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Chen J, Zhao W, Cao L, Martins RST, Canário AVM. Somatostatin signalling coordinates energy metabolism allocation to reproduction in zebrafish. BMC Biol 2024; 22:163. [PMID: 39075492 PMCID: PMC11288053 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01961-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy allocation between growth and reproduction determines puberty onset and fertility. In mammals, peripheral hormones such as leptin, insulin and ghrelin signal metabolic information to the higher centres controlling gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurone activity. However, these observations could not be confirmed in lower vertebrates, suggesting that other factors may mediate the energetic trade-off between growth and reproduction. A bioinformatic and experimental study suggested co-regulation of the circadian clock, reproductive axis and growth-regulating genes in zebrafish. While loss-of-function of most of the identified co-regulated genes had no effect or only had mild effects on reproduction, no such information existed about the co-regulated somatostatin, well-known for its actions on growth and metabolism. RESULTS We show that somatostatin signalling is pivotal in regulating fecundity and metabolism. Knock-out of zebrafish somatostatin 1.1 (sst1.1) and somatostatin 1.2 (sst1.2) caused a 20-30% increase in embryonic primordial germ cells, and sst1.2-/- adults laid 40% more eggs than their wild-type siblings. The sst1.1-/- and sst1.2-/- mutants had divergent metabolic phenotypes: the former had 25% more pancreatic α-cells, were hyperglycaemic and glucose intolerant, and had increased adipocyte mass; the latter had 25% more pancreatic β-cells, improved glucose clearance and reduced adipocyte mass. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that somatostatin signalling regulates energy metabolism and fecundity through anti-proliferative and modulatory actions on primordial germ cells, pancreatic insulin and glucagon cells and the hypothalamus. The ancient origin of the somatostatin system suggests it could act as a switch linking metabolism and reproduction across vertebrates. The results raise the possibility of applications in human and animal fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology and National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- CCMAR/CIMAR Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Wenting Zhao
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology and National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Cao
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology and National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rute S T Martins
- CCMAR/CIMAR Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Adelino V M Canário
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology and National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
- CCMAR/CIMAR Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal.
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Brandon AA, Michael C, Carmona Baez A, Moore EC, Ciccotto PJ, Roberts NB, Roberts RB, Powder KE. Distinct genetic origins of eumelanin levels and barring patterns in cichlid fishes. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306614. [PMID: 38976656 PMCID: PMC11230561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigment patterns are incredibly diverse across vertebrates and are shaped by multiple selective pressures from predator avoidance to mate choice. A common pattern across fishes, but for which we know little about the underlying mechanisms, is repeated melanic vertical bars. To understand the genetic factors that modify the level or pattern of vertical barring, we generated a genetic cross of 322 F2 hybrids between two cichlid species with distinct barring patterns, Aulonocara koningsi and Metriaclima mbenjii. We identify 48 significant quantitative trait loci that underlie a series of seven phenotypes related to the relative pigmentation intensity, and four traits related to patterning of the vertical bars. We find that genomic regions that generate variation in the level of eumelanin produced are largely independent of those that control the spacing of vertical bars. Candidate genes within these intervals include novel genes and those newly-associated with vertical bars, which could affect melanophore survival, fate decisions, pigment biosynthesis, and pigment distribution. Together, this work provides insights into the regulation of pigment diversity, with direct implications for an animal's fitness and the speciation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Allyson Brandon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cassia Michael
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Aldo Carmona Baez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Genetics and Genomics Academy, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Emily C. Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Genetics and Genomics Academy, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Ciccotto
- Department of Biology, Warren Wilson College, Swannanoa, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Natalie B. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Genetics and Genomics Academy, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Reade B. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Genetics and Genomics Academy, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kara E. Powder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
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3
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Shi C, Chen SX. Structural and ultrastructural aspects of the skin of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:1836-1847. [PMID: 38488309 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The skin color of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is a crucial indicator to determine its economic value. However, the location of pigment cells in the skin structure is uncertain. To determine the pigment cell type in the skin, the vertical order and ultrastructure of pigment cells were examined using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Both dorsal and ventral skins comprise the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Xanthophores, melanophores, and iridophores were observed in the dermis of the dorsal skin, whereas the latter two were in the dermis of the ventral skin. Interestingly, the size of xanthophores in the dorsal skin was significantly smaller than that of xanthophores in the ventral skin; however, the density of dorsal xanthophores was significantly higher than that of ventral xanthophores. The type L-iridophores with large crystalline structures were observed in the uppermost area of the upper pigment layer, which contributed to the strikingly metallic luster shown by the ventral skin. The melanophores were exclusively found in the dorsal skin, offering the purpose of camouflage. Taken together, our results indicated that the pigment cells display different arrangement patterns between dorsal and ventral skin, and the golden color in the ventral skin results from the coexistence of light-reflecting iridophores and light-absorbing xanthophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shi Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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4
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Kang DY, Kim HC. Functional relation of agouti signaling proteins (ASIPs) to pigmentation and color change in the starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 291:111524. [PMID: 37981006 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the involvement of agouti-signaling proteins (ASIPs) in morphological pigmentation and physiological color change in flatfishes. We isolated ASIP1 and 2 mRNAs from the skin of starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus), and compared their amino acid (aa) structures to those of other animals. Then, we examined the mRNA expression levels of two ASIPs (Sf-ASIPs) in the pigmented ocular body and in the unpigmented blind body, as well as in the ordinary skin and in albino skin, in flatfishes. To investigate the role of Sf-ASIPs in physiological color change (color camouflage), we compared the expression of the two genes in two background colors (dark-green and white). Sf-ASIP1 cDNA had a 375-bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded a protein consisting of 125 aa residues, and Sf-ASIP2 cDNA had a 402-bp ORF that encoded a protein consisting of 132 aa residues. RT-PCR revealed that the strongest Sf-ASIP1 and Sf-ASIP2 expression levels were observed in the eye and blind-skin, respectively. In Sf-ASIP1, the gene expression did not differ between the ocular-side skin and blind-side skin, nor between ordinary skin and abnormal skin of the fish. However, in Sf-ASIP2, the expression level was significantly higher in blind-side skin, compared to ocular-side skin, suggesting that the ASIP2 gene is related to the countershading body pigment pattern of the fish. In addition, the Sf-ASIP2 gene expression level was lower in the pigmented spot regions than in the unpigmented spot regions of the malpigmented pseudo-albino skins on the ocular side, implying that ASIP2 is responsible for the ocular-side pseudo-albino. Additionally, ASIP2 gene expression in the blind-side skin of ordinary fish was enhanced by a white tank, implying that a bright background color could inhibit hypermelanosis in the blind-side skin of cultured flounder by increasing the activity of the Sf-ASIP2 gene. However, we did not find any relationship of ASIPs with camouflage color changes. In conclusion, the ASIP2 gene is related to the morphological pigmentation (countershading and malpigmentation) of the skin in starry flounder, but not with physiological color changes (color camouflage) in the ocular-side skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Young Kang
- National Institute of Fisheries Science, West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, 707 Eulwang-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo-Chan Kim
- KMS & MC, Molecular research, Haneulbyeolbit-ro, YoungJong-1 dong, Joong-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Chen J, Wang H, Wu S, Zhang A, Qiu Z, Huang P, Qu JY, Xu J. col1a2+ fibroblasts/muscle progenitors finetune xanthophore countershading by differentially expressing csf1a/1b in embryonic zebrafish. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj9637. [PMID: 38578990 PMCID: PMC10997200 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj9637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Animals evolve diverse pigment patterns to adapt to the natural environment. Countershading, characterized by a dark-colored dorsum and a light-colored ventrum, is one of the most prevalent pigment patterns observed in vertebrates. In this study, we reveal a mechanism regulating xanthophore countershading in zebrafish embryos. We found that csf1a and csf1b mutants altered xanthophore countershading differently: csf1a mutants lack ventral xanthophores, while csf1b mutants have reduced dorsal xanthophores. Further study revealed that csf1a is expressed throughout the trunk, whereas csf1b is expressed dorsally. Ectopic expression of csf1a or csf1b in neurons attracted xanthophores into the spinal cord. Blocking csf1 signaling by csf1ra mutants disrupts spinal cord distribution and normal xanthophores countershading. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified two col1a2+ populations: csf1ahighcsf1bhigh muscle progenitors and csf1ahighcsf1blow fibroblast progenitors. Ablation of col1a2+ fibroblast and muscle progenitors abolished xanthophore patterns. Our study suggests that fibroblast and muscle progenitors differentially express csf1a and csf1b to modulate xanthophore patterning, providing insights into the mechanism of countershading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Honggao Wang
- Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuting Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ao Zhang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Zhongkai Qiu
- Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jianan Y Qu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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6
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Godino-Gimeno A, Leal E, Chivite M, Tormos E, Rotllant J, Vallone D, Foulkes NS, Míguez JM, Cerdá-Reverter JM. Role of melanocortin system in the locomotor activity rhythms and melatonin secretion as revealed by agouti-signalling protein (asip1) overexpression in zebrafish. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12939. [PMID: 38241679 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Temporal signals such as light and temperature cycles profoundly modulate animal physiology and behaviour. Via endogenous timing mechanisms which are regulated by these signals, organisms can anticipate cyclic environmental changes and thereby enhance their fitness. The pineal gland in fish, through the secretion of melatonin, appears to play a critical role in the circadian system, most likely acting as an element of the circadian clock system. An important output of this circadian clock is the locomotor activity circadian rhythm which is adapted to the photoperiod and thus determines whether animals are diurnal or nocturnal. By using a genetically modified zebrafish strain known as Tg (Xla.Eef1a1:Cau.asip1)iim04, which expresses a higher level of the agouti signalling protein 1 (Asip1), an endogenous antagonist of the melanocortin system, we observed a complete disruption of locomotor activity patterns, which correlates with the ablation of the melatonin daily rhythm. Consistent with this, in vitro experiments also demonstrated that Asip1 inhibits melatonin secretion from the zebrafish pineal gland, most likely through the melanocortin receptors expressed in this gland. Asip1 overexpression also disrupted the expression of core clock genes, including per1a and clock1a, thus blunting circadian oscillation. Collectively, these results implicate the melanocortin system as playing an important role in modulating pineal physiology and, therefore, circadian organisation in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Godino-Gimeno
