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Wang H, Liu Y, Wang T, Liu D, Lu Q. Pathophysiology and transcriptomic responses of Pinus armandii defenses to ophiostomatoid fungi. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae056. [PMID: 38775221 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Pinus armandii Franch. is an ecologically and economically important evergreen tree species native to western China. Dendroctonus armandi Tsai and Li and pathogenic ophiostomatoid fungi pose substantial threats to P. armandii. With the interplay between species, the defense mechanisms of P. armandii have evolved to withstand external biotic stressors. However, the interactions between P. armandii and pathogenic ophiostomatoid fungal species/strains remain poorly understood. We aimed to analyze the pathophysiological and molecular changes in P. armandii following artificial inoculation with four ophiostomatoid species (Graphilbum parakesiyea, Leptographium qinlingense, Ophiostoma shennongense and Ophiostoma sp. 1). The study revealed that L. qinlingense produced the longest necrotic lesions, and G. parakesiyea produced the shortest. All strains induced monoterpenoid release, and monoterpene levels of P. armandii were positively correlated with fungal virulence (R2 = 0.93, P < 0.01). Co-inoculation of two dominant highly (L. qinlingense) and weakly virulent (O. shennongense) pathogens reduced the pathogenicity of the highly virulent fungi. Transcriptomic analysis of P. armandii (LQ: L. qinlingense treatments, QS: co-inoculation treatments and OS: O. shennongense treatments) showed that the expression pattern of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between QS and OS was similar, but different from that of LQ. The DEGs (LQ vs QS) involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were downregulated. Notably, compared with LQ, QS significantly decreased the expression of host defense-related genes. This study provides a valuable theoretical basis for managing infestations of D. armandi and associated ophiostomatoid fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Ya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Duanchong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Quan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
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Fossdal CG, Krokene P, Olsen JE, Strimbeck R, Viejo M, Yakovlev I, Mageroy MH. Epigenetic stress memory in gymnosperms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1117-1133. [PMID: 38298164 PMCID: PMC11142372 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Gymnosperms are long-lived, cone-bearing seed plants that include some of the most ancient extant plant species. These relict land plants have evolved to survive in habitats marked by chronic or episodic stress. Their ability to thrive in these environments is partly due to their phenotypic flexibility, and epigenetic regulation likely plays a crucial part in this plasticity. We review the current knowledge on abiotic and biotic stress memory in gymnosperms and the possible epigenetic mechanisms underlying long-term phenotypic adaptations. We also discuss recent technological improvements and new experimental possibilities that likely will advance our understanding of epigenetic regulation in these ancient and hard-to-study plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Gunnar Fossdal
- Division of Plant Health and Biotechnology, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås 1431, Norway
| | - Paal Krokene
- Division of Plant Health and Biotechnology, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås 1431, Norway
| | - Jorunn Elisabeth Olsen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås 1432, Norway
| | - Richard Strimbeck
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Marcos Viejo
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Igor Yakovlev
- Division of Plant Health and Biotechnology, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås 1431, Norway
| | - Melissa H Mageroy
- Division of Plant Health and Biotechnology, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås 1431, Norway
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Netherer S, Lehmanski L, Bachlehner A, Rosner S, Savi T, Schmidt A, Huang J, Paiva MR, Mateus E, Hartmann H, Gershenzon J. Drought increases Norway spruce susceptibility to the Eurasian spruce bark beetle and its associated fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1000-1017. [PMID: 38433329 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Drought affects the complex interactions between Norway spruce, the bark beetle Ips typographus and associated microorganisms. We investigated the interplay of tree water status, defense and carbohydrate reserves with the incidence of bark beetle attack and infection of associated fungi in mature spruce trees. We installed roofs to induce a 2-yr moderate drought in a managed spruce stand to examine a maximum of 10 roof and 10 control trees for resin flow (RF), predawn twig water potentials, terpene, phenolic and carbohydrate bark concentrations, and bark beetle borings in field bioassays before and after inoculation with Endoconidiophora polonica and Grosmannia penicillata. Drought-stressed trees showed more attacks and significantly longer fungal lesions than controls, but maintained terpene resin defenses at predrought levels. Reduced RF and lower mono- and diterpene, but not phenolic concentrations were linked with increased host selection. Bark beetle attack and fungi stimulated chemical defenses, yet G. penicillata reduced phenolic and carbohydrate contents. Chemical defenses did not decrease under mild, prolonged drought in our simulated small-scale biotic infestations. However, during natural mass attacks, reductions in carbon fixation under drought, in combination with fungal consumption of carbohydrates, may deplete tree defenses and facilitate colonization by I. typographus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Netherer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82/I, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Linda Lehmanski
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Albert Bachlehner
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82/I, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Sabine Rosner
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, Vienna, 1180, Austria
| | - Tadeja Savi
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, Vienna, 1180, Austria
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Jianbei Huang
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Maria Rosa Paiva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research (CENSE), NOVA University of Lisbon, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Mateus
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research (CENSE), NOVA University of Lisbon, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Institute for Forest Protection, Julius Kühn-Institute for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, Quedlinburg, 06484, Germany
- Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
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Cui J, Li X, Lu Z, Jin B. Plant secondary metabolites involved in the stress tolerance of long-lived trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae002. [PMID: 38196002 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Ancient trees are natural wonders because of their longevity, having lived for hundreds or thousands of years, and their ability to withstand changing environments and a variety of stresses. These long-lived trees have sophisticated defense mechanisms, such as the production of specialized plant metabolites (SPMs). In this review, we provide an overview of the major biotic and abiotic stresses that long-lived trees often face, as well as an analysis of renowned ancient tree species and their unique protective SPMs against environmental stressors. We also discuss the synthesis and accumulation of defensive SPMs induced by environmental factors and endophytes in these trees. Furthermore, we conducted a comparative genomic analysis of 17 long-lived tree species and discovered significant expansions of SPM biosynthesis gene families in these species. Our comprehensive review reveals the crucial role of SPMs in high resistance in long-lived trees, providing a novel natural resource for plant defense, crop improvement and even the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Cui
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhaogeng Lu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Biao Jin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, China
