth chamber and acclimated to field conditions 2-3 days before measurements), and field environments. We selected seven diverse rice genotypes (five genotypes from the USDA rice minicore collection: 310588, 310723, 311644, 311677, 311795; and 2 additional genotypes: Nagina 22 and Zhe 733) to understand (1) the limitations of different methods, and (2) phenotypic plasticity of photosynthesis in rice grown under different environments. Results Our results show that the non-sequential method was time-efficient and captured more variability of field conditions than the sequential method, but the model parameters were generally similar between two methods except the maximum photosynthesis rate (Amax). Amax was significantly lower across all genotypes under greenhouse conditions compared to the growth chamber and field conditions consistent with prior work, but surprisingly the apparent quantum yield (α) and the mitochondrial respiration (Rd) were generally not different among growing environments or measurement methods. Discussion Our results suggest that field conditions are best suited to quantify phenotypic differences across different genotypes and nonsequential method was better at capturing the variability in photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Reavis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Larry C. Purcell
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Andy Pereira
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Kusum Naithani
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Ozawa Y, Tanaka A, Suzuki T, Sugiura D. Sink-source imbalance triggers delayed photosynthetic induction: Transcriptomic and physiological evidence. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14000. [PMID: 37882282 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Sink-source imbalance causes accumulation of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) and photosynthetic downregulation. However, despite numerous studies, it remains unclear whether NSC accumulation or N deficiency more directly decreases steady-state maximum photosynthesis and photosynthetic induction, as well as underlying gene expression profiles. We evaluated the relationship between photosynthetic capacity and NSC accumulation induced by cold girdling, sucrose feeding, and low nitrogen treatment in Glycine max and Phaseolus vulgaris. In G. max, changes in transcriptome profiles were further investigated, focusing on the physiological processes of photosynthesis and NSC accumulation. NSC accumulation decreased the maximum photosynthetic capacity and delayed photosynthetic induction in both species. In G. max, such photosynthetic downregulation was explained by coordinated downregulation of photosynthetic genes involved in the Calvin cycle, Rubisco activase, photochemical reactions, and stomatal opening. Furthermore, sink-source imbalance may have triggered a change in the balance of sugar-phosphate translocators in chloroplast membranes, which may have promoted starch accumulation in chloroplasts. Our findings provide an overall picture of photosynthetic downregulation and NSC accumulation in G. max, demonstrating that photosynthetic downregulation is triggered by NSC accumulation and cannot be explained solely by N deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Ozawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Aiko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugiura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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7
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Burgess AJ, Retkute R, Murchie EH. Photoacclimation and entrainment of photosynthesis by fluctuating light varies according to genotype in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1116367. [PMID: 36968397 PMCID: PMC10034362 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1116367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Acclimation of photosynthesis to light intensity (photoacclimation) takes days to achieve and so naturally fluctuating light presents a potential challenge where leaves may be exposed to light conditions that are beyond their window of acclimation. Experiments generally have focused on unchanging light with a relatively fixed combination of photosynthetic attributes to confer higher efficiency in those conditions. Here a controlled LED experiment and mathematical modelling was used to assess the acclimation potential of contrasting Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes following transfer to a controlled fluctuating light environment, designed to present frequencies and amplitudes more relevant to natural conditions. We hypothesize that acclimation of light harvesting, photosynthetic capacity and dark respiration are controlled independently. Two different ecotypes were selected, Wassilewskija-4 (Ws), Landsberg erecta (Ler) and a GPT2 knock out mutant on the Ws background (gpt2-), based on their differing abilities to undergo dynamic acclimation i.e. at the sub-cellular or chloroplastic scale. Results from gas exchange and chlorophyll content indicate that plants can independently regulate different components that could optimize photosynthesis in both high and low light; targeting light harvesting in low light and photosynthetic capacity in high light. Empirical modelling indicates that the pattern of 'entrainment' of photosynthetic capacity by past light history is genotype-specific. These data show flexibility of photoacclimation and variation useful for plant improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata Retkute
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Erik H. Murchie
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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8
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Photosynthetic acclimation to changing environments. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:473-486. [PMID: 36892145 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to environments that fluctuate of timescales varying from seconds to months. Leaves that develop in one set of conditions optimise their metabolism to the conditions experienced, in a process called developmental acclimation. However, when plants experience a sustained change in conditions, existing leaves will also acclimate dynamically to the new conditions. Typically this process takes several days. In this review, we discuss this dynamic acclimation process, focussing on the responses of the photosynthetic apparatus to light and temperature. We briefly discuss the principal changes occurring in the chloroplast, before examining what is known, and not known, about the sensing and signalling processes that underlie acclimation, identifying likely regulators of acclimation.
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9
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Chadee A, Mohammad M, Vanlerberghe GC. Evidence that mitochondrial alternative oxidase respiration supports carbon balance in source leaves of Nicotiana tabacum. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 279:153840. [PMID: 36265227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alternative oxidase (AOX) represents a non-energy conserving pathway within the mitochondrial electron transport chain. One potential physiological role of AOX could be to manage leaf carbohydrate amounts by supporting respiratory carbon oxidation reactions. In this study, several approaches tested the hypothesis that AOX1a gene expression in Nicotiana tabacum leaf is enhanced in conditions expected to promote an increased leaf carbohydrate status. These approaches included supplying leaves with exogenous carbohydrates, comparing plants grown at different atmospheric CO2 concentrations, comparing sink leaves with source leaves, comparing plants with different ratios of source to sink activity, and examining gene expression over the diel cycle. In each case, the pattern of AOX1a gene expression was compared with that of other genes known to respond to carbohydrates and/or other factors related to source:sink activity. These included GPT1 and GPT3 (that encode chloroplast glucose 6-phosphate/phosphate translocators), SPS (that encodes sucrose phosphate synthase), SUT1 (that encodes a sucrose/H+ symporter involved in phloem loading) and UCP1 (that encodes a mitochondrial uncoupling protein). The AOX1a transcript amount was higher following the leaf sink-to-source transition, and in plants with higher source relative to sink activity due to increasing plant age. Further, these effects were amplified in plants grown at elevated CO2 to stimulate source activity, particularly at end-of-day time periods. The AOX1a transcript amount was also higher following treatment of leaves with carbohydrate, in particular sucrose. Overall, the results provide evidence that, while source leaf sucrose accumulation may signal for a down-regulation of sucrose synthesis and transport, it also signals for means to manage the excess cytosolic carbohydrate pools. This includes increased AOX respiration to support carbon oxidation pathways even if energy charge is high, in combination perhaps with some return flux of carbohydrate from cytosol to stroma through the GPT3 translocator. As discussed, these activities could contribute to maintaining plant source:sink balance, as well as photosynthetic and phloem loading capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avesh Chadee
- Department of Biological Sciences, And Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Masoom Mohammad
- Department of Biological Sciences, And Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Greg C Vanlerberghe
- Department of Biological Sciences, And Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C1A4, Canada.