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, Fish Neurobehaviour Lab, Castellon, Spain
| | - Esther Leal
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, Fish Neurobehaviour Lab, Castellon, Spain
| | - Mauro Chivite
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Tormos
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, Fish Neurobehaviour Lab, Castellon, Spain
| | - Josep Rotllant
- Department of Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, IIM-CSIC, Vigo, Spain
| | - Daniela Vallone
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Department of Physiological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Nicholas S Foulkes
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Department of Physiological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jesús M Míguez
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Cerdá-Reverter
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, Fish Neurobehaviour Lab, Castellon, Spain
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7
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Kelsh RN. Myron Gordon Award Lecture 2023: Painting the neural crest: How studying pigment cells illuminates neural crest cell biology. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2023. [PMID: 38010612 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
It has been 30 (!!) years since I began working on zebrafish pigment cells, as a postdoc in the laboratory of Prof. Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard. There, I participated in the first large-scale mutagenesis screen in zebrafish, focusing on pigment cell mutant phenotypes. The isolation of colourless, shady, parade and choker mutants allowed us (as a postdoc in Prof. Judith Eisen's laboratory, and then in my own laboratory at the University of Bath since 1997) to pursue my ambition to address long-standing problems in the neural crest field. Thus, we have studied how neural crest cells choose individual fates, resulting in our recent proposal of a new, and potentially unifying, model which we call Cyclical Fate Restriction, as well as addressing how pigment cell patterns are generated. A key feature of our work in the last 10 years has been the use of mathematical modelling approaches to clarify our biological models and to refine our interpretations. None of this would have been possible without a hugely talented group of laboratory members and other collaborators from around the world-it has been, and I am sure will continue to be, a pleasure and privilege to work with you all!
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Kelsh
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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8
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Abstract
Vertebrates exhibit a wide range of color patterns, which play critical roles in mediating intra- and interspecific communication. Because of their diversity and visual accessibility, color patterns offer a unique and fascinating window into the processes underlying biological organization. In this review, we focus on describing many of the general principles governing the formation and evolution of color patterns in different vertebrate groups. We characterize the types of patterns, review the molecular and developmental mechanisms by which they originate, and discuss their role in constraining or facilitating evolutionary change. Lastly, we outline outstanding questions in the field and discuss different approaches that can be used to address them. Overall, we provide a unifying conceptual framework among vertebrate systems that may guide research into naturally evolved mechanisms underlying color pattern formation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Mallarino
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA;
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9
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Brandon AA, Michael C, Carmona Baez A, Moore EC, Ciccotto PJ, Roberts NB, Roberts RB, Powder KE. Distinct genetic origins of eumelanin intensity and barring patterns in cichlid fishes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.02.547430. [PMID: 37461734 PMCID: PMC10349982 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.02.547430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Pigment patterns are incredibly diverse across vertebrates and are shaped by multiple selective pressures from predator avoidance to mate choice. A common pattern across fishes, but for which we know little about the underlying mechanisms, is repeated melanic vertical bars. In order to understand genetic factors that modify the level or pattern of vertical barring, we generated a genetic cross of 322 F2 hybrids between two cichlid species with distinct barring patterns, Aulonocara koningsi and Metriaclima mbenjii. We identify 48 significant quantitative trait loci that underlie a series of seven phenotypes related to the relative pigmentation intensity, and four traits related to patterning of the vertical bars. We find that genomic regions that generate variation in the level of eumelanin produced are largely independent of those that control the spacing of vertical bars. Candidate genes within these intervals include novel genes and those newly-associated with vertical bars, which could affect melanophore survival, fate decisions, pigment biosynthesis, and pigment distribution. Together, this work provides insights into the regulation of pigment diversity, with direct implications for an animal's fitness and the speciation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Allyson Brandon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Cassia Michael
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Aldo Carmona Baez
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Genetics and Genomics Academy, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Emily C. Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Genetics and Genomics Academy, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | | | - Natalie B. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Genetics and Genomics Academy, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Reade B. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Genetics and Genomics Academy, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Kara E. Powder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Rocha A, Godino-Gimeno A, Rotllant J, Cerdá-Reverter JM. Agouti-Signalling Protein Overexpression Reduces Aggressiveness in Zebrafish. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050712. [PMID: 37237525 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Feeding motivation plays a crucial role in food intake and growth. It closely depends on hunger and satiation, which are controlled by the melanocortin system. Overexpression of the inverse agonist agouti-signalling protein (ASIP) and agouti-related protein (AGRP) leads to enhanced food intake, linear growth, and weight. In zebrafish, overexpression of Agrp leads to the development of obesity, in contrast to the phenotype observed in transgenic zebrafish that overexpress asip1 under the control of a constitutive promoter (asip1-Tg). Previous studies have demonstrated that asip1-Tg zebrafish exhibit larger sizes but do not become obese. These fish display increased feeding motivation, resulting in a higher feeding rate, yet a higher food ration is not essential in order to grow larger than wild-type (WT) fish. This is most likely attributed to their improved intestinal permeability to amino acids and enhanced locomotor activity. A relationship between high feeding motivation and aggression has been previously reported in some other transgenic species showing enhanced growth. This study aims to elucidate whether the hunger observed in asip1-Tg is linked to aggressive behaviour. Dominance and aggressiveness were quantified using dyadic fights and mirror-stimulus tests, in addition to the analysis of basal cortisol levels. The results indicate that asip1-Tg are less aggressive than WT zebrafish in both dyadic fights and mirror-stimulus tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rocha
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Alejandra Godino-Gimeno
- Control of Food Intake Group, Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, 12595 Castellon, Spain
| | - Josep Rotllant
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - José Miguel Cerdá-Reverter
- Control of Food Intake Group, Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, 12595 Castellon, Spain
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Wu G, Mou X, Song H, Liu Y, Wang X, Yang Y, Liu C. Characterization and functional analysis of pax3 in body color transition of polychromatic Midas cichlids (Amphilophus citrinellus). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 263:110779. [PMID: 35926705 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As the representative genetic and economic trait of ornamental fish, skin color has a strong impact on speciation and adaptation. However, the genetic basis of skin color pigmentation, differentiation and change is still not understood. The Midas cichlid fish with three typical body color transition stages of "black-gray‑gold" is an ideal model system for investigating the formation and change of fish body color. In this study, to investigate the regulatory role of the pair box 3 (pax3) gene in the early body color fading process of Midas cichlids, the complete cDNA sequence (3513 bp) of pax3 was successfully isolated from Midas cichlids (Amphilophus Citrinellus), and found to encode polypeptides of 491 amino acids. Expression patterns of the pax3 gene in tissues of Midas cichlids during different periods, including embryonic development and body color fading stages were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that pax3 was expressed in all tissues of adult fish, with a higher expression level in muscle and skin. The highest expression level in muscle tissue was significantly higher than that in other tissues (P < 0.05). During embryonic development, the expression tendency of pax3 was first increased and then decreased. In the three typical stages of early skin color fading from black to gold, pax3 expression in skin, caudal fin and scales all showed a downward trend. The expression level in the black stage was significantly higher than that in other stages (P < 0.05). Positive signal of pax3 protein was detected in the three typical skin color conversion stages, and the highest positive signal intensity was detected in the black stage, which was consistent with qRT-PCR results. After pax3 RNA interference, pax3 and the downstream genes mitf and tyr all decreased, while dct mRNA expression increased in the skin of fish. Western blotting also showed a decrease in pax3 protein concentration. Those results suggest that pax3 plays an important role in skin color formation, distribution and change in Midas cichlids through the melanogenesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Wu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510380, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xidong Mou
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Hongmei Song
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510380, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Xuejie Wang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Yexin Yang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510380, China
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12
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Leal E, Angotzi AR, Gregório SF, Ortiz-Delgado JB, Rotllant J, Fuentes J, Tafalla C, Cerdá-Reverter JM. Role of the melanocortin system in zebrafish skin physiology. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:591-601. [PMID: 36150411 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) acts as both a competitive antagonist and inverse agonist of melanocortin receptors which regulate dorsal-ventral pigmentation patterns in fish. However, the potential role of ASIP in the regulation of additional physiological pathways in the skin is unknown. The skin plays a crucial role in the immune function, acting as a physical limitation against infestation and also as a chemical barrier due to its ability to synthesize and secrete mucus and many immune effector proteins. In this study, the putative role of ASIP in regulating the immune system of skin has been explored using a transgenic zebrafish model overexpressing the asip1 gene (ASIPzf). Initially, the structural changes in skin induced by asip1 overexpression were studied, revealing that the ventral skin of ASIPzf was thinner than that of wild type (WT) animals. A moderate hypertrophy of mucous cells was also found in ASIPzf. Histochemical studies showed that transgenic animals appear to compensate for the lower number of cell layers by modifying the mucus composition and increasing lectin affinity and mucin content in order to maintain or improve protection against microorganism adhesion. ASIPzf also exhibit higher protein concentration under crowding conditions suggesting an increased mucus production under stressful conditions. Exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed that ASIPzf exhibit a faster pro-inflammatory response and increased mucin expression yet severe skin injures and a slight increase in mortality was observed. Electrophysiological measurements show that the ASIP1 genotype exhibits reduced epithelial resistance, an indicator of reduced tissue integrity and barrier function. Overall, not only are ASIP1 animals more prone to infiltration and subsequent infections due to reduced skin epithelial integrity, but also display an increased inflammatory response that can lead to increased skin sensitivity to external infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Leal
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Aquiculture de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, 12595, Castellon, Spain.