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Wilson SK, Pretorius T, Naidoo S. Mechanisms of systemic resistance to pathogen infection in plants and their potential application in forestry. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:404. [PMID: 37620815 PMCID: PMC10463331 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complex systemic responses of tree species to fight pathogen infection necessitate attention due to the potential for yield protection in forestry. RESULTS In this paper, both the localized and systemic responses of model plants, such as Arabidopsis and tobacco, are reviewed. These responses were compared to information available that investigates similar responses in woody plant species and their key differences were highlighted. In addition, tree-specific responses that have been documented were summarised, with the critical responses still relying on certain systemic acquired resistance pathways. Importantly, coniferous species have been shown to utilise phenolic compounds in their immune responses. Here we also highlight the lack of focus on systemic induced susceptibility in trees, which can be important to forest health. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the possible mechanisms of systemic response to infection in woody plant species, their potential applications, and where research may be best focused in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - T Pretorius
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - S Naidoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
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Schott J, Jantzen F, Hilker M. Elm tree defences against a specialist herbivore are moderately primed by an infestation in the previous season. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1218-1232. [PMID: 37010106 PMCID: PMC10335851 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The studies of the long-term effects of insect infestations on plant anti-herbivore defences tend to focus on feeding-induced damage. Infestations by an entire insect generation, including egg depositions as well as the feeding insects, are often neglected. Whilst there is increasing evidence that the presence of insect eggs can intensify plants' anti-herbivore defences against hatching larvae in the short term, little is known about how insect infestations, including insect egg depositions, affect plant defences in the long term. We addressed this knowledge gap by investigating long-term effects of insect infestation on elm's (Ulmus minor Mill. cv. 'Dahlem') defences against subsequent infestation. In greenhouse experiments, elms were exposed to elm leaf beetle (ELB, Xanthogaleruca luteola) infestation (adults, eggs and larvae). Thereafter, the trees cast their leaves under simulated winter conditions and were re-infested with ELB after the regrowth of their leaves under simulated summer conditions. Elm leaf beetles performed moderately worse on previously infested elms with respect to several developmental parameters. The concentrations of the phenylpropanoids kaempferol and quercetin, which are involved in egg-mediated, short-term effects on elm defences, were slightly higher in the ELB-challenged leaves of previously infested trees than in the challenged leaves of naïve trees. The expression of several genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway, jasmonic acid signalling, and DNA and histone modifications appeared to be affected by ELB infestation; however, prior infestation did not alter the expression intensities of these genes. The concentrations of several phytohormones were similarly affected in the currently challenged leaves of previously infested trees and naïve trees. Our study shows that prior infestation of elms by a specialised insect leads to moderately improved defences against subsequent infestation in the following growing season. Prior infestation adds a long-term effect to the short-term enhancer effect that plants show in response to egg depositions when defending against hatching larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schott
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Friederike Jantzen
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Hilker
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany
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Krokene P, Kohmann K, Huynh NB, Mageroy MH. Methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and oxalic acid affects growth, inducible defenses, and pine weevil resistance in Norway spruce. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1155170. [PMID: 37484458 PMCID: PMC10357964 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1155170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) is a major regeneration pest in commercial forestry. Pesticide application has historically been the preferred control method, but pesticides are now being phased out in several countries for environmental reasons. There is, thus, a need for alternative plant protection strategies. We applied methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA) or oxalic acid (OxA) on the stem of 2-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies) plants to determine effects on inducible defenses and plant growth. Anatomical examination of stem cross-sections 9 weeks after application of 100 mM MeJA revealed massive formation of traumatic resin ducts and greatly reduced sapwood growth. Application of high concentrations of SA or OxA (500 and 200 mM, respectively) induced much weaker physiological responses than 100 mM MeJA. All three treatments reduced plant height growth significantly, but the reduction was larger for MeJA (~55%) than for SA and OxA (34-35%). Lower MeJA concentrations (5-50 mM) induced comparable traumatic resin duct formation as the high MeJA concentration but caused moderate (and non-significant) reductions in plant growth. Two-year-old spruce plants treated with 100 mM MeJA showed reduced mortality after exposure to pine weevils in the field, and this enhanced resistance-effect was statistically significant for three years after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paal Krokene
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Ketil Kohmann
- Division of Forest and Forest Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Ngan Bao Huynh
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Melissa H. Mageroy
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
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Berggren K, Nordkvist M, Björkman C, Bylund H, Klapwijk MJ, Puentes A. Synergistic effects of methyl jasmonate treatment and propagation method on Norway spruce resistance against a bark-feeding insect. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1165156. [PMID: 37346130 PMCID: PMC10279954 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1165156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing plants with enhanced resistance traits is gaining interest in plant protection. Two strategies are especially promising for increasing resistance against a forest insect pest, the pine weevil (Hylobius abietis): exogenous application of the plant defense hormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and production of plants through the clonal propagation method somatic embryogenesis (SE). Here, we quantified and compared the separate and combined effects of SE and MeJA on Norway spruce resistance to pine weevil damage. Plants produced via SE (emblings) and nursery seedlings (containerized and bare-root), were treated (or not) with MeJA and exposed to pine weevils in the field (followed for 3 years) and in the lab (with a non-choice experiment). Firstly, we found that SE and MeJA independently decreased pine weevil damage to Norway spruce plants in the field by 32-33% and 53-59%, respectively, compared to untreated containerized and bare-root seedlings. Secondly, SE and MeJA together reduced damage to an even greater extent, with treated emblings receiving 86-87% less damage when compared to either untreated containerized or bare-root seedlings in the field, and by 48% in the lab. Moreover, MeJA-treated emblings experienced 98% lower mortality than untreated containerized seedlings, and this high level of survival was similar to that experienced by treated bare-root seedlings. These positive effects on survival remained for MeJA-treated emblings across the 3-year experimental period. We conclude that SE and MeJA have the potential to work synergistically to improve plants' ability to resist damage, and can thus confer a strong plant protection advantage. The mechanisms underlying these responses merit further examination.
