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de Looff PC, Noordzij ML, Nijman HLI, Goedhard L, Bogaerts S, Didden R. Putting the usability of wearable technology in forensic psychiatry to the test: a randomized crossover trial. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1330993. [PMID: 38947186 PMCID: PMC11212012 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1330993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Forensic psychiatric patients receive treatment to address their violent and aggressive behavior with the aim of facilitating their safe reintegration into society. On average, these treatments are effective, but the magnitude of effect sizes tends to be small, even when considering more recent advancements in digital mental health innovations. Recent research indicates that wearable technology has positive effects on the physical and mental health of the general population, and may thus also be of use in forensic psychiatry, both for patients and staff members. Several applications and use cases of wearable technology hold promise, particularly for patients with mild intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning, as these devices are thought to be user-friendly and provide continuous daily feedback. Method In the current randomized crossover trial, we addressed several limitations from previous research and compared the (continuous) usability and acceptance of four selected wearable devices. Each device was worn for one week by staff members and patients, amounting to a total of four weeks. Two of the devices were general purpose fitness trackers, while the other two devices used custom made applications designed for bio-cueing and for providing insights into physiological reactivity to daily stressors and events. Results Our findings indicated significant differences in usability, acceptance and continuous use between devices. The highest usability scores were obtained for the two fitness trackers (Fitbit and Garmin) compared to the two devices employing custom made applications (Sense-IT and E4 dashboard). The results showed similar outcomes for patients and staff members. Discussion None of the devices obtained usability scores that would justify recommendation for future use considering international standards; a finding that raises concerns about the adaptation and uptake of wearable technology in the context of forensic psychiatry. We suggest that improvements in gamification and motivational aspects of wearable technology might be helpful to tackle several challenges related to wearable technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C. de Looff
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Science and Treatment Innovation, Fivoor, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- National Expercentre Intellectual Disabilities and Severe Behavioral Problems, De Borg, Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs L. Noordzij
- Department of Psychology, Health and Technology, Twente University, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Henk L. I. Nijman
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Science and Treatment Innovation, Fivoor, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Stefan Bogaerts
- Science and Treatment Innovation, Fivoor, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Robert Didden
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Trajectum, Specialized and Forensic Care, Zwolle, Netherlands
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Tomasi J, Zai CC, Zai G, Herbert D, Richter MA, Mohiuddin AG, Tiwari AK, Kennedy JL. Investigating the association of anxiety disorders with heart rate variability measured using a wearable device. J Affect Disord 2024; 351:569-578. [PMID: 38272363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced vagally-mediated heart rate variability (HRV) has been associated with anxiety disorders (AD). The aim of this study was to use a wearable device and remote study design to re-evaluate the association of HRV with ADs, anxiety-related traits, and confounders. METHODS 240 individuals (AD = 120, healthy controls = 120) completed an at-home assessment of their short-term resting vagally-mediated HRV using a wristband, monitored over videoconference. Following quality control, analyses were performed investigating differences in HRV between individuals with AD (n = 119) and healthy controls (n = 116), associations of HRV with anxiety-related traits and confounders, and antidepressants effects on HRV in patients, including analyses stratified by ancestry (i.e., European, East Asian, African). RESULTS Among the confounders investigated, only age had a significant association with HRV. Patients with an AD had significantly lower vagally-mediated HRV than healthy controls in the European subsample, with a trend of significance in the whole sample. HRV was significantly associated with the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) but not with antidepressant use in the European subsample. LIMITATIONS The study measures occurred in a non-standardized at-home setting, and the three ancestry group sample sizes were unequal. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates reduced vagally-mediated HRV among patients with ADs compared to healthy controls. Results also point to low HRV being related to more physical anxiety symptoms (measured via HAM-A), suggesting a possible anxiety subtype. Overall, this study highlights the feasibility of using wearables for patients and encourages exploration of the biological and clinical utility of HRV as a risk factor for ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tomasi
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Clement C Zai
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, United States of America
| | - Gwyneth Zai
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; OCD and Anxiety Disorders Services, General Adult Psychiatry and Health Systems Division, CAMH, Toronto, Canada
| | - Deanna Herbert
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada
| | - Margaret A Richter
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Frederick W. Thompson Anxiety Disorders Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ayeshah G Mohiuddin
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada
| | - Arun K Tiwari
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James L Kennedy
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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de Zambotti M, Goldstein C, Cook J, Menghini L, Altini M, Cheng P, Robillard R. State of the science and recommendations for using wearable technology in sleep and circadian research. Sleep 2024; 47:zsad325. [PMID: 38149978 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Wearable sleep-tracking technology is of growing use in the sleep and circadian fields, including for applications across other disciplines, inclusive of a variety of disease states. Patients increasingly present sleep data derived from their wearable devices to their providers and the ever-increasing availability of commercial devices and new-generation research/clinical tools has led to the wide adoption of wearables in research, which has become even more relevant given the discontinuation of the Philips Respironics Actiwatch. Standards for evaluating the performance of wearable sleep-tracking devices have been introduced and the available evidence suggests that consumer-grade devices exceed the performance of traditional actigraphy in assessing sleep as defined by polysomnogram. However, clear limitations exist, for example, the misclassification of wakefulness during the sleep period, problems with sleep tracking outside of the main sleep bout or nighttime period, artifacts, and unclear translation of performance to individuals with certain characteristics or comorbidities. This is of particular relevance when person-specific factors (like skin color or obesity) negatively impact sensor performance with the potential downstream impact of augmenting already existing healthcare disparities. However, wearable sleep-tracking technology holds great promise for our field, given features distinct from traditional actigraphy such as measurement of autonomic parameters, estimation of circadian features, and the potential to integrate other self-reported, objective, and passively recorded health indicators. Scientists face numerous decision points and barriers when incorporating traditional actigraphy, consumer-grade multi-sensor devices, or contemporary research/clinical-grade sleep trackers into their research. Considerations include wearable device capabilities and performance, target population and goals of the study, wearable device outputs and availability of raw and aggregate data, and data extraction, processing, and analysis. Given the difficulties in the implementation and utilization of wearable sleep-tracking technology in real-world research and clinical settings, the following State of the Science review requested by the Sleep Research Society aims to address the following questions. What data can wearable sleep-tracking devices provide? How accurate are these data? What should be taken into account when incorporating wearable sleep-tracking devices into research? These outstanding questions and surrounding considerations motivated this work, outlining practical recommendations for using wearable technology in sleep and circadian research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano de Zambotti
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Lisa Health Inc., Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Cathy Goldstein
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jesse Cook
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luca Menghini
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Marco Altini
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Cheng
- Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca Robillard
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Canadian Sleep Research Consortium, Canada
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Hu X, Sgherza TR, Nothrup JB, Fresco DM, Naragon-Gainey K, Bylsma LM. From lab to life: Evaluating the reliability and validity of psychophysiological data from wearable devices in laboratory and ambulatory settings. Behav Res Methods 2024:10.3758/s13428-024-02387-3. [PMID: 38528248 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-024-02387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Despite the increasing popularity of ambulatory assessment, the reliability and validity of psychophysiological signals from wearable devices is unproven in daily life settings. We evaluated the reliability and validity of physiological signals (electrocardiogram, ECG; photoplethysmography, PPG; electrodermal activity, EDA) collected from two wearable devices (Movisens EcgMove4 and Empatica E4) in the lab (N = 67) and daily life (N = 20) among adults aged 18-64 with Mindware as the laboratory gold standard. Results revealed that both wearable devices' valid data rates in daily life were lower than in the laboratory (Movisens ECG 82.94 vs. 93.10%, Empatica PPG 8.79 vs. 26.14%, and Empatica EDA 41.16 vs. 42.67%, respectively). The poor valid data rates of Empatica PPG signals in the laboratory could be partially attributed to participants' hand movements (r = - .27, p = .03). In laboratory settings, heart rate (HR) derived from both wearable devices exhibited higher concurrent validity than heart rate variability (HRV) metrics (ICCs 0.98-1.00 vs. 0.75-0.97). The number of skin conductance responses (SCRs) derived from Empatica showed higher concurrent validity than skin conductance level (SCL, ICCs 0.38 vs. 0.09). Movisens EcgMove4 provided more reliable and valid HRV measurements than Empatica E4 in both laboratory (split-half reliability: 0.95-0.99 vs. 0.85-0.98; concurrent validity: 0.95-1.00 vs. 0.75-0.98; valid data rate: 93.10 vs. 26.14%) and ambulatory settings (split-half reliability: 0.99-1.00 vs. 0.89-0.98; valid data rate: 82.94 vs. 8.79%). Although the reliability and validity of wearable devices are improving, findings suggest researchers should select devices that yield consistently robust and valid data for their measures of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tanika R Sgherza
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jessie B Nothrup
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David M Fresco
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Lauren M Bylsma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Cui X, Wang J, Xue S, Qin Z, Peng CK. Quantifying the accuracy of inter-beat intervals acquired from consumer-grade photoplethysmography wristbands using an electrocardiogram-aided information-based similarity approach. Physiol Meas 2024; 45:035002. [PMID: 38387061 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ad2c14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Objective. Although inter-beat intervals (IBI) and the derived heart rate variability (HRV) can be acquired through consumer-grade photoplethysmography (PPG) wristbands and have been applied in a variety of physiological and psychophysiological conditions, their accuracy is still unsatisfactory.Approach.In this study, 30 healthy participants concurrently wore two wristbands (E4 and Honor 5) and a gold-standard electrocardiogram (ECG) device under four conditions: resting, deep breathing with a frequency of 0.17 Hz and 0.1 Hz, and mental stress tasks. To quantitatively validate the accuracy of IBI acquired from PPG wristbands, this study proposed to apply an information-based similarity (IBS) approach to quantify the pattern similarity of the underlying dynamical temporal structures embedded in IBI time series simultaneously recorded using PPG wristbands and the ECG system. The occurrence frequency of basic patterns and their rankings were analyzed to calculate the IBS distance from gold-standard IBI, and to further calculate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the wristband IBI time series.Main results.The accuracies of both HRV and mental state classification were not satisfactory due to the low SNR in the wristband IBI. However, by rejecting data segments of SNR < 25, the Pearson correlation coefficients between the wristbands' HRV and the gold-standard HRV were increased from 0.542 ± 0.235 to 0.922 ± 0.120 for E4 and from 0.596 ± 0.227 to 0.859 ± 0.145 for Honor 5. The average accuracy of four-class mental state classification increased from 77.3% to 81.9% for E4 and from 79.3% to 83.3% for Honor 5.Significance.Consumer-grade PPG wristbands are acceptable for HR and HRV monitoring when removing low SNR segments. The proposed method can be applied for quantifying the accuracies of IBI and HRV indices acquired via any non-ECG system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingran Cui
