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Pérez-de-Lis G, Richard B, Quilès F, Deveau A, Adikurnia IK, Rathgeber CBK. Multimodal imaging analysis in silver fir reveals coordination in cellulose and lignin deposition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:2428-2442. [PMID: 38590143 PMCID: PMC11213250 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Despite lignin being a key component of wood, the dynamics of tracheid lignification are generally overlooked in xylogenesis studies, which hampers our understanding of environmental drivers and blurs the interpretation of isotopic and anatomical signals stored in tree rings. Here, we analyzed cell wall formation in silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) tracheids to determine if cell wall lignification lags behind secondary wall deposition. For this purpose, we applied a multimodal imaging approach combining transmitted light microscopy (TLM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and confocal Raman microspectroscopy (RMS) on anatomical sections of wood microcores collected in northeast France on 11 dates during the 2010 growing season. Wood autofluorescence after laser excitation at 405 and 488 nm associated with the RMS scattering of lignin and cellulose, respectively, which allowed identification of lignifying cells (cells showing lignified and nonlignified wall fractions at the same time) in CLSM images. The number of lignifying cells in CLSM images mirrored the number of wall-thickening birefringent cells in polarized TLM images, revealing highly synchronized kinetics for wall thickening and lignification (similar timings and durations at the cell level). CLSM images and RMS chemical maps revealed a substantial incorporation of lignin into the wall at early stages of secondary wall deposition. Our results show that most of the cellulose and lignin contained in the cell wall undergo concurrent periods of deposition. This suggests a strong synchronization between cellulose and lignin-related features in conifer tree-ring records, as they originated over highly overlapped time frames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Pérez-de-Lis
- BIOAPLIC, Departamento de Botánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, EPSE, Campus Terra, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Béatrice Richard
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Aurélie Deveau
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France
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Tian Q, He Z, Xiao S, Peng X, Lin P, Zhu X, Feng X. Intra-annual stem radial growth of Qinghai spruce and its environmental drivers in the Qilian Mountains, northwestern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170093. [PMID: 38224885 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Tree stem radial growth could be used to estimate forest productivity, which plays a dominant role in the carbon sink of terrestrial ecosystems. However, it is still obscure how intra-annual stem radial growth is regulated by environmental variables. Here, we monitored Qinghai spruce stem radial growth over seven years and analyzed the environmental drivers of the intra-annual stem radial changes in the Qilian Mountains at low (2700 m) and high altitudes (3200 m). We found that stem radial growth initiated when the daily mean minimum air temperature reached 1.6oC, while the cessation of stem growth was unrelated to temperatures and water conditions. Initiations of stem growth at 2700 m were significantly earlier than that at 3200 m. Maximum growth rates were observed before the summer solstice at low altitude, whereas at high altitude, the majority of them occurred after the summer solstice. Most variability in annual stem increment (AI) can be explained by the rate (Rm) than by the duration of stem growth (∆t), and 78.9 % and 69.6 % of the variability in AI were attributable to Rm for the lower and upper site, respectively. Structural equation modeling revealed that precipitation (P) could both directly positively influence stem radial increment (SRI) and indirectly positively influence SRI through influencing relative humidity (RH), but the positive effect of P on SRI was higher at low altitude than at high altitude. Daily minimum air temperature (Tmin) was also the main direct diver of SRI, and the positive effect of Tmin on SRI was higher at high altitude than at low altitude. Considering the trends in climate warming and humidification over the past decades, climate changes would result in earlier initiation of Qinghai spruce stem growth and promote the growth through positive response to increased precipitation in low altitude and through elevated temperature in high altitude, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanyan Tian
- Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, China
| | - Zhibin He
- Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, China.
| | - Shengchun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaomei Peng
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, China; Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pengfei Lin
- Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, China
| | - Xi Zhu
- Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, China
| | - Xiangyan Feng
- Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Vitali V, Schuler P, Holloway-Phillips M, D'Odorico P, Guidi C, Klesse S, Lehmann MM, Meusburger K, Schaub M, Zweifel R, Gessler A, Saurer M. Finding balance: Tree-ring isotopes differentiate between acclimation and stress-induced imbalance in a long-term irrigation experiment. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17237. [PMID: 38488024 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is a common European tree species, and understanding its acclimation to the rapidly changing climate through physiological, biochemical or structural adjustments is vital for predicting future growth. We investigated a long-term irrigation experiment at a naturally dry forest in Switzerland, comparing Scots pine trees that have been continuously irrigated for 17 years (irrigated) with those for which irrigation was interrupted after 10 years (stop) and non-irrigated trees (control), using tree growth, xylogenesis, wood anatomy, and carbon, oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope measurements in the water, sugars and cellulose of plant tissues. The dendrochronological analyses highlighted three distinct acclimation phases to the treatments: irrigated trees experienced (i) a significant growth increase in the first 4 years of treatment, (ii) high growth rates but with a declining trend in the following 8 years and finally (iii) a regression to pre-irrigation growth rates, suggesting the development of a new growth limitation (i.e. acclimation). The introduction of the stop treatment resulted in further growth reductions to below-control levels during the third phase. Irrigated trees showed longer growth periods and lower tree-ring δ13 C values, reflecting lower stomatal restrictions than control trees. Their strong tree-ring δ18 O and δ2 H (O-H) relationship reflected the hydrological signature similarly to the control. On the contrary, the stop trees had lower growth rates, conservative wood anatomical traits, and a weak O-H relationship, indicating a physiological imbalance. Tree vitality (identified by crown transparency) significantly modulated growth, wood anatomical traits and tree-ring δ13 C, with low-vitality trees of all treatments performing similarly regardless of water availability. We thus provide quantitative indicators for assessing physiological imbalance and tree acclimation after environmental stresses. We also show that tree vitality is crucial in shaping such responses. These findings are fundamental for the early assessment of ecosystem imbalances and decline under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vitali
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Schuler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Petra D'Odorico
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Guidi
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Klesse
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marco M Lehmann
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Meusburger
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Zweifel
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Martínez-Sancho E, Cernusak LA, Fonti P, Gregori A, Ullrich B, Pannatier EG, Gessler A, Lehmann MM, Saurer M, Treydte K. Unenriched xylem water contribution during cellulose synthesis influenced by atmospheric demand governs the intra-annual tree-ring δ 18 O signature. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1743-1757. [PMID: 37753542 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen isotope composition (δ18 O) of tree-ring cellulose is used to evaluate tree physiological responses to climate, but their interpretation is still limited due to the complexity of the isotope fractionation pathways. We assessed the relative contribution of seasonal needle and xylem water δ18 O variations to the intra-annual tree-ring cellulose δ18 O signature of larch trees at two sites with contrasting soil water availability in the Swiss Alps. We combined biweekly δ18 O measurements of soil water, needle water, and twig xylem water with intra-annual δ18 O measurements of tree-ring cellulose, xylogenesis analysis, and mechanistic and structural equation modeling. Intra-annual cellulose δ18 O values resembled source water δ18 O mean levels better than needle water δ18 O. Large parts of the rings were formed under high proportional exchange with unenriched xylem water (pex ). Maximum pex values were achieved in August and imprinted on sections at 50-75% of the ring. High pex values were associated with periods of high atmospheric evaporative demand (VPD). While VPD governed needle water δ18 O variability, we estimated a limited Péclet effect at both sites. Due to a variable pex , source water has a strong influence over large parts of the intra-annual tree-ring cellulose δ18 O variations, potentially masking signals coming from needle-level processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Martínez-Sancho
- Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Department of Biological Evolution, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4878, Australia
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Gregori
- Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Bastian Ullrich
- Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Graf Pannatier
- Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Marco M Lehmann
- Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Treydte
- Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