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Beniušytė E, Čėsnienė I, Sirgedaitė-Šėžienė V, Vaitiekūnaitė D. Genotype-Dependent Jasmonic Acid Effect on Pinus sylvestris L. Growth and Induced Systemic Resistance Indicators. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:255. [PMID: 36678966 PMCID: PMC9865791 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to temperature changes, forests are expected to encounter more stress than before, both in terms of biotic factors, such as increased insect attacks, and abiotic factors, such as more frequent droughts. Priming trees to respond to these changes faster and more effectively would be beneficial. Induced systemic resistance (ISR) is a mechanism that is turned on when plants encounter unfavorable conditions. Certain elicitors, such as jasmonic acid (JA) are known to induce plants' metabolic response. However, even though studies on ISR in herbaceous species are common and varied ISR elicitors can be used in agriculture, the same cannot be said about trees and forestry enterprises. We aimed to investigate whether JA used in different concentrations could induce metabolic changes (total phenol content, total flavonoid content, photosynthesis pigment content, antioxidant enzyme activity) in Pinus sylvestris seedlings and how this varies between different pine half-sib families (genotypes). After six weeks with a single application of JA, pine seedlings in several pine genetic families exhibited increased antioxidant enzyme activity, total phenol content and carotenoid content that correlated positively with JA concentrations used. Results from other genetic families were varied, but in many cases, there was a significant response to JA, with a noticeable increase as compared to the unaffected group. The impact on chlorophyll content and flavonoids was less noticeable overall. A positive effect on seedling growth parameters was not observed in any of the test cases. We conclude that JA can induce systemic resistance after a single application exogenously in P. sylvestris seedlings and recommend that the use of JA needs to be optimized by selecting appropriate concentrations.
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Korolyova N, Buechling A, Lieutier F, Yart A, Cudlín P, Turčáni M, Jakuš R. Primary and secondary host selection by Ips typographus depends on Norway spruce crown characteristics and phenolic-based defenses. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 321:111319. [PMID: 35696919 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to intensify bark beetle population outbreaks in forests globally, affecting biodiversity and trajectories of change. Aspects of individual tree resistance remain poorly quantified, particularly with regard to the role of phenolic compounds, hindering robust predictions of forest response to future conditions. In 2003, we conducted a mechanical wounding experiment in a Norway spruce forest that coincided with an outbreak of the bark beetle, Ips typographus. We collected phloem samples from 97 trees and monitored tree survival for 5 months. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, we quantified induced changes in the concentrations of phenolics. Classification and regression tools were used to evaluate relationships between phenolic production and bark beetle resistance, in the context of other survival factors. The proximity of beetle source populations was a principal determinant of survival. Proxy measures of tree vigor, such as crown defoliation, mediated tree resistance. Controlling for these factors, synthesis of catechin was found to exponentially increase tree survival probability. However, even resistant trees were susceptible in late season due to high insect population growth. Our results show that incorporating trait-mediated effects improves predictions of survival. Using an integrated analytical approach, we demonstrate that phenolics play a direct role in tree defense to herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Korolyova
- Fac. of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech Univ. of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Arne Buechling
- Fac. of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech Univ. of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - François Lieutier
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, Université d'Orléans, B.P. 6749, F-45067 Orléans, France.
| | - Annie Yart
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Zoologie Forestiere, Ardon, 45160 Olivet, France.
| | - Pavel Cudlín
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Carbon Storage in the Landscape, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Marek Turčáni
- Fac. of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech Univ. of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Rastislav Jakuš
- Fac. of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech Univ. of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic; Inst. of Forest Ecology, Slovak Acad. of Sciences, Ľ. Štúra 2, 960 53 Zvolen, Slovak Republic.