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Center for Nonlinear Dynamics in Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Xue
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeguang Qin
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chung-Kang Peng
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Center for Nonlinear Dynamics in Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Center for Dynamical Biomarkers, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
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Kiah Hui Siew S, Yu J, Teo TL, Chua KC, Mahendran R, Rawtaer I. Technology and physical activity for preventing cognitive and physical decline in older adults: Protocol of a pilot RCT. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293340. [PMID: 38394113 PMCID: PMC10889650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive frailty, defined as having both physical frailty and cognitive impairment that does not satisfy the criteria for Major Neurocognitive Disorder, represents an elevated risk for morbidity. Hence, it is crucial to mitigate such risks. Physical activity interventions have been found effective in protecting against physical frailty and cognitive deterioration. This pilot RCT examines if smartwatches and mobile phone applications can help to increase physical activity, thereby improving physical and cognitive outcomes. METHODS Older individuals (n = 60) aged 60 to 85 years old will have their physical activity tracked using a smartwatch. The subjects will be randomized into two arms: one group will receive daily notification prompts if they did not reach the recommended levels of PA; the control group will not receive prompts. Outcome variables of physical activity level, neurocognitive scores, and physical frailty scores will be measured at baseline, T1 (3 months), and T2 (6 months). Sleep quality, levels of motivation, anxiety, and depression will be controlled for in our analyses. We hypothesize that the intervention group will have higher levels of physical activity resulting in improved cognitive and physical outcomes at follow-up. This study was approved by the National University of Singapore's Institutional Review Board on 17 August 2020 (NUS-IRB Ref. No.: H-20-038). DISCUSSION Wearable sensors technology could prove useful by facilitating self-management in physical activity interventions. The findings of this study can justify the use of technology in physical activity as a preventive measure against cognitive frailty in older adults. This intervention also complements the rapidly rising use of technology, such as smartphones and wearable health devices, in our lives today. REGISTRATION DETAILS This study has been retrospectively registered on clinicaltrials.gov on 5th January 2021 (NCT Identifier: NCT04692974), after the first participant was recruited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah Kiah Hui Siew
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Junhong Yu
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tat Lee Teo
- School of Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kuang Chua Chua
- School of Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rathi Mahendran
- Yeo Boon Khim Mind Science Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Iris Rawtaer
- Department of Psychiatry, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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Giordano F, Mitrotti A, Losurdo A, Esposito F, Granata A, Pesino A, Rossini M, Natale P, Dileo V, Fiorentino M, Gesualdo L. Effect of music therapy intervention on anxiety and pain during percutaneous renal biopsy: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:2721-2727. [PMID: 38046004 PMCID: PMC10689136 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Percutaneous renal biopsy (PRB) may subject patients to emotional distress and pain before and during the biopsy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of complementary/non-pharmacological interventions such as music therapy (MT) on anxiety, pain and satisfaction in renal patients undergoing PRB. Methods A prospective, single-centre, single-blind, randomized controlled two-arm trial was conducted. Patients ≥18 years of age, hospitalized at the Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit (Bari, Italy) and scheduled for PRB were screened. Participants were assigned to standard treatment (CG) or to the music therapy (MT) intervention group. Participants in the MT group received standard care and an MT intervention by a certified music therapist qualified in guided imagery and music. The CG patients received the standard of care. MT and CG patients were subjected to identical measurements (pre/post) of the parameters in the State Trait Anxiety Inventory Y1 (STAI-Y1), visual analogue scale for pain (VAS-P) and satisfaction (VAS-S) and heart rate variability. Results A statistically significant difference in the anxiety scores after PRB between MT and CG patients (STAI-Y1 35.4 ± 6.2 versus 42.9 ± 9.0) was observed. MT also had strong and significant effects on VAS-P compared with CG (5.0 ± 1.4 versus 6.3 ± 1.3, respectively; P < .001) and VAS-S (7.8 ± 1.0 versus 6.0 ± 0.9, respectively; P < .001). Decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system was observed after PRB in the MT group. Conclusion Our study supports the use of MT to mitigate the psychological anxiety, pain and sympathetic activation associated with PRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Giordano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Adele Mitrotti
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonia Losurdo
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Granata
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, “Cannizzaro” Emergency Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pesino
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Rossini
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Natale
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Dileo
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Fiorentino
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Vondrasek JD, Riemann BL, Grosicki GJ, Flatt AA. Validity and Efficacy of the Elite HRV Smartphone Application during Slow-Paced Breathing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9496. [PMID: 38067869 PMCID: PMC10708620 DOI: 10.3390/s23239496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Slow-paced breathing is a clinical intervention used to increase heart rate variability (HRV). The practice is made more accessible via cost-free smartphone applications like Elite HRV. We investigated whether Elite HRV can accurately measure and augment HRV via its slow-paced breathing feature. Twenty young adults completed one counterbalanced cross-over protocol involving 10 min each of supine spontaneous (SPONT) and paced (PACED; 6 breaths·min-1) breathing while RR intervals were simultaneously recorded via a Polar H10 paired with Elite HRV and reference electrocardiography (ECG). Individual differences in HRV between devices were predominately skewed, reflecting a tendency for Elite HRV to underestimate ECG-derived values. Skewness was typically driven by a limited number of outliers as median bias values were ≤1.3 ms and relative agreement was ≥very large for time-domain parameters. Despite no significant bias and ≥large relative agreement for frequency-domain parameters, limits of agreement (LOAs) were excessively wide and tended to be wider during PACED for all HRV parameters. PACED significantly increased low-frequency power (LF) for Elite HRV and ECG, and between-condition differences showed very large relative agreement. Elite HRV-guided slow-paced breathing effectively increased LF values, but it demonstrated greater precision during SPONT and in computing time-domain HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Vondrasek
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University (Armstrong), 11935 Abercorn St., Savannah, GA 31419, USA; (B.L.R.); (G.J.G.); (A.A.F.)
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Thomassin K, McVey Neufeld S, Ansari N, Vogel N. Feasibility, Acceptability, and Usability of Physiology and Emotion Monitoring in Adults and Children Using the Novel Time2Feel Smartphone Application. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9470. [PMID: 38067844 PMCID: PMC10708754 DOI: 10.3390/s23239470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study tests the feasibility, acceptability, and utility of the novel smartphone application-Time2Feel-to monitor family members' emotional experiences, at the experiential and physiological level, and their context. To our knowledge, Time2Feel is the first of its kind, having the capability to monitor multiple members' emotional experiences simultaneously and survey users' emotional experiences when experiencing an increase in physiological arousal. In this study, a total of 44 parents and children used Time2Feel along with the Empatica E4 wrist-wearable device for 10 days. Engagement rates were within the acceptable range and consistent with previous work using experience sampling methods. Perceived ease of use and satisfaction fell mostly in the moderate range, with users reporting challenges with connectivity. We further discuss how addressing connectivity would increase acceptability. Finally, Time2Feel was successful at identifying physiological deviations in electrodermal activity for parents and children alike, and even though responses to those deviation-generated surveys were largely consistent with random survey responses, some differences were noted for mothers and fathers. We discuss the implications of using Time2Feel for understanding families' emotional and stressful experiences day-to-day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Thomassin
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.M.N.); (N.A.); (N.V.)
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Mattern E, Jackson RR, Doshmanziari R, Dewitte M, Varagnolo D, Knorn S. Emotion Recognition from Physiological Signals Collected with a Wrist Device and Emotional Recall. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1308. [PMID: 38002432 PMCID: PMC10669514 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10111308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Implementing affective engineering in real-life applications requires the ability to effectively recognize emotions using physiological measurements. Despite being a widely researched topic, there seems to be a lack of systems that translate results from data collected in a laboratory setting to higher technology readiness levels. In this paper, we delve into the feasibility of emotion recognition beyond controlled laboratory environments. For this reason, we create a minimally-invasive experimental setup by combining emotional recall via autobiographical emotion memory tasks with a user-friendly Empatica wristband measuring blood volume pressure, electrodermal activity, skin temperature, and acceleration. We employ standard practices of feature-based supervised learning and specifically use support vector machines to explore subject dependency through various segmentation methods. We collected data from 45 participants. After preprocessing, using a data set of 134 segments from 40 participants, the accuracy of the classifier after 10-fold cross-validation was barely better than random guessing (36% for four emotions). However, when extracting multiple segments from each emotion task per participant using 10-fold cross-validation (i.e., including subject-dependent data in the training set), the classification rate increased to up to 75% for four emotions but was still as low as 32% for leave-one-subject-out cross-validation (i.e., subject-independent training). We conclude that highly subject-dependent issues might pose emotion recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enni Mattern
- Chair of Control Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany; (E.M.); (R.R.J.); (S.K.)
| | - Roxanne R. Jackson
- Chair of Control Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany; (E.M.); (R.R.J.); (S.K.)
| | - Roya Doshmanziari
- Department of Engineering Cybernetics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 1, 7034 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Marieke Dewitte
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Minderbroedersberg 4–6, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Damiano Varagnolo
- Department of Engineering Cybernetics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 1, 7034 Trondheim, Norway;
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via VIII Febbraio, 2, 35122 Padova, PD, Italy
| | - Steffi Knorn
- Chair of Control Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany; (E.M.); (R.R.J.); (S.K.)