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10
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Gámez-Arcas S, Muñoz FJ, Ricarte-Bermejo A, Sánchez-López ÁM, Baslam M, Baroja-Fernández E, Bahaji A, Almagro G, De Diego N, Doležal K, Novák O, Leal-López J, León Morcillo RJ, Castillo AG, Pozueta-Romero J. Glucose-6-P/phosphate translocator2 mediates the phosphoglucose-isomerase1-independent response to microbial volatiles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2137-2154. [PMID: 36111879 PMCID: PMC9706466 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the plastidial isoform of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI1) mediates photosynthesis, metabolism, and development, probably due to its involvement in the synthesis of isoprenoid-derived signals in vascular tissues. Microbial volatile compounds (VCs) with molecular masses of <45 Da promote photosynthesis, growth, and starch overaccumulation in leaves through PGI1-independent mechanisms. Exposure to these compounds in leaves enhances the levels of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE/PHOSPHATE TRANSLOCATOR2 (GPT2) transcripts. We hypothesized that the PGI1-independent response to microbial volatile emissions involves GPT2 action. To test this hypothesis, we characterized the responses of wild-type (WT), GPT2-null gpt2-1, PGI1-null pgi1-2, and pgi1-2gpt2-1 plants to small fungal VCs. In addition, we characterized the responses of pgi1-2gpt2-1 plants expressing GPT2 under the control of a vascular tissue- and root tip-specific promoter to small fungal VCs. Fungal VCs promoted increases in growth, starch content, and photosynthesis in WT and gpt2-1 plants. These changes were substantially weaker in VC-exposed pgi1-2gpt2-1 plants but reverted to WT levels with vascular and root tip-specific GPT2 expression. Proteomic analyses did not detect enhanced levels of GPT2 protein in VC-exposed leaves and showed that knocking out GPT2 reduced the expression of photosynthesis-related proteins in pgi1-2 plants. Histochemical analyses of GUS activity in plants expressing GPT2-GUS under the control of the GPT2 promoter showed that GPT2 is mainly expressed in root tips and vascular tissues around hydathodes. Overall, the data indicated that the PGI1-independent response to microbial VCs involves resetting of the photosynthesis-related proteome in leaves through long-distance GPT2 action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Gámez-Arcas
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | | | - Adriana Ricarte-Bermejo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Marouane Baslam
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Jesús Leal-López
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture “La Mayora” (IHSM), CSIC-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Rafael Jorge León Morcillo
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture “La Mayora” (IHSM), CSIC-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Araceli G Castillo
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture “La Mayora” (IHSM), CSIC-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain
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11
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Lim C, Lim B, Kil DY, Kim JM. Hepatic transcriptome profiling according to growth rate reveals acclimation in metabolic regulatory mechanisms to cyclic heat stress in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102167. [PMID: 36257074 PMCID: PMC9579409 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change has numerous effects on poultry that result in welfare concerns and economic losses in agricultural industries. However, the mechanisms underlying the acclimation to heat stress in poultry have not been comprehensively defined. Therefore, identifying associated patterns of gene regulation and understanding the molecular mechanisms of acclimation to a warmer environment will provide insights into the acclimation system of broiler chickens. We profiled differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with differences in growth performance under heat stress conditions in the liver tissues of broilers based on RNA sequencing data. The DEGs were identified by comparison to the gene expression levels of broilers exhibiting average growth at 28 d of age (D28A) and D36A relative to those at D21A. In D36A, 507 and 312 DEGs were up- and downregulated, respectively, whereas 400 and 156 DEGs were up- and downregulated in D28A, respectively. Pathway enrichment analysis further revealed that “fatty acid degradation” and “heat shock protein expression” were upregulated in broilers exhibiting a higher growth and weight, whereas “cell cycle arrest” and “amino acid metabolism” were downregulated. Transcriptome profiling revealed that the acclimatized group supplied fat and energy from the liver to tissues through the breakdown of fatty acids. Furthermore, homeostasis was maintained via heat shock proteins and antioxidant enzymes. The characterized candidate genes and mechanisms associated with the response to heat stress might serve as a foundation for improving the ability of broilers to acclimatize under heat stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - B Lim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - D Y Kil
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - J M Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Ruan M, He W, Sun H, Cui C, Wang X, Li R, Wang X, Bi Y. Cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases play a pivotal role in Arabidopsis seed development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 186:207-219. [PMID: 35870442 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Embryo development is essential for seed yield and post-germination growth. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the rate-limiting enzyme in oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP), is widely involved in plant development and stress tolerance by providing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). In this study, the double mutant (g6pd5/6), overexpression line (G6PD5/6OE) and complementation line (g6pd5/6Comp) of cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases (Cyt-G6PD) were used to investigate Cyt-G6PD roles in embryo development of Arabidopsis. The results showed that the germination rate of g6pd5/6 seeds was delayed in comparison with that of Col-0; moreover, 11.5% of g6pd5/6 seeds did not germinate. The dysfunction of Cyt-G6PD resulted in decreased fresh weight and primary root length of g6pd5/6 seedlings. The height and silique length of g6pd5/6 plants were also decreased. Moreover, the abortion rate of siliques and seeds of g6pd5/6 plants were increased compared with those of Col-0, G6PD5/6OE and g6pd5/6Comp lines. However, the dysfunction of Cyt-G6PD did not affect pollen activity; but in g6pd5/6, the embryo development was partially delayed or inhibited. The contents of fatty acids and storage proteins, two main storage materials in Arabidopsis seeds, were decreased in g6pd5/6 seeds. Exogenous application of fatty acids (C18:2; C18:3) alleviated the delayed germination of g6pd5/6 seeds. RT-qPCR results further demonstrated that the early embryo development genes were down-regulated in g6pd5/6. Taken together, Cyt-G6PD plays a pivotal role in plant seed development by regulating the transcriptions of early embryo development genes and the accumulation of storage materials (especially fatty acids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Wenliang He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Hao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Chaiyan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Xiangxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Ruiling Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Yurong Bi
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
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13
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Saunders HA, Calzadilla PI, Schwartz JM, Johnson GN. Cytosolic fumarase acts as a metabolic fail-safe for both high and low temperature acclimation of Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2112-2124. [PMID: 34951633 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants acclimate their photosynthetic capacity (Pmax) in response to changing environmental conditions. In Arabidopsis thaliana, photosynthetic acclimation to cold requires the accumulation of the organic acid fumarate, catalysed by a cytosolically localized fumarase, FUM2. However, the role of this accumulation is currently unknown. Here, we use an integrated experimental and modelling approach to examine the role of FUM2 and fumarate across the physiological temperature range. We have studied three genotypes: Col-0; a fum2 mutant in a Col-0 background; and C24, an accession with reduced FUM2 expression. While low temperature causes an increase in Pmax in the Col-0 plants, this parameter decreases following exposure of plants to 30 °C for 7 d. Plants in which fumarate accumulation is partially (C24) or completely (fum2) abolished show a reduced acclimation of Pmax across the physiological temperature range (i.e. Pmax changes less in response to changing temperature). To understand the role of fumarate accumulation, we have adapted a reliability engineering technique, Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), to formalize a rigorous approach for ranking metabolites according to the potential risk that they pose to the metabolic system. FMEA identifies fumarate as a low-risk metabolite, while its precursor, malate, is shown to be high risk and liable to cause system instability. We propose that the role of FUM2 is to provide a fail-safe in order to control malate concentration, maintaining system stability in a changing environment. We suggest that FMEA is a technique that is not only useful in understanding plant metabolism but can also be used to study reliability in other systems and synthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena A Saunders
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Pablo I Calzadilla
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Giles N Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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14
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Belmont R, Bernal L, Padilla-Chacón D, Coello P, Martínez-Barajas E. Starch accumulation in bean fruit pericarp is mediated by the differentiation of chloroplasts into amyloplasts. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 316:111163. [PMID: 35151448 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The sucrose supply to bean fruits remains almost constant during seed development, and the early stages of this process are characterized by a significant amount of starch and soluble sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose) accumulated in the pericarp. Bean fruits are photosynthetically active; however, our results indicated that starch synthesis in the pericarp was largely dependent on the photosynthetic activity of the leaves. The photosynthetic activity and the amount of the Rubisco large subunit were gradually reduced in the fruit pericarp, and a large increase in the amount of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase small subunit (AGPase SS) was observed. These changes suggested differentiation of chloroplasts into amyloplasts. Pericarp chloroplasts imported glucose 1-P to support starch synthesis, and their differentiation into amyloplasts allowed the surplus sucrose to be used in the synthesis of starch, which was later degraded to meet the needs of fast-growing seeds. Starch stored in the bean fruit pericarp was not degraded in response to drought stress, but it was rapidly used under severe nutrient restriction. Together, this work indicated that starch accumulation in the pericarp of bean fruits is important to adjust the needs of developing seeds to the amount of sucrose that is provided to fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymundo Belmont
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química-UNAM, CDMX, 04510, Mexico
| | - Lilia Bernal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química-UNAM, CDMX, 04510, Mexico
| | - Daniel Padilla-Chacón
- CONACyT-Colegio de Posgraduados, Botánica, Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, MX 56230, Mexico
| | - Patricia Coello
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química-UNAM, CDMX, 04510, Mexico
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Li S, Cheng Z, Li Z, Dong S, Yu X, Zhao P, Liao W, Yu X, Peng M. MeSPL9 attenuates drought resistance by regulating JA signaling and protectant metabolite contents in cassava. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:817-832. [PMID: 34837123 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-04000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of drought-related genes in cassava shows the involvement of MeSPL9 in drought stress tolerance and overexpression of a dominant-negative form of this gene demonstrates its negative roles in drought stress resistance. Drought stress severely impairs crop yield and is considered a primary threat to food security worldwide. Although the SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like 9 (SPL9) gene participates extensively in numerous developmental processes and in plant response to abiotic stimuli, its role and regulatory pathway in cassava (Manihot esculenta) response to the drought condition remain elusive. In the current study, we show that cassava SPL9 (MeSPL9) plays negative roles in drought stress resistance. MeSPL9 expression was strongly repressed by drought treatment. Overexpression of a dominant-negative form of miR156-resistant MeSPL9, rMeSPL9-SRDX, in which a 12-amino acid repressor sequence was fused to rMeSPL9 at the C terminus, conferred drought tolerance without penalizing overall growth. rMeSPL9-SRDX-overexpressing lines not only exhibited increased osmoprotectant metabolites including proline and anthocyanin, but also accumulated more endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and soluble sugars. Transcriptomic and real-time PCR analysis suggested that differentially expressed genes were involved in sugar or JA biosynthesis, signaling, and metabolism in transgenic cassava under drought conditions. Exogenous application of JA further confirmed that JA conferred improved drought resistance and promoted stomatal closure in cassava leaves. Taken together, our findings suggest that MeSPL9 affects drought resistance by modulating protectant metabolite levels and JA signaling, which have substantial implications for engineering drought tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou, 571101, China.
| | - Zhihao Cheng
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Zhibo Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Shiman Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Xiaoling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Pingjuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Wenbin Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Ming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou, 571101, China.