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Liu Y, Zhou Q, Wang Z, Wang H, Zheng G, Zhao J, Lu Q. Pathophysiology and transcriptomic analysis of Picea koraiensis inoculated by bark beetle-vectored fungus Ophiostoma bicolor. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:944336. [PMID: 35928703 PMCID: PMC9345248 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.944336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ophiostomatoid fungi exhibit a complex relationship with bark beetles; exhausting of host tree defenses is traditionally regarded as one of the key benefits provided to beetle vectors. Ophiostoma bicolor is one of the dominant species of the mycobiota associated with Ips genus bark beetles which infect the spruce trees across the Eurasian continent. Host spruce trees resist fungal invasion through structural and inducible defenses, but the underlying mechanisms at the molecular level, particularly with respect to the interaction between bark beetle-associated fungi and host trees, remain unclear. The aim of this study was to observe the pathological physiology and molecular changes in Picea koraiensis seedlings after artificial inoculation with O. bicolor strains (TS, BH, QH, MX, and LWQ). This study showed that O. bicolor was a weakly virulent pathogen of spruce, and that the virulent of the five O. bicolor strains showed differentiation. All O. bicolor strains could induce monoterpenoid release. A positive correlation between fungal virulence and release of monoterpenoids was observed. Furthermore, the release rate of monoterpenoids peaked at 4 days post-inoculation (dpi) and then decreased from 4 to 90 dpi. Transcriptomic analysis at 4 dpi showed that many plant-pathogen interaction processes and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) metabolic processes were activated. The expression of monoterpenoid precursor synthesis genes and diterpenoid synthesis genes was upregulated, indicating that gene expression regulated the release rate of monoterpenoids at 4 dpi. The enriched pathways may reveal the immune response mechanism of spruce to ophiostomatoid fungi. The dominant O. bicolor possibly induces the host defense rather than defense depletion, which is likely the pattern conducted by the pioneers of beetle-associated mycobiota, such as Endoconidiophora spp.. Overall, these results facilitate a better understanding of the interaction mechanism between the dominant association of beetles and the host at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Qinzheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Huiming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Guiheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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Vulnerability of non-native invasive plants to novel pathogen attack: do plant traits matter? Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Wilkinson SW, Dalen LS, Skrautvol TO, Ton J, Krokene P, Mageroy MH. Transcriptomic changes during the establishment of long-term methyl jasmonate-induced resistance in Norway spruce. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1891-1913. [PMID: 35348221 PMCID: PMC9321552 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Norway spruce (Picea abies) is an economically and ecologically important tree species that grows across northern and central Europe. Treating Norway spruce with jasmonate has long-lasting beneficial effects on tree resistance to damaging pests, such as the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus and its fungal associates. The (epi)genetic mechanisms involved in such long-lasting jasmonate induced resistance (IR) have gained much recent interest but remain largely unknown. In this study, we treated 2-year-old spruce seedlings with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and challenged them with the I. typographus vectored necrotrophic fungus Grosmannia penicillata. MeJA treatment reduced the extent of necrotic lesions in the bark 8 weeks after infection and thus elicited long-term IR against the fungus. The transcriptional response of spruce bark to MeJA treatment was analysed over a 4-week time course using mRNA-seq. This analysis provided evidence that MeJA treatment induced a transient upregulation of jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and ethylene biosynthesis genes and downstream signalling genes. Our data also suggests that defence-related genes are induced while genes related to growth are repressed by methyl jasmonate treatment. These results provide new clues about the potential underpinning mechanisms and costs associated with long-term MeJA-IR in Norway spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W. Wilkinson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable FoodUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Division for Biotechnology and Plant HealthNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅsNorway
| | - Lars S. Dalen
- Department of CommunicationsNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅsNorway
| | - Thomas O. Skrautvol
- Division for Biotechnology and Plant HealthNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅsNorway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable FoodUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Paal Krokene
- Division for Biotechnology and Plant HealthNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅsNorway
| | - Melissa H. Mageroy
- Division for Biotechnology and Plant HealthNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅsNorway
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14
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Nagel R, Hammerbacher A, Kunert G, Phillips MA, Gershenzon J, Schmidt A. Bark Beetle Attack History Does Not Influence the Induction of Terpene and Phenolic Defenses in Mature Norway Spruce ( Picea abies) Trees by the Bark Beetle-Associated Fungus Endoconidiophora polonica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:892907. [PMID: 35599904 PMCID: PMC9120863 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.892907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes and phenolics are important constitutive and inducible conifer defenses against bark beetles and their associated fungi. In this study, the inducible defenses of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees with different histories of attack by the spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus were tested by inoculation with the I. typographus-associated fungus Endoconidiophora polonica. We compared trees that had been under previous attack with those under current attack and those that had no record of attack. After fungal inoculation, the concentrations of mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes in bark increased 3- to 9-fold. For the phenolics, the flavan-3-ols, catechin, and gallocatechin, increased significantly by 2- and 5-fold, respectively, while other flavonoids and stilbenes did not. The magnitudes of these inductions were not influenced by prior bark beetle attack history for all the major compounds and compound classes measured. Before fungal inoculation, the total amounts of monoterpenes, diterpenes, and phenolics (constitutive defenses) were greater in trees that had been previously attacked compared to those under current attack, possibly a result of previous induction. The transcript levels of many genes involved in terpene formation (isoprenyl diphosphate synthases and terpene synthases) and phenolic formation (chalcone synthases) were significantly enhanced by fungal inoculation suggesting de novo biosynthesis. Similar inductions were found for the enzymatic activity of isoprenyl diphosphate synthases and the concentration of their prenyl diphosphate products after fungal inoculation. Quantification of defense hormones revealed a significant induction of the jasmonate pathway, but not the salicylic acid pathway after fungal inoculation. Our data highlight the coordinated induction of terpenes and phenolics in spruce upon infection by E. polonica, a fungal associate of the bark beetle I. typographus, but provide no evidence for the priming of these defense responses by prior beetle attack.