| | - A R Angotzi
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Aquiculture de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, 12595, Castellon, Spain
| | - S F Gregório
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMar), Universidade do Algarve Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - J B Ortiz-Delgado
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía-ICMAN, CSIC Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - J Rotllant
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - J Fuentes
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMar), Universidade do Algarve Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - C Tafalla
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Cerdá-Reverter
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Aquiculture de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, 12595, Castellon, Spain.
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13
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Jiang B, Wang L, Luo M, Fu J, Zhu W, Liu W, Dong Z. Transcriptome analysis of skin color variation during and after overwintering of Malaysian red tilapia. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:669-682. [PMID: 35419737 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The commercial value of red tilapia is hampered by variations in skin color during overwintering. In this study, three types of skin of red tilapia, including the skin remained pink color during and after overwintering (P), the skin changed from pink color to black color during overwintering and remained black color after overwintering (P-B), and the skin changed from pink color to black color during overwintering but recovered to pink color when the temperature rose after overwintering (P-B-P), were used to analyze their molecular mechanisms of color variation. The transcriptome results revealed that the P, P-B, and P-B-P libraries had 43, 42, and 43 million clean reads, respectively. The top 10 abundance mRNAs and specific mRNAs (specificity measure SPM > 0.9) were screened. After comparing intergroup gene expression levels, there were 2528, 1924, and 1939 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between P-B-P and P-B, P-B-P and P, and P-B and P, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses of color-related mRNAs showed that a number of DEGs, including tyrp1, tyr, pmel, mitf, mc1r, asip, tat, hpdb, and foxd3, might play a potential role in pigmentation. Additionally, the co-expression patterns of genes were detected within the pigment-related pathways by the PPI network from P-B vs. P group. Furthermore, DEGs from the apoptosis and autophagy pathways, such as baxα, beclin1, and atg7, might be involved in the fading of red tilapia melanocytes. The findings will aid in understanding the molecular mechanism underlying skin color variation in red tilapia during and after overwintering as well as lay a foundation for future research aimed at improving red tilapia skin color characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Jiang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lanmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, 214081, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingkun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, 214081, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianjun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, 214081, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenbin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, 214081, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Liu
- AGCU ScienTech Incorporation, Wuxi, 214174, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zaijie Dong
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, 214081, Jiangsu, China.
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14
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Wang C, Lu B, Li T, Liang G, Xu M, Liu X, Tao W, Zhou L, Kocher TD, Wang D. Nile Tilapia: A Model for Studying Teleost Color Patterns. J Hered 2021; 112:469-484. [PMID: 34027978 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse color patterns of cichlid fishes play an important role in mate choice and speciation. Here we develop the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as a model system for studying the developmental genetics of cichlid color patterns. We identified 4 types of pigment cells: melanophores, xanthophores, iridophores and erythrophores, and characterized their first appearance in wild-type fish. We mutated 25 genes involved in melanogenesis, pteridine metabolism, and the carotenoid absorption and cleavage pathways. Among the 25 mutated genes, 13 genes had a phenotype in both the F0 and F2 generations. None of F1 heterozygotes had phenotype. By comparing the color pattern of our mutants with that of red tilapia (Oreochromis spp), a natural mutant produced during hybridization of tilapia species, we found that the pigmentation of the body and eye is controlled by different genes. Previously studied genes like mitf, kita/kitlga, pmel, tyrb, hps4, gch2, csf1ra, pax7b, and bco2b were proved to be of great significance for color patterning in tilapia. Our results suggested that tilapia, a fish with 4 types of pigment cells and a vertically barred wild-type color pattern, together with various natural and artificially induced color gene mutants, can serve as an excellent model system for study color patterning in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Baoyue Lu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangyuan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingyong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjing Tao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linyan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Thomas D Kocher
- the Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Deshou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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15
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Liang Y, Grauvogl M, Meyer A, Kratochwil CF. Functional conservation and divergence of color‐pattern‐related agouti family genes in teleost fishes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2021; 336:443-450. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Liang
- Department of Biology, Chair in Zoology and Evolutionary Biology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Maximilian Grauvogl
- Department of Biology, Chair in Zoology and Evolutionary Biology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Axel Meyer
- Department of Biology, Chair in Zoology and Evolutionary Biology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Claudius F. Kratochwil
- Department of Biology, Chair in Zoology and Evolutionary Biology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
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16
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Parichy DM. Evolution of pigment cells and patterns: recent insights from teleost fishes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 69:88-96. [PMID: 33743392 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Skin pigment patterns of vertebrates are stunningly diverse, and nowhere more so than in teleost fishes. Several species, including relatives of zebrafish, recently evolved cichlid fishes of East Africa, clownfishes, deep sea fishes, and others are providing insights into pigment pattern evolution. This overview describes recent advances in understanding periodic patterns, like stripes and spots, the loss of patterns, and the role of cell-type diversification in generating pigmentation phenotypes. Advances in this area are being facilitated by the application of modern methods of gene editing, genomics, computational analysis, and other approaches to non-traditional model organisms having interesting pigmentary phenotypes. Several topics worthy of future attention are outlined as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Parichy
- Department of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States.