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11
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Schoffl J, Pozzato I, Rodrigues D, Arora M, Craig A. Pulse rate variability: An alternative to heart rate variability in adults with spinal cord injury. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14356. [PMID: 37287336 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pulse rate variability (PRV) is often used as an alternative to heart rate variability (HRV) to measure psychophysiological function. However, its validity to do so is unclear, especially in adults with spinal cord injury (SCI). This study compared PRV and HRV in adults with higher-level SCI (SCI-H, n = 23), lower-level SCI (SCI-L, n = 22), and able-bodied participants (AB n = 44), in a seated position as a function of performance in a reactivity task (Oxford Sleep Resistance Test: OSLER). PRV and HRV was measured using reflective finger-based photoplethysmography (PPG) and electrocardiography, respectively, at baseline, immediately post-OSLER, and after five-minute recovery. Agreement between PRV and HRV was determined by Bland-Altman analysis and differences between PRV and HRV over time by linear mixed effects model (LMM) analysis. Concurrent validity was assessed through correlation analyses between PRV and HRV. Additional correlation analyses were performed with psychosocial factors. Results indicated insufficient to moderate agreement between PRV and HRV. LMM analyses indicated no differences over time for standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals and low-frequency power but significant differences for root mean square of successive differences and high frequency power. Nevertheless, PRV and HRV were highly correlated (Median r = .878 (.675-.990)) during all assessment periods suggesting sufficient concurrent validity. Similar correlation patterns were also found for PRV and HRV with psychosocial outcomes. While differences existed, results suggest PRV derived from reflective finger-based PPG is a valid proxy of HRV in tracking psychophysiological function in adults with SCI and could therefore be used as a more accessible monitoring tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Schoffl
- John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, The Kolling Institute, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ilaria Pozzato
- John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, The Kolling Institute, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dianah Rodrigues
- John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, The Kolling Institute, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mohit Arora
- John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, The Kolling Institute, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ashley Craig
- John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, The Kolling Institute, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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12
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Frid LM, Kessler U, Ousdal OT, Hammar Å, Haavik J, Riemer F, Hirnstein M, Ersland L, Erchinger VJ, Ronold EH, Nygaard G, Jakobsen P, Craven AR, Osnes B, Alisauskiene R, Bartsch H, Le Hellard S, Stavrum AK, Oedegaard KJ, Oltedal L. Neurobiological mechanisms of ECT and TMS treatment in depression: study protocol of a multimodal magnetic resonance investigation. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:791. [PMID: 37904091 PMCID: PMC10617235 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive neurostimulation treatments are increasingly being used to treat major depression, which is a common cause of disability worldwide. While electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are both effective in treating depressive episodes, their mechanisms of action are, however, not completely understood. ECT is given under general anesthesia, where an electrical pulse is administered through electrodes placed on the patient's head to trigger a seizure. ECT is used for the most severe cases of depression and is usually not prescribed before other options have failed. With TMS, brain stimulation is achieved through rapidly changing magnetic fields that induce electric currents underneath a ferromagnetic coil. Its efficacy in depressive episodes has been well documented. This project aims to identify the neurobiological underpinnings of both the effects and side effects of the neurostimulation techniques ECT and TMS. METHODS The study will utilize a pre-post case control longitudinal design. The sample will consist of 150 subjects: 100 patients (bipolar and major depressive disorder) who are treated with either ECT (N = 50) or TMS (N = 50) and matched healthy controls (N = 50) not receiving any treatment. All participants will undergo multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as neuropsychological and clinical assessments at multiple time points before, during and after treatment. Arterial spin labeling MRI at baseline will be used to test whether brain perfusion can predict outcomes. Signs of brain disruption, potentiation and rewiring will be explored with resting-state functional MRI, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and multishell diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). Clinical outcome will be measured by clinician assessed and patient reported outcome measures. Memory-related side effects will be investigated, and specific tests of spatial navigation to test hippocampal function will be administered both before and after treatment. Blood samples will be stored in a biobank for future analyses. The observation time is 6 months. Data will be explored in light of the recently proposed disrupt, potentiate and rewire (DPR) hypothesis. DISCUSSION The study will contribute data and novel analyses important for our understanding of neurostimulation as well as for the development of enhanced and more personalized treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05135897.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Marie Frid
- Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ute Kessler
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Olga Therese Ousdal
- Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Åsa Hammar
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Office for Psychiatry and Habilitation, , Psychiatry Research Skåne, Region Skåne, Sweden
| | - Jan Haavik
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frank Riemer
- Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marco Hirnstein
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Ersland
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vera Jane Erchinger
- Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eivind Haga Ronold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gyrid Nygaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Petter Jakobsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- NORMENT, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alexander R Craven
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Berge Osnes
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Hauke Bartsch
- Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne-Kristin Stavrum
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ketil J Oedegaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- NORMENT, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Leif Oltedal
- Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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13
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Costantini S, Chiappini M, Malerba G, Dei C, Falivene A, Arlati S, Colombo V, Biffi E, Storm FA. Wrist-Worn Sensor Validation for Heart Rate Variability and Electrodermal Activity Detection in a Stressful Driving Environment. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8423. [PMID: 37896517 PMCID: PMC10611310 DOI: 10.3390/s23208423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors are widely used to gather psychophysiological data in the laboratory and real-world applications. However, the accuracy of these devices should be carefully assessed. The study focused on testing the accuracy of the Empatica 4 (E4) wristband for the detection of heart rate variability (HRV) and electrodermal activity (EDA) metrics in stress-inducing conditions and growing-risk driving scenarios. Fourteen healthy subjects were recruited for the experimental campaign, where HRV and EDA were recorded over six experimental conditions (Baseline, Video Clip, Scream, No-Risk Driving, Low-Risk Driving, and High-Risk Driving) and by means of two measurement systems: the E4 device and a gold standard system. The overall quality of the E4 data was investigated; agreement and reliability were assessed by performing a Bland-Altman analysis and by computing the Spearman's correlation coefficient. HRV time-domain parameters reported high reliability levels in Baseline (r > 0.72), Video Clip (r > 0.71), and No-Risk Driving (r > 0.67), while HRV frequency domain parameters were sufficient in Baseline (r > 0.58), Video Clip (r > 0.59), No-Risk (r > 0.51), and Low-Risk Driving (r > 0.52). As for the EDA parameters, no correlation was found. Further studies could enhance the HRV and EDA quality through further optimizations of the acquisition protocol and improvement of the processing algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Costantini
- Scientific Institute I.R.C.C.S. “E. Medea”, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.); (C.D.); (A.F.); (E.B.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Mattia Chiappini
- Scientific Institute I.R.C.C.S. “E. Medea”, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.); (C.D.); (A.F.); (E.B.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Giorgia Malerba
- Scientific Institute I.R.C.C.S. “E. Medea”, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.); (C.D.); (A.F.); (E.B.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Carla Dei
- Scientific Institute I.R.C.C.S. “E. Medea”, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.); (C.D.); (A.F.); (E.B.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Anna Falivene
- Scientific Institute I.R.C.C.S. “E. Medea”, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.); (C.D.); (A.F.); (E.B.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Sara Arlati
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, National Research Council of Italy, 23900 Lecco, Italy; (S.A.); (V.C.)
| | - Vera Colombo
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, National Research Council of Italy, 23900 Lecco, Italy; (S.A.); (V.C.)
| | - Emilia Biffi
- Scientific Institute I.R.C.C.S. “E. Medea”, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.); (C.D.); (A.F.); (E.B.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Fabio Alexander Storm
- Scientific Institute I.R.C.C.S. “E. Medea”, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.); (C.D.); (A.F.); (E.B.); (F.A.S.)
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14
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Stautland A, Jakobsen P, Fasmer OB, Osnes B, Torresen J, Nordgreen T, Oedegaard KJ. Reduced heart rate variability during mania in a repeated naturalistic observational study. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1250925. [PMID: 37743991 PMCID: PMC10513449 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1250925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic recurrent mood disorder associated with autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction, indexed by heart rate variability (HRV). Changes in HRV between mood states are sparsely studied longitudinally. We aimed to compare HRV of hospitalized manic individuals with their own euthymic selves in a naturalistic observational study. Methods 34 individuals were included, of which 16 were lost to follow-up. Ultimately 15 patients provided reliable heart rate data in both a manic and euthymic state, using photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor wristbands overnight. We calculated HRV measures Root Mean Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD), High-frequency (HF: 0.15-0.40 Hz), Low-frequency (LF: 0.40-0.15 Hz), Very low-frequency (VLF: 0.0033-0.04 Hz), Total power and Sample Entropy in 5-min night-time resting samples. We compared HRV measures by mood state within individuals using paired t-tests and linear regression to control for age and sex. Results HRV was lower in the manic state when compared to the euthymic state for all HRV metrics (p ≤ 0.02), with large to medium effect sizes (g = 1.24 to 0.65). HRV changes were not significantly affected by age or sex. Conclusion This longitudinal study provides evidence of lower HRV in manic states compared to euthymia, indicating an association between ANS dysregulation and changes in bipolar mood state. This corroborates previous cross-sectional studies, although the association may be less clear or reversed in hypomanic states. Further investigation in larger longitudinal samples is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stautland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Petter Jakobsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- NORMENT, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ole Bernt Fasmer
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- NORMENT, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Berge Osnes
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jim Torresen
- Department of Informatics and RITMO, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tine Nordgreen
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ketil J. Oedegaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- NORMENT, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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15
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Nolasco HR, Vargo A, Bohley N, Brinkhaus C, Kise K. Examining Participant Adherence with Wearables in an In-the-Wild Setting. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6479. [PMID: 37514773 PMCID: PMC10385768 DOI: 10.3390/s23146479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Wearable devices offer a wealth of data for ubiquitous computing researchers. For instance, sleep data from a wearable could be used to identify an individual's harmful habits. Recently, devices which are unobtrusive in size, setup, and maintenance are becoming commercially available. However, most data validation for these devices come from brief, short-term laboratory studies or experiments which have unrepresentative samples that are also inaccessible to most researchers. For wearables research conducted in-the-wild, the prospect of running a study has the risk of financial costs and failure. Thus, when researchers conduct in-the-wild studies, the majority of participants tend to be university students. In this paper, we present a month-long in-the-wild study with 31 Japanese adults who wore a sleep tracking device called the Oura ring. The high device usage results found in this study can be used to inform the design and deployment of longer-term mid-size in-the-wild studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Nolasco
- Graduate School of Informatics, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
| | - Andrew Vargo
- Department of Core Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
| | - Niklas Bohley
- Department of Computer Science, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Christian Brinkhaus
- Department of Computer Science, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Koichi Kise
- Department of Core Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
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16
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Dudarev V, Barral O, Zhang C, Davis G, Enns JT. On the Reliability of Wearable Technology: A Tutorial on Measuring Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in the Wild. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5863. [PMID: 37447713 DOI: 10.3390/s23135863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors are quickly making their way into psychophysiological research, as they allow collecting data outside of a laboratory and for an extended period of time. The present tutorial considers fidelity of physiological measurement with wearable sensors, focusing on reliability. We elaborate on why ensuring reliability for wearables is important and offer statistical tools for assessing wearable reliability for between participants and within-participant designs. The framework offered here is illustrated using several brands of commercially available heart rate sensors. Measurement reliability varied across sensors and, more importantly, across the situations tested, and was highest during sleep. Our hope is that by systematically quantifying measurement reliability, researchers will be able to make informed choices about specific wearable devices and measurement procedures that meet their research goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Dudarev
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- HealthQb Technologies Inc., Vancouver, BC V6K 1B5, Canada
| | - Oswald Barral
- HealthQb Technologies Inc., Vancouver, BC V6K 1B5, Canada
| | - Chuxuan Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Guy Davis
- HealthQb Technologies Inc., Vancouver, BC V6K 1B5, Canada
| | - James T Enns
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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17