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Zhou B, Sterck F, Kruijt B, Fan ZX, Zuidema PA. Diel and seasonal stem growth responses to climatic variation are consistent across species in a subtropical tree community. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:2253-2264. [PMID: 37737019 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how intra-annual stem growth responds to atmospheric and soil conditions is essential for assessing the effects of climate extremes on forest productivity. In species-poor forests, such understanding can be obtained by studying stem growth of the dominant species. Yet, in species-rich (sub-)tropical forests, it is unclear whether these responses are consistent among species. We monitored intra-annual stem growth with high-resolution dendrometers for 27 trees belonging to 14 species over 5 yr in a montane subtropical forest. We quantified diel and seasonal stem growth patterns, verified to what extent observed growth patterns coincide across species and analysed their main climatic drivers. We found very consistent intra-annual growth patterns across species. Species varied in the rate but little in the timing of growth. Diel growth patterns revealed that - across species - trees mainly grew before dawn when vapour pressure deficit (VPD) was low. Within the year, trees mainly grew between May and August driven by temperature and VPD, but not by soil moisture. Our study reveals highly consistent stem growth patterns and climatic drivers at community level. Further studies are needed to verify whether these results hold across climates and forests, and whether they can be scaled up to estimate forest productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Kruijt
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
| | - Ze-Xin Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Ailaoshan Station for Subtropical Forest Ecosystem Studies, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jingdong, Yunnan, 676209, China
| | - Pieter A Zuidema
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
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Körner C, Lenz A, Hoch G. Chronic in situ tissue cooling does not reduce lignification at the Swiss treeline but enhances the risk of 'blue' frost rings. ALPINE BOTANY 2023; 133:63-67. [PMID: 36945704 PMCID: PMC10023615 DOI: 10.1007/s00035-023-00293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In their 2013 paper, Lenz et al. illustrated how trees growing at the low-temperature limit respond to a chronic in situ warming or cooling by 3 K, by employing Peltier-thermostated branch collars that tracked ambient temperatures. The micro-coring-based analysis of seasonal tree ring formation included double-staining microtome cross sections for lignification, but these data had not been included in the publication. In this short communication, we complement these data, collected in 2009 at the Swiss treeline, and we show that a 3 K cooling that corresponds to a 500-600 m higher elevation, had no influence on lignification. However, when a frost event occurred during the early part of ring formation, the 3 K cooling produced a blue (non-lignified) layer of cells, followed by normally lignified cells for the rest of the season. Hence, the event did not affect the cambium, but interrupted cell wall maturation in cells that were in a critical developmental stage. We conclude, that chronic cooling does not affect lignification at treeline, but it increases the risk of frost damage in premature xylem tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Körner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Armando Lenz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Günter Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Miller TW, Stangler DF, Larysch E, Honer H, Puhlmann H, Schindler D, Jung C, Seifert T, Rigling A, Kahle HP. Later growth onsets or reduced growth rates: What characterises legacy effects at the tree-ring level in conifers after the severe 2018 drought? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158703. [PMID: 36099953 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe drought events negatively affect tree growth and often cause legacy effects, expressed by smaller tree rings in the post-drought recovery years. While the pattern of reduced tree-ring widths is frequently described the processes underlying such legacy effects, i.e., whether it is due to shorter growth periods or lower growth rates, remains unclear and is investigated in this study. To elucidate these post-drought effects, we examined radial stem growth dynamics monitored with precision band-dendrometers on 144 Douglas fir, Norway spruce and silver fir sample trees distributed along four elevational gradients in the Black Forest (Southwest Germany) during the post-drought years 2019 and 2020. Growth onset of all investigated species occurred between 11 and 24 days significantly earlier in 2020 compared to 2019. Modelling growth onset based on chilling and forcing units and taking the study year into account explained 88-98 % of the variance in the growth onset data. The highly significant effect of the study year (p < 0.001) led to the conclusion, that other factors than the prevailing site conditions (chilling and forcing units) must have triggered the earlier growth onset in 2020. On the other hand, for Douglas fir growth rates were significantly higher in 2020 compared to 2019 (2.9 μm d-1) and marginally significantly higher for silver fir (1.3 μm d-1), underlining the explanatory power of growth rate on recovery processes in general and suggesting that Douglas fir copes better with droughts, as it recovered faster. Growth dynamics at the beginning of the year showed limited growth for earlier growth onsets, which, however, could not explain the difference between the investigated years. Our results provide evidence that legacy effects of drought events are expressed by a delayed growth onset and a reduced growth rate in the post-drought year and that Douglas fir has a superior recovery potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Walter Miller
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Dominik Florian Stangler
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elena Larysch
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Harald Honer
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heike Puhlmann
- Department of Soil and Environment, Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Schindler
- Environmental Meteorology, University of Freiburg, Werthmann-str. 10, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Jung
- Environmental Meteorology, University of Freiburg, Werthmann-str. 10, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Seifert
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Department for Forest and Wood Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland; SwissForestLab, Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Kahle
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Wood structure explained by complex spatial source-sink interactions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7824. [PMID: 36535928 PMCID: PMC9763502 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood is a remarkable material with great cultural, economic, and biogeochemical importance. However, our understanding of its formation is poor. Key properties that have not been explained include the anatomy of growth rings (with consistent transitions from low-density earlywood to high density latewood), strong temperature-dependence of latewood density (used for historical temperature reconstructions), the regulation of cell size, and overall growth-temperature relationships in conifer and ring-porous tree species. We have developed a theoretical framework based on observations on Pinus sylvestris L. in northern Sweden. The observed anatomical properties emerge from our framework as a consequence of interactions in time and space between the production of new cells, the dynamics of developmental zone widths, and the distribution of carbohydrates across the developing wood. Here we find that the diffusion of carbohydrates is critical to determining final ring anatomy, potentially overturning current understanding of how wood formation responds to environmental variability and transforming our interpretation of tree rings as proxies of past climates.
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Silvestro R, Sylvain JD, Drolet G, Buttò V, Auger I, Mencuccini M, Rossi S. Upscaling xylem phenology: sample size matters. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:811-824. [PMID: 36018569 PMCID: PMC9758298 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Upscaling carbon allocation requires knowledge of the variability at the scales at which data are collected and applied. Trees exhibit different growth rates and timings of wood formation. However, the factors explaining these differences remain undetermined, making samplings and estimations of the growth dynamics a complicated task, habitually based on technical rather than statistical reasons. This study explored the variability in xylem phenology among 159 balsam firs [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.]. METHODS Wood microcores were collected weekly from April to October 2018 in a natural stand in Quebec, Canada, to detect cambial activity and wood formation timings. We tested spatial autocorrelation, tree size and cell production rates as explanatory variables of xylem phenology. We assessed sample size and margin of error for wood phenology assessment at different confidence levels. KEY RESULTS Xylem formation lasted between 40 and 110 d, producing between 12 and 93 cells. No effect of spatial proximity or size of individuals was detected on the timings of xylem phenology. Trees with larger cell production rates showed a longer growing season, starting xylem differentiation earlier and ending later. A sample size of 23 trees produced estimates of xylem phenology at a confidence level of 95 % with a margin of error of 1 week. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted the high variability in the timings of wood formation among trees within an area of 1 km2. The correlation between the number of new xylem cells and the growing season length suggests a close connection between the processes of wood formation and carbon sequestration. However, the causes of the observed differences in xylem phenology remain partially unresolved. We point out the need to carefully consider sample size when assessing xylem phenology to explore the reasons underlying this variability and to allow reliable upscaling of carbon allocation in forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Silvestro
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 boulevard de l’Université, Chicoutimi (QC) G7H2B1, Canada
| | - Jean-Daniel Sylvain