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17
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Liang D, Zhao P, Si J, Fang L, Pairo-Castineira E, Hu X, Xu Q, Hou Y, Gong Y, Liang Z, Tian B, Mao H, Yindee M, Faruque MO, Kongvongxay S, Khamphoumee S, Liu GE, Wu DD, Barker JSF, Han J, Zhang Y. Genomic Analysis Revealed a Convergent Evolution of LINE-1 in Coat Color: A Case Study in Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:1122-1136. [PMID: 33212507 PMCID: PMC7947781 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Visible pigmentation phenotypes can be used to explore the regulation of gene expression and the evolution of coat color patterns in animals. Here, we performed whole-genome and RNA sequencing and applied genome-wide association study, comparative population genomics and biological experiments to show that the 2,809-bp-long LINE-1 insertion in the ASIP (agouti signaling protein) gene is the causative mutation for the white coat phenotype in swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). This LINE-1 insertion (3' truncated and containing only 5' UTR) functions as a strong proximal promoter that leads to a 10-fold increase in the transcription of ASIP in white buffalo skin. The 165 bp of 5' UTR transcribed from the LINE-1 is spliced into the first coding exon of ASIP, resulting in a chimeric transcript. The increased expression of ASIP prevents melanocyte maturation, leading to the absence of pigment in white buffalo skin and hairs. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the white buffalo-specific ASIP allele originated from a recent genetic transposition event in swamp buffalo. Interestingly, as a similar LINE-1 insertion has been identified in the cattle ASIP gene, we discuss the convergent mechanism of coat color evolution in the Bovini tribe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of MOAR, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengju Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of MOAR, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingfang Si
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of MOAR, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingzhao Fang
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit at the Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Erola Pairo-Castineira
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit at the Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Hou
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Gong
- Guizhou Domestic Animal Genetic Resources Management Station, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhengwen Liang
- Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau of Fenggang County, Zunyi, China
| | - Bing Tian
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Station of Zunyi City, Zunyi, China
| | - Huaming Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Marnoch Yindee
- Akkhararatchakumari Veterinary College (AVC), Walailak University, Nakorn Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Md Omar Faruque
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Siton Kongvongxay
- Livestock Research Center, National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Souksamlane Khamphoumee
- Livestock Research Center, National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - George E Liu
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - James Stuart F Barker
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Jianlin Han
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
- CAAS-ILRI Joint Laboratory on Livestock and Forage Genetic Resources, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of MOAR, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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18
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Urban S, Nater A, Meyer A, Kratochwil CF. Different Sources of Allelic Variation Drove Repeated Color Pattern Divergence in Cichlid Fishes. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:465-477. [PMID: 32941629 PMCID: PMC7826197 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive radiations of East African cichlid fish in the Great Lakes Victoria, Malawi, and Tanganyika are well known for their diversity and repeatedly evolved phenotypes. Convergent evolution of melanic horizontal stripes has been linked to a single locus harboring the gene agouti-related peptide 2 (agrp2). However, where and when the causal variants underlying this trait evolved and how they drove phenotypic divergence remained unknown. To test the alternative hypotheses of standing genetic variation versus de novo mutations (independently originating in each radiation), we searched for shared signals of genomic divergence at the agrp2 locus. Although we discovered similar signatures of differentiation at the locus level, the haplotypes associated with stripe patterns are surprisingly different. In Lake Malawi, the highest associated alleles are located within and close to the 5' untranslated region of agrp2 and likely evolved through recent de novo mutations. In the younger Lake Victoria radiation, stripes are associated with two intronic regions overlapping with a previously reported cis-regulatory interval. The origin of these segregating haplotypes predates the Lake Victoria radiation because they are also found in more basal riverine and Lake Kivu species. This suggests that both segregating haplotypes were present as standing genetic variation at the onset of the Lake Victoria adaptive radiation with its more than 500 species and drove phenotypic divergence within the species flock. Therefore, both new (Lake Malawi) and ancient (Lake Victoria) allelic variation at the same locus fueled rapid and convergent phenotypic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Urban
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alexander Nater
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Axel Meyer
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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19
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Vissio PG, Darias MJ, Di Yorio MP, Pérez Sirkin DI, Delgadin TH. Fish skin pigmentation in aquaculture: The influence of rearing conditions and its neuroendocrine regulation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 301:113662. [PMID: 33220300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skin pigmentation pattern is a species-specific characteristic that depends on the number and the spatial combination of several types of chromatophores. This feature can change during life, for example in the metamorphosis or reproductive cycle, or as a response to biotic and/or abiotic environmental cues (nutrition, UV incidence, surrounding luminosity, and social interactions). Fish skin pigmentation is one of the most important quality criteria dictating the market value of both aquaculture and ornamental species because it serves as an external signal to infer its welfare and the culture conditions used. For that reason, several studies have been conducted aiming to understand the mechanisms underlying fish pigmentation as well as the influence exerted by rearing conditions. In this context, the present review focuses on the current knowledge on endocrine regulation of fish pigmentation as well as on the aquaculture conditions affecting skin coloration. Available information on Iberoamerican fish species cultured is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G Vissio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Maria J Darias
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - María P Di Yorio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela I Pérez Sirkin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomás H Delgadin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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20
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Madelaine R, Ngo KJ, Skariah G, Mourrain P. Genetic deciphering of the antagonistic activities of the melanin-concentrating hormone and melanocortin pathways in skin pigmentation. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009244. [PMID: 33301440 PMCID: PMC7755275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic origin of human skin pigmentation remains an open question in biology. Several skin disorders and diseases originate from mutations in conserved pigmentation genes, including albinism, vitiligo, and melanoma. Teleosts possess the capacity to modify their pigmentation to adapt to their environmental background to avoid predators. This background adaptation occurs through melanosome aggregation (white background) or dispersion (black background) in melanocytes. These mechanisms are largely regulated by melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and α-melanocyte–stimulating hormone (α-MSH), two hypothalamic neuropeptides also involved in mammalian skin pigmentation. Despite evidence that the exogenous application of MCH peptides induces melanosome aggregation, it is not known if the MCH system is physiologically responsible for background adaptation. In zebrafish, we identify that MCH neurons target the pituitary gland-blood vessel portal and that endogenous MCH peptide expression regulates melanin concentration for background adaptation. We demonstrate that this effect is mediated by MCH receptor 2 (Mchr2) but not Mchr1a/b. mchr2 knock-out fish cannot adapt to a white background, providing the first genetic demonstration that MCH signaling is physiologically required to control skin pigmentation. mchr2 phenotype can be rescued in adult fish by knocking-out pomc, the gene coding for the precursor of α-MSH, demonstrating the relevance of the antagonistic activity between MCH and α-MSH in the control of melanosome organization. Interestingly, MCH receptor is also expressed in human melanocytes, thus a similar antagonistic activity regulating skin pigmentation may be conserved during evolution, and the dysregulation of these pathways is significant to our understanding of human skin disorders and cancers. Melanocytes produce melanin, a natural skin pigment, for body coloration which helps to protect and camouflage an organism and to attract mates. Melanocytes are ubiquitous pigment cells in vertebrates and the genes underlying their development are well conserved, making fishes that possess the ability to modify their pigmentation, biologically relevant and successful models for human skin disorders. Many human skin diseases including albinism, vitiligo, and melanoma are derived from mutations in conserved pigmentation genes. However, much of the conserved molecular mechanisms behind these diseases and human pigmentation remain unknown. For instance, melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) was originally identified as a peptide that when injected, could make fish paler by promoting melanin aggregation but no mutants demonstrating an endogenous function for MCH in pigmentation have been reported. Here, we use zebrafish mutants of MCH and the MCH receptor to determine their specific genetic function in pigmentation. Additionally, we demonstrate that MCH has an antagonistic pigmentation function to the melanocortin system, where MCH expression promotes lighter pigmentation and melanocortin activity promotes darkening. Thus, we find that the balance between the MCH and melanocortin system activities are likely required for skin pigmentation and dysregulation of these pathways could underlie adverse human skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Madelaine
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Keri J. Ngo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Gemini Skariah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Philippe Mourrain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- INSERM 1024, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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21
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Abstract
The diversity of mammalian coat colors, and their potential adaptive significance, have long fascinated scientists as well as the general public. The recent decades have seen substantial improvement in our understanding of their genetic bases and evolutionary relevance, revealing novel insights into the complex interplay of forces that influence these phenotypes. At the same time, many aspects remain poorly known, hampering a comprehensive understanding of these phenomena. Here we review the current state of this field and indicate topics that should be the focus of additional research. We devote particular attention to two aspects of mammalian pigmentation, melanism and pattern formation, highlighting recent advances and outstanding challenges, and proposing novel syntheses of available information. For both specific areas, and for pigmentation in general, we attempt to lay out recommendations for establishing novel model systems and integrated research programs that target the genetics and evolution of these phenotypes throughout the Mammalia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Eizirik
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biology, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90619-900, Brazil;
| | - Fernanda J Trindade
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biology, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90619-900, Brazil;
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22