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Ronca V, Martinez-Levy AC, Vozzi A, Giorgi A, Aricò P, Capotorto R, Borghini G, Babiloni F, Di Flumeri G. Wearable Technologies for Electrodermal and Cardiac Activity Measurements: A Comparison between Fitbit Sense, Empatica E4 and Shimmer GSR3. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5847. [PMID: 37447697 DOI: 10.3390/s23135847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The capability of measuring specific neurophysiological and autonomic parameters plays a crucial role in the objective evaluation of a human's mental and emotional states. These human aspects are commonly known in the scientific literature to be involved in a wide range of processes, such as stress and arousal. These aspects represent a relevant factor especially in real and operational environments. Neurophysiological autonomic parameters, such as Electrodermal Activity (EDA) and Photoplethysmographic data (PPG), have been usually investigated through research-graded devices, therefore resulting in a high degree of invasiveness, which could negatively interfere with the monitored user's activity. For such a reason, in the last decade, recent consumer-grade wearable devices, usually designed for fitness-tracking purposes, are receiving increasing attention from the scientific community, and are characterized by a higher comfort, ease of use and, therefore, by a higher compatibility with daily-life environments. The present preliminary study was aimed at assessing the reliability of a consumer wearable device, i.e., the Fitbit Sense, with respect to a research-graded wearable, i.e., the Empatica E4 wristband, and a laboratory device, i.e., the Shimmer GSR3+. EDA and PPG data were collected among 12 participants while they performed multiple resting conditions. The results demonstrated that the EDA- and PPG-derived features computed through the wearable and research devices were positively and significantly correlated, while the reliability of the consumer device was significantly lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Ronca
- Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- BrainSigns Srl, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Ana C Martinez-Levy
- BrainSigns Srl, 00198 Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Vozzi
- BrainSigns Srl, 00198 Rome, Italy
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Giorgi
- BrainSigns Srl, 00198 Rome, Italy
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Aricò
- Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- BrainSigns Srl, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Capotorto
- Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Borghini
- BrainSigns Srl, 00198 Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Babiloni
- BrainSigns Srl, 00198 Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310005, China
| | - Gianluca Di Flumeri
- BrainSigns Srl, 00198 Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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18
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Martín-Escudero P, Cabanas AM, Dotor-Castilla ML, Galindo-Canales M, Miguel-Tobal F, Fernández-Pérez C, Fuentes-Ferrer M, Giannetti R. Are Activity Wrist-Worn Devices Accurate for Determining Heart Rate during Intense Exercise? Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020254. [PMID: 36829748 PMCID: PMC9952291 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The market for wrist-worn devices is growing at previously unheard-of speeds. A consequence of their fast commercialization is a lack of adequate studies testing their accuracy on varied populations and pursuits. To provide an understanding of wearable sensors for sports medicine, the present study examined heart rate (HR) measurements of four popular wrist-worn devices, the (Fitbit Charge (FB), Apple Watch (AW), Tomtom runner Cardio (TT), and Samsung G2 (G2)), and compared them with gold standard measurements derived by continuous electrocardiogram examination (ECG). Eight athletes participated in a comparative study undergoing maximal stress testing on a cycle ergometer or a treadmill. We analyzed 1,286 simultaneous HR data pairs between the tested devices and the ECG. The four devices were reasonably accurate at the lowest activity level. However, at higher levels of exercise intensity the FB and G2 tended to underestimate HR values during intense physical effort, while the TT and AW devices were fairly reliable. Our results suggest that HR estimations should be considered cautiously at specific intensities. Indeed, an effective intervention is required to register accurate HR readings at high-intensity levels (above 150 bpm). It is important to consider that even though none of these devices are certified or sold as medical or safety devices, researchers must nonetheless evaluate wrist-worn wearable technology in order to fully understand how HR affects psychological and physical health, especially under conditions of more intense exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Martín-Escudero
- Professional Medical School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana María Cabanas
- Departamento de Física, FACI, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1010069, Chile
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Mercedes Galindo-Canales
- Professional Medical School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Miguel-Tobal
- Professional Medical School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Fernández-Pérez
- Servicio de Medicina Preventiva Complejo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Fuentes-Ferrer
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Romano Giannetti
- IIT, Institute of Technology Research, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, 28015 Madrid, Spain
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19
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Parameters Influencing the Accuracy of a Wrist Photoplethysmography Heart-Rate Monitor (Polar Unite) During Exercise. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:440-443. [PMID: 36805933 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The accuracy of heart rate measured with a wrist photoplethysmography monitor can be influenced by the tightening of the wristband, movement of arms, or kinetics of the signal (eg, steady-state exercise vs on- and off-transients). To test these hypotheses, photoplethysmographic and electrocardiographic (ECG) signals were compared. METHODS Thirty participants (50% female) randomly performed two 13' sequences (3' rest, 5' submaximal-intensity exercise, and 5' passive recovery) on a motorized treadmill and a bicycle ergometer. Heart rate was measured concomitantly with a 10-lead ECG, a chest-strap monitor, and 2 wrist photoplethysmography monitors (Polar Unite) with different tightening (free vs imposed at the maximum tolerable). RESULTS The level of association (r) and coefficient of variation (CV; ie, the error of measurement) of the Polar Unite versus the 10-lead ECG is affected by the tightness of the wristband (normal vs high; r = .83 and .96, CV = 16.1 and 8.1% for the treadmill, respectively; r = .71 and .97, CV = 20.3% and 6.2% for the bicycle, respectively) by the phase of the signal (transition vs steady state; r = .90 and .97, CV = 9.0% and 7.6% for the treadmill, respectively; r = .93 and .99, CV = 7.5% and 3.1% for the bicycle, respectively) and movement of arms (treadmill vs bicycle; r = .90 and .93, CV = 9.0% and 7.5% during the transition phase, respectively; r = .97 and .99, CV = 7.6% and 3.1% during the steady-state phase, respectively). CONCLUSION The accuracy of heart rate measured with a wrist photoplethysmography monitor is affected by the tightness of the wristband and the phase of the signal. A high tightening is required when high accuracy is expected.
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Sarhaddi F, Kazemi K, Azimi I, Cao R, Niela-Vilén H, Axelin A, Liljeberg P, Rahmani AM. A comprehensive accuracy assessment of Samsung smartwatch heart rate and heart rate variability. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268361. [PMID: 36480505 PMCID: PMC9731465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a low-cost and easy-to-implement method to measure vital signs, including heart rate (HR) and pulse rate variability (PRV) which widely used as a substitute of heart rate variability (HRV). The method is used in various wearable devices. For example, Samsung smartwatches are PPG-based open-source wristbands used in remote well-being monitoring and fitness applications. However, PPG is highly susceptible to motion artifacts and environmental noise. A validation study is required to investigate the accuracy of PPG-based wearable devices in free-living conditions. OBJECTIVE We evaluate the accuracy of PPG signals-collected by the Samsung Gear Sport smartwatch in free-living conditions-in terms of HR and time-domain and frequency-domain HRV parameters against a medical-grade chest electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor. METHODS We conducted 24-hours monitoring using a Samsung Gear Sport smartwatch and a Shimmer3 ECG device. The monitoring included 28 participants (14 male and 14 female), where they engaged in their daily routines. We evaluated HR and HRV parameters during the sleep and awake time. The parameters extracted from the smartwatch were compared against the ECG reference. For the comparison, we employed the Pearson correlation coefficient, Bland-Altman plot, and linear regression methods. RESULTS We found a significantly high positive correlation between the smartwatch's and Shimmer ECG's HR, time-domain HRV, LF, and HF and a significant moderate positive correlation between the smartwatch's and shimmer ECG's LF/HF during sleep time. The mean biases of HR, time-domain HRV, and LF/HF were low, while the biases of LF and HF were moderate during sleep. The regression analysis showed low error variances of HR, AVNN, and pNN50, moderate error variances of SDNN, RMSSD, LF, and HF, and high error variances of LF/HF during sleep. During the awake time, there was a significantly high positive correlation of AVNN and a moderate positive correlation of HR, while the other parameters indicated significantly low positive correlations. RMSSD and SDNN showed low mean biases, and the other parameters had moderate mean biases. In addition, AVNN had moderate error variance while the other parameters indicated high error variances. CONCLUSION The Samsung smartwatch provides acceptable HR, time-domain HRV, LF, and HF parameters during sleep time. In contrast, during the awake time, AVNN and HR show satisfactory accuracy, and the other HRV parameters have high errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sarhaddi
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,* E-mail:
| | - Kianoosh Kazemi
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Iman Azimi
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Institute for Future Health (IFH), University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Rui Cao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | | | - Anna Axelin
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Turku University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pasi Liljeberg
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Amir M. Rahmani
- Institute for Future Health (IFH), University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America,School of Nursing, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
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21
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Stuyck H, Dalla Costa L, Cleeremans A, Van den Bussche E. Validity of the Empatica E4 wristband to estimate resting-state heart rate variability in a lab-based context. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 182:105-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Cowden Hindash AH, Diamond Altman A, Levitan J, Inslicht SS. Comparing Heart Rate Analytical Methods to Examine Engagement During Imaginal Prolonged Exposure Therapy: Multicase Study. Am J Psychother 2022; 75:168-176. [PMID: 36052450 DOI: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20210044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As mobile health technologies proliferate, their use during exposure-based therapies has the potential to illuminate treatment mechanisms. The primary purpose of this study was to examine three approaches to using continuously collected physiological data of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder during prolonged exposure (PE) therapy, in an effort to examine physiological markers of treatment response. METHODS Photoplethysmogram-measured heart rates from three non-Hispanic White male veterans, during clinic-based PE therapy sessions, were analyzed to assess three potential therapeutic mechanisms: emotional engagement (examined via correlation analysis between self-reported peak distress ratings and objectively measured peak heart rate in the minute prior to distress ratings), initial emotion activation (examined through time to peak heart rate and peak self-reported distress), and extinction processes within and between therapy sessions (examined via multilevel modeling of within- and between-person changes in heart rate over time and across imaginal PE therapy sessions). RESULTS Results for each analytical approach with each patient are presented, and benefits and limitations of each approach are discussed. Treatment outcomes were as follows: one participant with overengagement did not benefit from PE, one participant with initial underengagement demonstrated clinical improvement, and one participant with optimal engagement had associated clinical improvements. CONCLUSIONS Mobile health technologies may provide a new avenue toward unveiling treatment mechanisms in psychotherapy. Use of standardized analytical approaches will enable cross-study comparison and greater understanding of treatment mechanisms, ultimately leading to increased treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H Cowden Hindash
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco (Cowden Hindash, Inslicht); Advanced Postdoctoral Fellowship in Women's Health, Office of Academic Affiliations, Veterans Health Administration, San Francisco (Cowden Hindash, Inslicht); Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (Diamond Altman, Levitan)
| | - Allison Diamond Altman
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco (Cowden Hindash, Inslicht); Advanced Postdoctoral Fellowship in Women's Health, Office of Academic Affiliations, Veterans Health Administration, San Francisco (Cowden Hindash, Inslicht); Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (Diamond Altman, Levitan)
| | - Julia Levitan
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco (Cowden Hindash, Inslicht); Advanced Postdoctoral Fellowship in Women's Health, Office of Academic Affiliations, Veterans Health Administration, San Francisco (Cowden Hindash, Inslicht); Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (Diamond Altman, Levitan)
| | - Sabra S Inslicht
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco (Cowden Hindash, Inslicht); Advanced Postdoctoral Fellowship in Women's Health, Office of Academic Affiliations, Veterans Health Administration, San Francisco (Cowden Hindash, Inslicht); Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (Diamond Altman, Levitan)
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Gashi S, Min C, Montanari A, Santini S, Kawsar F. A multidevice and multimodal dataset for human energy expenditure estimation using wearable devices. Sci Data 2022; 9:537. [PMID: 36050312 PMCID: PMC9436988 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a multi-device and multi-modal dataset, called WEEE, collected from 17 participants while they were performing different physical activities. WEEE contains: (1) sensor data collected using seven wearable devices placed on four body locations (head, ear, chest, and wrist); (2) respiratory data collected with an indirect calorimeter serving as ground-truth information; (3) demographics and body composition data (e.g., fat percentage); (4) intensity level and type of physical activities, along with their corresponding metabolic equivalent of task (MET) values; and (5) answers to questionnaires about participants' physical activity level, diet, stress and sleep. Thanks to the diversity of sensors and body locations, we believe that the dataset will enable the development of novel human energy expenditure (EE) estimation techniques for a diverse set of application scenarios. EE refers to the amount of energy an individual uses to maintain body functions and as a result of physical activity. A reliable estimate of people's EE thus enables computing systems to make inferences about users' physical activity and help them promoting a healthier lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shkurta Gashi
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Informatics, Lugano, Switzerland.
| | - Chulhong Min
- Nokia Bell Labs, Pervasive Systems, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Silvia Santini
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Informatics, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Fahim Kawsar
- Nokia Bell Labs, Pervasive Systems, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Glasgow, School of Computing Science, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Early indicators of vulnerability to depression: The role of rumination and heart rate variability. J Affect Disord 2022; 312:217-224. [PMID: 35760196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the evidence of increased levels of rumination and reduced heart rate variability (HRV) in depression, whether these measures can be considered early indicators of vulnerability to depression has yet to be investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate both levels of rumination and resting HRV in individuals with familial risk for depression that is the most reliable risk factor for the disorder. METHODS Rumination and vagally-mediated HRV were assessed using the Ruminative Response Scale and a smartphone-based photoelectric volumetric pulse wave assay, respectively, in 25 individuals who had family history of depression (but did not report current depressive symptoms), 15 individuals who reported depressive symptoms (but had no family history of depression), and 25 controls (without depressive symptoms and family history of depression). RESULTS Individuals with depressive symptoms and those with a family history of depression were characterized by higher levels of rumination and lower cardiac vagal control than controls. LIMITATIONS Given the small sample size, this study should be used to design larger confirmatory studies; the cross-sectional nature of the study does not allow discussing the results in terms of cause-effect relationships. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that individuals at risk of developing depression, also in absence of depressive symptoms, are defined by defective self-regulation capacity that may lead to future depression episodes. Increased ruminative thoughts and reduced HRV may represent early indicators of vulnerability to depression. Effective prevention programs designed to reduce rumination and/or increase HRV may reduce the risk of developing a full-blown depressive episode.