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16
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Wu J, Meng X, Jiang W, Wang Z, Zhang J, Meng F, Yao X, Ye M, Yao L, Wang L, Yu N, Peng D, Xing S. Qualitative Proteome-Wide Analysis Reveals the Diverse Functions of Lysine Crotonylation in Dendrobium huoshanense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:822374. [PMID: 35251091 PMCID: PMC8888884 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.822374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The lysine crotonylation of histone proteins is a newly identified posttranslational modification with diversified cellular functions. However, there are few reports on lysine crotonylation of non-histone proteins in medicinal plant cells. By using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled with highly sensitive-specific immune-affinity antibody analysis, a whole crotonylation proteome analysis of Dendrobium huoshanense was performed. In total, 1,591 proteins with 4,726 lysine crotonylation sites were identified; among them, 11 conserved motifs were identified. Bioinformatic analyses linked crotonylated proteins to the drought stress response and multiple metabolic pathways, including secondary metabolite biosynthesis, transport and catabolism, energy production and conversion, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, translation, and ribosomal structure and biogenesis. This study contributes toward understanding the regulatory mechanism of polysaccharide biosynthesis at the crotonylation level even under abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoxi Meng
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Weimin Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources in the Nanyue Mountainous Region, College of Life Sciences and Environment, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhaojian Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Fei Meng
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Mengjuan Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Liang Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Longhai Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Nianjun Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Daiyin Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei, China
| | - Shihai Xing
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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17
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Baker CR, Stewart JJ, Amstutz CL, Ching LG, Johnson JD, Niyogi KK, Adams WW, Demmig‐Adams B. Genotype-dependent contribution of CBF transcription factors to long-term acclimation to high light and cool temperature. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:392-411. [PMID: 34799867 PMCID: PMC9299779 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
When grown under cool temperature, winter annuals upregulate photosynthetic capacity as well as freezing tolerance. Here, the role of three cold-induced C-repeat-binding factor (CBF1-3) transcription factors in photosynthetic upregulation and freezing tolerance was examined in two Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes originating from Italy (IT) or Sweden (SW), and their corresponding CBF1-3-deficient mutant lines it:cbf123 and sw:cbf123. Photosynthetic, morphological and freezing-tolerance phenotypes, as well as gene expression profiles, were characterized in plants grown from the seedling stage under different combinations of light level and temperature. Under high light and cool (HLC) growth temperature, a greater role of CBF1-3 in IT versus SW was evident from both phenotypic and transcriptomic data, especially with respect to photosynthetic upregulation and freezing tolerance of whole plants. Overall, features of SW were consistent with a different approach to HLC acclimation than seen in IT, and an ability of SW to reach the new homeostasis through the involvement of transcriptional controls other than CBF1-3. These results provide tools and direction for further mechanistic analysis of the transcriptional control of approaches to cold acclimation suitable for either persistence through brief cold spells or for maximisation of productivity in environments with continuous low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Baker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jared J. Stewart
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ColoradoBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Cynthia L. Amstutz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lindsey G. Ching
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jeffrey D. Johnson
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Krishna K. Niyogi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - William W. Adams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ColoradoBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Barbara Demmig‐Adams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ColoradoBoulderColoradoUSA
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18
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Wu Z, Wang Z, Zhang K. Isolation and functional characterization of a glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator (IbG6PPT1) from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:595. [PMID: 34915842 PMCID: PMC8675480 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) is a good source of carbohydrates, an excellent raw material for starch-based industries, and a strong candidate for biofuel production due to its high starch content. However, the molecular basis of starch biosynthesis and accumulation in sweet potato is still insufficiently understood. Glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocators (GPTs) mediate the import of glucose-6-phosphate (Glc6P) into plastids for starch synthesis. Here, we report the isolation of a GPT-encoding gene, IbG6PPT1, from sweet potato and the identification of two additional IbG6PPT1 gene copies in the sweet potato genome. IbG6PPT1 encodes a chloroplast membrane-localized GPT belonging to the GPT1 group and highly expressed in storage root of sweet potato. Heterologous expression of IbG6PPT1 resulted in increased starch content in the leaves, root tips, and seeds and soluble sugar in seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana, but a reduction in soluble sugar in the leaves. These findings suggested that IbG6PPT1 might play a critical role in the distribution of carbon sources in source and sink and the accumulation of carbohydrates in storage tissues and would be a good candidate gene for controlling critical starch properties in sweet potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengdan Wu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqian Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China.
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Luo Y, Teng S, Yin H, Zhang S, Tuo X, Tran LSP. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Roles of Anthocyanin- and Jasmonic Acid-Biosynthetic Pathways in Rapeseed in Response to High Light Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313027. [PMID: 34884828 PMCID: PMC8657659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is one of the major important oil crops worldwide and is largely cultivated in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau (QTP), where long and strong solar-radiation is well-known. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying rapeseed's response to light stress are largely unknown. In the present study, the color of rapeseed seedlings changed from green to purple under high light (HL) stress conditions. Therefore, changes in anthocyanin metabolism and the transcriptome of rapeseed seedlings cultured under normal light (NL) and HL conditions were analyzed to dissect how rapeseed responds to HL at the molecular level. Results indicated that the contents of anthocyanins, especially glucosides of cyanidin, delphinidin, and petunidin, which were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), increased by 9.6-, 4.2-, and 59.7-fold in rapeseed seedlings exposed to HL conditions, respectively. Next, RNA-sequencing analysis identified 7390 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which included 4393 up-regulated and 2997 down-regulated genes. Among the up-regulated genes, many genes related to the anthocyanin-biosynthetic pathway were enriched. For example, genes encoding dihydroflavonol reductase (BnDFR) and anthocyanin synthase (BnANS) were especially induced by HL conditions, which was also confirmed by RT-qPCR analysis. In addition, two PRODUCTION OF ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENTATION 2 (BnPAP2) and GLABRA3 (BnGL3) genes encoding MYB-type and bHLH-type transcription factors, respectively, whose expression was also up-regulated by HL stress, were found to be associated with the changes in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Many genes involved in the jasmonic acid (JA)-biosynthetic pathway were also up-regulated under HL conditions. This finding, which is in agreement with the well-known positive regulatory role of JA in anthocyanin biosynthesis, suggests that the JA may also play a key role in the responses of rapeseed seedlings to HL. Collectively, these data indicate that anthocyanin biosynthesis-related and JA biosynthesis-related pathways mediate HL responses in rapeseed. These findings collectively provide mechanistic insights into the mechanisms involved in the response of rapeseed to HL stress, and the identified key genes may potentially be used to improve HL tolerance of rapeseed cultivars through genetic engineering or breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiu Luo
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (Y.L.); (S.T.); (X.T.)
| | - Shoulian Teng
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (Y.L.); (S.T.); (X.T.)
| | - Hengxia Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); or (L.-S.P.T.); Tel.: +86-971-531-0086 (H.Y.)
| | - Shengping Zhang
- Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China;
| | - Xiaoyun Tuo
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (Y.L.); (S.T.); (X.T.)
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); or (L.-S.P.T.); Tel.: +86-971-531-0086 (H.Y.)
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20
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Bertić M, Schroeder H, Kersten B, Fladung M, Orgel F, Buegger F, Schnitzler JP, Ghirardo A. European oak chemical diversity - from ecotypes to herbivore resistance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:818-834. [PMID: 34240433 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is increasing insect pressure and forcing plants to adapt. Although chemotypic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity in spatially separated tree populations are known for decades, understanding their importance in herbivory resistance across forests remains challenging. We studied four oak forest stands in Germany using nontarget metabolomics, elemental analysis, and chemometrics and mapped the leaf metabolome of herbivore-resistant (T-) and herbivore-susceptible (S-) European oaks (Quercus robur) to Tortrix viridana, an oak pest that causes severe forest defoliation. Among the detected metabolites, we identified reliable metabolic biomarkers to distinguish S- and T-oak trees. Chemotypic differentiation resulted in metabolic shifts of primary and secondary leaf metabolism. Across forests, T-oaks allocate resources towards constitutive chemical defense enriched of polyphenolic compounds, e.g. the flavonoids kaempferol, kaempferol and quercetin glucosides, while S-oaks towards growth-promoting substances such as carbohydrates and amino-acid derivatives. This extensive work across natural forests shows that oaks' resistance and susceptibility to herbivory are linked to growth-defense trade-offs of leaf metabolism. The discovery of biomarkers and the developed predictive model pave the way to understand Quercus robur's susceptibility to herbivore attack and to support forest management, contributing to the preservation of oak forests in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Bertić
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hilke Schroeder
- Thünen-Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Birgit Kersten
- Thünen-Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Fladung
- Thünen-Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Franziska Orgel
- Thünen-Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Franz Buegger
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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21
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Chadee A, Alber NA, Dahal K, Vanlerberghe GC. The Complementary Roles of Chloroplast Cyclic Electron Transport and Mitochondrial Alternative Oxidase to Ensure Photosynthetic Performance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:748204. [PMID: 34650584 PMCID: PMC8505746 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.748204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts use light energy and a linear electron transport (LET) pathway for the coupled generation of NADPH and ATP. It is widely accepted that the production ratio of ATP to NADPH is usually less than required to fulfill the energetic needs of the chloroplast. Left uncorrected, this would quickly result in an over-reduction of the stromal pyridine nucleotide pool (i.e., high NADPH/NADP+ ratio) and under-energization of the stromal adenine nucleotide pool (i.e., low ATP/ADP ratio). These imbalances could cause metabolic bottlenecks, as well as increased generation of damaging reactive oxygen species. Chloroplast cyclic electron transport (CET) and the chloroplast malate valve could each act to prevent stromal over-reduction, albeit in distinct ways. CET avoids the NADPH production associated with LET, while the malate valve consumes the NADPH associated with LET. CET could operate by one of two different pathways, depending upon the chloroplast ATP demand. The NADH dehydrogenase-like pathway yields a higher ATP return per electron flux than the pathway involving PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION5 (PGR5) and PGR5-LIKE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHENOTYPE1 (PGRL1). Similarly, the malate valve could couple with one of two different mitochondrial electron transport pathways, depending upon the cytosolic ATP demand. The cytochrome pathway yields a higher ATP return per electron flux than the alternative oxidase (AOX) pathway. In both Arabidopsis thaliana and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, PGR5/PGRL1 pathway mutants have increased amounts of AOX, suggesting complementary roles for these two lesser-ATP yielding mechanisms of preventing stromal over-reduction. These two pathways may become most relevant under environmental stress conditions that lower the ATP demands for carbon fixation and carbohydrate export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avesh Chadee
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole A. Alber
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Keshav Dahal
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Greg C. Vanlerberghe
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
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High-throughput insertional mutagenesis reveals novel targets for enhancing lipid accumulation in Nannochloropsis oceanica. Metab Eng 2021; 66:239-258. [PMID: 33971293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica is considered a promising platform for the sustainable production of high-value lipids and biofuel feedstocks. However, current lipid yields of N. oceanica are too low for economic feasibility. Gaining fundamental insights into the lipid metabolism of N. oceanica could open up various possibilities for the optimization of this species through genetic engineering. Therefore, the aim of this study was to discover novel genes associated with an elevated neutral lipid content. We constructed an insertional mutagenesis library of N. oceanica, selected high lipid mutants by five rounds of fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and identified disrupted genes using a novel implementation of a rapid genotyping procedure. One particularly promising mutant (HLM23) was disrupted in a putative APETALA2-like transcription factor gene. HLM23 showed a 40%-increased neutral lipid content, increased photosynthetic performance, and no growth impairment. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed an upregulation of genes related to plastidial fatty acid biosynthesis, glycolysis and the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle in HLM23. Insights gained in this work can be used in future genetic engineering strategies for increased lipid productivity of Nannochloropsis.