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Godino-Gimeno A, Sánchez E, Guillot R, Rocha A, Angotzi AR, Leal E, Rotllant J, Cerdá-Reverter JM. Growth Performance After Agouti-Signaling Protein 1 ( Asip1) Overexpression in Transgenic Zebrafish. Zebrafish 2020; 17:373-381. [PMID: 33112719 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin system is a key structure in the regulation of energy balance. Overexpression of inverse agonists, agouti-signaling protein (ASIP), and agouti-related protein (AGRP) results in increased food intake, linear growth, and body weight. ASIP regulates dorsal-ventral pigment polarity through melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) and overexpression induces obesity in mice by binding to central MC4R. Asip1 overexpression in transgenic zebrafish (asip1-Tg) enhances growth, yet experiments show fish overexpressing Asip1 do not develop obesity even under severe feeding regimes. Asip1-Tg fish do not need to eat more to grow larger and faster; thus, increased food efficiency can be observed. In addition, asip1-Tg fish reared at high density are able to grow far more than wild-type (WT) fish reared at low density, although asip1-Tg fish seem to be more sensitive to crowding stress than WT fish, thus making the melanocortin system a target for sustainable aquaculture, especially as the U.S. Food and Drug Association has recently approved transgenic fish trading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Godino-Gimeno
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellon, Spain
| | - Elisa Sánchez
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellon, Spain
| | - Raúl Guillot
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellon, Spain
| | - Ana Rocha
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal.,MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Anna Rita Angotzi
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellon, Spain
| | - Esther Leal
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellon, Spain
| | - Josep Rotllant
- Department of Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, IIM-CSIC, Vigo, Spain
| | - José Miguel Cerdá-Reverter
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellon, Spain
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23
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Zhou A, Xie S, Feng Y, Sun D, Liu S, Sun Z, Li M, Zhang C, Zou J. Insights Into the Albinism Mechanism for Two Distinct Color Morphs of Northern Snakehead, Channa argus Through Histological and Transcriptome Analyses. Front Genet 2020; 11:830. [PMID: 33193565 PMCID: PMC7530302 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The great northern snakehead (Channa argus) is one of the most important economic and conservational fish in China. In this study, the melanocytes in the skin of two distinct color morphs C. argus were investigated and compared through employment of the microscopic analysis, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson Fontana staining. Our results demonstrated the uneven distribution of melanocytes with extremely low density and most of them were in the state of aging or death. Meanwhile, there was no obvious pigment layer and melanocytes distribution pattern found in the albino-type (AT), while the melanocytes were evenly distributed with abundance in the bicolor-type (BT). The transcriptome analysis through Illumina HiSeq sequencing showed that a total of 34.93 Gb Clean Data was obtained, and Q30 base percentage reached 92.66%. The BT and AT northern snakeheads transcriptome data included a total of 56,039,701 and 60,410,063 clean reads (n = 3), respectively. In gene expression analyses, the sample correlation coefficients (r) were ranged between 0.92 and 1.00; the contribution of PC1 and PC2 were 50.25 and 13.73% by using PCA cluster analysis, the total number of DEGs were 1024 (559 up-regulated and 465 down-regulated), and the number of annotated DEGs was 767 (COG 172, KEGG 262, GO 288, SwissProt 548, Pfam 579 and NR 765). Additionally, 46,363 ± 873 and 44,947 ± 392 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were compiled via genetic structure analysis, respectively. Ten key pigment-related genes were screened using qRT-PCR. And all of them revealed extremely higher expression levels in the skin of BT than those of AT. This is the first study to analyze the mechanism of albino characteristics of Channa via histology and transcriptomics, and also provide the oretical and practical support for the protection and development of germplasm resources for C. argus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Zhou
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaolin Xie
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyong Feng
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Sun
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shulin Liu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuolin Sun
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingzhi Li
- Independent Researcher, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaonan Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jixing Zou
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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24
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Owen JP, Kelsh RN, Yates CA. A quantitative modelling approach to zebrafish pigment pattern formation. eLife 2020; 9:52998. [PMID: 32716296 PMCID: PMC7384860 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern formation is a key aspect of development. Adult zebrafish exhibit a striking striped pattern generated through the self-organisation of three different chromatophores. Numerous investigations have revealed a multitude of individual cell-cell interactions important for this self-organisation, but it has remained unclear whether these known biological rules were sufficient to explain pattern formation. To test this, we present an individual-based mathematical model incorporating all the important cell-types and known interactions. The model qualitatively and quantitatively reproduces wild type and mutant pigment pattern development. We use it to resolve a number of outstanding biological uncertainties, including the roles of domain growth and the initial iridophore stripe, and to generate hypotheses about the functions of leopard. We conclude that our rule-set is sufficient to recapitulate wild-type and mutant patterns. Our work now leads the way for further in silico exploration of the developmental and evolutionary implications of this pigment patterning system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Owen
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Robert N Kelsh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Christian A Yates
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
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25
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Scarabotti P, Govezensky T, Bolcatto P, Barrio RA. Universal model for the skin colouration patterns of neotropical catfishes of the genus Pseudoplatystoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12445. [PMID: 32709921 PMCID: PMC7381642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68700-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish skin colouration has been widely studied because it involves a variety of processes that are important to the broad field of the developmental biology. Mathematical modelling of fish skin patterning first predicted the existence of morphogens and helped to elucidate the mechanisms of pattern formation. The catfishes of the genus Pseudoplatystoma offer a good biological study model, since its species exhibit the most spectacular and amazing variations of colour patterns on the skin. They present labyrinths, closed loops (or cells), alternate spots and stripes, only spots and combinations of these. We have extended a well known mathematical model to study the skin of Pseudoplatystoma. The basic model is a two component, non-linear reaction diffusion system that presents a richness of bifurcations. The extended model assumes that there are two interacting cell/tissue layers in which morphogens diffuse and interact giving rise to the skin colouration pattern. We have found that by varying only two parameters we are able to accurately reproduce the distinct patterns found in all species of Pseudoplatystoma. The histological analysis of skin samples of two species of this genus, with different patterns, revealed differences on the disposition of the colouration cells that are consistent with our theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Scarabotti
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, UNL, CONICET, FHUC, Ruta 168 Km 0, Ciudad Universitaria, S3001XAI, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Tzipe Govezensky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, CD.MX., Mexico
| | - Pablo Bolcatto
- Instituto de Matemática Aplicada del Litoral, UNL, CONICET, FHUC, IMAL, Colectora Ruta Nac. 168 km 0, Paraje El Pozo, S3007ABA, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Rafael A Barrio
- Instituto de Física, U.N.A.M., Apdo. Postal 20-36, 01000, CD.MX., Mexico
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26
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Inaba M, Chuong CM. Avian Pigment Pattern Formation: Developmental Control of Macro- (Across the Body) and Micro- (Within a Feather) Level of Pigment Patterns. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:620. [PMID: 32754601 PMCID: PMC7365947 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal color patterns are of interest to many fields, such as developmental biology, evolutionary biology, ethology, mathematical biology, bio-mimetics, etc. The skin provides easy access to experimentation and analysis enabling the developmental pigment patterning process to be analyzed at the cellular and molecular level. Studies in animals with distinct pigment patterns (such as zebrafish, horse, feline, etc.) have revealed some genetic information underlying color pattern formation. Yet, how the complex pigment patterns in diverse avian species are established remains an open question. Here we summarize recent progress. Avian plumage shows color patterns occurring at different spatial levels. The two main levels are macro- (across the body) and micro- (within a feather) pigment patterns. At the cellular level, colors are mainly produced by melanocytes generating eumelanin (black) and pheomelanin (yellow, orange). These melanin-based patterns are regulated by melanocyte migration, differentiation, cell death, and/or interaction with neighboring skin cells. In addition, non-melanin chemical pigments and structural colors add more colors to the available palette in different cell types or skin regions. We discuss classic and recent tissue transplantation experiments that explore the avian pigment patterning process and some potential molecular mechanisms. We find color patterns can be controlled autonomously by melanocytes but also non-autonomously by dermal cells. Complex plumage color patterns are generated by the combination of these multi-scale patterning mechanisms. These interactions can be further modulated by environmental factors such as sex hormones, which generate striking sexual dimorphic colors in avian integuments and can also be influenced by seasons and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Inaba
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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27
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Liang Y, Gerwin J, Meyer A, Kratochwil CF. Developmental and Cellular Basis of Vertical Bar Color Patterns in the East African Cichlid Fish Haplochromis latifasciatus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:62. [PMID: 32117987 PMCID: PMC7026194 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The East African adaptive radiations of cichlid fishes are renowned for their diversity in coloration. Yet, the developmental basis of pigment pattern formation remains largely unknown. One of the most common melanic patterns in cichlid fishes are vertical bar patterns. Here we describe the ontogeny of this conspicuous pattern in the Lake Kyoga species Haplochromis latifasciatus. Beginning with the larval stages we tracked the formation of this stereotypic color pattern and discovered that its macroscopic appearance is largely explained by an increase in melanophore density and accumulation of melanin during the first 3 weeks post-fertilization. The embryonal analysis is complemented with cytological quantifications of pigment cells in adult scales and the dermis beneath the scales. In adults, melanic bars are characterized by a two to threefold higher density of melanophores than in the intervening yellow interbars. We found no strong support for differences in other pigment cell types such as xanthophores. Quantitative PCRs for twelve known pigmentation genes showed that expression of melanin synthesis genes tyr and tyrp1a is increased five to sixfold in melanic bars, while xanthophore and iridophore marker genes are not differentially expressed. In summary, we provide novel insights on how vertical bars, one of the most widespread vertebrate color patterns, are formed through dynamic control of melanophore density, melanin synthesis and melanosome dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Liang
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jan Gerwin
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Axel Meyer
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Claudius F Kratochwil
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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28