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Asiain D, Ponce de León J, Beltrán JR. MsWH: A Multi-Sensory Hardware Platform for Capturing and Analyzing Physiological Emotional Signals. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5775. [PMID: 35957330 PMCID: PMC9371105 DOI: 10.3390/s22155775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a new physiological signal acquisition multi-sensory platform for emotion detection: Multi-sensor Wearable Headband (MsWH). The system is capable of recording and analyzing five different physiological signals: skin temperature, blood oxygen saturation, heart rate (and its variation), movement/position of the user (more specifically of his/her head) and electrodermal activity/bioimpedance. The measurement system is complemented by a porthole camera positioned in such a way that the viewing area remains constant. Thus, the user's face will remain centered regardless of its position and movement, increasing the accuracy of facial expression recognition algorithms. This work specifies the technical characteristics of the developed device, paying special attention to both the hardware used (sensors, conditioning, microprocessors, connections) and the software, which is optimized for accurate and massive data acquisition. Although the information can be partially processed inside the device itself, the system is capable of sending information via Wi-Fi, with a very high data transfer rate, in case external processing is required. The most important features of the developed platform have been compared with those of a proven wearable device, namely the Empatica E4 wristband, in those measurements in which this is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Asiain
- Department of Electronics, Escuela Universitaria Politécnica de La Almunia, La Almunia de Doña Godina, 50100 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Jesús Ponce de León
- Department of Electronics, Escuela Universitaria Politécnica de La Almunia, La Almunia de Doña Godina, 50100 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - José Ramón Beltrán
- Department of Electronics Engineering and Communications, Escuela de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, I3A, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain;
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de Looff P, Duursma R, Noordzij M, Taylor S, Jaques N, Scheepers F, de Schepper K, Koldijk S. Wearables: An R Package With Accompanying Shiny Application for Signal Analysis of a Wearable Device Targeted at Clinicians and Researchers. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:856544. [PMID: 35813597 PMCID: PMC9262092 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.856544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological signals (e.g., heart rate, skin conductance) that were traditionally studied in neuroscientific laboratory research are currently being used in numerous real-life studies using wearable technology. Physiological signals obtained with wearables seem to offer great potential for continuous monitoring and providing biofeedback in clinical practice and healthcare research. The physiological data obtained from these signals has utility for both clinicians and researchers. Clinicians are typically interested in the day-to-day and moment-to-moment physiological reactivity of patients to real-life stressors, events, and situations or interested in the physiological reactivity to stimuli in therapy. Researchers typically apply signal analysis methods to the data by pre-processing the physiological signals, detecting artifacts, and extracting features, which can be a challenge considering the amount of data that needs to be processed. This paper describes the creation of a “Wearables” R package and a Shiny “E4 dashboard” application for an often-studied wearable, the Empatica E4. The package and Shiny application can be used to visualize the relationship between physiological signals and real-life stressors or stimuli, but can also be used to pre-process physiological data, detect artifacts, and extract relevant features for further analysis. In addition, the application has a batch process option to analyze large amounts of physiological data into ready-to-use data files. The software accommodates users with a downloadable report that provides opportunities for a careful investigation of physiological reactions in daily life. The application is freely available, thought to be easy to use, and thought to be easily extendible to other wearable devices. Future research should focus on the usability of the application and the validation of the algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter de Looff
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- De Borg, Den Dolder, Netherlands
- Fivoor Science and Treatment Innovation, Den Dolder, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Peter de Looff,
| | | | - Matthijs Noordzij
- Department of Psychology, Health and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Sara Taylor
- Affective Computing Group, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Natasha Jaques
- Affective Computing Group, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Floortje Scheepers
- PsyData Group, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kees de Schepper
- PsyData Group, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Saskia Koldijk
- PsyData Group, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Byun K, Aristizabal S, Wu Y, Mullan AF, Carlin JD, West CP, Mazurek KA. Investigating How Auditory and Visual Stimuli Promote Recovery After Stress With Potential Applications for Workplace Stress and Burnout: Protocol for a Randomized Trial. Front Psychol 2022; 13:897241. [PMID: 35719506 PMCID: PMC9201821 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.897241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Work-related stress is one of the top sources of stress amongst working adults. Relaxation rooms are one organizational strategy being used to reduce workplace stress. Amongst healthcare workers, relaxation rooms have been shown to improve perceived stress levels after 15 min of use. However, few studies have examined physiological and cognitive changes after stress, which may inform why relaxation rooms reduce perceived stress. Understanding the biological mechanisms governing why perceived stress improves when using a relaxation room could lead to more effective strategies to address workplace stress. Objective The purpose of this research study is to understand how physiological measures, cognitive performance, and perceived stress change after acute stress and whether certain sensory features of a relaxation room are more effective at promoting recovery from stress. Methods 80 healthy adults will perform a stress induction task (Trier Social Stress Test, TSST) to evaluate how physiological and cognitive responses after stress are affected by sensory features of a relaxation room. After the stress induction task, participants will recover for 40 min in a MindBreaks™ relaxation room containing auditory and visual stimuli designed to promote relaxation. Participants will be randomized into four cohorts to experience auditory and visual stimuli; auditory stimuli; visual stimuli; or no stimuli in the room. Measures of heart rate and neural activity will be continuously monitored using wearable devices. Participants will perform working memory assessments and rate their perceived stress levels throughout the experiment. These measures will be compared before and after the stress induction task to determine how different sensory stimuli affect the rate at which individuals recover. Results Recruitment started in December 2021 and will continue until December 2022 or until enrollment is completed. Final data collection and subsequent analysis are anticipated by December 2022. We expect all trial results will be available by early 2023. Discussion Findings will provide data and information about which sensory features of a relaxation room are most effective at promoting recovery after acute stress. This information will be useful in determining how these features might be effective at creating individualized and organizational strategies for mitigating the effects of workplace stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunjoon Byun
- Well Living Lab, Rochester, MN, United States.,Delos Living LLC., New York, NY, United States
| | - Sara Aristizabal
- Well Living Lab, Rochester, MN, United States.,Delos Living LLC., New York, NY, United States
| | - Yihan Wu
- Graduate Program in Cognitive Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Aidan F Mullan
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jeremiah D Carlin
- Well Living Lab, Rochester, MN, United States.,Delos Living LLC., New York, NY, United States
| | - Colin P West
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kevin A Mazurek
- Well Living Lab, Rochester, MN, United States.,Delos Living LLC., New York, NY, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
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Understanding occupants' behaviour, engagement, emotion, and comfort indoors with heterogeneous sensors and wearables. Sci Data 2022; 9:261. [PMID: 35654857 PMCID: PMC9163042 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01347-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a field study at a K-12 private school in the suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. The data capture contained two elements: First, a 5-month longitudinal field study In-Gauge using two outdoor weather stations, as well as indoor weather stations in 17 classrooms and temperature sensors on the vents of occupant-controlled room air-conditioners; these were collated into individual datasets for each classroom at a 5-minute logging frequency, including additional data on occupant presence. The dataset was used to derive predictive models of how occupants operate room air-conditioning units. Second, we tracked 23 students and 6 teachers in a 4-week cross-sectional study En-Gage, using wearable sensors to log physiological data, as well as daily surveys to query the occupants' thermal comfort, learning engagement, emotions and seating behaviours. Overall, the combined dataset could be used to analyse the relationships between indoor/outdoor climates and students' behaviours/mental states on campus, which provide opportunities for the future design of intelligent feedback systems to benefit both students and staff.
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van Lier HG, Noordzij ML, Pieterse ME, Postel MG, Vollenbroek-Hutten MM, de Haan HA, Schraagen JMC. An ideographic study into physiology, alcohol craving and lapses during one hundred days of daily life monitoring. Addict Behav Rep 2022; 16:100443. [PMID: 35855973 PMCID: PMC9287639 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In a 100 days intensive study considerable intra- and interindividual differences were established in physiology and psychological craving of people with alcohol use disorder. For one third of the people heightened heart rate was associated with high craving. For most participants that reported lapses, lapses cooccurred with craving in at least 92% of the time. During treatment ambulatory physiological data can support the detection and discussion of possible high risk craving situations in innovative and reliable ways.
Introduction Alcohol craving is a highly challenging obstacle to achieve long-term abstinence. Making alcohol use disorder patients timely aware of high-risk craving situations may protect them against relapse by prompting them to mobilize their coping resources. Current advances in wearable and smart-phone technology provide novel opportunities for the development of detecting these situations of heightened risk of craving, by enabling continuous tracking of fluctuations in psychological and physiological parameters. The present study therefore aims to determine the association between self-reported craving and relapses, and between heightened physiological activity. Specifically, we measured cardiovascular and electrodermal activity, and self-reported craving during one hundred days in the daily life of people trying to recover from alcoholism. The secondary aim is to study whether the association between physiology and craving can be strengthened by the inclusion of context related psychological parameters. Methods An intensive repeated and continuous measures in naturalistic settings case-study design was employed. Ten participants were monitored with wearable bio-sensors and answered multiple questions every three hours on a smartphone app about craving, lapsing and multiple evidence based contextual variables. The association between physiology, craving and lapses was explored using Matthews correlation coefficients both with a current and 3 h lagged design. The contextual variables were included in a decision tree together with the physiological parameters to explore the added effect on the correlation of these contextual variables. Results The association between lapses and craving was highly different across individuals, varying between a weak to a strong association. The association between cardiovascular activity and heightened self-reported craving was negligible to weak, however with a high specificity, meaning that most craving events were accompanied by increase heart rate. However, the association between electrodermal activity and craving was lower than with cardiovascular activity for most participants, both prior (lagged) and during craving. For two of the participants the association between physiology and craving improved by adding contextual variables, however, precision was too low. Conclusions People differ strongly in their bodily reactions and psychological experiences during the first months of their addiction treatment. No individual in our study had unique one-to-one mappings between on the one hand physiological or psychological precursors, and on the other hand craving and (re)lapses. Therefore, detecting high risk craving situations with both physiological activity measured with wearables and psychological precursors to alert people specifically for an imminent (re)lapse, does not seem viable on the basis of the current results. We do see an added benefit of using physiology during treatment, as physiology can help start the conversation about possible high risk craving situations during that week. This would also help the counselor to gain added insights into the fluctuating states of the clients, and help to ameliorate the recall bias of clients. The present study showed the possibility and paved the way for future intensive longitudinal designs integrating both physiological, psychological and contextual factors during the challenging and lengthy recovery from addiction.