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15
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Liu M, Wang K, Ghimire RP, Haapanen M, Kivimäenpää M, Asiegbu FO. Molecular and Chemical Screening for Inherent Disease Resistance Factors of Norway Spruce ( Picea abies) Clones Against Conifer Stem Rot Pathogen Heterobasidion parviporum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:872-880. [PMID: 34698543 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-21-0379-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Root and stem rot of conifer trees caused by Heterobasidion annosum species complex leads to huge economic losses in Europe, yet not much is known about the molecular and chemical basis for host resistance. To identify inherent chemical or molecular markers in clones found to be either resistant or susceptible, we sampled needle tissues of all the clones before pathogen inoculation. We conducted a short-term resistance screening by using the pathogen H. parviporum to inoculate 70 Norway spruce clones. Based on lesion size, subsets of highly susceptible and resistant clones were further analyzed. Terpene detection and RNA sequencing were performed to explore inherent variations in genotypes differing in resistance to pathogenic challenge at chemical and transcriptional levels. A negative correlation emerged between resistance and growth. Terpene profiles of resistant clones showed higher content of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, with concomitant increased transcript abundance of genes involved in the terpenoid pathway. A set of upregulated genes relevant to flavonoid biosynthesis was observed in resistant genotypes, whereas higher transcripts of lignin biosynthetic genes were prevalent in susceptible clones. Genes involved in flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis as well as terpene content may have a role in facilitating resistance of Norway spruce against H. parviporum. Our results provide strong support on the feasibility of sampling needle tissues before pathogen inoculation, and the approach could be of value for large-scale screening of novel biomarkers for durable resistance. The additional insights could form a basis for further research on resistance screening in this pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Liu
- Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rajendra P Ghimire
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Kuopio Campus, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matti Haapanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Kuopio Campus, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Fred O Asiegbu
- Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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16
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New Detection Method for Fungal Infection in Silver Fir Seeds. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13030479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Silver fir trees have cycles of low and high seed production, and thus it is necessary to collect seeds in high production years to save them for low production years to ensure the continuity of nursery production. Tree seeds can be stored loosely in piles or containers, but they need to be checked for viability before planting. The objective of this study was to find a quick and inexpensive method to determine the suitability of seed lots for planting. The working hypothesis was that an electronic nose device could be used to detect odors from fungi or from decomposing organic material, and thus aid in determination of whether seeds could be sown or discarded. To affirm and supplement results from the electronic nose, we used gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to detect volatile secondary metabolites such as limonene and cadienes, which were found at the highest concentrations in both, infected and uninfected seeds. Uninfected seeds contained exceptionally high concentrations of pinene, which are known to be involved in plant resistance responses. Statistically higher levels of terpineol were found in infected seeds than in uninfected seeds. A prototype of our electronic nose partially discriminated between healthy and spoiled seeds, and between green and white fungal colonies grown on incubated seeds. These preliminary observations were encouraging and we plan to develop a practical device that will be useful for forestry and horticulture.
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17
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Yu N, Sun H, Yang J, Li R. The Diesel Tree Sindora glabra Genome Provides Insights Into the Evolution of Oleoresin Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:794830. [PMID: 35058955 PMCID: PMC8764381 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.794830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sindora glabra is an economically important tree that produces abundant oleoresin in the trunk. Here, we present a high-quality chromosome-scale assembly of S. glabra genome by combining Illumina HiSeq, Pacific Biosciences sequencing, and Hi-C technologies. The size of S. glabra genome was 1.11 Gb, with a contig N50 of 1.27 Mb and 31,944 predicted genes. This is the first sequenced genome of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae. As a sister taxon to Papilionoideae, S. glabra underwent an ancient genome triplication shared by core eudicots and further whole-genome duplication shared by early-legume in the last 73.3 million years. S. glabra harbors specific genes and expanded genes largely involved in stress responses and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Moreover, 59 terpene backbone biosynthesis genes and 64 terpene synthase genes were identified, which together with co-expressed transcription factors could contribute to the diversity and specificity of terpene compounds and high terpene content in S. glabra stem. In addition, 63 disease resistance NBS-LRR genes were found to be unique in S. glabra genome and their expression levels were correlated with the accumulation of terpene profiles, suggesting potential defense function of terpenes in S. glabra. These together provide new resources for understanding genome evolution and oleoresin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haixi Sun
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinchang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Abstract
Advancing climate change is affecting the health and vitality of forests in many parts of the world. Europe is currently facing spruce bark beetle outbreaks, which are most often caused by wind disturbances, hot summers, or lack of rainfall and are having a massive economic impact on the forestry sector. The aim of this research article was to summarize current scientific knowledge about the structure and physical and mechanical properties of wood from bark beetle-attacked trees. Spruce stands are attacked by a number of beetles, of which Ips typographus is the most common and widespread in Central Europe. When attacking a tree, bark beetles introduce ophiostomatoid fungi into the tree, which then have a greater effect on the properties of the wood than the beetles themselves. Fungal hyphae grow through the lumina of wood cells and spread between individual cells through pits. Both white rot and brown rot fungi are associated with enzymatic degradation of lignin or holocellulose, which is subsequently reflected in the change of the physical and mechanical properties of wood. Wood-decay fungi that colonize wood after infestation of a tree with bark beetles can cause significant changes in the structure and properties of the wood, and these changes are predominantly negative, in the form of reducing modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, discolouration, or, over time, weight loss. In certain specific examples, a reduction in energy consumption for the production of wood particles from beetle-attacked trees, or an increase in surface free energy due to wood infestation by staining fungi in order to achieve better adhesion of paints or glues, can be evaluated positively.