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Patterson LB, Parichy DM. Zebrafish Pigment Pattern Formation: Insights into the Development and Evolution of Adult Form. Annu Rev Genet 2019; 53:505-530. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-112618-043741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate pigment patterns are diverse and fascinating adult traits that allow animals to recognize conspecifics, attract mates, and avoid predators. Pigment patterns in fish are among the most amenable traits for studying the cellular basis of adult form, as the cells that produce diverse patterns are readily visible in the skin during development. The genetic basis of pigment pattern development has been most studied in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Zebrafish adults have alternating dark and light horizontal stripes, resulting from the precise arrangement of three main classes of pigment cells: black melanophores, yellow xanthophores, and iridescent iridophores. The coordination of adult pigment cell lineage specification and differentiation with specific cellular interactions and morphogenetic behaviors is necessary for stripe development. Besides providing a nice example of pattern formation responsible for an adult trait of zebrafish, stripe-forming mechanisms also provide a conceptual framework for posing testable hypotheses about pattern diversification more broadly. Here, we summarize what is known about lineages and molecular interactions required for pattern formation in zebrafish, we review some of what is known about pattern diversification in Danio, and we speculate on how patterns in more distant teleosts may have evolved to produce a stunningly diverse array of patterns in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M. Parichy
- Department of Biology and Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
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29
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Irion U, Nüsslein-Volhard C. The identification of genes involved in the evolution of color patterns in fish. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 57:31-38. [PMID: 31421397 PMCID: PMC6838669 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The genetic basis of morphological variation, both within and between species, provides a major topic in evolutionary biology. Teleost fish produce most elaborate color patterns, and among the more than 20000 species a number have been chosen for more detailed analyses because they are suitable to study particular aspects of color pattern evolution. In several fish species, color variants and pattern variants have been collected, transcriptome analyses have been carried out, and the recent advent of gene editing tools, such as CRISPR/Cas9, has allowed the production of mutants. Covering mostly the literature from the last three years, we discuss the cellular basis of coloration and the identification of loci involved in color pattern differences between sister species in cichlids and Danio species, in which cis-regulatory changes seem to prevail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Irion
- Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
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30
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Cal L, Suarez‐Bregua P, Braasch I, Irion U, Kelsh R, Cerdá‐Reverter JM, Rotllant J. Loss‐of‐function mutations in the melanocortin 1 receptor cause disruption of dorso‐ventral countershading in teleost fish. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 32:817-828. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cal
- Department of Biotechnology & Aquaculture, FishBioTech Lab. Institute of Marine Research (IIM‐CSIC) Vigo Spain
| | - Paula Suarez‐Bregua
- Department of Biotechnology & Aquaculture, FishBioTech Lab. Institute of Marine Research (IIM‐CSIC) Vigo Spain
| | - Ingo Braasch
- Department of Integrative Biology, Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Uwe Irion
- Max‐Planck‐Institute of Developmental Biology Tübingen Germany
| | - Robert Kelsh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Regenerative Medicine University of Bath Bath UK
| | - Jose Miguel Cerdá‐Reverter
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology Institute of Aquaculture from Torre la Sal (IATS‐CSIC) Castellon Spain
| | - Josep Rotllant
- Department of Biotechnology & Aquaculture, FishBioTech Lab. Institute of Marine Research (IIM‐CSIC) Vigo Spain
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31
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Li BJ, Zhu ZX, Gu XH, Lin HR, Xia JH. QTL Mapping for Red Blotches in Malaysia Red Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 21:384-395. [PMID: 30863905 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-019-09888-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Body color is an interesting economic trait in fish. Red tilapia with red blotches may decrease its commercial values. Conventional selection of pure red color lines is a time-consuming and labor-intensive process. To accelerate selection of pure lines through marker-assisted selection, in this study, double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq) technology was applied to genotype a full-sib mapping family of Malaysia red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) (N = 192). Genome-wide significant quantitative trait locus (QTL)-controlling red blotches were mapped onto two chromosomes (chrLG5 and chrLG15) explaining 9.7% and 8.2% of phenotypic variances by a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and linkage-based QTL mapping. Six SNPs from the chromosome chrLG5 (four), chrLG15 (one), and unplaced supercontig GL831288-1 (one) were significantly associated to the red blotch trait in GWAS analysis. We developed nine microsatellite markers and validated significant correlations between genotypes and blotch data (p < 0.05). Our study laid a foundation for exploring a genetic mechanism of body colors and carrying out genetic improvement for color quality in tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong Xian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Hui Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Ran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Hong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
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32
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Djurdjevič I, Furmanek T, Miyazawa S, Sušnik Bajec S. Comparative transcriptome analysis of trout skin pigment cells. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:359. [PMID: 31072301 PMCID: PMC6509846 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5714-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enormous variability in skin colour and patterning is a characteristic of teleost fish, including Salmonidae fishes, which present themselves as a suitable model for studying mechanisms of pigment patterning. In order to screen for candidate genes potentially involved in the specific skin pigment pattern in marble trout (labyrinthine skin pattern) and brown trout (spotted skin pattern), we conducted comparative transcriptome analysis between differently pigmented dermis sections of the adult skin of the two species. RESULTS Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) possibly associated with skin pigment pattern were identified. The expression profile of 27 DEGs was further tested with quantitative real-time PCR on a larger number of samples. Expression of a subset of ten of these genes was analysed in hybrid (marble x brown) trout individuals and compared with the complexity of their skin pigment pattern. A correlation between the phenotype and the expression profile assessed for hybrid individuals was detected for four (gja5, clcn2, cdkn1a and tjp1) of the ten candidate genes tested. The potential role of these genes in skin pigment pattern maintenance is discussed. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the maintenance of different pigment patterns in trout is dependent upon specific communication-involving gap junctions, tight junctions and ion channels-between chromatophores present in differentially pigmented skin regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Djurdjevič
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, SI-1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | | | - Seita Miyazawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Simona Sušnik Bajec
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, SI-1230 Domžale, Slovenia
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33
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Hosseini S, Ha NT, Simianer H, Falker-Gieske C, Brenig B, Franke A, Hörstgen-Schwark G, Tetens J, Herzog S, Sharifi AR. Genetic mechanism underlying sexual plasticity and its association with colour patterning in zebrafish (Danio rerio). BMC Genomics 2019; 20:341. [PMID: 31060508 PMCID: PMC6503382 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5722-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated water temperature, as is expected through climate change, leads to masculinization in fish species with sexual plasticity, resulting in changes in population dynamics. These changes are one important ecological consequence, contributing to the risk of extinction in small and inbred fish populations under natural conditions, due to male-biased sex ratio. Here we investigated the effect of elevated water temperature during embryogenesis on sex ratio and sex-biased gene expression profiles between two different tissues, namely gonad and caudal fin of adult zebrafish males and females, to gain new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying sex determination (SD) and colour patterning related to sexual attractiveness. RESULTS Our study demonstrated sex ratio imbalances with 25.5% more males under high-temperature condition, resulting from gonadal masculinization. The result of transcriptome analysis showed a significantly upregulated expression of male SD genes (e.g. dmrt1, amh, cyp11c1 and sept8b) and downregulation of female SD genes (e.g. zp2.1, vtg1, cyp19a1a and bmp15) in male gonads compared to female gonads. Contrary to expectations, we found highly differential expression of colour pattern (CP) genes in the gonads, suggesting the 'neofunctionalisation' of those genes in the zebrafish reproduction system. However, in the caudal fin, no differential expression of CP genes was identified, suggesting the observed differences in colouration between males and females in adult fish may be due to post-transcriptional regulation of key enzymes involved in pigment synthesis and distribution. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates male-biased sex ratio under high temperature condition and support a polygenic SD (PSD) system in laboratory zebrafish. We identify a subset of pathways (tight junction, gap junction and apoptosis), enriched for SD and CP genes, which appear to be co-regulated in the same pathway, providing evidence for involvement of those genes in the regulation of phenotypic sexual dimorphism in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrbanou Hosseini
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany. .,Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Ngoc-Thuy Ha
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Henner Simianer
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Clemens Falker-Gieske
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bertram Brenig
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Jens Tetens
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Herzog
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Goettingen, Germany.,Department for Computational Neuroscience, 3rd Physics Institute-Biophysics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ahmad Reza Sharifi
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Cal L, Suarez-Bregua P, Comesaña P, Owen J, Braasch I, Kelsh R, Cerdá-Reverter JM, Rotllant J. Countershading in zebrafish results from an Asip1 controlled dorsoventral gradient of pigment cell differentiation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3449. [PMID: 30837630 PMCID: PMC6401153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dorso-ventral (DV) countershading is a highly-conserved pigmentary adaptation in vertebrates. In mammals, spatially regulated expression of agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) generates the difference in shading by driving a switch between the production of chemically-distinct melanins in melanocytes in dorsal and ventral regions. In contrast, fish countershading seemed to result from a patterned DV distribution of differently-coloured cell-types (chromatophores). Despite the cellular differences in the basis for counter-shading, previous observations suggested that Agouti signaling likely played a role in this patterning process in fish. To test the hypotheses that Agouti regulated counter-shading in fish, and that this depended upon spatial regulation of the numbers of each chromatophore type, we engineered asip1 homozygous knockout mutant zebrafish. We show that loss-of-function asip1 mutants lose DV countershading, and that this results from changed numbers of multiple pigment cell-types in the skin and on scales. Our findings identify asip1 as key in the establishment of DV countershading in fish, but show that the cellular mechanism for translating a conserved signaling gradient into a conserved pigmentary phenotype has been radically altered in the course of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cal
- Deparment of Biotechnology and Aquaculture. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, IIM-CSIC, Vigo, 36208, Spain
| | - Paula Suarez-Bregua
- Deparment of Biotechnology and Aquaculture. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, IIM-CSIC, Vigo, 36208, Spain
| | - Pilar Comesaña
- Deparment of Biotechnology and Aquaculture. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, IIM-CSIC, Vigo, 36208, Spain
| | - Jennifer Owen
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Ingo Braasch
- Department of Integrative Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Robert Kelsh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | | | - Josep Rotllant
- Deparment of Biotechnology and Aquaculture. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, IIM-CSIC, Vigo, 36208, Spain.