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Stuart T, Hanna J, Gutruf P. Wearable devices for continuous monitoring of biosignals: Challenges and opportunities. APL Bioeng 2022; 6:021502. [PMID: 35464617 PMCID: PMC9010050 DOI: 10.1063/5.0086935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability for wearable devices to collect high-fidelity biosignals continuously over weeks and months at a time has become an increasingly sought-after characteristic to provide advanced diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities. Wearable devices for this purpose face a multitude of challenges such as formfactors with long-term user acceptance and power supplies that enable continuous operation without requiring extensive user interaction. This review summarizes design considerations associated with these attributes and summarizes recent advances toward continuous operation with high-fidelity biosignal recording abilities. The review also provides insight into systematic barriers for these device archetypes and outlines most promising technological approaches to expand capabilities. We conclude with a summary of current developments of hardware and approaches for embedded artificial intelligence in this wearable device class, which is pivotal for next generation autonomous diagnostic, therapeutic, and assistive health tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tucker Stuart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Jessica Hanna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Philipp Gutruf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
- Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
- Neuroscience GIDP, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Zheng K, Ci K, Li H, Shao L, Sun G, Liu J, Cui J. Heart rate prediction from facial video with masks using eye location and corrected by convolutional neural networks. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022; 75:103609. [PMID: 35287368 PMCID: PMC8906658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2022.103609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG), which aims at measuring heart activities without any contact, has great potential in many applications. The emergence of novel coronavirus pneumonia COVID-19 has attracted worldwide attentions. Contact photoplethysmography (cPPG) methods need to contact the detection equipment with the patient, which may accelerate the spread of the epidemic. In the future, the non-contact heart rate detection will be an urgent need. However, existing heart rate measuring methods from facial videos are vulnerable to the less-constrained scenarios (e.g., with head movement and wearing a mask). In this paper, we proposed a method of heart rate detection based on eye location of region of interest (ROI) to solve the problem of missing information when wearing masks. Besides, a model to filter outliers based on residual network was conceived first by us and the better heart rate measurement accuracy was generated. To validate our method, we also created a mask dataset. The results demonstrated that after using our method for correcting the heart rate (HR) value measured with the traditional method, the accuracy reaches 4.65 bpm, which is 0.42 bpm higher than that without correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zheng
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, No.100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Kangyi Ci
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, No.100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Hui Li
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, No.100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Lei Shao
- Department of Investigation, Sichuan Police College, No.186, Longtouguan Road, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Guangmin Sun
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, No.100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Junhua Liu
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, No.100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jinling Cui
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, No.100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
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Archer NS, Bluff A, Eddy A, Nikhil CK, Hazell N, Frank D, Johnston A. Odour enhances the sense of presence in a virtual reality environment. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265039. [PMID: 35353816 PMCID: PMC8967033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) headsets provide immersive audio-visual experiences for users, but usually neglect to provide olfactory cues that can provide additional information about our environment in the real world. This paper examines whether the introduction of smells into the VR environment enhances users’ experience, including their sense of presence through collection of both psychological and physiological measures. Using precise odour administration with an olfactometer, study participants were exposed to smells while they were immersed in the popular PlayStation VR game “Resident Evil 7”. A within-subject study design was undertaken where participants (n = 22) walked-through the same VR environment twice, with or without the introduction of associated congruent odour stimuli. Directly after each gameplay, participants completed a questionnaire to determine their sense of presence from the overall gameplay and their sense of immersion in each of the virtual scenes. Additionally, physiological measurements (heart rate, body temperature and skin electrodermal activity) were collected from participants (n = 11) for each gameplay. The results showed the addition of odours significantly increased participants’ sense of spatial presence in the VR environment compared to VR with no odour. Participants also rated the realism of VR experience with odour higher compared to no odour, however odour addition did not result in change in emotional state of participants (arousal, pleasure, dominance). Further, the participants’ physiological responses were impacted by the addition of odour. Odour mediated physiological changes were dependent on whether the VR environment was novel, as the effect of odour on physiological response was lost when participants experienced the aroma on the second gameplay. Overall, the results indicate the addition of odours to a VR environment had a significant effect on both the psychological and physiological experience showing the addition of smell enhanced the VR environment. The incorporation of odours to VR environments presents an opportunity to create a more immersive experience to increase a person’s presence within a VR environment. In addition to gaming, the results have broader applications for virtual training environments and virtual reality exposure therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S. Archer
- Agriculture and Food, The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail: (NSA); (AJ)
| | - Andrew Bluff
- UTS Animal Logic Academy, Faculty of Engineering & IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Chreshall K. Nikhil
- Faculty of Engineering & IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nick Hazell
- UTS Animal Logic Academy, Faculty of Engineering & IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Damian Frank
- Agriculture and Food, The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew Johnston
- UTS Animal Logic Academy, Faculty of Engineering & IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail: (NSA); (AJ)
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Nature Ambience in a Lunch Restaurant Has the Potential to Evoke Positive Emotions, Reduce Stress, and Support Healthy Food Choices and Sustainable Behavior: A Field Experiment among Finnish Customers. Foods 2022; 11:foods11070964. [PMID: 35407051 PMCID: PMC8997403 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Laboratory experiments have indicated that exposure to restorative ambiences in food environments can lead to beneficial outcomes for consumers, but there is little evidence if this positive effect holds true in real-life consumption conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of lunch restaurant ambience on customers’ emotional responses, stress recovery, food choices, and generation of plate waste. The expectation was that ambience inducing positive emotional responses would lead to alleviated stress, healthier food choices, and reduced plate waste. A field experiment with a baseline and two experimental ambiences (‘nature ambience’ to induce positive emotions and ‘fast food ambience’ to induce less positive emotions) including visual and auditory stimuli was conducted in a lunch restaurant for one week per ambience. Emotional responses, and objective and subjective stress were measured from a subgroup of participants (n = 32). Food choices and plate waste were measured for all customers (n = 1610–1805 depending on the study week). During ‘nature ambience’ week, customers more often chose vegetarian dishes and generated less plate waste. The results on emotional responses and stress recovery were partially in line with the expectations. The study provides real-life evidence that restaurant ambience modification could lead to beneficial consequences for customers.
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Bio-behavioral synchrony is a potential mechanism for mate selection in humans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4786. [PMID: 35314719 PMCID: PMC8938461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08582-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The decision with whom to form a romantic bond is of great importance, yet the biological or behavioral mechanisms underlying this selective process in humans are largely unknown. Classic evolutionary theories of mate selection emphasize immediate and static features such as physical appearance and fertility. However, they do not explain how initial attraction temporally unfolds during an interaction, nor account for mutual physiological or behavioral adaptations that take place when two people become attracted. Instead, recent theories on social bonding emphasize the importance of co-regulation during social interactions (i.e., the social coordination of physiology and behavior between partners), and predict that co-regulation plays a role in bonding with others. In a speed-date experiment of forty-six heterosexual dates, we recorded the naturally occurring patterns of electrodermal activity and behavioral motion in men and women, and calculated their co-regulation during the date. We demonstrate that co-regulation of behavior and physiology is associated with the date outcome: when a man and a woman synchronize their electrodermal activity and dynamically tune their behavior to one another, they are more likely to be romantically and sexually attracted to one another. This study supports the hypothesis that co-regulation of sympathetic and behavioral rhythms between a man and a woman serves as a mechanism that promotes attraction.
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Towards Human Stress and Activity Recognition: A Review and a First Approach Based on Low-Cost Wearables. ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Detecting stress when performing physical activities is an interesting field that has received relatively little research interest to date. In this paper, we took a first step towards redressing this, through a comprehensive review and the design of a low-cost body area network (BAN) made of a set of wearables that allow physiological signals and human movements to be captured simultaneously. We used four different wearables: OpenBCI and three other open-hardware custom-made designs that communicate via bluetooth low energy (BLE) to an external computer—following the edge-computingconcept—hosting applications for data synchronization and storage. We obtained a large number of physiological signals (electroencephalography (EEG), electrocardiography (ECG), breathing rate (BR), electrodermal activity (EDA), and skin temperature (ST)) with which we analyzed internal states in general, but with a focus on stress. The findings show the reliability and feasibility of the proposed body area network (BAN) according to battery lifetime (greater than 15 h), packet loss rate (0% for our custom-made designs), and signal quality (signal-noise ratio (SNR) of 9.8 dB for the ECG circuit, and 61.6 dB for the EDA). Moreover, we conducted a preliminary experiment to gauge the main ECG features for stress detection during rest.
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Azgomi HF, Faghih RT. Enhancement of Closed-Loop Cognitive Stress Regulation using Supervised Control Architectures. IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 3:7-17. [PMID: 35399789 PMCID: PMC8979622 DOI: 10.1109/ojemb.2022.3143686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal: We propose novel supervised control architectures to regulate the cognitive stress state and close the loop. Methods: We take information present in underlying neural impulses of skin conductance signals and employ model-based control techniques to close the loop in a state-space framework. For performance enhancement, we establish a supervised knowledge-based layer to update control system in real time. In the supervised architecture, the controller parameters are being updated in real-time. Results: Statistical analyses demonstrate the efficiency of supervised control architectures in improving the closed-loop results while maintaining stress levels within a desired range with more optimized control efforts. The model-based approaches would guarantee the control system-perspective criteria such as stability and optimality, and the proposed supervised knowledge-based layer would further enhance their efficiency. Conclusion: Outcomes in this in silico study verify the proficiency of the proposed supervised architectures to be implemented in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Fekri Azgomi
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Houston Houston TX 77004 USA
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94143 USA
| | - Rose T Faghih
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNew York University New York NY 10010 USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Houston Houston TX 77004 USA
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Bravo-Arrabal J, Toscano-Moreno M, Fernandez-Lozano JJ, Mandow A, Gomez-Ruiz JA, García-Cerezo A. The Internet of Cooperative Agents Architecture (X-IoCA) for Robots, Hybrid Sensor Networks, and MEC Centers in Complex Environments: A Search and Rescue Case Study. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21237843. [PMID: 34883848 PMCID: PMC8659820 DOI: 10.3390/s21237843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cloud robotics and advanced communications can foster a step-change in cooperative robots and hybrid wireless sensor networks (H-WSN) for demanding environments (e.g., disaster response, mining, demolition, and nuclear sites) by enabling the timely sharing of data and computational resources between robot and human teams. However, the operational complexity of such multi-agent systems requires defining effective architectures, coping with implementation details, and testing in realistic deployments. This article proposes X-IoCA, an Internet of robotic things (IoRT) and communication architecture consisting of a hybrid and heterogeneous network of wireless transceivers (H2WTN), based on LoRa and BLE technologies, and a robot operating system (ROS) network. The IoRT is connected to a feedback information system (FIS) distributed among multi-access edge computing (MEC) centers. Furthermore, we present SAR-IoCA, an implementation of the architecture for search and rescue (SAR) integrated into a 5G network. The FIS for this application consists of an SAR-FIS (including a path planner for UGVs considering risks detected by a LoRa H-WSN) and an ROS-FIS (for real-time monitoring and processing of information published throughout the ROS network). Moreover, we discuss lessons learned from using SAR-IoCA in a realistic exercise where three UGVs, a UAV, and responders collaborated to rescue victims from a tunnel accessible through rough terrain.