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19
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Whitehill JGA, Yuen MMS, Bohlmann J. Constitutive and insect-induced transcriptomes of weevil-resistant and susceptible Sitka spruce. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2021; 2:137-147. [PMID: 37283859 PMCID: PMC10168040 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Spruce weevil (Pissodes strobi) is a significant pest of regenerating spruce (Picea) and pine (Pinus) forests in North America. Weevil larvae feed in the bark, phloem, cambium, and outer xylem of apical shoots, causing stunted growth or mortality of young trees. We identified and characterized constitutive and weevil-induced patterns of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) transcriptomes in weevil-resistant (R) and susceptible (S) trees using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and differential expression (DE) analyses. We developed a statistical model for the analysis of RNA-seq data from treatment experiments with a 2 × 3 factorial design to differentiate insect-induced responses from the effects of mechanical damage. Across the different comparisons, we identified two major transcriptome contrasts: A large set of genes that was constitutively DE between R and S trees, and another set of genes that was DE in weevil-induced S-trees. The constitutive transcriptome unique to R trees appeared to be attuned to defense, while the constitutive transcriptome unique to S trees was enriched for growth-related transcripts. Notably, a set of transcripts annotated as "fungal" was detected consistently in the transcriptomes. Fungal transcripts were identified as DE in the comparison of R and S trees and in the weevil-affected DE transcriptome of S trees, suggesting a potential microbiome role in this conifer-insect interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin G. A. Whitehill
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Department of Forestry and Environmental ResourcesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Macaire M. S. Yuen
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Department of Forest and Conservation SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
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20
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Liu M, Jaber E, Zeng Z, Kovalchuk A, Asiegbu FO. Physiochemical and molecular features of the necrotic lesion in the Heterobasidion-Norway spruce pathosystem. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:791-800. [PMID: 33105481 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the forest of Northern Hemisphere, the fungi Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. s.l. causes severe root and stem rot diseases, dramatically reducing the wood quality of conifer trees. The hallmark of the host response during the infection process is the formation of necrotic lesions and reaction zones. To characterize physiochemical and molecular features of the necrotic lesion, we conducted artificial inoculations on Norway spruce plants at different developmental stages: seedlings, young and mature trees. The results were further compared against data available on the formation of reaction zones. Strong necrosis browning or enlarged necrotic lesions were observed in infected tissues. This was accompanied by elevated pH. However, the increased pH, around 6.0 in necrotic lesions, was not as high as that documented in reaction zones, above 7.0 as marked by the intensity of the blue colour in response to 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol dye. Peroxidase activity increased in infected plants and RNA-seq analysis of necrotic lesions showed marked upregulation of defence-related genes. Our findings highlight similarities and differences between the reaction zone and necrotic lesion formation in response of conifer trees to biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Liu
- Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emad Jaber
- Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zhen Zeng
- Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andriy Kovalchuk
- Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fred O Asiegbu
- Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Yu H, Holopainen JK, Kivimäenpää M, Virtanen A, Blande JD. Potential of Climate Change and Herbivory to Affect the Release and Atmospheric Reactions of BVOCs from Boreal and Subarctic Forests. Molecules 2021; 26:2283. [PMID: 33920862 PMCID: PMC8071236 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to most other forest ecosystems, circumpolar boreal and subarctic forests have few tree species, and are prone to mass outbreaks of herbivorous insects. A short growing season with long days allows rapid plant growth, which will be stimulated by predicted warming of polar areas. Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) from soil and vegetation could be substantial on sunny and warm days and biotic stress may accelerate emission rates. In the atmosphere, BVOCs are involved in various gas-phase chemical reactions within and above forest canopies. Importantly, the oxidation of BVOCs leads to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. SOA particles scatter and absorb solar radiation and grow to form cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and participate in cloud formation. Through BVOC and moisture release and SOA formation and condensation processes, vegetation has the capacity to affect the abiotic environment at the ecosystem scale. Recent BVOC literature indicates that both temperature and herbivory have a major impact on BVOC emissions released by woody species. Boreal conifer forest is the largest terrestrial biome and could be one of the largest sources of biogenic mono- and sesquiterpene emissions due to the capacity of conifer trees to store terpene-rich resins in resin canals above and belowground. Elevated temperature promotes increased diffusion of BVOCs from resin stores. Moreover, insect damage can break resin canals in needles, bark, and xylem and cause distinctive bursts of BVOCs during outbreaks. In the subarctic, mountain birch forests have cyclic outbreaks of Geometrid moths. During outbreaks, trees are often completely defoliated leading to an absence of BVOC-emitting foliage. However, in the years following an outbreak there is extended shoot growth, a greater number of leaves, and greater density of glandular trichomes that store BVOCs. This can lead to a delayed chemical defense response resulting in the highest BVOC emission rates from subarctic forest in the 1-3 years after an insect outbreak. Climate change is expected to increase insect outbreaks at high latitudes due to warmer seasons and arrivals of invasive herbivore species. Increased BVOC emission will affect tropospheric ozone (O3) formation and O3 induced oxidation of BVOCs. Herbivore-induced BVOC emissions from deciduous and coniferous trees are also likely to increase the formation rate of SOA and further growth of the particles in the atmosphere. Field experiments measuring the BVOC emission rates, SOA formation rate and particle concentrations within and above the herbivore attacked forest stands are still urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Yu
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (H.Y.); (J.K.H.); (M.K.)