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Gjindali A, Herrmann HA, Schwartz JM, Johnson GN, Calzadilla PI. A Holistic Approach to Study Photosynthetic Acclimation Responses of Plants to Fluctuating Light. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668512. [PMID: 33936157 PMCID: PMC8079764 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants in natural environments receive light through sunflecks, the duration and distribution of these being highly variable across the day. Consequently, plants need to adjust their photosynthetic processes to avoid photoinhibition and maximize yield. Changes in the composition of the photosynthetic apparatus in response to sustained changes in the environment are referred to as photosynthetic acclimation, a process that involves changes in protein content and composition. Considering this definition, acclimation differs from regulation, which involves processes that alter the activity of individual proteins over short-time periods, without changing the abundance of those proteins. The interconnection and overlapping of the short- and long-term photosynthetic responses, which can occur simultaneously or/and sequentially over time, make the study of long-term acclimation to fluctuating light in plants challenging. In this review we identify short-term responses of plants to fluctuating light that could act as sensors and signals for acclimation responses, with the aim of understanding how plants integrate environmental fluctuations over time and tailor their responses accordingly. Mathematical modeling has the potential to integrate physiological processes over different timescales and to help disentangle short-term regulatory responses from long-term acclimation responses. We review existing mathematical modeling techniques for studying photosynthetic responses to fluctuating light and propose new methods for addressing the topic from a holistic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armida Gjindali
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helena A. Herrmann
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Giles N. Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo I. Calzadilla
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Zhang M, Xu X, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Deng X, Luo S, Wu Q, Xu J, Zhang S. Expression of a plastid-localized sugar transporter in the suspensor is critical to embryogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1021-1038. [PMID: 33793862 PMCID: PMC8133565 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development rely on sugar transport between source and sink cells and between different organelles. The plastid-localized sugar transporter GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE TRANSLOCATER1 (GPT1) is an essential gene in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Using a partially rescued gpt1 mutant and cell-specific RNAi suppression of GPT1, we demonstrated that GPT1 is essential to the function of the embryo suspensor and the development of the embryo. GPT1 showed a dynamic expression/accumulation pattern during embryogenesis. Inhibition of GPT1 accumulation via RNAi using a suspensor-specific promoter resulted in embryos and seedlings with defects similar to auxin mutants. Loss of function of GPT1 in the suspensor also led to abnormal/ectopic cell division in the lower part of the suspensor, which gave rise to an ectopic embryo, resulting in twin embryos in some seeds. Furthermore, loss of function of GPT1 resulted in vacuolar localization of PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) and altered DR5 auxin activity. Proper localization of PIN1 on the plasma membrane is essential to polar auxin transport and distribution, a key determinant of pattern formation during embryogenesis. Our findings suggest that the function of GPT1 in the embryo suspensor is linked to sugar and/or hormone distribution between the embryo proper and the maternal tissues, and is important for maintenance of suspensor identity and function during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yueping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiangxiong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Suan Luo
- College of Plant Protection, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qiuping Wu
- College of Plant Protection, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Author for communication:
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Association Mapping of Verticillium Wilt Disease in a Worldwide Collection of Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020306. [PMID: 33562629 PMCID: PMC7916069 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is the best plant fiber source in the world and provides the raw material for industry. Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb. is accepted as a major disease of cotton production. The most practical way to deal with verticillium wilt is to develop resistant/tolerant varieties after cultural practices. One of the effective selections in plant breeding is the use of marker-assisted selection (MAS) via quantitative trait loci (QTL). Therefore, in this study, we aimed to discover the genetic markers associated with the disease. Through the association mapping analysis, common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were obtained using 4730 SNP alleles. As a result, twenty-three markers were associated with defoliating (PYDV6 isolate) pathotype, twenty-one markers with non-defoliating (Vd11 isolate) pathotype, ten QTL with Disease Severity Index (DSI) of the leaves at the 50–60% boll opening period and eight markers were associated with DSI in the stem section. Some of the markers that show significant associations are located on protein coding genes such as protein Mpv17-like, 21 kDa protein-like, transcription factor MYB113-like, protein dehydration-induced 19 homolog 3-like, F-box protein CPR30-like, extracellular ribonuclease LE-like, putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase LIN, pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein At3g62890-like, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, tubby-like F-box protein 8, endoglucanase 16-like, glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator 2, metal tolerance protein 11-like, VAN3-binding protein-like, transformation/transcription domain-associated protein-like, pyruvate kinase isozyme A, ethylene-responsive transcription factor CRF2-like, molybdate transporter 2-like, IRK-interacting protein-like, glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor attachment 1 protein, U3 small nucleolar RNA-associated protein 4-like, microtubule-associated protein futsch-like, transport and Golgi organization 2 homolog, splicing factor 3B subunit 3-like, mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 15a-like, putative ankyrin repeat protein, and protein networked 1D-like. It has been reported in previous studies that most of these genes are associated with biotic and abiotic stress factors. As a result, once validated, it would be possible to use the markers obtained in the study in Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) breeding.
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Karim MF, Johnson GN. Acclimation of Photosynthesis to Changes in the Environment Results in Decreases of Oxidative Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:683986. [PMID: 34630448 PMCID: PMC8495028 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.683986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic acclimation of photosynthesis plays an important role in increasing the fitness of a plant under variable light environments. Since acclimation is partially mediated by a glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator 2 (GPT2), this study examined whether plants lacking GPT2, which consequently have defective acclimation to increases in light, are more susceptible to oxidative stress. To understand this mechanism, we used the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana [accession Wassilewskija-4 (Ws-4)] and compared it with mutants lacking GPT2. The plants were then grown at low light (LL) at 100 μmol m-2 s-1 for 7 weeks. For the acclimation experiments, a set of plants from LL was transferred to 400 μmol m-2 s-1 conditions for 7 days. Biochemical and physiological analyses showed that the gpt2 mutant plants had significantly greater activity for ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guiacol peroxidase (GPOX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Furthermore, the mutant plants had significantly lower maximum quantum yields of photosynthesis (Fv/Fm). A microarray analysis also showed that gpt2 plants exhibited a greater induction of stress-related genes relative to wild-type (WT) plants. We then concluded that photosynthetic acclimation to a higher intensity of light protects plants against oxidative stress.