- Direction de la recherche forestière Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, QC G1P3W8, Canada
| | - Guillaume Drolet
- Direction de la recherche forestière Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, QC G1P3W8, Canada
| | - Valentina Buttò
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 boulevard de l’Université, Chicoutimi (QC) G7H2B1, Canada
- Forest Research Institute, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Auger
- Direction de la recherche forestière Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, QC G1P3W8, Canada
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluis Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 boulevard de l’Université, Chicoutimi (QC) G7H2B1, Canada
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Larysch E, Stangler DF, Puhlmann H, Rathgeber CBK, Seifert T, Kahle HP. The 2018 hot drought pushed conifer wood formation to the limit of its plasticity: Consequences for woody biomass production and tree ring structure. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:1171-1185. [PMID: 35277910 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hot droughts are expected to increase in Europe and disturb forest ecosystem functioning. Wood formation of trees has the potential to adapt to those events by compensatory mechanisms between the rates and durations of tracheid differentiation to form the typical pattern of vital wood anatomical structures. We monitored xylogenesis and measured wood anatomy of mature silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees along an elevational gradient in the Black Forest during the hot drought year of 2018. We assessed the kinetics of tracheid differentiation and the final tracheid dimensions and quantified the relationship between rates and durations of cell differentiation over the growing season. Cell differentiation kinetics were decoupled, and temperature and water availability signals were imprinted in the tree ring structure. The sudden decline in woody biomass production provided evidence for a disruption in carbon sequestration processes due to heat and drought stress. Growth processes of Scots pine (pioneer species) were mainly affected by the spring drought, whereas silver fir (climax species) growth processes were more disturbed by the summer drought. Our study provides novel insights on the plasticity of wood formation and carbon allocation in temperate conifer tree species in response to extreme climatic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Larysch
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - D F Stangler
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H Puhlmann
- Department of Soil and Environment, Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - C B K Rathgeber
- INRAE, SILVA, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, Nancy, France
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - T Seifert
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Forest and Wood Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - H-P Kahle
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Martínez‐Sancho E, Treydte K, Lehmann MM, Rigling A, Fonti P. Drought impacts on tree carbon sequestration and water use - evidence from intra-annual tree-ring characteristics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:58-70. [PMID: 35576102 PMCID: PMC9542003 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The impact of climate extremes on forest ecosystems is poorly understood but important for predicting carbon and water cycle feedbacks to climate. Some knowledge gaps still remain regarding how drought-related adjustments in intra-annual tree-ring characteristics directly impact tree carbon and water use. In this study we quantified the impact of an extreme summer drought on the water-use efficiency and carbon sequestration of four mature Norway spruce trees. We used detailed observations of wood formation (xylogenesis) and intra-annual tree-ring properties (quantitative wood anatomy and stable carbon isotopes) combined with physiological water-stress monitoring. During 41 d of tree water deficit, we observed an enrichment in 13 C but a reduction in cell enlargement and wall-thickening processes, which impacted the anatomical characteristics. These adjustments diminished carbon sequestration by 67% despite an 11% increase in water-use efficiency during drought. However, with the resumption of a positive hydric state in the stem, we observed a fast recovery of cell formation rates based on the accumulated assimilates produced during drought. Our findings enhance our understanding of carbon and water fluxes between the atmosphere and forest ecosystems, providing observational evidence on the tree intra-annual carbon sequestration and water-use efficiency dynamics to improve future generations of vegetation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Martínez‐Sancho
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Kerstin Treydte
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Marco M. Lehmann
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsSwiss Federal Institute of Technology ETHUniversitaetsstrasse 168092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
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12
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Giovannelli A, Mattana S, Emiliani G, Anichini M, Traversi ML, Pavone FS, Cicchi R. Localized stem heating from the rest to growth phase induces latewood-like cell formation and slower stem radial growth in Norway spruce saplings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1149-1163. [PMID: 34918169 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent climate projections predict a more rapid increase of winter temperature than summer and global temperature averages in temperate and cold environments. As there is relatively little experimental knowledge on the effect of winter warming on cambium phenology and stem growth in species growing in cold environments, the setting of manipulative experiments is considered of primary importance, and they can help to decipher the effect of reduced winter chilling and increased forcing temperatures on cambium reactivation, growth and xylem traits. In this study, localized stem heating was applied to investigate the effect of warming from the rest to the growth phase on cambium phenology, intra-annual stem growth dynamics and ring wood features in Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. We hypothesized that reduced winter chilling induces a postponed cambium dormancy release and decrease of stem growth, while high temperature during cell wall lignification determines an enrichment of latewood-like cells. The heating device was designed to maintain a +5 °C temperature delta with respect to air temperature, thus allowing an authentic scenario of warming. Continuous stem heating from the rest (November) to the growing phase determined, at the beginning of radial growth, a reduction of the number of cell layers in the cambium, higher number of cell layers in the wall thickening phase and an asynchronous stem radial growth when comparing heated and ambient saplings. Nevertheless, heating did not induce changes in the number of produced cell layers at the end of the growing season. The analyses of two-photon fluorescence images showed that woody rings formed during heating were enriched with latewood-like cells. Our results showed that an increase of 5 °C of temperature applied to the stem from the rest to growth might not influence, as generally reported, onset of cambial activity, but it could affect xylem morphology of Norway spruce in mountain environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Giovannelli
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
| | - Sara Mattana
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Largo Fermi 6, Firenze 50125, Italy
| | - Giovanni Emiliani
- Istituto Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
| | - Monica Anichini
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia (IBE), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Traversi
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Pavone
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cicchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Largo Fermi 6, Firenze 50125, Italy
- Laboratorio Europeo di Spettroscopie Non-lineari (LENS), Via N. Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
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13
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Zeps M, Kondratovičs T, Grigžde E, Jansons Ā, Zeltiņš P, Samsone I, Matisons R. Plantlet Anatomy of Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and Hybrid Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx. × Populus tremula L.) Shows Intraspecific Reactions to Illumination In Vitro. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081097. [PMID: 35448825 PMCID: PMC9024933 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Micropropagation of forest reproductive material is becoming an increasingly important tool of climate-smart forest management, whose efficiency is depending on artificial illumination, which in turn can have species-specific effects. To improve the energy-efficiency of micropropagation, light emitting diodes (LED) are becoming more popular; however, they emit light of narrow spectral composition, synergic effects of which can alter plantlet development. Regarding the in vitro cultures of trees, such effects have been scarcely studied. In this study, three clones of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and three clones of hybrid aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx. × Populus tremula L.) from the eastern Baltic region were tested. The responses of leaf and stem anatomy of in vitro cultures to three LED light illumination treatments differing by spectral composition and to illumination by fluorescent tubes were estimated by linear (mixed) models. The studied light treatments had non-interacted effects on stomata density and on the secondary xylem cell wall in the stem of silver birch and in the stomata length, stem radius, and phloem width of hybrid aspen. Furthermore, clone-specific responses to illumination were observed for number of chloroplasts and phloem width of silver birch and for leaf thickness and xylem cell wall thickness of hybrid aspen, implying different mechanisms of shade avoidance. In general, the responses of plantlet anatomy differed according to the width of the light spectrum in case of LED, as well as for fluorescent tubes. Considering the legacy effects of early development of plantlets, adaptability of illumination in terms of spectral composition according to the requirements of genotypes appear highly beneficial for micropropagation of sustainable forest reproductive material.