| | - J. K. Holopainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (H.Y.); (J.K.H.); (M.K.)
| | - M. Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (H.Y.); (J.K.H.); (M.K.)
| | - A. Virtanen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - J. D. Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (H.Y.); (J.K.H.); (M.K.)
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22
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Fernandez-Conradi P, Castagneyrol B, Jactel H, Rasmann S. Combining phytochemicals and multitrophic interactions to control forest insect pests. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 44:101-106. [PMID: 33933685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Forest pests can cause massive ecological and economic damage worldwide. Ecologically sound solutions to diminish forest insect pest impacts include the use of their natural enemies, such as predators and parasitoids, as well as entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria or viruses. Phytochemical compounds mediate most interactions between these organisms, but knowledge of such chemically mediated multitrophic relationships is still at its infancy for forest systems, particularly when compared to agricultural systems. Here, we highlight the main gaps in how phytochemicals of forest trees facilitate or interfere with trophic interactions between trees, insect herbivores, and interacting organisms including predators, parasitoids and microbes. We propose future avenues of research on phytochemical-based biocontrol of forest pests taking into account the characteristics of trees and forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Fernandez-Conradi
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; INRAE, UR629 Recherches Forestières Méditerranéennes (URFM), 84914 Avignon, France.
| | | | - Hervé Jactel
- INRAE, University of Bordeaux, BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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23
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Puentes A, Zhao T, Lundborg L, Björklund N, Borg-Karlson AK. Variation in Methyl Jasmonate-Induced Defense Among Norway Spruce Clones and Trade-Offs in Resistance Against a Fungal and an Insect Pest. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:678959. [PMID: 34108985 PMCID: PMC8182065 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.678959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An essential component of plant defense is the change that occurs from a constitutive to an induced state following damage or infection. Exogenous application of the plant hormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) has shown great potential to be used as a defense inducer prior to pest exposure, and could be used as a plant protection measure. Here, we examined (1) the importance of MeJA-mediated induction for Norway spruce (Picea abies) resistance against damage by the pine weevil Hylobius abietis, which poses a threat to seedling survival, and infection by the spruce bark beetle-associated blue-stain fungus Endoconidiophora polonica, (2) genotypic variation in MeJA-induced defense (terpene chemistry), and (3) correlations among resistance to each pest. In a semi-field experiment, we exposed rooted-cuttings from nine different Norway spruce clones to insect damage and fungal infection separately. Plants were treated with 0, 25, or 50 mM MeJA, and planted in blocks where only pine weevils were released, or in a separate block in which plants were fungus-inoculated or not (control group). As measures of resistance, stem area debarked and fungal lesion lengths were assessed, and as a measure of defensive capacity, terpene chemistry was examined. We found that MeJA treatment increased resistance to H. abietis and E. polonica, but effects varied with clone. Norway spruce clones that exhibited high constitutive resistance did not show large changes in area debarked or lesion length when MeJA-treated, and vice versa. Moreover, insect damage negatively correlated with fungal infection. Clones receiving little pine weevil damage experienced larger lesion lengths, and vice versa, both in the constitutive and induced states. Changes in absolute terpene concentrations occurred with MeJA treatment (but not on proportional terpene concentrations), however, variation in chemistry was mostly explained by differences between clones. We conclude that MeJA can enhance protection against H. abietis and E. polonica, but the extent of protection will depend on the importance of constitutive and induced resistance for the Norway spruce clone in question. Trade-offs among resistances do not necessarily hinder the use of MeJA, as clones that are constitutively more resistant to either pest, should show greater MeJA-induced resistance against the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Puentes
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Adriana Puentes, ;
| | - Tao Zhao
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lina Lundborg
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Björklund
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Borg-Karlson
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
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24
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Fang JX, Zhang SF, Liu F, Zhang X, Zhang FB, Guo XB, Zhang Z, Zhang QH, Kong XB. Differences in Gut Bacterial Communities of Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Induced by Enantiomer-Specific α-Pinene. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:1198-1205. [PMID: 32860052 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) is a destructive pest of Eurasian spruce forests. Although the gut bacteria of this insect are considered to play important roles in its lifecycle, the relationship between I. typographus and its gut bacterial community is poorly characterized. In this study, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to determine gut bacterial community composition across successive I. typographus life stages. Responses of the gut bacteria to α-pinene enantiomers were also explored. Ips typographus gut bacterial populations were dominated by the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, and the relative abundance of these phyla varied across different developmental stages of the beetle. Bacterial species diversity and richness indices increased with developmental stage progression. Relative abundances of the dominant genera, Erwinia (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae), Pseudoxanthomonas (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae), Serratia (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae), and Romboutsia (Clostridiales: Peptostreptococcaceae), also varied across successive I. typographus life stages. Large disparities in the gut bacterial community of male adults were observed when the beetles were treated with S-(-)-α-pinene and R-(+)-α-pinene. The relative abundances of Lactococcus (Lactobacillales: Streptococcaceae) and Lelliottia (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae) increased drastically with R-(+)-α-pinene and S-(-)-α-pinene treatment, respectively. This indicated a distinct enantiomer-specific effect of α-pinene on the I. typographus gut bacteria. This study demonstrated the plasticity of gut bacteria during I. typographus development, when α-pinene host monoterpenes are encountered. This study provides new insights into the relationship between 'I. typographus-gut bacteria' symbionts and host trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Fang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Fu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Bin Zhang