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27
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Herrmann HA, Dyson BC, Miller MAE, Schwartz JM, Johnson GN. Metabolic flux from the chloroplast provides signals controlling photosynthetic acclimation to cold in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:171-185. [PMID: 32981099 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is especially sensitive to environmental conditions, and the composition of the photosynthetic apparatus can be modulated in response to environmental change, a process termed photosynthetic acclimation. Previously, we identified a role for a cytosolic fumarase, FUM2 in acclimation to low temperature in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mutant lines lacking FUM2 were unable to acclimate their photosynthetic apparatus to cold. Here, using gas exchange measurements and metabolite assays of acclimating and non-acclimating plants, we show that acclimation to low temperature results in a change in the distribution of photosynthetically fixed carbon to different storage pools during the day. Proteomic analysis of wild-type Col-0 Arabidopsis and of a fum2 mutant, which was unable to acclimate to cold, indicates that extensive changes occurring in response to cold are affected in the mutant. Metabolic and proteomic data were used to parameterize metabolic models. Using an approach called flux sampling, we show how the relative export of triose phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate provides a signal of the chloroplast redox state that could underlie photosynthetic acclimation to cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena A Herrmann
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, UK
- Institue of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beth C Dyson
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, UK
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Matthew A E Miller
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, UK
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, UK
| | - Giles N Johnson
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, UK
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28
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Chadee A, Vanlerberghe GC. Distinctive mitochondrial and chloroplast components contributing to the maintenance of carbon balance during plant growth at elevated CO 2. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1795395. [PMID: 32705929 PMCID: PMC8550537 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1795395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant carbon balance depends upon the difference between photosynthetic carbon gain and respiratory carbon loss. In C3 plants, growth at an elevated atmospheric concentration of CO2 (ECO2) stimulates photosynthesis and raises the leaf carbohydrate status, but how respiration responds is less understood. In this study, growth of Nicotiana tabacum at ECO2 increased the protein amount of the non-energy conserving mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX). Growth at ECO2 increased AOX1a transcript amount, and the transcript amount of a putative sugar-responsive gene encoding a chloroplast glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator (GPT3). We suggest that the elevated amounts of AOX and GPT3 represent distinctive mitochondrial and chloroplast mechanisms to manage an excessive cytosolic pool of sugar phosphates. AOX respiration could consume cytosolic sugar phosphates, without this activity being restricted by rates of ATP turnover. GPT3 could allow accumulating cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate to return to the chloroplast. This could feed starch synthesis or a glucose-6-phosphate shunt in the Calvin cycle. AOX and GPT3 activities could buffer against Pi depletions that might otherwise disrupt mitochondrial and chloroplast electron transport chain activities. AOX and GPT3 activities could also buffer against a down-regulation of photosynthetic capacity by preventing a persistent imbalance between photosynthetic carbon gain and the activity of carbon utilizing sinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avesh Chadee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Greg C. Vanlerberghe
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CONTACT Greg C. Vanlerberghe Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ONM1C1A4, Canada
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29
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Herrmann HA, Schwartz JM, Johnson GN. From empirical to theoretical models of light response curves - linking photosynthetic and metabolic acclimation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 145:5-14. [PMID: 31654195 PMCID: PMC7308256 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00681-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Light response curves (LRCs) describe how the rate of photosynthesis varies as a function of light. They provide information on the maximum photosynthetic capacity, quantum yield, light compensation point and leaf radiation use efficiency of leaves. Light response curves are widely used to capture photosynthetic phenotypes in response to changing environmental conditions. However, models describing these are predominantly empirical and do not attempt to explain behaviour at a mechanistic level. Here, we use modelling to understand the metabolic changes required for photosynthetic acclimation to changing environmental conditions. Using a simple kinetic model, we predicted LRCs across the physiological temperature range of Arabidopsis thaliana and confirm these using experimental data. We use our validated metabolic model to make novel predictions about the metabolic changes of temperature acclimation. We demonstrate that NADPH utilization are enhanced in warm-acclimated plants, whereas both NADPH and CO2 utilization is enhanced in cold-acclimated plants. We demonstrate how different metabolic acclimation strategies may lead to the same photosynthetic response across environmental change. We further identify that certain metabolic acclimation strategies, such as NADPH utilization, are only triggered when plants are moved beyond a threshold high or low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena A. Herrmann
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Giles N. Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
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Garcia-Molina A, Kleine T, Schneider K, Mühlhaus T, Lehmann M, Leister D. Translational Components Contribute to Acclimation Responses to High Light, Heat, and Cold in Arabidopsis. iScience 2020; 23:101331. [PMID: 32679545 PMCID: PMC7364123 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant metabolism is broadly reprogrammed during acclimation to abiotic changes. Most previous studies have focused on transitions from standard to single stressful conditions. Here, we systematically analyze acclimation processes to levels of light, heat, and cold stress that subtly alter physiological parameters and assess their reversibility during de-acclimation. Metabolome and transcriptome changes were monitored at 11 different time points. Unlike transcriptome changes, most alterations in metabolite levels did not readily return to baseline values, except in the case of cold acclimation. Similar regulatory networks operate during (de-)acclimation to high light and cold, whereas heat and high-light responses exhibit similar dynamics, as determined by surprisal and conditional network analyses. In all acclimation models tested here, super-hubs in conditional transcriptome networks are enriched for components involved in translation, particularly ribosomes. Hence, we suggest that the ribosome serves as a common central hub for the control of three different (de-)acclimation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Garcia-Molina
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhadernerstraße 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleine
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhadernerstraße 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kevin Schneider
- Computational Systems Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 23, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Computational Systems Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 23, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhadernerstraße 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhadernerstraße 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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Baune MC, Lansing H, Fischer K, Meyer T, Charton L, Linka N, von Schaewen A. The Arabidopsis Plastidial Glucose-6-Phosphate Transporter GPT1 is Dually Targeted to Peroxisomes via the Endoplasmic Reticulum. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:1703-1726. [PMID: 32111666 PMCID: PMC7203913 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Studies on Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)/phosphate translocator isoforms GPT1 and GPT2 reported the viability of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gpt2 mutants, whereas heterozygous gpt1 mutants exhibited a variety of defects during fertilization/seed set, indicating that GPT1 is essential for this process. Among other functions, GPT1 was shown to be important for pollen and embryo-sac development. Because our previous work on the irreversible part of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) revealed comparable effects, we investigated whether GPT1 may dually localize to plastids and peroxisomes. In reporter fusions, GPT2 localized to plastids, but GPT1 also localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and around peroxisomes. GPT1 contacted two oxidoreductases and also peroxins that mediate import of peroxisomal membrane proteins from the ER, hinting at dual localization. Reconstitution in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) proteoliposomes revealed that GPT1 preferentially exchanges G6P for ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru5P). Complementation analyses of heterozygous +/gpt1 plants demonstrated that GPT2 is unable to compensate for GPT1 in plastids, whereas GPT1 without the transit peptide (enforcing ER/peroxisomal localization) increased gpt1 transmission significantly. Because OPPP activity in peroxisomes is essential for fertilization, and immunoblot analyses hinted at the presence of unprocessed GPT1-specific bands, our findings suggest that GPT1 is indispensable in both plastids and peroxisomes. Together with its G6P-Ru5P exchange preference, GPT1 appears to play a role distinct from that of GPT2 due to dual targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christin Baune
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hannes Lansing
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tanja Meyer
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Lennart Charton
- Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole Linka
- Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Morales A, Kaiser E. Photosynthetic Acclimation to Fluctuating Irradiance in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:268. [PMID: 32265952 PMCID: PMC7105707 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Unlike the short-term responses of photosynthesis to fluctuating irradiance, the long-term response (i.e., acclimation) at the chloroplast, leaf, and plant level has received less attention so far. The ability of plants to acclimate to irradiance fluctuations and the speed at which this acclimation occurs are potential limitations to plant growth under field conditions, and therefore this process deserves closer study. In the first section of this review, we look at the sources of natural irradiance fluctuations, their effects on short-term photosynthesis, and the interaction of these effects with circadian rhythms. This is followed by an overview of the mechanisms that are involved in acclimation to fluctuating (or changes of) irradiance. We highlight the chain of events leading to acclimation: retrograde signaling, systemic acquired acclimation (SAA), gene transcription, and changes in protein abundance. We also review how fluctuating irradiance is applied in experiments and highlight the fact that they are significantly slower than natural fluctuations in the field, although the technology to achieve realistic fluctuations exists. Finally, we review published data on the effects of growing plants under fluctuating irradiance on different plant traits, across studies, spatial scales, and species. We show that, when plants are grown under fluctuating irradiance, the chlorophyll a/b ratio and plant biomass decrease, specific leaf area increases, and photosynthetic capacity as well as root/shoot ratio are, on average, unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Morales
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Elias Kaiser
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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33
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Li Y, Tu M, Feng Y, Wang W, Messing J. Common metabolic networks contribute to carbon sink strength of sorghum internodes: implications for bioenergy improvement. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:274. [PMID: 31832097 PMCID: PMC6868837 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1612-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorghum bicolor (L.) is an important bioenergy source. The stems of sweet sorghum function as carbon sinks and accumulate large amounts of sugars and lignocellulosic biomass and considerable amounts of starch, therefore providing a model of carbon allocation and accumulation for other bioenergy crops. While omics data sets for sugar accumulation have been reported in different genotypes, the common features of primary metabolism in sweet genotypes remain unclear. To obtain a cohesive and comparative picture of carbohydrate metabolism between sorghum genotypes, we compared the phenotypes and transcriptome dynamics of sugar-accumulating internodes among three different sweet genotypes (Della, Rio, and SIL-05) and two non-sweet genotypes (BTx406 and R9188). RESULTS Field experiments showed that Della and Rio had similar dynamics and internode patterns of sugar concentration, albeit distinct other phenotypes. Interestingly, cellulose synthases for primary cell wall and key genes in starch synthesis and degradation were coordinately upregulated in sweet genotypes. Sweet sorghums maintained active monolignol biosynthesis compared to the non-sweet genotypes. Comparative RNA-seq results support the role of candidate Tonoplast Sugar Transporter gene (TST), but not the Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporter genes (SWEETs) in the different sugar accumulations between sweet and non-sweet genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Comparisons of the expression dynamics of carbon metabolic genes across the RNA-seq data sets identify several candidate genes with contrasting expression patterns between sweet and non-sweet sorghum lines, including genes required for cellulose and monolignol synthesis (CesA, PTAL, and CCR), starch metabolism (AGPase, SS, SBE, and G6P-translocator SbGPT2), and sucrose metabolism and transport (TPP and TST2). The common transcriptome features of primary metabolism identified here suggest the metabolic networks contributing to carbon sink strength in sorghum internodes, prioritize the candidate genes for manipulating carbon allocation with bioenergy purposes, and provide a comparative and cohesive picture of the complexity of carbon sink strength in sorghum stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Min Tu