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Qian L, Qi S, Cao F, Zhang J, Li C, Song M, Wang C. Effects of penthiopyrad on the development and behaviour of zebrafish in early-life stages. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:184-194. [PMID: 30265925 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The agricultural use of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides has increased dramatically in the US and Europe. As the SDHI fungicides, boscalid, flutolanil and thifluzamide had been reported to induce a series of toxic effects on zebrafish. However, the toxic effects of penthiopyrad on zebrafish have not been reported yet. This study aimed to assess the acute toxicity of penthiopyrad to zebrafish in early-life stages and investigate behavioural response of larvae and the effects on lipid metabolism and pigmentation under sub-lethal exposure of penthiopyrad. Based on results of the acute toxicity tests of zebrafish embryo and larvae, penthiopyrad had an acute toxicity to early-life stages of zebrafish and induced a series of deformities during development. Based on the results of sub-lethal exposure for 8 days, penthiopyrad resulted in significant decreases in swimming velocity, acceleration speed, distance moved and inactive time of larvae at 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 mg/L. Penthiopyrad induced the disorders of lipid metabolism via affecting fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation, in accordance with remarkable changes in the content of triglycerides and cholesterol and the expression of key genes (hmgcrα, pparα1, srebf1, cyp51 and acca1) at 1.2 mg/L. In addition, the disorder of melanin synthesis and distribution was caused by penthiopyrad in larvae in accordance with changes in body colour and related gene expression at 8 dpe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Qian
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Suzhen Qi
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Bee Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangjie Cao
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Changping Li
- Plant Protection Station, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Song
- Institute of Agricultural Research, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengju Wang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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36
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Kratochwil CF, Liang Y, Gerwin J, Woltering JM, Urban S, Henning F, Machado-Schiaffino G, Hulsey CD, Meyer A. Agouti-related peptide 2 facilitates convergent evolution of stripe patterns across cichlid fish radiations. Science 2018; 362:457-460. [PMID: 30361373 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao6809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The color patterns of African cichlid fishes provide notable examples of phenotypic convergence. Across the more than 1200 East African rift lake species, melanic horizontal stripes have evolved numerous times. We discovered that regulatory changes of the gene agouti-related peptide 2 (agrp2) act as molecular switches controlling this evolutionarily labile phenotype. Reduced agrp2 expression is convergently associated with the presence of stripe patterns across species flocks. However, cis-regulatory mutations are not predictive of stripes across radiations, suggesting independent regulatory mechanisms. Genetic mapping confirms the link between the agrp2 locus and stripe patterns. The crucial role of agrp2 is further supported by a CRISPR-Cas9 knockout that reconstitutes stripes in a nonstriped cichlid. Thus, we unveil how a single gene affects the convergent evolution of a complex color pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudius F Kratochwil
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany. .,Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology (IMPRS-OB), Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Yipeng Liang
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jan Gerwin
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology (IMPRS-OB), Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Urban
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology (IMPRS-OB), Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Frederico Henning
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Machado-Schiaffino
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Functional Biology, Area of Genetics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - C Darrin Hulsey
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology (IMPRS-OB), Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Axel Meyer
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany. .,International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology (IMPRS-OB), Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Konstanz, Germany
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37
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Qian L, Cui F, Yang Y, Liu Y, Qi S, Wang C. Mechanisms of developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) induced by boscalid. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:478-487. [PMID: 29631138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Boscalid has been widely used for controlling various plant diseases. It is one of the most frequently detected pesticides in main coastal estuaries in California, with concentrations as high as 36μg/L, but its ecotoxicology information is scarce. To assess the aquatic risk of boscalid, acute toxicity and sub-lethal developmental toxicity toward zebrafish embryos were determined in the present study. In the acute toxicity test, a series of toxic symptoms of embryos were observed, including abnormal spontaneous movement, slow heartbeat, yolk sac oedema, pericardial oedema, spine deformation and hatching inhibition, and 96-h-LC50 (50% lethal concentration) of boscalid toward zebrafish embryos was 2.65 (2.506-2.848)mg/L. From the results of the sub-lethal developmental toxicity test, boscalid was confirmed to have a great impact on development mechanisms of zebrafish embryos. Cell apoptosis in embryos was induced by boscalid with upregulation of genes in the cell apoptosis and an increase of capspase-3 and caspase-9 activity in the present study. Lipid metabolism was affected in embryos due to changes in gene expression and the contents of total triacylglyceride and cholesterol. Melanin synthesis and deposition was caused in embryos due to alterations in related gene expression. Overall, changes in cell apoptosis, lipid metabolism and melanin synthesis and deposition might be responsible for developmental toxicity of boscalid to zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Qian
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Cui
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Suzhen Qi
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Bee Products Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Chengju Wang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Teleost Fish-Specific Preferential Retention of Pigmentation Gene-Containing Families After Whole Genome Duplications in Vertebrates. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:1795-1806. [PMID: 29599177 PMCID: PMC5940169 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate pigmentation is a highly diverse trait mainly determined by neural crest cell derivatives. It has been suggested that two rounds (1R/2R) of whole-genome duplications (WGDs) at the basis of vertebrates allowed changes in gene regulation associated with neural crest evolution. Subsequently, the teleost fish lineage experienced other WGDs, including the teleost-specific Ts3R before teleost radiation and the more recent Ss4R at the basis of salmonids. As the teleost lineage harbors the highest number of pigment cell types and pigmentation diversity in vertebrates, WGDs might have contributed to the evolution and diversification of the pigmentation gene repertoire in teleosts. We have compared the impact of the basal vertebrate 1R/2R duplications with that of the teleost-specific Ts3R and salmonid-specific Ss4R WGDs on 181 gene families containing genes involved in pigmentation. We show that pigmentation genes (PGs) have been globally more frequently retained as duplicates than other genes after Ts3R and Ss4R but not after the early 1R/2R. This is also true for non-pigmentary paralogs of PGs, suggesting that the function in pigmentation is not the sole key driver of gene retention after WGDs. On the long-term, specific categories of PGs have been repeatedly preferentially retained after ancient 1R/2R and Ts3R WGDs, possibly linked to the molecular nature of their proteins (e.g., DNA binding transcriptional regulators) and their central position in protein-protein interaction networks. Taken together, our results support a major role of WGDs in the diversification of the pigmentation gene repertoire in the teleost lineage, with a possible link with the diversity of pigment cell lineages observed in these animals compared to other vertebrates.