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Uluer P, Kose H, Gumuslu E, Barkana DE. Experience with an Affective Robot Assistant for Children with Hearing Disabilities. Int J Soc Robot 2021; 15:643-660. [PMID: 34804256 PMCID: PMC8594648 DOI: 10.1007/s12369-021-00830-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study presents an assistive robotic system enhanced with emotion recognition capabilities for children with hearing disabilities. The system is designed and developed for the audiometry tests and rehabilitation of children in a clinical setting and includes a social humanoid robot (Pepper), an interactive interface, gamified audiometry tests, sensory setup and a machine/deep learning based emotion recognition module. Three scenarios involving conventional setup, tablet setup and setup with the robot+tablet are evaluated with 16 children having cochlear implant or hearing aid. Several machine learning techniques and deep learning models are used for the classification of the three test setups and for the classification of the emotions (pleasant, neutral, unpleasant) of children using the recorded physiological signals by E4 wristband. The results show that the collected signals during the tests can be separated successfully and the positive and negative emotions of children can be better distinguished when they interact with the robot than in the other two setups. In addition, the children’s objective and subjective evaluations as well as their impressions about the robot and its emotional behaviors are analyzed and discussed extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Uluer
- Department of Computer Engineering, Galatasaray University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of AI and Data Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hatice Kose
- Department of AI and Data Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Gumuslu
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygun Erol Barkana
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
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van den Brink W, Bloem R, Ananth A, Kanagasabapathi T, Amelink A, Bouwman J, Gelinck G, van Veen S, Boorsma A, Wopereis S. Digital Resilience Biomarkers for Personalized Health Maintenance and Disease Prevention. Front Digit Health 2021; 2:614670. [PMID: 34713076 PMCID: PMC8521930 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2020.614670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Health maintenance and disease prevention strategies become increasingly prioritized with increasing health and economic burden of chronic, lifestyle-related diseases. A key element in these strategies is the empowerment of individuals to control their health. Self-measurement plays an essential role in achieving such empowerment. Digital measurements have the advantage of being measured non-invasively, passively, continuously, and in a real-world context. An important question is whether such measurement can sensitively measure subtle disbalances in the progression toward disease, as well as the subtle effects of, for example, nutritional improvement. The concept of resilience biomarkers, defined as the dynamic evaluation of the biological response to an external challenge, has been identified as a viable strategy to measure these subtle effects. In this review, we explore the potential of integrating this concept with digital physiological measurements to come to digital resilience biomarkers. Additionally, we discuss the potential of wearable, non-invasive, and continuous measurement of molecular biomarkers. These types of innovative measurements may, in the future, also serve as a digital resilience biomarker to provide even more insight into the personal biological dynamics of an individual. Altogether, digital resilience biomarkers are envisioned to allow for the measurement of subtle effects of health maintenance and disease prevention strategies in a real-world context and thereby give personalized feedback to improve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem van den Brink
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Robbert Bloem
- Department of Environmental Modeling Sensing and Analysis, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Adithya Ananth
- Department of Optics, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Delft, Netherlands
| | - Thiru Kanagasabapathi
- Holst Center, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Arjen Amelink
- Department of Optics, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Delft, Netherlands
| | - Jildau Bouwman
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Gerwin Gelinck
- Holst Center, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Sjaak van Veen
- Department of Environmental Modeling Sensing and Analysis, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Andre Boorsma
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Suzan Wopereis
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
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Abstract
Wearable technology has a history in sleep research dating back to the 1970s. Because modern wearable technology is relatively cheap and widely used by the general population, this represents an opportunity to leverage wearable devices to advance sleep medicine and research. However, there is a lack of published validation studies designed to quantify device performance against accepted gold standards, especially across different populations. Recommendations for conducting performance assessments and using wearable devices are now published with the goal of standardizing wearable device implementation and advancing the field.
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The Relationship between Stress Levels Measured by a Questionnaire and the Data Obtained by Smart Glasses and Finger Pulse Oximeters among Polish Dental Students. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11188648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stress is a physical, mental, or emotional response to a change and is a significant problem in modern society. In addition to questionnaires, levels of stress may be assessed by monitoring physiological signals, such as via photoplethysmogram (PPG), electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocardiogram (ECG), electrodermal activity (EDA), facial expressions, and head and body movements. In our study, we attempted to find the relationship between the perceived stress level and physiological signals, such as heart rate (HR), head movements, and electrooculographic (EOG) signals. The perceived stress level was acquired by self-assessment questionnaires in which the participants marked their stress level before, during, and after performing a task. The heart rate was acquired with a finger pulse oximeter and the head movements (linear acceleration and angular velocity) and electrooculographic signals were recorded with JINS MEME ES_R smart glasses (JINS Holdings, Inc., Tokyo, Japan). We observed significant differences between the perceived stress level, heart rate, the power of linear acceleration, angular velocity, and EOG signals before performing the task and during the task. However, except for HR, these signals were poorly correlated with the perceived stress level acquired during the task.
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Validity of electrodermal activity-based measures of sympathetic nervous system activity from a wrist-worn device. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 168:52-64. [PMID: 34418464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Measuring electrodermal activity (EDA) on the wrist with the use of dry electrodes is a promising method to help identify person-specific stressors during prolonged recordings in daily life. While the feasibility of this method has been demonstrated, detailed testing of validity of such ambulatory EDA is scarce. In a controlled laboratory study, we examine SCL and ns.SCR derived from wrist-based dry electrodes (Philips DTI) and palm-based wet electrodes (VU-AMS) in 112 healthy adults (57% females, mean age = 22.3, SD = 3.4) across 26 different conditions involving mental stressors or physical activities. Changes in these EDA measures were compared to changes in the Pre-ejection period (PEP) and stressor-induced changes in affect. Absolute SCL and ns.SCR frequency were lower at the wrist compared to the palm. Wrist-based ns.SCR and palm-based ns.SCR and SCL responded directionally consistent with our experimental manipulation of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity. Average within-subject correlations between palm-based and wrist-based EDA were significant but modest (r SCL = 0.31; r ns.SCR = 0.42). Changes in ns.SCR frequency at the palm (r = -0.44) and the wrist (r = -0.36) were correlated with changes in PEP. Both palm-based and wrist based EDA predicted changes in affect (6.5%-14.5%). Our data suggest that wrist-based ns.SCR frequency is a useful addition to the psychophysiologist's toolkit, at least for epidemiology-sized ambulatory studies of changes in sympathetic activity during daily life.
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Foot H, Mättig B, Fiolka M, Grylewicz T, Ten Hompel M, Kretschmer V. [Use of machine learning for the prediction of stress using the example of logistics]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 75:282-295. [PMID: 34276123 PMCID: PMC8276219 DOI: 10.1007/s41449-021-00263-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Stress und seine komplexen Wirkungen werden bereits seit Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts erforscht. Die vielfältigen psychischen und physischen Stressoren in der Arbeitswelt können in Summe zu Störungen des Organismus und zu Erkrankungen führen. Da die Ausprägung körperlicher und subjektiver Folgen von Stress individuell unterschiedlich ist, lassen sich keine absoluten Grenzwerte ermitteln. Zur Erforschung der systematischen Mustererkennung physiologischer und subjektiver Stressparameter sowie einer Stressvorhersage, werden in dem vorliegenden Beitrag Methoden des maschinellen Lernens (ML) eingesetzt. Als praktischer Anwendungsfall dient die Logistikbranche, in der Belastungsfaktoren häufig in der Tätigkeit und der Arbeitsorganisation begründet liegen. Ein Gestaltungselement bei der Prävention von Stress ist die Arbeitspause. Mit ML-Methoden wird untersucht, inwieweit Stress auf Basis physiologischer und subjektiver Parameter vorhergesagt werden kann, um Pausen individuell zu empfehlen. Im Beitrag wird der Zwischenstand einer Softwarelösung für ein dynamisches Pausenmanagement für die Logistik vorgestellt. Praktische Relevanz: Das Ziel der Softwarelösung „Dynamische Pause“ besteht darin, Stress in Folge mentaler und physischer Belastungsfaktoren in der Logistik präventiv vorzubeugen und die Beschäftigten auf lange Sicht gesund, zufrieden, arbeitsfähig und produktiv zu halten. Infolge individualisierter Erholungspausen als Gestaltungselement, können Unternehmen unterstützt werden, Personalressourcen entsprechend der dynamischen Anforderungen der Logistik flexibler einzusetzen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Foot
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Materialfluss und Logistik IML, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Str. 2-4, 44227 Dortmund, Deutschland
| | - Benedikt Mättig
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Materialfluss und Logistik IML, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Str. 2-4, 44227 Dortmund, Deutschland
| | - Michael Fiolka
- Lehrstuhl für Unternehmenslogistik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Leonhard-Euler-Straße 5, 44227 Dortmund, Deutschland
| | - Tim Grylewicz
- Lehrstuhl für Unternehmenslogistik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Leonhard-Euler-Straße 5, 44227 Dortmund, Deutschland
| | - Michael Ten Hompel
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Materialfluss und Logistik IML, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Str. 2-4, 44227 Dortmund, Deutschland
| | - Veronika Kretschmer
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Materialfluss und Logistik IML, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Str. 2-4, 44227 Dortmund, Deutschland
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Framework for selecting and benchmarking mobile devices in psychophysiological research. Behav Res Methods 2021; 53:518-535. [PMID: 32748241 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-020-01438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Commercially available consumer electronics in (smartwatches and wearable biosensors) are increasingly enabling acquisition of peripheral physiological and physical activity data inside and outside of laboratory settings. However, there is scant literature available for selecting and assessing the suitability of these novel devices for scientific use. To overcome this limitation, the current paper offers a framework to aid researchers in choosing and evaluating wearable technologies for use in empirical research. Our seven-step framework includes: (1) identifying signals of interest; (2) characterizing intended use cases; (3) identifying study-specific pragmatic needs; (4) selecting devices for evaluation; (5) establishing an assessment procedure; (6) performing qualitative and quantitative analyses on resulting data; and, if desired, (7) conducting power analyses to determine sample size needed to more rigorously compare performance across devices. We illustrate the application of the framework by comparing electrodermal, cardiovascular, and accelerometry data from a variety of commercial wireless sensors (Affectiva Q, Empatica E3, Empatica E4, Actiwave Cardio, Shimmer) relative to a well-validated, wired MindWare laboratory system. Our evaluations are performed in two studies (N = 10, N = 11) involving psychometrically sound, standardized tasks that include physical activity and affect induction. After applying our framework to this data, we conclude that only some commercially available consumer devices for physiological measurement are capable of wirelessly measuring peripheral physiological and physical activity data of sufficient quality for scientific use cases. Thus, the framework appears to be beneficial at suggesting steps for conducting more systematic, transparent, and rigorous evaluations of mobile physiological devices prior to deployment in studies.