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14
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Eckes-Shephard AH, Ljungqvist FC, Drew DM, Rathgeber CBK, Friend AD. Wood Formation Modeling - A Research Review and Future Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:837648. [PMID: 35401628 PMCID: PMC8984029 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.837648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Wood formation has received considerable attention across various research fields as a key process to model. Historical and contemporary models of wood formation from various disciplines have encapsulated hypotheses such as the influence of external (e.g., climatic) or internal (e.g., hormonal) factors on the successive stages of wood cell differentiation. This review covers 17 wood formation models from three different disciplines, the earliest from 1968 and the latest from 2020. The described processes, as well as their external and internal drivers and their level of complexity, are discussed. This work is the first systematic cataloging, characterization, and process-focused review of wood formation models. Remaining open questions concerning wood formation processes are identified, and relate to: (1) the extent of hormonal influence on the final tree ring structure; (2) the mechanism underlying the transition from earlywood to latewood in extratropical regions; and (3) the extent to which carbon plays a role as "active" driver or "passive" substrate for growth. We conclude by arguing that wood formation models remain to be fully exploited, with the potential to contribute to studies concerning individual tree carbon sequestration-storage dynamics and regional to global carbon sequestration dynamics in terrestrial vegetation models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist
- Department of History, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David M. Drew
- Department of Forest and Wood Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Cyrille B. K. Rathgeber
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, Nancy, France
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Andrew D. Friend
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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15
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Pérez-de-Lis G, Rathgeber CBK, Fernández-de-Uña L, Ponton S. Cutting tree rings into time slices: how intra-annual dynamics of wood formation help decipher the space-for-time conversion. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1520-1534. [PMID: 34797916 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tree-ring anatomy, microdensity and isotope records provide valuable intra-annual information. However, extracting signals at that scale is challenged by the complexity of xylogenesis, where two major processes - cell enlargement and wall thickening - occur at different times and rates. We characterized the space-for-time association in the tree rings of three conifer species by examining the duration, overlapping, inter-tree synchronicity and interannual stability during cell enlargement and wall thickening across regular tree-ring sectors (portions of equal tangential width). The number of cells and cell differentiation rates determined the duration of sector formation, which augmented more rapidly throughout the ring for wall thickening than for enlargement. Increasing the number of sectors above c. 15 had a limited effect on improving time resolution because consecutive sector formation overlapped greatly in time, especially in narrow rings and during wall thickening. Increasing the number of sectors also resulted in lower synchronicity and stability of intermediate-sector enlargement, whereas all sectors showed high synchronicity and stability during wall thickening. Increasing the number of sectors had a stronger effect on enhancing time-series resolution for enlargement- than for wall-thickening-related traits, which would nevertheless produce more reliable intra-annual chronologies as a result of the more similar calendars across trees and years in wall thickening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Pérez-de-Lis
- SILVA, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Nancy, 54000, France
- BIOAPLIC, Departamento de Botánica, EPSE, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, Lugo, 27002, Spain
| | - Cyrille B K Rathgeber
- SILVA, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Nancy, 54000, France
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Laura Fernández-de-Uña
- SILVA, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Nancy, 54000, France
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Catalonia, E08193, Spain
| | - Stéphane Ponton
- SILVA, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Nancy, 54000, France
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16
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Rehschuh R, Rehschuh S, Gast A, Jakab AL, Lehmann MM, Saurer M, Gessler A, Ruehr NK. Tree allocation dynamics beyond heat and hot drought stress reveal changes in carbon storage, belowground translocation and growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:687-704. [PMID: 34668198 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heatwaves combined with drought affect tree functioning with as yet undetermined legacy effects on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) allocation. We continuously monitored shoot and root gas exchange, δ13 CO2 of respiration and stem growth in well-watered and drought-treated Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) seedlings exposed to increasing daytime temperatures (max. 42°C) and evaporative demand. Following stress release, we used 13 CO2 canopy pulse-labeling, supplemented by soil-applied 15 N, to determine allocation to plant compartments, respiration and soil microbial biomass (SMB) over 2.5 wk. Previously heat-treated seedlings rapidly translocated 13 C along the long-distance transport path, to root respiration (Rroot ; 7.1 h) and SMB (3 d). Furthermore, 13 C accumulated in branch cellulose, suggesting secondary growth enhancement. However, in recovering drought-heat seedlings, the mean residence time of 13 C in needles increased, whereas C translocation to Rroot was delayed (13.8 h) and 13 C incorporated into starch rather than cellulose. Concurrently, we observed stress-induced low N uptake and aboveground allocation. C and N allocation during early recovery were affected by stress type and impact. Although C uptake increased quickly in both treatments, drought-heat in combination reduced the above-belowground coupling and starch accumulated in leaves at the expense of growth. Accordingly, C allocation during recovery depends on phloem translocation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Rehschuh
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Stephanie Rehschuh
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Andreas Gast
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Andrea-Livia Jakab
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Marco M Lehmann
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental System Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Nadine K Ruehr
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
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17
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Etzold S, Sterck F, Bose AK, Braun S, Buchmann N, Eugster W, Gessler A, Kahmen A, Peters RL, Vitasse Y, Walthert L, Ziemińska K, Zweifel R. Number of growth days and not length of the growth period determines radial stem growth of temperate trees. Ecol Lett 2021; 25:427-439. [PMID: 34882952 PMCID: PMC9299935 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Radial stem growth dynamics at seasonal resolution are essential to understand how forests respond to climate change. We studied daily radial growth of 160 individuals of seven temperate tree species at 47 sites across Switzerland over 8 years. Growth of all species peaked in the early part of the growth season and commenced shortly before the summer solstice, but with species-specific seasonal patterns. Day length set a window of opportunity for radial growth. Within this window, the probability of daily growth was constrained particularly by air and soil moisture, resulting in intermittent growth to occur only on 29 to 77 days (30% to 80%) within the growth period. The number of days with growth largely determined annual growth, whereas the growth period length contributed less. We call for accounting for these non-linear intra-annual and species-specific growth dynamics in tree and forest models to reduce uncertainties in predictions under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Etzold
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arun K Bose
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Sabine Braun
- Institute of Applied Plant Biology AG, Witterswil, Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Eugster
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Science, Physiological Plant Ecology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard L Peters
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Forest is Life, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Yann Vitasse
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Walthert
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Kasia Ziemińska
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roman Zweifel
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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18
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Puchi PF, Camarero JJ, Battipaglia G, Carrer M. Retrospective analysis of wood anatomical traits and tree-ring isotopes suggests site-specific mechanisms triggering Araucaria araucana drought-induced dieback. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:6394-6408. [PMID: 34514686 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In 2010-2018, Northern Patagonia featured the longest severe drought of the last millennium. This extreme dry spell triggered widespread growth decline and forest dieback. Nonetheless, the roles played by the two major mechanisms driving dieback, hydraulic failure and carbon starvation, are still not clear and understudied in this seasonally dry region. Here, for the 1800-2017 period, we apply a retrospective analysis of radial growth, wood anatomical traits (lumen area, cell-wall thickness) and δ13 C and δ18 O stable isotopes to assess dieback causes of the iconic conifer Araucaria araucana. We selected three stands where declining (defoliated) and nondeclining (not defoliated) trees coexisted along a precipitation gradient from the warm-dry Coastal Range to the cool-wet Andes. At all sites declining trees showed lower radial growth and lower theoretical hydraulic conductivity, suggesting a long-lasting process of hydraulic deterioration in their water transport system compared to nondeclining, coexisting trees. Wood anatomical traits evidenced that this divergence between declining and nondeclining trees started at least seven decades before canopy dieback. In the drier stands, declining trees showed higher water-use efficiency (WUE) throughout the whole period, which we attributed to early stomatal closure, suggesting a greater carbon starvation risk consistent with thinner cell walls. In the wettest stand, we found the opposite pattern. Here, a reduction in WUE coupled with thicker cell walls suggested increased carbon assimilation rates and exposure to drought-induced hydraulic failure. The δ18 O values indicated different strategies of gas exchange between sites, which are likely a consequence of microsite conditions and water sources. Multiproxy, retrospective quantifications of xylem anatomical traits and tree-ring isotopes provide a robust tool to identify and forecast, which stands or trees will show dieback or, on the contrary, which will likely withstand and be more resilient to future hotter droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina F Puchi
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Battipaglia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania 'L. Vanvitelli', Caserta, Italy
| | - Marco Carrer
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Bologna, Italy
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19