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Cal L, Megías M, Cerdá-Reverter JM, Postlethwait JH, Braasch I, Rotllant J. BAC Recombineering of the Agouti Loci from Spotted Gar and Zebrafish Reveals the Evolutionary Ancestry of Dorsal-Ventral Pigment Asymmetry in Fish. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2017; 328:697-708. [PMID: 28544213 PMCID: PMC5653409 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dorsoventral pigment patterning, characterized by a light ventrum and a dark dorsum, is one of the most widespread chromatic adaptations in vertebrate body coloration. In mammals, this countershading depends on differential expression of agouti-signaling protein (ASIP), which drives a switch of synthesis of one type of melanin to another within melanocytes. Teleost fish share countershading, but the pattern results from a differential distribution of multiple types of chromatophores, with black-brown melanophores most abundant in the dorsal body and reflective iridophores most abundant in the ventral body. We previously showed that Asip1 (a fish ortholog of mammalian ASIP) plays a role in patterning melanophores. This observation leads to the surprising hypothesis that agouti may control an evolutionarily conserved pigment pattern by regulating different mechanisms in mammals and fish. To test this hypothesis, we compared two ray-finned fishes: the teleost zebrafish and the nonteleost spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus). By examining the endogenous pattern of asip1 expression in gar, we demonstrate a dorsoventral-graded distribution of asip1 expression that is highest ventrally, similar to teleosts. Additionally, in the first reported experiments to generate zebrafish transgenic lines carrying a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) from spotted gar, we show that both transgenic zebrafish lines embryos replicate the endogenous asip1 expression pattern in adult zebrafish, showing that BAC transgenes from both species contain all of the regulatory elements required for regular asip1 expression within adult ray-finned fishes. These experiments provide evidence that the mechanism leading to an environmentally important pigment pattern was likely in place before the origin of teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC. Vigo, 36208, Spain
| | - Manuel Megías
- Neurolam Group, Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, 36310-Vigo, Spain
| | | | | | - Ingo Braasch
- Department of Integrative Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Josep Rotllant
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC. Vigo, 36208, Spain
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40
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Cal L, Suarez-Bregua P, Cerdá-Reverter JM, Braasch I, Rotllant J. Fish pigmentation and the melanocortin system. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 211:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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41
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Nüsslein-Volhard C, Singh AP. How fish color their skin: A paradigm for development and evolution of adult patterns: Multipotency, plasticity, and cell competition regulate proliferation and spreading of pigment cells in Zebrafish coloration. Bioessays 2017; 39. [PMID: 28176337 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pigment cells in zebrafish - melanophores, iridophores, and xanthophores - originate from neural crest-derived stem cells associated with the dorsal root ganglia of the peripheral nervous system. Clonal analysis indicates that these progenitors remain multipotent and plastic beyond embryogenesis well into metamorphosis, when the adult color pattern develops. Pigment cells share a lineage with neuronal cells of the peripheral nervous system; progenitors propagate along the spinal nerves. The proliferation of pigment cells is regulated by competitive interactions among cells of the same type. An even spacing involves collective migration and contact inhibition of locomotion of the three cell types distributed in superimposed monolayers in the skin. This mode of coloring the skin is probably common to fish, whereas different patterns emerge by species specific cell interactions among the different pigment cell types. These interactions are mediated by channels involved in direct cell contact between the pigment cells, as well as unknown cues provided by the tissue environment.
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42
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Huang Y, Luo Y, Liu J, Gui S, Wang M, Liu W, Peng L, Xiao Y. A light-colored region of caudal fin: a niche of melanocyte progenitors in crucian carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Cell Biol Int 2016; 41:42-50. [PMID: 27797132 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Melanocyte stem cells are a population of immature cells which sustain the self-renewal and replenish the differentiated melanocytes. In this research, a light-colored region (LCR) is observed at the heel of caudal fin in juvenile crucian carp. By cutting off the caudal fin, the operated caudal fin can regenerate in accordance with the original pigment pattern from the retained LCR. As markers of stem cells, Oct4 and Sox2 have been found to be highly expressed in the LCR as well as Mitfa, a label of the melanoblasts. In vitro, Mitfa+ melanoblasts are observed in the cells which are derived from the LCR and transfected with Mitfa-EGFP reporter by using Tol2 transposon system. Furthermore, by real-time qPCR, it is shown that the level of sox2 mRNA is gradually decreased from the LCR to proximal and distal caudal fin, and that of mitfa mRNA in the proximal caudal fin (PCF) is higher than that in the LCR, while it is the lowest in the distal caudal fin. Hence, we propose that the LCR is a pigment progenitor niche, sending melanocytes to the distal of caudal fin, which gradually emerges as caudal fin grow. We reveal that the LCR of caudal fin might be a niche of pigment progenitors, and contribute to pigment-producing stem cells in crucian carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Huang
- Key Lab of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Education Ministry of China, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yurong Luo
- Key Lab of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Education Ministry of China, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jinhui Liu
- Key Lab of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Education Ministry of China, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Saiyu Gui
- Key Lab of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Education Ministry of China, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Key Lab of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Education Ministry of China, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Key Lab of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Education Ministry of China, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Liangyue Peng
- Key Lab of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Education Ministry of China, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yamei Xiao
- Key Lab of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Education Ministry of China, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
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43
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Singh AP, Dinwiddie A, Mahalwar P, Schach U, Linker C, Irion U, Nüsslein-Volhard C. Pigment Cell Progenitors in Zebrafish Remain Multipotent through Metamorphosis. Dev Cell 2016; 38:316-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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44
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Guillot R, Cortés R, Navarro S, Mischitelli M, García-Herranz V, Sánchez E, Cal L, Navarro JC, Míguez JM, Afanasyev S, Krasnov A, Cone RD, Rotllant J, Cerdá-Reverter JM. Behind melanocortin antagonist overexpression in the zebrafish brain: A behavioral and transcriptomic approach. Horm Behav 2016; 82:87-100. [PMID: 27156808 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin signaling is regulated by the binding of naturally occurring antagonists, agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) and agouti-related protein (AGRP) that compete with melanocortin peptides by binding to melanocortin receptors to regulate energy balance and growth. Using a transgenic model overexpressing ASIP, we studied the involvement of melanocortin system in the feeding behaviour, growth and stress response of zebrafish. Our data demonstrate that ASIP overexpression results in enhanced growth but not obesity. The differential growth is explained by increased food intake and feeding efficiency mediated by a differential sensitivity of the satiety system that seems to involve the cocaine- and amphetamine- related transcript (CART). Stress response was similar in both genotypes. Brain transcriptome of transgenic (ASIP) vs wild type (WT) fish was compared using microarrays. WT females and males exhibited 255 genes differentially expressed (DEG) but this difference was reduced to 31 after ASIP overexpression. Statistical analysis revealed 1122 DEG when considering only fish genotype but 1066 and 981 DEG when comparing ASIP males or females with their WT counterparts, respectively. Interaction between genotype and sex significantly affected the expression of 97 genes. Several neuronal systems involved in the control of food intake were identified which displayed a differential expression according to the genotype of the fish that unravelling the flow of melanocortinergic information through the central pathways that controls the energy balance. The information provided herein will help to elucidate new central systems involved in control of obesity and should be of invaluable use for sustaining fish production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Guillot
- Control of Food Intake Group, Department of Fish Physiolgy and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain, 12595
| | - Raúl Cortés
- Control of Food Intake Group, Department of Fish Physiolgy and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain, 12595
| | - Sandra Navarro
- Control of Food Intake Group, Department of Fish Physiolgy and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain, 12595
| | - Morena Mischitelli
- Control of Food Intake Group, Department of Fish Physiolgy and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain, 12595
| | - Víctor García-Herranz
- Control of Food Intake Group, Department of Fish Physiolgy and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain, 12595
| | - Elisa Sánchez
- Control of Food Intake Group, Department of Fish Physiolgy and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain, 12595
| | - Laura Cal
- Aquatic Molecular Pathobiology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Navarro
- Lipid Group, Department of Biology, Culture and Pathology of Marine Species, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain, 12595
| | - Jesús M Míguez
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain, 36310
| | - Sergey Afanasyev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, M. Toreza Av. 44, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
| | - Aleksei Krasnov
- Nofima Marine, Norwegian Institutes of Food, Fisheries & Aquaculture Research, 5010 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Roger D Cone
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 702 Light Hall (0165),, Nashville, TN 37232-0165, United States
| | - Josep Rotllant
- Aquatic Molecular Pathobiology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
| | - Jose Miguel Cerdá-Reverter
- Control of Food Intake Group, Department of Fish Physiolgy and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain, 12595.
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45
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Irion U, Singh AP, Nüsslein-Volhard C. The Developmental Genetics of Vertebrate Color Pattern Formation. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 117:141-69. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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