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Yaping Feng
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Wenqing Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Joachim Messing
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
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Herrmann HA, Dyson BC, Vass L, Johnson GN, Schwartz JM. Flux sampling is a powerful tool to study metabolism under changing environmental conditions. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2019; 5:32. [PMID: 31482008 PMCID: PMC6718391 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-019-0109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of high-throughput 'omic techniques has sparked a rising interest in genome-scale metabolic models, with applications ranging from disease diagnostics to crop adaptation. Efficient and accurate methods are required to analyze large metabolic networks. Flux sampling can be used to explore the feasible flux solutions in metabolic networks by generating probability distributions of steady-state reaction fluxes. Unlike other methods, flux sampling can be used without assuming a particular cellular objective. We have undertaken a rigorous comparison of several sampling algorithms and concluded that the coordinate hit-and-run with rounding (CHRR) algorithm is the most efficient based on both run-time and multiple convergence diagnostics. We demonstrate the power of CHRR by using it to study the metabolic changes that underlie photosynthetic acclimation to cold of Arabidopsis thaliana plant leaves. In combination with experimental measurements, we show how the regulated interplay between diurnal starch and organic acid accumulation defines the plant acclimation process. We confirm fumarate accumulation as a requirement for cold acclimation and further predict γ-aminobutyric acid to have a key role in metabolic signaling under cold conditions. These results demonstrate how flux sampling can be used to analyze the feasible flux solutions across changing environmental conditions, whereas eliminating the need to make assumptions which introduce observer bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena A. Herrmann
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Beth C. Dyson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Present Address: Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Lucy Vass
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Present Address: Bristol Veterinary School and Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Giles N. Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Fabiańska I, Bucher M, Häusler RE. Intracellular phosphate homeostasis - A short way from metabolism to signaling. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 286:57-67. [PMID: 31300142 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus in plant cells occurs in inorganic form as both ortho- and pyrophosphate or bound to organic compounds, like e.g., nucleotides, phosphorylated metabolites, phospholipids, phosphorylated proteins, or phytate as P storage in the vacuoles of seeds. Individual compartments of the cell are surrounded by membranes that are selective barriers to avoid uncontrolled solute exchange. A controlled exchange of phosphate or phosphorylated metabolites is accomplished by specific phosphate transporters (PHTs) and the plastidial phosphate translocator family (PTs) of the inner envelope membrane. Plastids, in particular chloroplasts, are the site of various anabolic sequences of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Apart from their role in metabolism PHTs and PTs are presumed to be also involved in communication between organelles and plant organs. Here we will focus on the integration of phosphate transport and homeostasis in signaling processes. Recent developments in this field will be critically assessed and potential future developments discussed. In particular, the occurrence of various plastid types in one organ (i.e. the leaf) with different functions with respect to metabolism or sensing, as has been documented recently following a tissue-specific proteomics approach (Beltran et al., 2018), will shed new light on functional aspects of phosphate homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Fabiańska
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcel Bucher
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rainer E Häusler
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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Chen Q, Xu X, Xu D, Zhang H, Zhang C, Li G. WRKY18 and WRKY53 Coordinate with HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE1 to Regulate Rapid Responses to Sugar. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:2212-2226. [PMID: 31182557 PMCID: PMC6670108 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sugars provide a source of energy; they also function as signaling molecules that regulate gene expression, affect metabolism, and alter growth in plants. Rapid responses to sugar signaling and metabolism are essential for optimal growth and fitness, but the regulatory mechanisms underlying these are largely unknown. In this study, we found that the rapid induction of sugar responses in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) requires the W-box cis-elements in the promoter region of GLC 6-PHOSPHATE/PHOSPHATE TRANSLOCATOR2, a well-studied sugar response marker gene. The transcription factors WRKY18 and WRKY53 directly bind to the W-Box cis-elements in the promoter region of sugar response genes and activate their expression. In addition, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE 1 (HAC1) is recruited to the WRKY18 and WRKY53 complex that resides on the promoters. In this complex, HAC1 facilitates the acetylation of histone 3 Lys 27 (H3K27ac) on the sugar-responsive genes. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a mechanism by which sugar regulates chromatin modification and gene expression, thus helping plants to adjust their growth in response to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshuai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Xiyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Di Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Haisen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Cankui Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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37
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Bockwoldt M, Heiland I, Fischer K. The evolution of the plastid phosphate translocator family. PLANTA 2019; 250:245-261. [PMID: 30993402 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The plastid phosphate translocators evolved in algae but diversified into several groups, which adopted different physiological functions by extensive gene duplications and losses in Streptophyta. The plastid phosphate translocators (pPT) are a family of transporters involved in the exchange of metabolites and inorganic phosphate between stroma and cytosol. Based on their substrate specificities, they were divided into four subfamilies named TPT, PPT, GPT and XPT. To analyse the occurrence of these transporters in different algae and land plant species, we identified 652 pPT genes in 101 sequenced genomes for phylogenetic analysis. The first three subfamilies are found in all species and evolved before the split of red and green algae while the XPTs were derived from the duplication of a GPT gene at the base of Streptophyta. The analysis of the intron-exon structures of the pPTs corroborated these findings. While the number and positions of introns are conserved within each subfamily, they differ between the subfamilies suggesting an insertion of the introns shortly after the three subfamilies evolved. During angiosperm evolution, the subfamilies further split into different groups (TPT1-2, PPT1-3, GPT1-6). Angiosperm species differ significantly in the total number of pPTs, with many species having only a few, while several plants, especially crops, have a higher number, pointing to the importance of these transporters for improved source-sink strength and yield. The differences in the number of pPTs can be explained by several small-scale gene duplications and losses in plant families or single species, but also by whole genome duplications, for example, in grasses. This work could be the basis for a comprehensive analysis of the molecular and physiological functions of this important family of transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Bockwoldt
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Biologibygget, Framstredet 39, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ines Heiland
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Biologibygget, Framstredet 39, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Karsten Fischer
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Biologibygget, Framstredet 39, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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Herrmann HA, Schwartz JM, Johnson GN. Metabolic acclimation-a key to enhancing photosynthesis in changing environments? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3043-3056. [PMID: 30997505 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants adjust their photosynthetic capacity in response to their environment in a way that optimizes their yield and fitness. There is growing evidence that this acclimation is a response to changes in the leaf metabolome, but the extent to which these are linked and how this is optimized remain poorly understood. Using as an example the metabolic perturbations occurring in response to cold, we define the different stages required for acclimation, discuss the evidence for a metabolic temperature sensor, and suggest further work towards designing climate-smart crops. In particular, we discuss how constraint-based and kinetic metabolic modelling approaches can be used to generate targeted hypotheses about relevant pathways, and argue that a stronger integration of experimental and in silico studies will help us to understand the tightly regulated interplay of carbon partitioning and resource allocation required for photosynthetic acclimation to different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena A Herrmann
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Giles N Johnson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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39
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Plastidic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases are regulated to maintain activity in the light. Biochem J 2019; 476:1539-1551. [PMID: 31092702 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) can initiate the glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) shunt around the Calvin-Benson cycle. To understand the regulation of flux through this pathway, we have characterized the biochemical parameters and redox regulation of the three functional plastidic isoforms of Arabidopsis G6PDH. When purified, recombinant proteins were measured, all three exhibited significant substrate inhibition by G6P but not NADP+, making the determination of enzyme kinetic parameters complex. We found that the half-saturation concentration of G6PDH isoform 1 is increased under reducing conditions. The other two isoforms exhibit less redox regulation, however, isoform 2 is strongly inhibited by NADPH. Redox regulation of G6PDH1 can be partially reversed by hydrogen peroxide or protected against by the presence of its substrate, G6P. Overall, our results support the conclusion that G6PDH can have significant activity throughout the day and can be dynamically regulated to allow or prevent flux through the glucose-6-phosphate shunt.
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40
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García-Gómez P, Almagro G, Sánchez-López ÁM, Bahaji A, Ameztoy K, Ricarte-Bermejo A, Baslam M, Antolín MC, Urdiain A, López-Belchi MD, López-Gómez P, Morán JF, Garrido J, Muñoz FJ, Baroja-Fernández E, Pozueta-Romero J. Volatile compounds other than CO 2 emitted by different microorganisms promote distinct posttranscriptionally regulated responses in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1729-1746. [PMID: 30480826 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A "box-in-box" cocultivation system was used to investigate plant responses to microbial volatile compounds (VCs) and to evaluate the contributions of organic and inorganic VCs (VOCs and VICs, respectively) to these responses. Arabidopsis plants were exposed to VCs emitted by adjacent Alternaria alternata and Penicillium aurantiogriseum cultures, with and without charcoal filtration. No VOCs were detected in the headspace of growth chambers containing fungal cultures with charcoal filters. However, these growth chambers exhibited elevated CO2 and bioactive CO and NO headspace concentrations. Independently of charcoal filtration, VCs from both fungal phytopathogens promoted growth and distinct developmental changes. Plants cultured at CO2 levels observed in growth boxes containing fungal cultures were identical to those cultured at ambient CO2 . Plants exposed to charcoal-filtered fungal VCs, nonfiltered VCs, or superelevated CO2 levels exhibited transcriptional changes resembling those induced by increased irradiance. Thus, in the "box-in-box" system, (a) fungal VICs other than CO2 and/or VOCs not detected by our analytical systems strongly influence the plants' responses to fungal VCs, (b) different microorganisms release VCs with distinct action potentials, (c) transcriptional changes in VC-exposed plants are mainly due to enhanced photosynthesis signaling, and (d) regulation of some plant responses to fungal VCs is primarily posttranscriptional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo García-Gómez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
| | | | - Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
| | - Kinia Ameztoy