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Pampuch T, Anadon-Rosell A, Trouillier M, Lange J, Wilmking M. Direct and Indirect Effects of Environmental Limitations on White Spruce Xylem Anatomy at Treeline. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:748055. [PMID: 34759941 PMCID: PMC8573320 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.748055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Treeline ecosystems are of great scientific interest to study the effects of limiting environmental conditions on tree growth. However, tree growth is multidimensional, with complex interactions between height and radial growth. In this study, we aimed to disentangle effects of height and climate on xylem anatomy of white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] at three treeline sites in Alaska; i.e., one warm and drought-limited, and two cold, temperature-limited. To analyze general growth differences between trees from different sites, we used data on annual ring width, diameter at breast height (DBH), and tree height. A representative subset of the samples was used to investigate xylem anatomical traits. We then used linear mixed-effects models to estimate the effects of height and climatic variables on our study traits. Our study showed that xylem anatomical traits in white spruce can be directly and indirectly controlled by environmental conditions: hydraulic-related traits seem to be mainly influenced by tree height, especially in the earlywood. Thus, they are indirectly driven by environmental conditions, through the environment's effects on tree height. Traits related to mechanical support show a direct response to environmental conditions, mainly temperature, especially in the latewood. These results highlight the importance of assessing tree growth in a multidimensional way by considering both direct and indirect effects of environmental forcing to better understand the complexity of tree growth responses to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Pampuch
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alba Anadon-Rosell
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- CREAF – Centre for Research on Ecology and Forestry Applications, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Trouillier
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jelena Lange
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Wilmking
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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20
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Babushkina EA, Dergunov DR, Belokopytova LV, Zhirnova DF, Upadhyay KK, Tripathi SK, Zharkov MS, Vaganov EA. Non-linear Response to Cell Number Revealed and Eliminated From Long-Term Tracheid Measurements of Scots Pine in Southern Siberia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:719796. [PMID: 34671371 PMCID: PMC8521138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.719796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dendroclimatic research offers insight into tree growth-climate response as a solution to the forward problem and provides reconstructions of climatic variables as products of the reverse problem. Methodological developments in dendroclimatology have led to the inclusion of a variety of tree growth parameters in this field. Tree-ring traits developed during short time intervals of a growing season can potentially provide a finer temporal scale of both dendroclimatic applications and offer a better understanding of the mechanisms of tree growth reaction to climatic variations. Furthermore, the transition from classical dendroclimatic studies based on a single integral variable (tree-ring width) to the modern multitude of quantitative variables (e.g., wood anatomical structure) adds a lot of complexity, which mainly arises from intrinsic feedbacks between wood traits and muddles seasonality of registered climatic signal. This study utilized life-long wood anatomical measurements of 150- to 280-year-old trees of Pinus sylvestris L. growing in a moisture-sensitive habitat of the forest-steppe of Southern Siberia (Russia) to investigate and eliminate legacy effect from cell production in tracheid traits. Anatomical parameters were calculated to describe the results of the three main subsequent stages of conifer xylem tracheid development, namely, cell number per radial file in the ring, mean and maximum cell radial diameter, and mean and maximum cell-wall thickness. Although tree-ring width was almost directly proportional to cell number, non-linear relationships with cell number were revealed in tracheid measurements. They exhibited a stronger relationship in the areas of narrow rings and stable anatomical structure in wider rings. The exponential models proposed in this study demonstrated these relationships in numerical terms with morphometric meaning. The ratio of anatomical measurements to their modeled values was used to develop long-term anatomical chronologies, which proved to retain information about climatic fluctuations independent of tree-ring width (cell number), despite decreased common signal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dina F. Zhirnova
- Khakass Technical Institute, Siberian Federal University, Abakan, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Eugene A. Vaganov
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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21
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High temperatures constrain latewood formation in Larix gmelinii xylem in boreal forests. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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22
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Balanzategui D, Nordhauß H, Heinrich I, Biondi F, Miley N, Hurley AG, Ziaco E. Wood Anatomy of Douglas-Fir in Eastern Arizona and Its Relationship With Pacific Basin Climate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:702442. [PMID: 34539695 PMCID: PMC8440974 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.702442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dendroclimatic reconstructions, which are a well-known tool for extending records of climatic variability, have recently been expanded by using wood anatomical parameters. However, the relationships between wood cellular structures and large-scale climatic patterns, such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), are still not completely understood, hindering the potential for wood anatomy as a paleoclimatic proxy. To better understand the teleconnection between regional and local climate processes in the western United States, our main objective was to assess the value of these emerging tree-ring parameters for reconstructing climate dynamics. Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, we measured cell lumen diameter and cell wall thickness (CWT) for the period 1966 to 2015 in five Douglas-firs [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] from two sites in eastern Arizona (United States). Dendroclimatic analysis was performed using chronologies developed for 10 equally distributed sectors of the ring and daily climatic records to identify the strongest climatic signal for each sector. We found that lumen diameter in the first ring sector was sensitive to previous fall-winter temperature (September 25th to January 23rd), while a precipitation signal (October 27th to February 13th) persisted for the entire first half of the ring. The lack of synchronous patterns between trees for CWT prevented conducting meaningful climate-response analysis for that anatomical parameter. Time series of lumen diameter showed an anti-phase relationship with the Southern Oscillation Index (a proxy for ENSO) at 10 to 14year periodicity and particularly in 1980-2005, suggesting that chronologies of wood anatomical parameters respond to multidecadal variability of regional climatic modes. Our findings demonstrate the potential of cell structural characteristics of southwestern United States conifers for reconstructing past climatic variability, while also improving our understanding of how large-scale ocean-atmosphere interactions impact local hydroclimatic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Balanzategui
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Geography, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Natural Sciences, DAI German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henry Nordhauß
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ingo Heinrich
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Geography, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Natural Sciences, DAI German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franco Biondi
- DendroLab, Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Nicholas Miley
- DendroLab, Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Alexander G. Hurley
- DendroLab, Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Emanuele Ziaco
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Plant Ecology and Evolution, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
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23
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Rademacher T, Fonti P, LeMoine JM, Fonti MV, Basler D, Chen Y, Friend AD, Seyednasrollah B, Eckes-Shephard AH, Richardson AD. Manipulating phloem transport affects wood formation but not local nonstructural carbon reserves in an evergreen conifer. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2506-2521. [PMID: 34043242 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
How variations in carbon supply affect wood formation remains poorly understood in particular in mature forest trees. To elucidate how carbon supply affects carbon allocation and wood formation, we attempted to manipulate carbon supply to the cambial region by phloem girdling and compression during the mid- and late-growing season and measured effects on structural development, CO2 efflux and nonstructural carbon reserves in stems of mature white pines. Wood formation and stem CO2 efflux varied with a location relative to treatment (i.e., above or below the restriction). We observed up to twice as many tracheids formed above versus below the treatment after the phloem transport manipulation, whereas the cell-wall area decreased only slightly below the treatments, and cell size did not change relative to the control. Nonstructural carbon reserves in the xylem, needles and roots were largely unaffected by the treatments. Our results suggest that low and high carbon supply affects wood formation, primarily through a strong effect on cell proliferation, and respiration, but local nonstructural carbon concentrations appear to be maintained homeostatically. This contrasts with reports of decoupling of source activity and wood formation at the whole-tree or ecosystem level, highlighting the need to better understand organ-specific responses, within-tree feedbacks, as well as phenological and ontogenetic effects on sink-source dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Rademacher
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Security, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - James M LeMoine
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Security, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Marina V Fonti
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - David Basler
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yizhao Chen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew D Friend
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bijan Seyednasrollah
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Security, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Andrew D Richardson
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Security, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
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24
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Processing and Extraction of Seasonal Tree Physiological Parameters from Stem Radius Time Series. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12060765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Radial stem size changes, measured with automated dendrometers at intra-daily resolution, offer great potential to link environmental conditions with tree physiology at the seasonal scale. Such measurements need to be time-aligned, cleaned of outliers and shifts, gap-filled and analysed for reversible (water-related) and irreversible (growth-related) fractions to obtain physiologically meaningful data. Therefore, comprehensive tools are needed for reproducible data processing and analytics of dendrometer data. Here we present a transparent method, compiled in the R package treenetproc, to turn raw dendrometer data into clean, physiologically interpretable information, i.e., stem growth, tree water deficit, growth phenological phases, mean daily shrinkage and their respective timings. The removal of errors is facilitated by additional functions and supported with graphical visualizations. To ensure reproducible data handling, the processing parameters and induced changes to the raw data are documented in the output and, thus, are a step towards a standardized processing of automatically measured stem radius time series. We discuss examples, such as the seasonality of growth or the dependence of growth on atmospheric and soil drought. The presented growth and water-related physiological variables at high temporal resolution offer novel physiological insights into the seasonally varying responses of trees to changing environmental conditions.