- Forest Pest Control and Quarantine Station, Shangluo Forestry Bureau, Shangluo, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Guo
- Forest Pest Control and Quarantine Station, Shangluo Forestry Bureau, Shangluo, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xiang-Bo Kong
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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25
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Fang J, Liu M, Zhang S, Liu F, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Kong X. Chemical signal interactions of the bark beetle with fungal symbionts, and host/non-host trees. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6084-6091. [PMID: 32589724 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The symbiosis between the bark beetle (Ips subelongatus) and its fungal symbiont (Endoconidiophora fujiensis) poses a serious threat to larch forests. However, the signaling pathways between these symbiotic partners and their host/non-host trees are not fully understood. Inoculation of the host larch (Larix principis-rupprechtii) with two strains of E. fujiensis induced a rapid and long-term release of monoterpenes. Although the fungi had a level of tolerance to these compounds, many monoterpenes inhibited fungal growth in culture. Moreover, monoterpenes with stronger inhibitory effects on fungal growth exhibited weaker synergistic effects on the attraction of I. subelongatus to aggregation pheromone. Surprisingly, individual isomers of aggregation pheromone components promoted fungal symbiont growth in a culture medium. Non-host volatiles (NHVs) were tested and shown to completely inhibit the growth of fungal symbionts in culture but had no effects on beetle responses to aggregation pheromone, with the exception of (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol. These results reveal convergence and mutualism patterns in the evolution of I. subelongatus and E. fujiensis with respect to host tree volatiles but not in response to NHVs. Ultimately, we put forward a hypothesis that host plants are ecological and evolutionary determinants of bark beetle-fungus symbioses in terms of their complex signaling interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Man Liu
- Guizhou Institute of Biology, Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Sufang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Fu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xiangbo Kong
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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26
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Abstract
The importance of tree genetic variability in the ability of forests to respond and adapt to environmental changes is crucial in forest management and conservation. Along with genetics, recent advances have highlighted “epigenetics” as an emerging and promising field of research for the understanding of tree phenotypic plasticity and adaptive responses. In this paper, we review recent advances in this emerging field and their potential applications for tree researchers and breeders, as well as for forest managers. First, we present the basics of epigenetics in plants before discussing its potential for trees. We then propose a bibliometric and overview of the literature on epigenetics in trees, including recent advances on tree priming. Lastly, we outline the promises of epigenetics for forest research and management, along with current gaps and future challenges. Research in epigenetics could use highly diverse paths to help forests adapt to global change by eliciting different innovative silvicultural approaches for natural- and artificial-based forest management.
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Mageroy MH, Wilkinson SW, Tengs T, Cross H, Almvik M, Pétriacq P, Vivian-Smith A, Zhao T, Fossdal CG, Krokene P. Molecular underpinnings of methyl jasmonate-induced resistance in Norway spruce. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1827-1843. [PMID: 32323322 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In response to various stimuli, plants acquire resistance against pests and/or pathogens. Such acquired or induced resistance allows plants to rapidly adapt to their environment. Spraying the bark of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees with the phytohormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) enhances resistance to tree-killing bark beetles and their associated phytopathogenic fungi. Analysis of spruce chemical defenses and beetle colonization success suggests that MeJA treatment both directly induces immune responses and primes inducible defenses for a faster and stronger response to subsequent beetle attack. We used metabolite and transcriptome profiling to explore the mechanisms underlying MeJA-induced resistance in Norway spruce. We demonstrated that MeJA treatment caused substantial changes in the bark transcriptional response to a triggering stress (mechanical wounding). Profiling of mRNA expression showed a suite of spruce inducible defenses are primed following MeJA treatment. Although monoterpenes and diterpene resin acids increased more rapidly after wounding in MeJA-treated than control bark, expression of their biosynthesis genes did not. We suggest that priming of inducible defenses is part of a complex mixture of defense responses that underpins the increased resistance against bark beetle colonization observed in Norway spruce. This study provides the most detailed insights yet into the mechanisms underlying induced resistance in a long-lived gymnosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Mageroy
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Samuel W Wilkinson
- P3 Centre for Translational Plant and Soil Biology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Torstein Tengs
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Hugh Cross
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Marit Almvik
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- P3 Centre for Translational Plant and Soil Biology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, University of Bordeaux, MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Adam Vivian-Smith
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Tao Zhao
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Carl Gunnar Fossdal
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Paal Krokene
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
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