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
| | | | - Marouane Baslam
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - María Carmen Antolín
- Facultades de Ciencias y Farmacia y Nutrición, Grupo de Fisiología del Estrés en Plantas (Departamento de Biología Ambiental), Unidad Asociada al CSIC (EEAD, Zaragoza, ICVV, Logroño), Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amadeo Urdiain
- Facultades de Ciencias y Farmacia y Nutrición, Grupo de Fisiología del Estrés en Plantas (Departamento de Biología Ambiental), Unidad Asociada al CSIC (EEAD, Zaragoza, ICVV, Logroño), Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Dolores López-Belchi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Universidad de Concepción, Avenue Vicente Méndez 595, Chillán, Chile
| | - Pedro López-Gómez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
| | - José Fernando Morán
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
| | - Julián Garrido
- Departamento de Ciencias, Universidad Pública de Navarra Campus Arrosadía, 31006, Pamplona, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Materials, Universidad Pública de Navarra Campus Arrosadía, 31006, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
| | | | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
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Li M, Yang S, Xu W, Pu Z, Feng J, Wang Z, Zhang C, Peng M, Du C, Lin F, Wei C, Qiao S, Zou H, Zhang L, Li Y, Yang H, Liao A, Song W, Zhang Z, Li J, Wang K, Zhang Y, Lin H, Zhang J, Tan W. The wild sweetpotato (Ipomoea trifida) genome provides insights into storage root development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:119. [PMID: 30935381 PMCID: PMC6444543 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) is the seventh most important crop in the world and is mainly cultivated for its underground storage root (SR). The genetic studies of this species have been hindered by a lack of high-quality reference sequence due to its complex genome structure. Diploid Ipomoea trifida is the closest relative and putative progenitor of sweetpotato, which is considered a model species for sweetpotato, including genetic, cytological, and physiological analyses. RESULTS Here, we generated the chromosome-scale genome sequence of SR-forming diploid I. trifida var. Y22 with high heterozygosity (2.20%). Although the chromosome-based synteny analysis revealed that the I. trifida shared conserved karyotype with Ipomoea nil after the separation, I. trifida had a much smaller genome than I. nil due to more efficient eliminations of LTR-retrotransposons and lack of species-specific amplification bursts of LTR-RTs. A comparison with four non-SR-forming species showed that the evolution of the beta-amylase gene family may be related to SR formation. We further investigated the relationship of the key gene BMY11 (with identity 47.12% to beta-amylase 1) with this important agronomic trait by both gene expression profiling and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. And combining SR morphology and structure, gene expression profiling and qPCR results, we deduced that the products of the activity of BMY11 in splitting starch granules and be recycled to synthesize larger granules, contributing to starch accumulation and SR swelling. Moreover, we found the expression pattern of BMY11, sporamin proteins and the key genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and stele lignification were similar to that of sweetpotato during the SR development. CONCLUSIONS We constructed the high-quality genome reference of the highly heterozygous I. trifida through a combined approach and this genome enables a better resolution of the genomics feature and genome evolutions of this species. Sweetpotato SR development genes can be identified in I. trifida and these genes perform similar functions and patterns, showed that the diploid I. trifida var. Y22 with typical SR could be considered an ideal model for the studies of sweetpotato SR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610061 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Pu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610061 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Junyan Feng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610061 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhangying Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610061 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Meifang Peng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610061 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunguang Du
- Department of Biology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043 USA
| | - Feng Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610061 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Changhe Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Qiao
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongda Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Anzhong Liao
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Song
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongren Zhang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ji Li
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yizheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Honghui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinbo Zhang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenfang Tan
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
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Li Y, Wang W, Feng Y, Tu M, Wittich PE, Bate NJ, Messing J. Transcriptome and metabolome reveal distinct carbon allocation patterns during internode sugar accumulation in different sorghum genotypes. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:472-487. [PMID: 30051585 PMCID: PMC6335075 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sweet sorghum accumulates large amounts of soluble sugar in its stem. However, a system-based understanding of this carbohydrate allocation process is lacking. Here, we compared the dynamic transcriptome and metabolome between the conversion line R9188 and its two parents, sweet sorghum RIO and grain sorghum BTx406 that have contrasting sugar-accumulating phenotypes. We identified two features of sucrose metabolism, stable concentrations of sugar phosphates in RIO and opposite trend of trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) between RIO vs R9188/BTx406. Integration of transcriptome and metabolome revealed R9188 is partially active in starch metabolism together with medium sucrose level, whereas sweet sorghum had the highest sucrose concentration and remained highly active in sucrose, starch, and cell wall metabolism post-anthesis. Similar expression pattern of genes involved in sucrose degradation decreased the pool of sugar phosphates for precursors of starch and cell wall synthesis in R9188 and BTx406. Differential T6P signal between RIO vs R9188/BTx406 is associated with introgression of T6P regulators from BTx406 into R9188, including C-group bZIP and trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP). The inverted T6P signalling in R9188 appears to down-regulate sucrose and starch metabolism partly through transcriptome reprogramming, whereas introgressed metabolic genes could be related to reduced cell wall metabolism. Our results show that coordinated primary metabolic pathways lead to high sucrose demand and accumulation in sweet sorghum, providing us with targets for genetic improvements of carbohydrate allocation in bioenergy crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNJUSA
| | - Wenqin Wang
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNJUSA
- Present address:
School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yaping Feng
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNJUSA
| | - Min Tu
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNJUSA
| | | | | | - Joachim Messing
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNJUSA
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Weise SE, Liu T, Childs KL, Preiser AL, Katulski HM, Perrin-Porzondek C, Sharkey TD. Transcriptional Regulation of the Glucose-6-Phosphate/Phosphate Translocator 2 Is Related to Carbon Exchange Across the Chloroplast Envelope. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:827. [PMID: 31316533 PMCID: PMC6609314 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The exchange of reduced carbon across the inner chloroplast envelope has a large impact on photosynthesis and growth. Under steady-state conditions it is thought that glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) does not cross the chloroplast membrane. However, growth at high CO2, or disruption of starch metabolism can result in the GPT2 gene for a G6P/Pi translocator to be expressed presumably allowing G6P exchange across the chloroplast envelope. We found that after an increase in light, the transcript for GPT2 transiently increases several 100-fold within 2 h in both the Col-0 and WS ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana. The increase in transcript for GPT2 is preceded by an increase in transcript for many transcription factors including Redox Responsive Transcription Factor 1 (RRTF1). The increase in GPT2 transcript after exposure to high light is suppressed in a mutant lacking the RRTF1 transcription factor. The GPT2 response was also suppressed in a mutant with a T-DNA insert in the gene for the triose-phosphate/Pi translocator (TPT). However, plants lacking TPT still had a robust rise in RRTF1 transcript in response to high light. From this, we conclude that both RRTF1 (and possibly other transcription factors) and high amounts of cytosolic triose phosphate are required for induction of the expression of GPT2. We hypothesize that transient GPT2 expression and subsequent translation is adaptive, allowing G6P to move into the chloroplast from the cytosol. The imported G6P can be used for starch synthesis or may flow directly into the Calvin-Benson cycle via an alternative pathway (the G6P shunt), which could be important for regulating and stabilizing photosynthetic electron transport and carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E. Weise
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Tiffany Liu
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Kevin L. Childs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Alyssa L. Preiser
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Hailey M. Katulski
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | | | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Thomas D. Sharkey,
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Parrine D, Wu BS, Muhammad B, Rivera K, Pappin D, Zhao X, Lefsrud M. Proteome modifications on tomato under extreme high light induced-stress. Proteome Sci 2018; 16:20. [PMID: 30534005 PMCID: PMC6260845 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-018-0148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abiotic stress reduces photosynthetic yield and plant growth, negatively impacting global crop production and is a major constraint faced by agriculture. However, the knowledge on the impact on plants under extremely high irradiance is limited. We present the first in-depth proteomics analysis of plants treated with a method developed by our research group to generate a light gradient using an extremely intense light. METHODS The method consists of utilizing light emitting diodes (LED) to create a single spot at 24,000 μmol m- 2 s- 1 irradiance, generating three light stress levels. A light map and temperature profile were obtained during the light experiment. The proteins expressed in the treated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, Heinz H1706) leaves were harvested 10 days after the treatment, allowing for the detection of proteins involved in a long-term recovery. A multiplex labeled proteomics method (iTRAQ) was analyzed by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS A total of 3994 proteins were identified at 1% false discovery rate and matched additional quality filters. Hierarchical clustering analysis resulted in four types of patterns related to the protein expression, with one being directly linked to the increased LED irradiation. A total of 37 proteins were found unique to the least damaged leaf zone, while the medium damaged zone had 372 proteins, and the severely damaged presented unique 1003 proteins. Oxygen evolving complex and PSII complex proteins (PsbH, PsbS, PsbR and Psb28) were found to be abundant in the most damaged leaf zone. This leaf zone presented a protein involved in the salicylic acid response, while it was not abundant in the other leaf zones. The mRNA level of PsbR was significantly lower (1-fold) compared the control in the most damaged zone of the leaf, while Psb28 and PsbH were lower (1-fold) in the less damaged leaf zones. PsbS mRNA abundance in all leaf zones tested presented no statistically significant change from the control. CONCLUSIONS We present the first characterization of the proteome changes caused by an extreme level of high-light intensity (24,000 μmol m- 2 s- 1). The proteomics results show the presence of specific defense responses to each level of light intensity, with a possible involvement of proteins PsbH, Psb28, PsbR, and PsbS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Parrine
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Boulevard, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Bo-Sen Wu
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Boulevard, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Bilal Muhammad
- Department of Animal Science, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Boulevard, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Keith Rivera
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY USA
| | - Darryl Pappin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY USA
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Boulevard, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Mark Lefsrud
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Boulevard, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9 Canada