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25
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Buttò V, Rozenberg P, Deslauriers A, Rossi S, Morin H. Environmental and developmental factors driving xylem anatomy and micro-density in black spruce. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:957-971. [PMID: 33480027 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wood density is the product of carbon allocation for structural growth and reflects the trade-off between mechanical support and water conductivity. We tested a conceptual framework based on the assumption that micro-density depends on direct and indirect relationships with endogenous and exogenous factors. The dynamics of wood formation, including timings and rates of cell division, cell enlargement, and secondary wall deposition, were assessed from microcores collected weekly between 2002 and 2016 from five black spruce stands located along a latitudinal gradient in Quebec, Canada. Cell anatomy and micro-density were recorded by anatomical analyses and X-ray measurements. Our structural equation model explained 80% of micro-density variation within the tree-ring with direct effects of wall thickness (σ = 0.61), cell diameter (σ = -0.51), and photoperiod (σ = -0.26). Wood formation dynamics had an indirect effect on micro-density. Micro-density increased under longer periods of cell-wall deposition and shorter durations of enlargement. Our results fill a critical gap in understanding the relationships underlying micro-density variation in conifers. We demonstrated that short-term responses to environmental variations could be overridden by plastic responses that modulate cell differentiation. Our results point to wood formation dynamics as a reliable predictor of carbon allocation in trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Buttò
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555, Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi (Québec), Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Philippe Rozenberg
- Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UMR 0588 BIOFORA, Ardon CS 40001, 45075, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Annie Deslauriers
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555, Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi (Québec), Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555, Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi (Québec), Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Hubert Morin
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555, Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi (Québec), Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
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26
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Hartmann FP, Rathgeber CBK, Badel É, Fournier M, Moulia B. Modelling the spatial crosstalk between two biochemical signals explains wood formation dynamics and tree-ring structure. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1727-1737. [PMID: 33247732 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In conifers, xylogenesis during a growing season produces a very characteristic tree-ring structure: large, thin-walled earlywood cells followed by narrow, thick-walled latewood cells. Although many factors influence the dynamics of differentiation and the final dimensions of xylem cells, the associated patterns of variation remain very stable from one year to the next. While radial growth is characterized by an S-shaped curve, the widths of xylem differentiation zones exhibit characteristic skewed bell-shaped curves. These elements suggest a strong internal control of xylogenesis. It has long been hypothesized that much of this regulation relies on a morphogenetic gradient of auxin. However, recent modelling studies have shown that while this hypothesis could account for the dynamics of stem radial growth and the zonation of the developing xylem, it failed to reproduce the characteristic tree-ring structure. Here, we investigated the hypothesis of regulation by a crosstalk between auxin and a second biochemical signal, by using computational morphodynamics. We found that, in conifers, such a crosstalk is sufficient to simulate the characteristic features of wood formation dynamics, as well as the resulting tree-ring structure. In this model, auxin controls cell enlargement rates while another signal (e.g. cytokinin, tracheary element differentiation inhibitory factor) drives cell division and auxin polar transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix P Hartmann
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Éric Badel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Meriem Fournier
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Moulia
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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27
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Effects of Intra-Seasonal Drought on Kinetics of Tracheid Differentiation and Seasonal Growth Dynamics of Norway Spruce along an Elevational Gradient. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12030274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Research Highlights: Our results provide novel perspectives on the effectiveness and collapse of compensatory mechanisms of tracheid development of Norway spruce during intra-seasonal drought and the environmental control of intra-annual density fluctuations. Background and Objectives: This study aimed to compare and integrate complementary methods for investigating intra-annual wood formation dynamics to gain a better understanding of the endogenous and environmental control of tree-ring development and the impact of anticipated climatic changes on forest growth and productivity. Materials and Methods: We performed an integrated analysis of xylogenesis observations, quantitative wood anatomy, and point-dendrometer measurements of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees growing along an elevational gradient in South-western Germany during a growing season with an anomalous dry June followed by an extraordinary humid July. Results: Strong endogenous control of tree-ring formation was suggested at the highest elevation where the decreasing rates of tracheid enlargement and wall thickening during drought were effectively compensated by increased cell differentiation duration. A shift to environmental control of tree-ring formation during drought was indicated at the lowest elevation, where we detected absence of compensatory mechanisms, eventually stimulating the formation of an intra-annual density fluctuation. Transient drought stress in June also led to bimodal patterns and decreasing daily rates of stem radial displacement, radial xylem growth, and woody biomass production. Comparing xylogenesis data with dendrometer measurements showed ambivalent results and it appears that, with decreasing daily rates of radial xylem growth, the signal-to-noise ratio in dendrometer time series between growth and fluctuations of tree water status becomes increasingly detrimental. Conclusions: Our study provides new perspectives into the complex interplay between rates and durations of tracheid development during dry-wet cycles, and, thereby, contributes to an improved and mechanistic understanding of the environmental control of wood formation processes, leading to the formation of intra-annual density fluctuations in tree-rings of Norway spruce.
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Xylem Phenology and Growth Response of European Beech, Silver Fir and Scots Pine along an Elevational Gradient during the Extreme Drought Year 2018. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Highlights: European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) displayed parabolic elevational trends of the cessation of xylem cell differentiation phases. Xylem phenology and growth rates of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) appeared to be less influenced by the 2018 drought, whereas beech reduced growth on the lowest elevation and fir seemed negatively affected in general. Background: The year 2018 was characterized by multiple drought periods and heat waves during the growing season. Our aim was to understand species-specific responses of xylem phenology and growth to drought and how this effect was modified along an elevational gradient. Materials and Methods: We sampled microcores and increment cores along an elevational gradient in the southwestern Black Forest (SW Germany) region and analyzed xylem phenology and growth response to drought. Results: Termination of cell enlargement and lignification occurred earliest in beech and latest in pine. Beech had the highest growth rates but shortest growth durations, fir achieved moderate rates and medium durations and pine had lowest growth rates despite long growth durations. In contrast to pine, onsets of cell differentiation phases of fir and beech did not show clear linear relationships with elevation. Cessation of cell production and lignification of beech and fir followed a parabolic elevational trend and occurred earliest on low elevations, whereas pine showed no changes with elevation. Tree-ring width, generally, depended 3–4 times more on the growth rate than on growth duration. Conclusions: The possibly drought-induced early cessation of cell differentiation and considerable growth reduction of beech appeared to be most severe on the lowest elevation. In comparison, growth reductions of fir were larger and seemed independent from elevation. We found evidence, that productivity might be severely affected at lower elevations, whereas at high elevations wood production might not equally benefit during global warming.
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Peters RL, Steppe K, Cuny HE, De Pauw DJW, Frank DC, Schaub M, Rathgeber CBK, Cabon A, Fonti P. Turgor - a limiting factor for radial growth in mature conifers along an elevational gradient. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:213-229. [PMID: 32790914 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A valid representation of intra-annual wood formation processes in global vegetation models is vital for assessing climate change impacts on the forest carbon stock. Yet, wood formation is generally modelled with photosynthesis, despite mounting evidence that cambial activity is rather directly constrained by limiting environmental factors. Here, we apply a state-of-the-art turgor-driven growth model to simulate 4 yr of hourly stem radial increment from Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Larix decidua Mill. growing along an elevational gradient. For the first time, wood formation observations were used to validate weekly to annual stem radial increment simulations, while environmental measurements were used to assess the climatic constraints on turgor-driven growth. Model simulations matched the observed timing and dynamics of wood formation. Using the detailed model outputs, we identified a strict environmental regulation on stem growth (air temperature > 2°C and soil water potential > -0.6 MPa). Warmer and drier summers reduced the growth rate as a result of turgor limitation despite warmer temperatures being favourable for cambial activity. These findings suggest that turgor is a central driver of the forest carbon sink and should be considered in next-generation vegetation models, particularly in the context of global warming and increasing frequency of droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Peters
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Basel University, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Henri E Cuny
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland
- Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière (IGN), 1 rue des blanches terres, Champigneulles, 54115, France
| | - Dirk J W De Pauw
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - David C Frank
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, 1215 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ, 8572, USA
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland
| | | | - Antoine Cabon
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Solsona, E-25280, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, E-08193, Spain
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland
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Eckes-Shephard AH, Tiavlovsky E, Chen Y, Fonti P, Friend AD. Direct response of tree growth to soil water and its implications for terrestrial carbon cycle modelling. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:121-135. [PMID: 33065763 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wood growth constitutes the main process for long-term atmospheric carbon sequestration in vegetation. However, our understanding of the process of wood growth and its response to environmental drivers is limited. Current dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) are mainly photosynthesis-driven and thus do not explicitly include a direct environmental effect on tree growth. However, physiological evidence suggests that, to realistically model vegetation carbon allocation under increased climatic stressors, it is crucial to treat growth responses independently from photosynthesis. A plausible growth response function suitable for global simulations in DGVMs has been lacking. Here, we present the first soil water-growth response function and parameter range for deciduous and evergreen conifers. The response curve was calibrated against European larch and Norway spruce in a dry temperate forest in the Swiss Alps. We present a new data-driven approach based on a combination of tree ring width (TRW) records, growing season length and simulated subdaily soil hydrology to parameterize ring width increment simulations. We found that a simple linear response function, with an intercept at zero moisture stress, used in growth simulations reproduced 62.3% and 59.4% of observed TRW variability for larch and spruce respectively and, importantly, the response function slope was much steeper than literature values for soil moisture effects on photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Specifically, we found stem growth stops at soil moisture potentials of -0.47 MPa for larch and -0.66 MPa for spruce, whereas photosynthesis in trees continues down to -1.2 MPa or lower, depending on species and measurement method. These results are strong evidence that the response functions of source and sink processes are indeed very different in trees, and need to be considered separately to correctly assess vegetation responses to environmental change. The results provide a parameterization for the explicit representation of growth responses to soil water in vegetation models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yizhao Chen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Andrew D Friend
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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31
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Peters RL, Miranda JC, Schönbeck L, Nievergelt D, Fonti MV, Saurer M, Stritih A, Fonti P, Wermelinger B, von Arx G, Lehmann MM. Tree physiological monitoring of the 2018 larch budmoth outbreak: preference for leaf recovery and carbon storage over stem wood formation in Larix decidua. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1697-1711. [PMID: 32722795 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insect defoliation impacts forest productivity worldwide, highlighting the relevance of plant-insect interactions. The larch budmoth (Zeiraphera griseana Hübner) is one of the most extensively studied defoliators, where numerous tree ring-based analyses on its host (Larix decidua Mill.) have aided in identifying outbreak dynamics over the past millennia. Yet, outbreaks have been widely absent after the early 1980s, and little is known about the in situ tree physiological responses and the allocation of carbon resources during and after defoliation. In summer 2018, we tracked an ongoing larch budmoth outbreak in a well-studied larch forest in the Swiss Alps. We performed biweekly monitoring on an affected and unaffected site using a unique combination of xylogenesis observations, measurements of non-structural carbohydrates, isotopic analysis of needle assimilates and ground-based and remote-sensed leaf trait observations. The budmoth induced a defoliation that lasted 40 days and could be detected by satellite observations. Soluble sugars significantly decreased in needles and stem phloem of the defoliated trees, while starch levels remained stable in the stem and root xylem compared to the control. Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in needle assimilates indicated that neither photosynthetic assimilation rates nor stomatal conductance was different between sites before, during and after the outbreak. Defoliated trees ceased cell wall thickening 17 days earlier than unaffected trees, showing the earliest halt of ring formation recorded from 2007 untill 2013 and causing significant thinner cell walls, particularly in the latewood. No significant differences were found for cell enlargement rates and ring width. Our study revealed that an outbreak causes a downregulation of cell wall thickening first, while no starch is mobilized or leaf physiology is adjusted to compensate for the reduced carbon source due to defoliation. Our observations suggest that affected larch trees prioritize leaf recovery and carbon storage over wood biomass development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Peters
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Jose Carlos Miranda
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forestry Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Leonie Schönbeck
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Nievergelt
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Marina V Fonti
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny pr., Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Ana Stritih
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Landscape and Spatial Development, Planning of Landscape and Urban Systems (PLUS), Stefano-Franscini Platz 5, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, Davos Dorf 7260, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Beat Wermelinger
- Forest Health and Biotic Interactions, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Georg von Arx
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Marco M Lehmann
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
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Cabon A, Peters RL, Fonti P, Martínez-Vilalta J, De Cáceres M. Temperature and water potential co-limit stem cambial activity along a steep elevational gradient. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1325-1340. [PMID: 31998968 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to develop mechanistic tree growth models are hindered by the uncertainty of whether and when tree growth responses to environmental factors are driven by carbon assimilation or by biophysical limitations of wood formation. In this study, we used multiannual weekly wood-formation monitoring of two conifer species (Larix decidua and Picea abies) along a 900 m elevational gradient in the Swiss Alps to assess the biophysical effect of temperature and water potential on wood formation. To this end, we developed a model that simulates the effect of water potential on turgor-driven cambial division, modulated by the effect of temperature on enzymatic activity. The model reproduced the observed phenology of tracheid production, as well as intra- and interannual tracheid production dynamics of both species along the elevational gradient, although interannual model performance was lower. We found that temperature alone explains the onset of tracheid production, yet water potential appears necessary to predict the ending and the total amount of tracheids produced annually. We conclude that intra-annual cambial activity is strongly constrained by both temperature and water potential at all elevations, independently of carbon assimilation. At the interannual scale, biophysical constraints likely interact with other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Cabon
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, 25280, Solsona, Spain
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), E08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Richard L Peters
- Dendrosciences, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Basel University, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Dendrosciences, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), E08193, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel De Cáceres
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, 25280, Solsona, Spain
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), E08193, Catalonia, Spain
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Long-Term Wood Micro-Density Variation in Alpine Forests at Central México and Their Spatial Links with Remotely Sensed Information. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11040452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing climate variability strongly affects high-elevation forests, influencing the wood formation process (e.g., xylogenesis). Furthermore, spatio-temporal studies to establish links of wood properties and tree performance are needed. Using linear mixed-effects models, empirical cumulative distribution functions, and spatial analysis, we explore time trends and space connections of wood density of Pinus hartwegii Lindl. to remotely sensed variables (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer MODIS-derived) in two high-elevation forests in México, Tláloc (TLA) and Jocotitlán (JOC) Mountains. Results indicated that elevation and cambial age effects are important factors explaining wood density variation. Minimum earlywood—MID, average—AVE, and maximum latewood density—MXD were statistically similar between mountains (p > 0.05), but TLA showed a significant increase in MID over time with higher values after 1950. Wood density values and spatial correlations were site-dependent with TLA exhibiting the highest correlations between MXD and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of the spring season (r = 0.59, p < 0.05). Overall, correlations to remotely sensed information were positive with MXD, negative for MID and divergent for AVE. Historical temperature defines MID along the elevation gradient, while MXD was related to soil moisture only at low-elevation sites where soils are deeper. We found that two high-elevation forests, 115 km away from each other, with similar climate, soil, and vegetation, behaved differently regarding their xylogenesis, indicating the potential of using the link between wood micro-density and remotely sensed information to understand forest response to climate change effects.
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Peters RL, von Arx G, Nievergelt D, Ibrom A, Stillhard J, Trotsiuk V, Mazurkiewicz A, Babst F. Axial changes in wood functional traits have limited net effects on stem biomass increment in European beech (Fagus sylvatica). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:498-510. [PMID: 32031220 PMCID: PMC7182063 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During the growing season, trees allocate photoassimilates to increase their aboveground woody biomass in the stem (ABIstem). This 'carbon allocation' to structural growth is a dynamic process influenced by internal and external (e.g., climatic) drivers. While radial variability in wood formation and its resulting structure have been intensively studied, their variability along tree stems and subsequent impacts on ABIstem remain poorly understood. We collected wood cores from mature trees within a fixed plot in a well-studied temperate Fagus sylvatica L. forest. For a subset of trees, we performed regular interval sampling along the stem to elucidate axial variability in ring width (RW) and wood density (ρ), and the resulting effects on tree- and plot-level ABIstem. Moreover, we measured wood anatomical traits to understand the anatomical basis of ρ and the coupling between changes in RW and ρ during drought. We found no significant axial variability in ρ because an increase in the vessel-to-fiber ratio with smaller RW compensated for vessel tapering towards the apex. By contrast, temporal variability in RW varied significantly along the stem axis, depending on the growing conditions. Drought caused a more severe growth decrease, and wetter summers caused a disproportionate growth increase at the stem base compared with the top. Discarding this axial variability resulted in a significant overestimation of tree-level ABIstem in wetter and cooler summers, but this bias was reduced to ~2% when scaling ABIstem to the plot level. These results suggest that F. sylvatica prioritizes structural carbon sinks close to the canopy when conditions are unfavorable. The different axial variability in RW and ρ thereby indicates some independence of the processes that drive volume growth and wood structure along the stem. This refines our knowledge of carbon allocation dynamics in temperate diffuse-porous species and contributes to reducing uncertainties in determining forest carbon fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Peters
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Nievergelt
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Environmental Engineering, Air, Land and Water Resources Section, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonas Stillhard
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Volodymyr Trotsiuk
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcka Cesta 1176, CZ-165 21 Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksandra Mazurkiewicz