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Bolinski F, Etzelmüller A, De Witte NAJ, van Beurden C, Debard G, Bonroy B, Cuijpers P, Riper H, Kleiboer A. Physiological and self-reported arousal in virtual reality versus face-to-face emotional activation and cognitive restructuring in university students: A crossover experimental study using wearable monitoring. Behav Res Ther 2021; 142:103877. [PMID: 34029860 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2021.103877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arousal may be important for learning to restructure ones' negative cognitions, a core technique in depression treatment. In virtual reality (VR), situations may be experienced more vividly than, e.g., in an imaginative approach, potentially aiding the emotional activation of negative cognitions. However, it is unclear whether such activation and subsequent cognitive restructuring in VR elicits more physiological, e.g. changes in skin conductance (SC), heart rate (HR), and self-reported arousal. METHOD In a cross-over experiment, 41 healthy students experienced two sets, one in VR, one face-to-face (F2F), of three situations aimed at activating negative cognitions. Order of the sets and mode of delivery were randomised. A wristband wearable monitored SC and HR; self-reported arousal was registered verbally. RESULTS Repeated measures analyses of variance revealed significantly more SC peaks per minute, F (1, 40) = 13.89, p = .001, higher mean SC, F (1,40) = 7.47, p = .001, and higher mean HR, F (1, 40) = 75.84, p < .001 in VR compared to F2F. No differences emerged on the paired-samples t-test for self-reported arousal, t (40) = -1.35, p = .18. DISCUSSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study indicating that emotional activation and subsequent cognitive restructuring in VR can lead to significantly more physiological arousal compared to an imaginative approach. These findings need to be replicated before they can be extended to patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bolinski
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical, Neuro- & Developmental Psychology, Section of Clinical Psychology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Anne Etzelmüller
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical, Neuro- & Developmental Psychology, Section of Clinical Psychology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GET.ON Institute/HelloBetter, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nele A J De Witte
- Expertise Unit Psychology, Technology & Society, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cecile van Beurden
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical, Neuro- & Developmental Psychology, Section of Clinical Psychology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Glen Debard
- Mobilab & Care, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Geel, Belgium
| | - Bert Bonroy
- Mobilab & Care, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Geel, Belgium
| | - Pim Cuijpers
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical, Neuro- & Developmental Psychology, Section of Clinical Psychology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heleen Riper
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical, Neuro- & Developmental Psychology, Section of Clinical Psychology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annet Kleiboer
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical, Neuro- & Developmental Psychology, Section of Clinical Psychology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Hoog Antink C, Mai Y, Peltokangas M, Leonhardt S, Oksala N, Vehkaoja A. Accuracy of heart rate variability estimated with reflective wrist-PPG in elderly vascular patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8123. [PMID: 33854090 PMCID: PMC8047026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical heart rate monitoring (OHR) with reflective wrist photoplethysmography is a technique mainly used in the wellness application domain for monitoring heart rate levels during exercise. In the absence of motion, OHR technique is also able to estimate individual beat-to-beat intervals relatively well and can therefore also be used, for example, in monitoring of cardiac arrhythmias, stress, or sleep quality through heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. HRV analysis has also potential in monitoring the recovery of patients, e.g. after a medical intervention. However, in order to detect subtle changes, the calculated HRV parameters should be sufficiently accurate and very few studies exist that asses the accuracy of OHR derived HRV in non-healthy subjects. In this paper, we present a method to estimate beat-to-beat-intervals (BBIs) from reflective wrist PPG signal and evaluated the accuracy of the proposed method in estimating BBIs in a cross-sectional study with 29 hospitalized patients (mean age 70.6 years) in 24-h recordings performed after peripheral vascular surgery or endovascular interventions. Finally, we evaluate the accuracy of more than 30 commonly used HRV parameters and find that the accuracy of certain metrics, for example SDNN and triangular index, shown in the literature to be associated with the deterioration of the status of the patients during recovery from surgical intervention, could be adequate for patient monitoring. On the other hand, the parameters more affected by the high-frequency content of the HRV and especially the LF/HF-ratio should be used with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hoog Antink
- Biomedical Engineering, KIS*MED, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
- Medical Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Yen Mai
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikko Peltokangas
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Finland
| | - Steffen Leonhardt
- Medical Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Niku Oksala
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Finland
- Center for Vascular Surgery and Interventional Radiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti Vehkaoja
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Finland
- PulseOn Oy, Espoo, Finland
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47
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Menghini L, Yuksel D, Goldstone A, Baker FC, de Zambotti M. Performance of Fitbit Charge 3 against polysomnography in measuring sleep in adolescent boys and girls. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1010-1022. [PMID: 33792456 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1903481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the performance of Fitbit Charge 3™ (FC3), a multi-sensor commercial sleep-tracker, for measuring sleep in adolescents against gold-standard laboratory polysomnography (PSG). Single-night PSG and FC3 sleep outcomes were compared in thirty-nine adolescents (22 girls; 16-19 years), 12 of whom presented with clinical/subclinical DSM-5 insomnia symptoms (7 girls). Discrepancy analysis, Bland-Altman plots, and epoch-by-epoch analyses were used to evaluate FC3 performance. The influence of several factors potentially affecting FC3 performance (e.g., sex, age, body mass index, firmware version, and magnitude of heart rate changes between consecutive PSG epochs) was also tested. In the sample of healthy adolescents, FC3 systematically underestimated PSG total sleep time by about 11 min and sleep efficiency by 2.5%, and overestimated wake after sleep onset by 9 min. Proportional biases were detected for "light" and "deep" sleep duration, resulting in significant underestimation of these parameters for those participants having longer PSG N1+ N2 and N3 durations, respectively. No significant systematic bias was detected for sleep efficiency and sleep onset latency. Epoch-by-epoch analysis showed sleep-stage sensitivity (average proportion of PSG epochs correctly classified by the device for a given sleep stage) of 68% for wake, 78% for "light" sleep, 59% for "deep" sleep, and 69% for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in healthy sleepers. Similar results were found in the sample of adolescents with insomnia symptoms. Body mass index was positively associated with FC3-PSG discrepancies in wake after sleep onset (R2 = .16, p = .048). The magnitude of the heart rate acceleration/deceleration between consecutive PSG epochs was an important factor affecting FC3 classifications of sleep stages. Our results are in line with a general trend in the literature, suggesting better performance for the recently introduced multi-sensor devices compared to motion-only devices, although further developments are needed to improve accuracy in sleep stage classification and wake detection. Further insight is needed to determine factors potentially affecting device performance, such as accuracy and reliability (consistency of performance over time), in different samples and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Menghini
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA.,Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Dilara Yuksel
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Aimee Goldstone
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Fiona C Baker
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA.,Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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48
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Wearable Technologies for Mental Workload, Stress, and Emotional State Assessment during Working-Like Tasks: A Comparison with Laboratory Technologies. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21072332. [PMID: 33810613 PMCID: PMC8036989 DOI: 10.3390/s21072332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The capability of monitoring user’s performance represents a crucial aspect to improve safety and efficiency of several human-related activities. Human errors are indeed among the major causes of work-related accidents. Assessing human factors (HFs) could prevent these accidents through specific neurophysiological signals’ evaluation but laboratory sensors require highly-specialized operators and imply a certain grade of invasiveness which could negatively interfere with the worker’s activity. On the contrary, consumer wearables are characterized by their ease of use and their comfortability, other than being cheaper compared to laboratory technologies. Therefore, wearable sensors could represent an ideal substitute for laboratory technologies for a real-time assessment of human performances in ecological settings. The present study aimed at assessing the reliability and capability of consumer wearable devices (i.e., Empatica E4 and Muse 2) in discriminating specific mental states compared to laboratory equipment. The electrooculographic (EOG), electrodermal activity (EDA) and photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals were acquired from a group of 17 volunteers who took part to the experimental protocol in which different working scenarios were simulated to induce different levels of mental workload, stress, and emotional state. The results demonstrated that the parameters computed by the consumer wearable and laboratory sensors were positively and significantly correlated and exhibited the same evidences in terms of mental states discrimination.
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Van Doren N, Dickens CN, Benson L, Brick TR, Gatzke-Kopp L, Oravecz Z. Capturing emotion coherence in daily life: Using ambulatory physiology measures and ecological momentary assessments to examine within-person associations and individual differences. Biol Psychol 2021; 162:108074. [PMID: 33775734 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
While emotion coherence has long been theorized to be a core feature of emotion, to date, studies examining response coherence have been conducted in laboratory settings. The present study used a combined approach of ambulatory physiology measures and ecological momentary assessment conducted over a 4-week period to examine the extent to which emotional experience and physiology show coherence in daily life within-persons; and whether individual differences in response coherence are associated with between-person differences in well-being, negative emotionality, and gender. Results revealed that, on average, individuals exhibited coherence between subjective experience and physiology of emotion, but that there was substantial between-person variation in coherence in daily life. Exploratory analyses revealed no credible link between levels of response coherence and well-being, negative emotionality, or gender. Findings contribute to the literature by demonstrating a novel methodological approach to measuring coherence in daily life and supporting the generalizability of coherence to ecologically valid contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Van Doren
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, 370 Moore Building, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
| | - Chelsea N Dickens
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
| | - Lizbeth Benson
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
| | - Timothy R Brick
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA, 16802, United States; Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 224B Computer Building, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
| | - Lisa Gatzke-Kopp
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
| | - Zita Oravecz
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA, 16802, United States; Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 224B Computer Building, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
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50
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Mueller MK, Anderson EC, King EK, Urry HL. Null effects of therapy dog interaction on adolescent anxiety during a laboratory-based social evaluative stressor. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2021; 34:365-380. [PMID: 33650444 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2021.1892084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) are increasingly popular as treatments to reduce anxiety. However, there is little empirical evidence testing the mechanisms of action in AAIs, especially among adolescents. We examined whether two possible mechanisms, social interaction and/or physical contact with a therapy dog, might reduce anxiety during a social stressor. DESIGN AND METHODS To test these mechanisms, we randomly assigned 75 adolescents with low, middle, and high levels of social anxiety to complete a laboratory-based social evaluative stressor in one of three conditions: social interaction with a therapy dog (no physical interaction), social plus physical interaction with a therapy dog, or no interaction with a therapy dog. We measured self-reported anxiety and autonomic reactivity during the social stressor to assess the effects of contact with a therapy dog. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence that the presence of a real dog, with or without the opportunity to touch it, reduced anxiety or autonomic reactivity or improved cognitive performance relative to the presence of a stuffed dog in the control condition, regardless of levels of preexisting social anxiety.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03249116.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Mueller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA.,Tisch College of Civic Life at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Eric C Anderson
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erin K King
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA.,Tisch College of Civic Life at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Heather L Urry
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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