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Feng G, Xu L, Wang J, Nie G, Bushman BS, Xie W, Yan H, Yang Z, Guan H, Huang L, Zhang X. Integration of small RNAs and transcriptome sequencing uncovers a complex regulatory network during vernalization and heading stages of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). BMC Genomics 2018; 19:727. [PMID: 30285619 PMCID: PMC6171228 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flowering is a critical reproductive process in higher plants. Timing of optimal flowering depends upon the coordination among seasonal environmental cues. For cool season grasses, such as Dactylis glomerata, vernalization induced by low temperature provides competence to initiate flowering after prolonged cold. We combined analyses of the transcriptome and microRNAs (miRNAs) to generate a comprehensive resource for regulatory miRNAs and their target circuits during vernalization and heading stages. RESULTS A total of 3,846 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 69 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified across five flowering stages. The expression of miR395, miR530, miR167, miR396, miR528, novel_42, novel_72, novel_107, and novel_123 demonstrated significant variations during vernalization. These miRNA targeted genes were involved in phytohormones, transmembrane transport, and plant morphogenesis in response to vernalization. The expression patterns of DEGs related to plant hormones, stress responses, energy metabolism, and signal transduction changed significantly in the transition from vegetative to reproductive phases. CONCLUSIONS Five hub genes, c136110_g1 (BRI1), c131375_g1 (BZR1), c133350_g1 (VRN1), c139830_g1 (VIN3), and c125792_g2 (FT), might play central roles in vernalization response. Our comprehensive analyses have provided a useful platform for investigating consecutive transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of critical phases in D. glomerata and provided insights into the genetic engineering of flowering-control in cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Gang Nie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province China
| | | | - Wengang Xie
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 Gansu Province China
| | - Haidong Yan
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Zhongfu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province China
| | - Hao Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province China
| | - Linkai Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province China
| | - Xinquan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province China
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Rangsrikitphoti P, Durnford DG. Transcriptome Profiling of Bigelowiella natans in Response to Light Stress. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 66:316-333. [PMID: 30055063 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bigelowiella natans is a marine chlorarachniophyte whose plastid was acquired secondarily via endosymbiosis with a green alga. During plastid evolution, the photosynthetic endosymbiont would have integrated with the host metabolic pathways. This would require the evolution and coordination of strategies to cope with changes in light intensity that includes changes in the expression of both endosymbiont and host-derived genes. To investigate the transcriptional response to light intensity in chlorarachniophytes, we conducted an RNA-seq experiment to identify differentially expressed genes following a 4-h shift to high or very-low light. A shift to high light altered the expression of over 2,000 genes, many involved with photosynthesis, PSII assembly, primary metabolism, and reactive-oxygen scavenging. These changes are an attempt to optimize photosynthesis and increase energy sinks for excess reductant, while minimizing photooxidative stress. A transfer to very-low light resulted in a lower photosynthetic performance and metabolic alteration, reflecting an energy-limited state. Genes located on the nucleomorph, the vestigial nucleus in the plastid, had few changes in expression in either light treatment, indicating this organelle has relinquished most transcriptional control to the nucleus. Overall, during plastid origin, both host and transferred endosymbiont genes evolved a harmonized transcriptional network to respond to a classic photosynthetic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dion G Durnford
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
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Fan M, Zhang C, Shi L, Liu C, Ma W, Chen M, Liu K, Cai F, Wang G, Wei Z, Jiang M, Liu Z, Javeed A, Lin F. ZmSTK1 and ZmSTK2, encoding receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, are involved in maize pollen development with additive effect. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1402-1414. [PMID: 29327510 PMCID: PMC6041449 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Pollen germination and pollen tube growth are important physiological processes of sexual reproduction of plants and also are involved in signal transduction. Our previous study reveals that ZmSTK1 and ZmSTK2 are two receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCK) homologs in Zea mays as members of receptor-like protein kinase (RLK) subfamily, sharing 86% identity at the amino acid level. Here, we report that ZmSTK1 and ZmSTK2, expressed at late stages of pollen development, regulate maize pollen development with additive effect. ZmSTK1 or ZmSTK2 mutation exhibited severe pollen transmission deficiency, which thus influenced pollen fertility. Moreover, the kinase domains of ZmSTKs were cross-interacted with C-terminus of enolases detected by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and yeast two-hybrid system (Y2H), respectively. Further, the detective ZmSTK1 or ZmSTK2 was associated with decreased activity of enolases and also reduced downstream metabolite contents, which enolases are involved in glycolytic pathway, such as phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), pyruvate, ADP/ATP, starch, glucose, sucrose and fructose. This study reveals that ZmSTK1 and ZmSTK2 regulate maize pollen development and indirectly participate in glycolytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Fan
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Lei Shi
- Corn Research InstituteLiaoning Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Chen Liu
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Meiming Chen
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Kuichen Liu
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Fengchun Cai
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Guohong Wang
- Corn Research InstituteLiaoning Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Zhengyi Wei
- Laboratory of Plant Bioreactor and Genetics EngineeringJilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural BiotechnologyAgro‐Biotechnology Research InstituteJilin Academy of Agricultural SciencesJilinChangchunChina
| | - Min Jiang
- Corn Research InstituteLiaoning Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Zaochang Liu
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene CenterShanghai Academy of Agricultural SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Ansar Javeed
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Feng Lin
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
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Dhanapal AP, Ray JD, Smith JR, Purcell LC, Fritschi FB. Identification of Novel Genomic Loci Associated with Soybean Shoot Tissue Macro- and Micronutrient Concentrations. THE PLANT GENOME 2018; 11. [PMID: 30025027 DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2017.07.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The mineral composition of crop shoot tissues is important for yield formation and nutrient remobilization to seeds. The natural diversity that exists within crop species can be used to investigate mechanisms that define plant mineral composition and to identify important genomic loci for these processes. The objective of this study was to determine shoot mineral nutrient concentrations in genetically diverse soybean [ (L.) Merr.] genotypes and to identify genomic regions associated with concentrations of different nutrients in shoot tissue. The genotypes were grown at two locations in 2 yr and characterized for macronutrient (Ca, Mg, P, K, and S) and micronutrient (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) concentrations in shoot tissues. Genome-wide association studies were conducted with 31,748 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) via a unified mixed model to identify SNPs associated with macro- and micronutrient concentrations. The number of putative loci identified for the macronutrients ranged from 11 for Ca to 20 for K. For the micronutrients, the number ranged from 10 for Mn to 24 for Fe. In addition to colocated loci for multiple nutrients, 22 individual SNPs were associated with more than one nutrient such that 11 different nutrient combinations were encompassed by these SNPs. Ultimately, the putative loci identified in this study will need to be confirmed and are expected to aid in the identification of new sources of variation for use in soybean breeding programs as well as for mechanistic studies aimed at understanding the regulation of mineral nutrient uptake, translocation, and shoot tissue concentrations.
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Ni J, Shah FA, Liu W, Wang Q, Wang D, Zhao W, Lu W, Huang S, Fu S, Wu L. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the regulatory networks of cytokinin in promoting the floral feminization in the oil plant Sapium sebiferum. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:96. [PMID: 29848288 PMCID: PMC5975670 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sapium sebiferum, whose seeds contain high level of fatty acids, has been considered as one of the most important oil plants. However, the high male to female flower ratio limited the seed yield improvement and its industrial potentials. Thus, the study of the sex determination in S. sebiferum is of significant importance in increasing the seed yield. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrated that in S. sebiferum, cytokinin (CK) had strong feminization effects on the floral development. Exogenous application with 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) or thidiazuron (TDZ) significantly induced the development of female flowers and increased the fruit number. Interestingly, the feminization effects of cytokinin were also detected on the androecious genotype of S. sebiferum which only produce male flowers. To further investigate the mechanism underlying the role of cytokinin in the flower development and sex differentiation, we performed the comparative transcriptome analysis of the floral buds of the androecious plants subjected to 6-BA. The results showed that there were separately 129, 352 and 642 genes differentially expressed at 6 h, 12 h and 24 h after 6-BA treatment. Functional analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that many genes are related to the hormonal biosynthesis and signaling, nutrients translocation and cell cycle. Moreover, there were twenty one flowering-related genes identified to be differentially regulated by 6-BA treatment. Specifically, the gynoecium development-related genes SPATULA (SPT), KANADI 2 (KAN2), JAGGED (JAG) and Cytochrome P450 78A9 (CYP79A9) were significantly up-regulated, whereas the expression of PISTILLATA (PI), TATA Box Associated Factor II 59 (TAFII59) and MYB Domain Protein 108 (MYB108) that were important for male organ development was down-regulated in response to 6-BA treatment, demonstrating that cytokinin could directly target the floral organ identity genes to regulate the flower sex. CONCLUSIONS Our work demonstrated that cytokinin is a potential regulator in female flower development in S. sebiferum. The transcriptome analysis of the floral sex transition from androecious to monoecious in response to cytokinin treatment on the androecious S. sebiferum provided valuable information related to the mechanism of sex determination in the perennial woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ni
- Key laboratory of high magnetic field and Ion beam physical biology,Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031 China
| | - Faheem Afzal Shah
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Key laboratory of high magnetic field and Ion beam physical biology,Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031 China
| | - Qiaojian Wang
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Key laboratory of high magnetic field and Ion beam physical biology,Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031 China
| | - Weili Lu
- Key laboratory of high magnetic field and Ion beam physical biology,Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031 China
| | - Shengwei Huang
- Key laboratory of high magnetic field and Ion beam physical biology,Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031 China
| | - Songling Fu
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Lifang Wu
- Key laboratory of high magnetic field and Ion beam physical biology,Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031 China
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Miller MAE, O’Cualain R, Selley J, Knight D, Karim MF, Hubbard SJ, Johnson GN. Dynamic Acclimation to High Light in Arabidopsis thaliana Involves Widespread Reengineering of the Leaf Proteome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1239. [PMID: 28775726 PMCID: PMC5517461 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana transferred from low to high light increase their capacity for photosynthesis, a process of dynamic acclimation. A mutant, gpt2, lacking a chloroplast glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator, is deficient in its ability to acclimate to increased light. Here, we have used a label-free proteomics approach, to perform relative quantitation of 1993 proteins from Arabidopsis wild type and gpt2 leaves exposed to increased light. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD006598. Acclimation to light is shown to involve increases in electron transport and carbon metabolism but no change in the abundance of photosynthetic reaction centers. The gpt2 mutant shows a similar increase in total protein content to wild type but differences in the extent of change of certain proteins, including in the relative abundance of the cytochrome b6f complex and plastocyanin, the thylakoid ATPase and selected Benson-Calvin cycle enzymes. Changes in leaf metabolite content as plants acclimate can be explained by changes in the abundance of enzymes involved in metabolism, which were reduced in gpt2 in some cases. Plants of gpt2 invest more in stress-related proteins, suggesting that their reduced ability to acclimate photosynthetic capacity results in increased stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. E. Miller
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ronan O’Cualain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Selley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
| | - David Knight
- School of Biological Sciences, University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mohd F. Karim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Hubbard
- School of Biological Sciences, University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Giles N. Johnson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
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