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, 31-501 Kraków, Poland
| | - Flurin Babst
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Ecology, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland
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35
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Trotsiuk V, Hartig F, Cailleret M, Babst F, Forrester DI, Baltensweiler A, Buchmann N, Bugmann H, Gessler A, Gharun M, Minunno F, Rigling A, Rohner B, Stillhard J, Thürig E, Waldner P, Ferretti M, Eugster W, Schaub M. Assessing the response of forest productivity to climate extremes in Switzerland using model-data fusion. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2463-2476. [PMID: 31968145 PMCID: PMC7154780 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The response of forest productivity to climate extremes strongly depends on ambient environmental and site conditions. To better understand these relationships at a regional scale, we used nearly 800 observation years from 271 permanent long-term forest monitoring plots across Switzerland, obtained between 1980 and 2017. We assimilated these data into the 3-PG forest ecosystem model using Bayesian inference, reducing the bias of model predictions from 14% to 5% for forest stem carbon stocks and from 45% to 9% for stem carbon stock changes. We then estimated the productivity of forests dominated by Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica for the period of 1960-2018, and tested for productivity shifts in response to climate along elevational gradient and in extreme years. Simulated net primary productivity (NPP) decreased with elevation (2.86 ± 0.006 Mg C ha-1 year-1 km-1 for P. abies and 0.93 ± 0.010 Mg C ha-1 year-1 km-1 for F. sylvatica). During warm-dry extremes, simulated NPP for both species increased at higher and decreased at lower elevations, with reductions in NPP of more than 25% for up to 21% of the potential species distribution range in Switzerland. Reduced plant water availability had a stronger effect on NPP than temperature during warm-dry extremes. Importantly, cold-dry extremes had negative impacts on regional forest NPP comparable to warm-dry extremes. Overall, our calibrated model suggests that the response of forest productivity to climate extremes is more complex than simple shift toward higher elevation. Such robust estimates of NPP are key for increasing our understanding of forests ecosystems carbon dynamics under climate extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Trotsiuk
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceInstitute of Agricultural SciencesETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood SciencesDepartment of Forest EcologyCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Florian Hartig
- Theoretical EcologyUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Maxime Cailleret
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- INRAEAix‐Marseille UniversitéUMR RECOVERAix‐en‐ProvenceFrance
| | - Flurin Babst
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- W. Szafer Institute of BotanyPolish Academy of SciencesKrakowPoland
| | - David I. Forrester
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Andri Baltensweiler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceInstitute of Agricultural SciencesETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Harald Bugmann
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceInstitute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceInstitute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Mana Gharun
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceInstitute of Agricultural SciencesETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Andreas Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceInstitute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Brigitte Rohner
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Jonas Stillhard
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Esther Thürig
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Peter Waldner
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Marco Ferretti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Werner Eugster
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceInstitute of Agricultural SciencesETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
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Puchi PF, Castagneri D, Rossi S, Carrer M. Wood anatomical traits in black spruce reveal latent water constraints on the boreal forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1767-1777. [PMID: 31692158 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The effects of climate change on high-latitude forest ecosystems are complex, making forecasts of future scenarios uncertain. The predicted lengthening of the growing season under warming conditions is expected to increase tree growth rates. However, there is evidence of an increasing sensitivity of the boreal forest to drought stress. To assess the influence of temperature and precipitation on the growth of black spruce (Picea mariana), we investigated long-term series of wood anatomical traits on 20 trees from four sites along 600 km, the latitudinal range of the closed boreal forest in Quebec, Canada. We correlated the anatomical traits resolved at intraring level with daily temperature, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and precipitation during the 1943-2010 period. Tree-ring width, number of cells per ring and cell wall thickness were positively affected by spring and summer daily mean and maximum temperature at the northern sites. These results agree with the well-known positive effect of high temperatures on tree ring formation at high latitudes. However, we captured, for the first time in this region, the latent impact of water availability on xylem traits. Indeed, in all the four sites, cell lumen area showed positive correlations with daily precipitation (mostly at low latitude), and/or negative correlations with daily mean and maximum temperature and VPD (mostly at high latitude). We inferred that drought, due to high temperatures, low precipitations, or both, negatively affects cell enlargement across the closed boreal forest, including the northernmost sites. The production of tracheids with narrower lumen, potentially more resistant to cavitation, could increase xylem hydraulic safety under a warmer and drier climate. However, this would result in lower xylem conductivity, with consequent long-term hydraulic deterioration, growth decline, and possibly lead to tree dieback, as observed in other forest ecosystems at lower latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina F Puchi
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniele Castagneri
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Marco Carrer
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
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Castagneri D, Prendin AL, Peters RL, Carrer M, von Arx G, Fonti P. Long-Term Impacts of Defoliator Outbreaks on Larch Xylem Structure and Tree-Ring Biomass. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1078. [PMID: 32765561 PMCID: PMC7378862 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Defoliator insects are a major disturbance agent in many forests worldwide. During outbreaks, they can strongly reduce photosynthetic carbon uptake and impact tree growth. In the Alps, larch budmoth (Zeiraphera diniana) outbreaks affect European larch (Larix decidua) radial growth over several years. However, immediate and legacy effects on xylem formation, structure, and functionality are still largely unknown. In this study, we aimed at assessing the impact of budmoth defoliations on larch xylem anatomical features and tree-ring structure. Analyses were performed in the Lötschental (Swiss Alps) within (1,900 m a.s.l.) and above (2,200 m a.s.l.) the optimum elevational range of larch budmoth. We investigated variability of xylem anatomical traits along century-long tree-ring series of larch (host) and Norway spruce (non-host) trees. We identified eight outbreaks affecting larch xylem anatomy during the 20th century, particularly at 1,900 m a.s.l. Tracheid number always showed a higher percent reduction than properties of individual cells. Cell lumen size was slightly reduced in the first 2-3 years of outbreaks, especially in the early part of the ring. The more carbon-demanding cell wall was thinned along the entire ring, but more evidently in the last part. Theoretical tree-ring hydraulic conductivity was reduced for several years (up to 6), mostly due to cell number decrease. Reduced cell wall area and cell number resulted in a strong reduction of the tree-ring biomass, especially in the first year of outbreak. Our study shows that, under carbon source limitations caused by natural defoliation, cell division is more impacted than wall thickening and cell enlargement (the least affected process). Consequences on both xylem hydraulic properties and tree-ring biomass should be considered when assessing long-term defoliator effects on xylem functioning, forest dynamics, and terrestrial carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Castagneri
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Daniele Castagneri,
| | | | - Richard L. Peters
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marco Carrer
- Department TeSAF, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Buttò V, Shishov V, Tychkov I, Popkova M, He M, Rossi S, Deslauriers A, Morin H. Comparing the Cell Dynamics of Tree-Ring Formation Observed in Microcores and as Predicted by the Vaganov-Shashkin Model. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1268. [PMID: 32922430 PMCID: PMC7457011 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
New insights into the intra-annual dynamics of tree-ring formation can improve our understanding of tree-growth response to environmental conditions at high-resolution time scales. Obtaining this information requires, however, a weekly monitoring of wood formation, sampling that is extremely time-intensive and scarcely feasible over vast areas. Estimating the timing of cambial and xylem differentiation by modeling thus represents an interesting alternative for obtaining this important information by other means. Temporal dynamics of cambial divisions can be extracted from the daily tree-ring growth rate computed by the Vaganov-Shashkin (VS) simulation model, assuming that cell production is tightly linked to tree-ring growth. Nonetheless, these predictions have yet to be compared with direct observations of wood development, i.e., via microcoring, over a long time span. We tested the performance of the VS model by comparing the observed and predicted timing of wood formation in black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.)]. We obtained microcores over 15 years at 5 sites along a latitudinal gradient in Quebec (Canada). The measured variables included cell size and the timing of cell production and differentiation. We calibrated the VS model using daily temperature and precipitation recorded by weather stations located on each site. The predicted and observed timing of cambial and enlarging cells were highly correlated (R 2 = 0.8); nonetheless, we detected a systematic overestimation in the predicted timing of cambial cells, with predictions delayed by 1-20 days compared with observations. The growth rate of cell diameter was correlated with the predicted growth rate assigned to each cambial cell, confirming that cell diameter developmental dynamics have the potential to be inferred by the tree-ring growth curve of the VS model. Model performances decrease substantially in estimating the end of wood formation. The systematic errors suggest that the actual relationships implemented in the model are unable to explain the phenological events in autumn. The mismatch between the observed and predicted timing of wood formation in black spruce within our study area can be reduced by better adapting the VS model to wet sites, a context for which this model has been rarely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Buttò
- Département des Sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Valentina Buttò,
| | - Vladimir Shishov
- Laboratory for Integral Studies of Forest Dynamics of Eurasia, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Environmental and Research Center, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ivan Tychkov
- Laboratory for Integral Studies of Forest Dynamics of Eurasia, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Margarita Popkova
- Laboratory for Integral Studies of Forest Dynamics of Eurasia, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Minhui He
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Annie Deslauriers
- Département des Sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Hubert Morin
- Département des Sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
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